The present invention provides a kind of method promoting Desmodium styracifolium seed germination, comprises the following steps: step one, with poly-L alcoholic solution soak Desmodium styracifolium seed；Step 2, Desmodium styracifolium seed step one obtained are placed in culture medium, cultivate under the conditions of constant temperature alternate illumination, and described constant temperature alternate illumination condition is: cultivate under 30 DEG C of dark conditions every day 12 hours, then cultivate 12 hours under 30 DEG C of illumination conditions.The present invention has effectively broken the strong dormancy of Desmodium styracifolium seed, low cost, non-environmental-pollution, without dangerous, simple to operate, improve germination percentage and the germination regularity of Desmodium styracifolium seed, the germinating energy of Desmodium styracifolium I level seed is brought up to 82 89%, germination percentage has brought up to 89 96%.
N. Aarthi and K. Murugan, “Antimalarial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus Niruri and Mimosa Pudica.”
The ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri and Mimosa pudica leaves was investigated for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei infections in mice. The median lethal dose was determined to ascertain the safety of the extract in mice. The antimalarial activities during early and established infections were evaluated. Phytochemical screening was also investigated to elucidate the possible mechanism of the antimalarial properties. The extract of P.niruri and M.pudica leaf demonstrated significant antiplasmodial activity in all the three models of the antimalarial evaluations. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of some vital antiplasmodial constituents such as terpenoids ,flavonoids and alkaloids. The leaf extract of P.niruri and M.pudica thus possesses antimalarial activity, which explains the rational usage of this plant in traditional medicine.
A. K. Abari, M. H. Nasr, M. Hodjati, D. Bayat, and M. Radmehr, “Maximizing Seed Germination in Two Acacia Species,” Journal of Forestry Research, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 241–244, Jun. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s11676-012-0248-2.
Revegetation of disturbed land, particularly in arid environment, is often hindered by low seedling establishment. Information on seed biology and germination cues of valuable species is lacking. We investigated seed germination of two Acacia species (Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne and Acacia oerfota (Forssk) schweinf), required for nitrogen fixation and rehabilitation of arid and semi-arid areas.(four pre-germination seed treatments were applied in order to find the best treatment in germinating acacia species. The medium was L2and three replicates were used. Seeds pre-treated with sand paper and also with H2SO4 and then H2O2 had the highest germination percentage in both species. The lowest germination percentage resulted from soaking seeds in water for 48 h followed by soaking in H2SO4 for A. oerfota and from soaking in water for 24 h for A. tortilis. Because the use of sand paper is difficult and time consuming, we recommend pre-treatment of A. tortilis and A. oerfota seeds with H2SO4 and H2O2 before planting. Our study results are significant for conservation agencies with an interest in optimizing germination in arid zones for rehabilitation and reforestation.
S. Abdullahi, H. Haris, K. Z. Zarkasi, and H. G. Amir, “Beneficial Bacteria Associated with Mimosa Pudica and Potential to Sustain Plant Growth-Promoting Traits under Heavy Metals Stress,” Bioremediation Journal, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1–21, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.1080/10889868.2020.1837724.
The study was carried out to isolate and screen indigenous rhizobacteria associated with Mimosa pudica in ex-tin mining soil with the potential to sustain plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits under heavy metals (HM) stress condition. A total of 58 bacterial strains were isolated, screened for HM (As, Pb and Cd) tolerance and for various PGP traits. Production of PGP substances by selected isolates under influence of HM was further evaluated. The results revealed 5 isolates as HM tolerant (2M1, 3M1 and 3M3 as Pb tolerant; 3M3 and 4M9 as Cd tolerant while 6M2 as As tolerant) and possessing all tested PGP traits. The isolates were identified based on 16S rRNA as Bacillus cereus 2M1, Bacillus cereus 3M1, Bacillus pseudomycoides 3M3, Enterobacter tabaci 4M9 and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida 6M2. Tested isolates sustained PGP traits and withstand high HM stress conditions, particularly isolates 6M2 Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, 4M9 Enterobacter tabaci and 2M1 Bacillus cereus (6M2 had the overall best performance compared to other isolates). The strains are therefore expected to be the major contributing factors for survival of Mimosa pudica which were endemic in the abandoned mining sites and provide basis for using indigenous bacteria for bioremediation of HM contaminated soils.
Chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts of S. occidentalis seed were evaluated for antibacterial potential by agar well diffusion and broth dilution techniques. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity by inhibiting the growth of S. aureus; S. pyogenes; Enterococcus spp; L. monocytogenes; E. coli; K. pneumonia; and S. dysentria with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) ranging from 5 to 10 mg/mL and 10 to 20 mg/mL respectively. It was however inactive against B. subtilis P.aeruginosa and S. typhi. Components of the ethyl acetate extract were separated by column chromatography and subjected to antibacterial and phytochemical analysis. Fractions F7 and F11 had the highest antibacterial activities. Fractions F7 had a MIC range of 0. 62 to 1.25 mg/mL and an MBC range of 1.25 to 2.5 mg/mL while fractions F11 also had a MIC range of 0.62 to 1.25mg/mL and an MBC range of 2.5 to 5 mg/mL.
R. F. Adaramola, “Relationship between Aspalathus Linearis (Burm. F.) R. Dahlgren (Rooibos) Growth and Soil Moisture in a Glasshouse and in the DSSAT-CSM Crop Model,” 2021.http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33623.
Climate change and drought pose a major threat to agriculture and water resources globally and for rooibos (Aspalathus linearis (Burm. F.) R. Dahlgren) production in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Rooibos is adapted to the coarse, nutrient poor, acidic, well-drained, deep sandy soil of the Fynbos biome. The region has a Mediterranean climate, which is characterised by wet cold winters, with an average annual rainfall of about 375 mm, and dry summers. The growth of rooibos peaks in the summer months, implying a reliance on soil moisture. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between rooibos growth and soil moisture. The objectives of the study were: 1) to determine the effect of soil moisture on growth and evapotranspiration in rooibos under glasshouse conditions, 2) to adapt the CROPGRO model in DSSAT to simulate the shoot biomass yield of rooibos, using the rooibos CROPGRO model, 3) to investigate the effect of rooibos growth on soil moisture, and 4) to determine the effect of different levels of mulching and irrigation on rooibos yield and soil moisture. Some of the results obtained in the glasshouse study in Objective 1 and observational field data from the literature were used in the adaptation of the CROPGRO model. The glasshouse study was carried out at the University of Cape Town, using soils from Clanwilliam and Citrusdal sites to grow rooibos seedling for 16 weeks in pots before exposing them to drought treatments. The pots were arranged on trays in the glasshouse using a completely randomized design. Two drought treatments were used: moderate drought stress (MDS), set at 20% FC, and severe drought stress (SDS), during which watering was completely withdrawn, were applied to 10 pots per treatment per site. Data on plant growth, root morphology, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaves to determine chlorophyll and carotenoid concentration were collected from the plants in the glasshouse after 10 days of these drought treatments. The SDS plants were re-watered for 8 weeks for recovery, and together with the MDS and control plants were transferred into a growth chamber for measurement of gas exchange parameters and biomass. The CROPGRO model in DSSAT was adapted for rooibos by changing some parameters in a pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh) CROPGRO model. The adapted rooibos model was used to set up an experiment that compared the cumulative evapotranspiration and soil moisture from the rooibos field and bare soil under rainfed conditions. Also, in a simulation experiments, the model was used to determine the effect of three levels of mulching by means of wheat residue at 8000 kg/ha, 4000 kg/ ha and 2000 kg/ha and drip irrigation at 25.4mm and at 12.5mm once a week from December to March, both separately and in combination, on rooibos shoot biomass and soil moisture. The results from the glasshouse study showed a 40% decrease in biomass under MDS conditions for 12 weeks, while SDS plants could not survive beyond 10 days in the glasshouse. Root morphological features changed under severe drought stress, resulting in longer and thinner roots relative to the control plants. The reduced biomass accumulation under drought conditions was followed by reduced photosynthesis, stomata conductance, transpiration, and concentration of chlorophyll and carotenoids. Changes in both maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and fluorescence quantum yield (Fq’/Fm’) were observed in the later stages of the SDS plants (days 9 and 10) compared to the control plants but were unaltered in the MDS plants. The soil moisture correlated negatively with evapotranspiration and stomata conductance in control plants, while these relationships were absent in MDS plants. Changes in temperature in the glasshouse correlated positively with stomata conductance and transpiration in the control plants, but these correlations were also absent in MDS plants. However, changes in temperature correlated negatively with soil moisture in both the control plants and the MDS treated plants. The CROPGRO model in DSSAT was successfully adapted to simulate shoot biomass in rooibos under field conditions and the rooibos model had an agreement of 94% with observational shoot biomass under field conditions. Furthermore, the model simulated cumulative evapotranspiration in rooibos plants in the field, with an agreement of 56%. The simulated experiments showed that cumulative evapotranspiration from the rooibos field was 33% higher than that of bare soil, and showed that rooibos plants extract moisture from deep soil layers to a depth of about 2 m. Furthermore, rooibos growth in deep soil, and in mulched or irrigated treatments, produced higher shoot biomass than control plants. In deep soil, the simulated irrigated rooibos plants, which received 25.4 mm water weekly from December to March, produced a higher biomass yield than only rainfed or mulched plants. However, the combined treatments of mulching at 8000 or 4000 kg/ha and irrigation at 12.5 mm was similar to irrigation at 25.4mm. The average extractable soil moisture was greater in deep soil for all the treatments and control plants compared to shallow soil. Overall, the rooibos crop model shows that an increased supply of soil moisture enhances the production of biomass yield in rooibos in the field. Also, rooibos extracts moisture from a deeper soil layer, which enables it to hydrate its leaves and to transpire during the summer period for better growth and biomass production. Water loss through evapotranspiration was high in rooibos fields, and thus mulching of the plants would be beneficial for increased biomass production. However, even better rooibos yields were obtained when mulching was combined with irrigation. The glasshouse experiments showed a yield decrease of rooibos biomass by about 40% when the moisture supply was reduced by about 50% of the adequate conditions. The thinner and longer roots of rooibos, among other drought tolerance traits, most likely enable it to cope with low rainfall and drought conditions, which are prevalent in the Cederberg region of the Western Cape. The production of rooibos in the farms is prone to water loss through evapotranspiration, and thus soil moisture conservation technologies such as mulching would greatly enhance its biomass yield.
A. Adekunle, A. Adedamola, and M. Olaniyi, “Proximate, Phytochemical and Mineral Compositions of Roasted Seeds of Coffee Senna (Senna Occidentalis Linn),” Jan. 2018.
This study evaluated the chemical compositions of roasted S. occidentalis seeds. Fresh seeds extracted from the matured pod of S. occidentalis were sorted, cleaned, air-dried for 5 days on a cabinet drier at the Food Technology Laboratory, University of Ibadan. The seeds were roasted at temperatures of 190, 210 and 230 o C for 10, 15 and 20 min, respectively, later ground to powder, stored in airtight containers for chemical analyses using standard analytical methods. The proximate compositions were moisture content (6.65-7.8 %), crude protein (21.04-24.98%), ash (3.65-3.78%), crude fibre (10.22-10.37 %), fat (2.06-3.53%) and carbohydrate (50.78-53.97%). The phytochemicals were flavonoid (487.28-754.92 mg/100g), phenol (152. 81-172.11 mg/100g), alkaloid (147.60-204.33 mg/100g), saponins (15.20-18.06 mg/100g), oxalates (-17.17-1.50 mg/100g), tannin (115.33-174.21 mg/100g), glycosides (426.61-463.51 mg/100g) and phytates (42.53-121.0 mg/100g). Mineral contents were Phosphorus (1159.00-1195.66 mg/100g), Calcium (912.33-956.96 mg/100g), Iron (201.53-232.40 mg/100g) and Zinc (48.20-54.24 mg/100g), while Retinol (185.20-206.75 UI/100g) and Ascorbic acid (8.98-20.38 mg/100g) were obtained. It was evident that S. occidentalis was a good source of essential nutrients as the traces of anti-nutritionals detected were not up to toxic levels that may interfere with its nutrient utilization and these were even reduced during processing (roasting).
H. B. Adelmann, “The Problem of Cyclopia. Part II,” The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 284–304, Sep. 1936.
doi: 10.1086/394509.
H. B. Adelmann, “The Problem of Cyclopia. Part I,” The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 161–182, Jun. 1936.
doi: 10.1086/394504.
G. O. Adesina, “Does Soil under Natural Tithonia Diversifolia Vegetation Inhibit Seed Germination of Weed Species?,” American Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 04, no. 11, p. 2165, Nov. 2013.
doi: 10.4236/ajps.2013.411268.
Pot experiment was carried out in the screen house, Ladoke Akintola University Technology Ogbomosho, Nigeria to determine the possible impact of Tithonia diversifolia on the growth of thirteen selected weed species weeds growing in its surroundings. The study consisted of two treatments (Tithonia diversifolia infested and Non-Tithonia diversifolia infested soils) and from the two media, the growth of A. hispidium, B. pilosa E. heterophylla, P. maximum and P. polystachion was significantly affected in soil infested by T. diversifolia. The number of weed seedling emergence afore mentioned was significantly lower than what was obtained in soil not infested with T. diversifolia and this accounted for about 38% of the tested weed species. Germination of four of these weeds species (23%) (A. spinosus, C. viscosa, T. procumbens and D. gayana) was enhanced by the presence of T. diversifolia. The study further revealed that weed counts in T. diversifolia infested soil is significantly lower than the ones in soil without T. diversifolia infestation. Likewise, the vegetative growth of some species (A. spinosus, C. viscosa, T. procumbens and D. gayana) was improved in this soil. This shows that T. diversifolia infested soil contains allelochemicals that performed both stimulatory and inhibitory functions.
O. E. Adurosakin et al., “Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities and Toxicological Effects of Mimosa Pudica- A Review,” Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine, vol. 7, p. 100241, Jun. 2023.
doi: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.100241.
Introduction: Mimosa pudica L. is a creeping herbaceous ornamental plant belonging to the Mimosaceae family. It is used in ethnomedicine to prevent or treat various illnesses like diarrhoea, dysentery, diabetes, alopecia, cancer and urinary tract infection. This study extensively reviewed the phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of M. Pudica. Method: The materials used in this study were obtained from the following databases: ScienceDirect, PubMed, Wiley, Springer and google scholar using relevant keywords. Only papers in the English language between January 2001 and December 2022 were included. Results: In vivo and in vitro studies revealed that M. pudica and its bioactive components possess numerous pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, wound healing, anxiolytic, anthelminthic, antiophidian, hepatoprotective, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and anticancer activities. These numerous pharmacological activities may be attributed to various bioactive compounds in M. pudica. Conclusion: This study revealed that M. pudica and its numerous bioactive compounds have a strong therapeutic effect against various diseases, including life-threatening diseases such as cancer and diabetes. However, despite the widespread therapeutic potential of M. pudica, no clinical trial and quality control studies exist in the literature. Therefore, clinical trials and quality control studies are recommended to establish safe and effective doses for the prevention and treatment of diseases.
S. Afzal, N. K. Singh, N. Singh, and N. Chaudhary, “Structural Analysis of Extrafloral Nectaries of Senna Occidentalis L.: Insights on Diversity and Evolution,” Planta, vol. 254, no. 6, p. 125, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s00425-021-03781-3.
The extrafloral nectaries ofS. occidentaliswere studied structurally and anatomically (at secretory and post-secretory developmental stages). Role of extrafloral nectaries as a common plant-adoptive characteristic in context to diversity and phylogenetic pattern was also speculated while exploring other collaborative evolutionary implications of this plant.
A. Agapouda, V. Butterweck, M. Hamburger, D. de Beer, E. Joubert, and A. Eckert, “Honeybush Extracts (Cyclopia Spp.) Rescue Mitochondrial Functions and Bioenergetics against Oxidative Injury,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2020, no. 1, p. 1948602, 2020.
doi: 10.1155/2020/1948602.
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a major role not only in the pathogenesis of many oxidative stress or age-related diseases such as neurodegenerative as well as mental disorders but also in normal aging. There is evidence that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are the most upstream and common events in the pathomechanisms of neurodegeneration. Cyclopia species are endemic South African plants and some have a long tradition of use as herbal tea, known as honeybush tea. Extracts of the tea are gaining more scientific attention due to their phenolic composition. In the present study, we tested not only the in vitro mitochondria-enhancing properties of honeybush extracts under physiological conditions but also their ameliorative properties under oxidative stress situations. Hot water and ethanolic extracts of C. subternata, C. genistoides, and C. longifolia were investigated. Pretreatment of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells with honeybush extracts, at a concentration range of 0.1-1 ng/ml, had a beneficial effect on bioenergetics as it increased ATP production, respiration, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) after 24 hours under physiological conditions. The aqueous extracts of C. subternata and C. genistoides, in particular, showed a protective effect by rescuing the bioenergetic and mitochondrial deficits under oxidative stress conditions (400 μM H2O2 for 3 hours). These findings indicate that honeybush extracts could constitute candidates for the prevention of oxidative stress with an impact on aging processes and age-related neurodegenerative disorders potentially leading to the development of a condition-specific nutraceutical.
B. A. C. Aguiar, N. D. da Silva, M. R. R. Sousa, B. M. M. Santos, F. B. Souza, and P. B. de Souza, “Influência Dos Dejetos Da Caprinocultura Na Composição De Substratos Para Produção De Mudas De Anadenanthera peregrina (L) Speg.,” DESAFIOS - Revista Interdisciplinar da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 170–177, Sep. 2020.
doi: 10.20873/uftv7-7404.
Resumo O esterco caprino é um material orgânico que pode ser uma alternativa para a formulação de substratos para produção de mudas de espécies nativas. O trabalho foi conduzido em um viveiro, coordenado em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos: T1 – Terra de subsolo (TS) (100%), T2 – Terra de subsolo (TS) + Esterco caprino (EC) (75%:25%), T3 – Terra de subsolo (TS) + Esterco caprino (EC) (50%:50%), T4 – Terra de subsolo (TS) + Esterco caprino (EC) (25%:75%) e T5 - Esterco caprino (EC) (100%) com 4 repetições. Foi possível observar pela análise de variância que houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos na porcentagem de esterco caprino (EC) para as variáveis germinação (G), altura (H) e diâmetro do colo (DC) aos 30 e 60 dias após a semeadura, massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) massa seca da parte radicular (MSPR), massa seca total (MST). O T4 proporcionou os melhores resultados nas variáveis analisadas, mesmo assim não é recomendado para a produção de mudas de Anadenanthera peregrina (L) Speg. no tempo avaliado, pois as mesma obtiveram valor inferior a 0,20 ao qual é recomendado na literatura para o índice de qualidade de Dickson.
R. Agustarini, Y. Heryati, and Y. Adalina, “The Effort to Cultivate Natural Dyes (Indigofera Sp.) in Timor Region, NTT,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 819, no. 1, p. 012080, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/819/1/012080.
The people of NTT, especially the Timor region, have still maintained their customs for generations. The use of natural dyes has also been increased to reduce environmental pollution due to the use of synthetic dyes that have the potential to contain heavy metals. There are more than 30,000 - 40,000 plant species in Indonesia and 150 of them are plants that can produce natural dyes. Indigofera spp. is a kind of natural blue plant. The problem faced in the use of plants as natural dyes is the availability of raw materials. So far, Timorese only harvest Indigofera spp which grows naturally from the environment around the house or in the nearby forest so that it cannot meet the needs on an industrial scale. This study aims to conduct cultivation techniques of 2 species of Indigofera and postharvest techniques to get the optimal blue color. The seeds used are the result of exploration from plants in Bosen, NTT and plant collections available at BPPTH Nursery, Nagrak, Bogor; Indigofera suffruticosa and Indigofera sp. The planting technique uses a completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 factors (2 species, 4 doses of humus). Each treatment combination consists of 3 replications. For postharvest techniques for making indigo paste using completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 levels of lime concentration. I. sufruticosa much better growth by adding humus at a dose of 1500 g/tree shows better branch improvement. For postharvest soaking techniques, it is enough to do 24 hours with the addition of 4% lime concentration.
H. Ahmad, S. Sehgal, A. Mishra, and R. Gupta, “Mimosa Pudica L. (Laajvanti): An Overview,” Pharmacognosy Reviews, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 115–124, 2012.
doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.99945.
Mimosa pudica L. (Mimosaceae) also referred to as touch me not, live and die, shame plant and humble plant is a prostrate or semi-erect subshrub of tropical America and Australia, also found in India heavily armed with recurved thorns and having sensitive soft grey green leaflets that fold and droop at night or when touched and cooled. These unique bending movements have earned it a status of ‘curiosity plant’. It appears to be a promising herbal candidate to undergo further exploration as evident from its pharmacological profile. It majorly possesses antibacterial, antivenom, antifertility, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, aphrodisiac, and various other pharmacological activities. The herb has been used traditionally for ages, in the treatment of urogenital disorders, piles, dysentery, sinus, and also applied on wounds. This work is an attempt to explore and compile the different pharmacognostic aspects of the action plant M. pudica reported till date.
I. Ahmad, K. Bashir, I. S. Mohammad, M. Wajid, and M. M. Aziz, “Phytochemical Evaluation and Bioactive Properties of Different Parts of Cassia Occidentalis Plant Extracts,” Asian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 25, no. 17, pp. 9945–9948, 2013.
doi: 10.14233/ajchem.2013.15676.
The aim of this study is to investigate the secondary metabolites (bioactive constituents), antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of the dichloromethane and methanolic extract of roots and aerial parts of the plant Cassia occidentalis which belongs to the family leguminosae. The extraction of coarse powder of dried roots and aerial parts of plant material was performed with dichloromethane and successively with methanol at room temperature. The filtrate was concentrated on rotary evaporator at 35 ºC. Then different phytochemical tests were performed for the identification of secondary metabolites, which revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, resins, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides. The dichloromethane and methanolic extracts of Cassia occidentalis have bioactive secondary metabolites, significant free radical scavenging (antioxidant) and enzyme inhibitory activities such as chymotrypsin and lipoxygenase.
The influence of temperature (dry heat) and electric burner on germination of Acaciasenegal, Acacia mellifera and Acacia laeta in Sudan was analyzed and the degree of seed germination promotion by dry heat treatments showed slight variation. The influence of temperature (dry heat) and electric burner on germination of Acaciasenegal, Acacia mellifera and Acacia laeta in Sudan was analyzed, in order to know the response of acacia seeds to dry heat treatments. Germination tests were carried out in plastic Petri dishes over 30 days. In general, the degree of seed germination promotion by dry heat treatments showed slight variation, the final germination level was not increased in all the studied species compared with the control with some exception. The thermal pretreatment with 45° C was not effective for the germination in Acacia senegal and Acacaia mellifera irrespective of heat exposure duration with the exception of Acacia laeta (North Kordofan, 20.25%). The germination rates after preheating were much lower than in mechanically scarified seeds by electric burner and closely resembled those of the untreated seeds, except for Acacia laeta (Gedarif), where it is t50 reached 11 days for temperature 45° C at two seconds. The response of these species to heat shock had no clear effects on germination.
K. Aino, K. Hirota, T. Okamoto, Z. Tu, H. Matsuyama, and I. Yumoto, “Microbial Communities Associated With Indigo Fermentation That Thrive in Anaerobic Alkaline Environments,” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 9, 2018.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02196.
Indigo fermentation, which depends on the indigo-reducing action of microorganisms, has traditionally been performed to dye textiles blue in Asia as well as in Europe. This fermentation process is carried out by naturally occurring microbial communities and occurs under alkaline, anaerobic conditions. Therefore, there is uncertainty regarding the fermentation process, and many unknown microorganisms thrive in this unique fermentation environment. Until recently, there was limited information available on bacteria associated with this fermentation process. Indigo reduction normally occurs from 4 days to 2 weeks after initiation of fermentation. However, the changes in the microbiota that occur during the transition to an indigo-reducing state have not been elucidated. Here, the structural changes in the bacterial community were estimated by PCR-based methods. On the second day of fermentation, a large change in the redox potential occurred. On the fourth day, distinct substitution of the genus Halomonas with the aerotolerant genus Amphibacillus was observed, corresponding to marked changes in indigo reduction. Under open-air conditions, indigo reduction during the fermentation process continued for 6 months on average. The microbiota, including indigo-reducing bacteria, was continuously replaced with other microbial communities that consisted of other types of indigo-reducing bacteria. A stable state consisting mainly of the genus Anaerobacillus was also observed in a long-term fermentation sample. The stability of the microbiota, proportion of indigo-reducing microorganisms, and appropriate diversity and microbiota within the fluid may play key factors in the maintenance of a reducing state during long-term indigo fermentation. Although more than 10 species of indigo-reducing bacteria were identified, the reduction mechanism of indigo particle is riddle. It can be predicted that the mechanism involves electrons, as byproducts of metabolism, being discarded by analogs mechanisms reported in bacterial extracellular solid Fe3+ reduction under alkaline anaerobic condition.
G. A. Al-Hamoud, P. Alam, O. I. Fantoukh, M. F. Hawwal, and A. Akhtar, “HPLC-UV Analysis of Chrysophanol in Senna Occidentalis Extract Obtained by Using the RSM-Optimized Ultrasonic Extraction Process,” Processes, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 1410, May 2023.
doi: 10.3390/pr11051410.
In this experiment, chrysophanol analysis in Senna occidentalis (aerial parts) extract obtained by optimizing ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) variables (temperature, time, and liquid-to-solid ratio) using response surface methodology (RSM) was performed by employing the HPLC-UV method. For UAE process optimization, a highly significant quadratic model (p < 0.001) was projected to attain maximum chrysophanol yield. The extraction temperature, time, and liquid-to-solid ratio for the best UAE method were determined to be 49.3 °C, 57.7 min, and 18.7 mL/g, respectively. The optimized extract was subjected to a chrysophanol analysis utilizing HPLC-UV (fitted with a Pinnacle C18 column), and a gradient mobile phase composed of 0.5% formic acid (solvent A), acetonitrile (solvent B), methanol (solvent C), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and an optimum wavelength of 279 nm, respectively. It furnished a compact and intense peak of chrysophanol at Rt = 23.809 min. The experimental value (20.47 mg/g) of chrysophanol obtained was close to the predicted value (19.32 mg/g), indicating that they agreed under the optimized extraction condition. UAE also displayed remarkable improvement in chrysophanol extraction compared with the conventional solvent extraction (CSE) method. Hence, our improved ultrasonic extraction process showed a potential use for effective chrysophanol extraction from commercial herbal supplements comprising the Senna species.
H. S. Al-Zahrani and S. A. Al-Robai, “Allelopathic Effect of Calotropis Procera Leaves Extract on Seed Germination of Some Plants,” vol. 19, no. 1, 2007.
doi: 10.4197/Sci.19-1.9.
The effect of dry leaf water extraction (5, 10, 20, 40 and 60%) of Calotropis procera Decne. plants on the germination of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Cucumber (Cucumis satirus) L., Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) and Alssana (Senna occidentalis L. Link) was investigated. The results showed that the germination delayed at the higher concentrations, and the final germination percentage was decreased by increasing leaf extract concentration. The most affected seeds of the tested plants were Senna occidentalis seeds, which were inhibited at the last two treatments (40 and 60%). Generally, the radicle and Plumule growth was sensitive to different levels of leaf extraction whereas, the radicle length was decreased by increasing the extract concentration; it died at the higher concentrations (40 and 60%) for Alssana seeds. Plumule emergence and growth stimulated by the lower concentration (5%) for Alssana Cucumber and Fenugreek more than control treatment, and then the plumule length decreased with increasing the concentration in leaf extracted of C. procera plants.
O. J. Alabi et al., “Alternate Hosts of African Cassava Mosaic Virus and East African Cassava Mosaic Cameroon Virus in Nigeria,” Archives of Virology, vol. 153, no. 9, pp. 1743–1747, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0169-8.
Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) caused by African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV) is the major constraint to cassava production in Nigeria. Sequences of the DNA-A component of ACMV and EACMCV isolates from leguminous plant species (Senna occidentalis, Leucana leucocephala and Glycine max), castor oil plant (Ricinus communis), a weed host (Combretum confertum) and a wild species of cassava (Manihot glaziovii) were determined. All ACMV isolates from these hosts showed 96–98% nucleotide sequence identity with cassava isolates from West Africa. EACMCV was found only in four hosts (S. occidentalis, L. leucocephala, C. confertum, M. glaziovii), and sequences of these isolates showed 96–99% identity with cassava isolates from West Africa. These results provide definitive evidence for the natural occurrence of ACMV and EACMCV in plant species besides cassava.
P. Alam, O. M. Noman, R. N. Herqash, O. M. Almarfadi, A. Akhtar, and A. S. Alqahtani, “Efficient Extraction of an Anthraquinone Physcion Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Method from Aerial Parts of Senna Occidentalis and Analysis by HPLC-UV,” Separations, vol. 9, no. 6, p. 142, Jun. 2022.
doi: 10.3390/separations9060142.
In this experiment, the Box–Behnken design (BBD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction variables (liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature, and time) to obtain the maximum yield of physcion from the methanol extract of S. occidentalis (aerial parts). The analysis of physcion in the extracts obtained by using the optimized extraction condition was carried out in a gradient system by the HPLC-UV method with 0.5% formic acid in ultra-pure water (Solvent A) and acetonitrile (Solvent B) in different ratios as the mobile phase. The optimal extraction conditions for the maximum physcion extraction were found as: a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20.16 mL/g, extraction temperature of 52.2 °C, and extraction time of 46.6 min. Under these optimal ultrasonic extraction conditions, the experimental yield (% w/w of the dried extract) of the physcion was found to be 2.43%, which agreed closely with the predicted value (2.41). The experimental value was consistent with the value predicted by the RSM model, thus validating the fitness of the employed model and the success of the RSM in optimizing the extraction conditions. In future, this optimized ultrasonic extraction condition can be used in the maximum extraction of physcion from marketed herbal supplements containing S. occidentalis as well as other Senna species.
L. Alexander, D. de Beer, M. Muller, M. van der Rijst, and E. Joubert, “Bitter Profiling of Phenolic Fractions of Green Cyclopia Genistoides Herbal Tea,” Food Chemistry, vol. 276, pp. 626–635, Mar. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.030.
The bitter taste of Cyclopia genistoides infusions is unacceptable to consumers, who are used to the slightly sweet taste of the herbal teas produced from other Cyclopia species. Bitter taste intensities of crude phenolic fractions of a bitter hot water extract of C. genistoides were determined by a trained panel to identify the fraction contributing most to the bitter taste. Fractions, enriched in benzophenones (B), xanthones (X) and flavanones (F), and each tested at their infusion equivalent concentration (IEC) scored 5, 31 and 13 (on a 100-point scale), respectively. Fraction B, containing mostly iriflophenone glucosides, was perceived as not bitter. The major xanthone in fraction X, mangiferin, was significantly (p\,< 0.05) more bitter than its regio-isomer, isomangiferin, at equal concentration. A mixture of isomangiferin and mangiferin at their IECs was significantly (p\,< 0.05) less bitter than the mangiferin solution alone, indicating bitter suppression by isomangiferin.
L. Alexander, D. de Beer, M. Muller, M. van der Rijst, and E. Joubert, “Modifying the Sensory Profile of Green Honeybush (Cyclopia Maculata) Herbal Tea through Steam Treatment,” LWT - Food Science and Technology, vol. 82, pp. 49–57, Sep. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.018.
Green honeybush (Cyclopia spp.), superior to the traditional “fermented” product in bioactive phenolic content, is not well accepted by consumers due to its predominant vegetal aroma. Steam treatment of fresh, shredded plant material (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 s) and dried, shredded plant material (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 min) of Cyclopia maculata was investigated to improve the aroma of the infusion, but without compromising green colour and phenolic content of the product. Steam treatment increased and decreased fruity and vegetal aroma attribute intensities, respectively. The dried plant material was less susceptible than the fresh plant material to the impact of steam. The fresh and dried plant material should be steam-treated for at least 60 s and 2 min, respectively. Steam treatment had little impact on leaf colour, although the total chlorophyll content was decreased. The individual polyphenol content of the plant material also remained largely unaffected, with reductions in the content of some compounds only when the fresh plant material was steam-treated for 30 s (mangiferin, isomangiferin, 3-β-d-glucopyranosyliriflophenone and hesperidin) and dried plant material steam-treated for 4 min (eriodictyol-O-glucopyranoside). Except for hesperidin, longer steam treatment of the fresh plant material did not affect its individual phenolic content.
L. Alexander, D. de Beer, M. Muller, M. van der Rijst, and E. Joubert, “Potential of Benzophenones and Flavanones to Modulate the Bitter Intensity of Cyclopia Genistoides Herbal Tea,” Food Research International, vol. 125, p. 108519, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108519.
Variation in the bitter taste of Cyclopia genistoides (honeybush) herbal tea and reported modulation between its major xanthones, mangiferin and isomangiferin, prompted further investigation into the potential modulatory effects of honeybush phenolics. Combinations of crude benzophenone (BF)-, xanthone (XF)-, and flavanone (FF)-rich fractions and their major individual phenolic compounds were analysed by descriptive sensory analysis. The fractions were prepared from a bitter, hot water extract of green C. genistoides. Fraction BF, which is below the bitter threshold (intensity 10 on 100-point scale), enhanced the bitter intensity of XF and FF slightly (p\,< 0.05), although none of the major individual benzophenones retained this bitter enhancing effect. On the contrary, 3-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4-β-d-glucopyranosyloxyiriflophenone, the major benzophenone in BF, significantly (p\,< 0.05) decreased the bitter taste of XF, at a low concentration, whereas FF suppressed the bitter intensity of XF and mangiferin, the major xanthone present in XF. Hesperidin, however, had no effect on the bitter intensity of XF. In contrast, (2S)-5-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy]-naringenin, the major compound of FF, significantly (p\,< 0.05) enhanced the bitter taste of XF when added at concentrations comparable to that of ‘fermented’ honeybush tea infusions. The concentration-dependence of these bitter taste interactions may be responsible for the variable bitter intensity of C. genistoides herbal tea.
L. Alexander, D. de Beer, M. Muller, M. van der Rijst, and E. Joubert, “Steam Treatment of Green Cyclopia Longifolia - Delivering Herbal Tea Infusions with a High Bioactive Content and Improved Aroma,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 114, pp. 316–322, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.11.013.
Steam treatment of fresh, shredded plant material (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120s) and dried, shredded green plant material (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4min) of Cyclopia longifolia was investigated to reduce negative aroma notes, such as “green grass” and “hay/dried grass”, but without compromising the green leaf colour and phenolic content. Steam treatment not only decreased the vegetal aroma intensities, but also increased sweet, fruity intensities. The dried plant material was less susceptible to the impact of steam than the fresh plant material, and steam duration had little effect. Steam treatment had little impact on leaf colour, although the total chlorophyll content was decreased. The content of only two polyphenols, namely tetrahydroxyxanthone-di-O,C-hexoside isomer A and scolymoside, were slightly but significantly (P<0.05) reduced by steam treatment of the fresh plant material. Infusions prepared from a large number of batches of green C. longifolia (n=50) confirmed high levels of polyphenols at “cup-of-tea” strength, in particular the xanthones, mangiferin and isomangiferin, and the benzophenones, 3-β-d-glucopyranosyliriflophenone and 3-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4-β-d-glucopyranosyloxyiriflophenone. It could thus make a substantial contribution to the dietary intake of these types of polyphenols.
Z. A. Alhafiz, M. S. Abdulsalami, M. A. Ibrahim, T. Bulus, and A. B. Suleiman, “Molecular Identification of Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei and in Vitro Anti-Trypanosomal Activity of Different Parts of Methanolic Extract of Senna Occidentalis,” Clinical Phytoscience, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 36, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.1186/s40816-020-00178-9.
The present study investigated the anti-Trypanosoma brucei brucei activity of methanolic extract of Senna occidentalis roots, leaves, stem bark, and seed in vitro and bioactive components of the most active plant part.
The results indicated that the most salinity tolerant species were Acacia mellifera and Acacia tortilis followed by Acacia senegal while Acacia nubica andAcacia seyal were weekly tolerant. An experiment was conducted in the Faculty of forestry nursery at Shambat campus (University of Khartoum) in plastic containers during the period February- June 2008 to determine the salinity tolerance of the: Acacia mellifera, Acacia nubica, Acacia seyal, Acacia Senegal, Acacia tortilis. Authenticated seeds were obtained from Tree Seed Centre Agricultural Research Corporation at Soba,Sudan. Sea water was transported from Port Sudan and mixed in calculated quantities with tap water to prepare the following concentrations: 5 dSm -1 ,10 dSm -1 , 15 dSm -1 , 20 dSm -1 plus pure tap water (0.4 dSm -1 ). Soil was Red loamy sand from western Omdurman (El Rawkeep).Initially 50 seeds were sown in each pot then thinned to 10 seeds in the first 5 weeks and watered by tap water every other day. Thereafter, tap water plus sea water was used as per the calculated concentration according to field capacity. The irrigation amount for each plot was One liter plus 25 milliliters as leaching requirement. The following measurements were recorded: germination and survival percent shoot length, root length. Measurements were taken 3 times in the first week, twice in the second week and once in the third and 4 th week, then once every two weeks followed by once every three weeks. The final measurements were taken after a month from the last measurements i.e after 18 weeks from seeding. Statistical analysis was done according to SAS program & Duncan’s multiple range tests. The results showed that all seeds of the tested species germinated in concentrations of 0.4 dsm -1 , 5 dsm -1 , 10 dsm -1 . But no germination was obtained at 15 dsm -1 ,20 dsm -1 . The results further showed that there were significant differences at P=0.05 between 10 dsm -1 , 15 dsm -1 and 0.4 dsm -1, . Significant differences were found between 10 dsm -1 , 15 dsm -1 . Significant differences were found between 10 dsm -1, 15 dsm -1 , and 20 dsm -1 for all measurements. The results indicated that the most salinity tolerant species were Acacia mellifera and Acacia tortilis followed by Acacia senegal while. Acacia nubica and Acacia seyal were weekly tolerant. The ere fore Acacia mellifera and Acacia tortilis are recommended. For afforestation-reforestation in saline sites and for utilizing sea water: rain watermixture in the area. It is further recommended that field trials be conducted for evaluating the performance of these species in the field.
B. A. A. Ali and J. K. Hussein, “Effect of Some Antioxidants on the Growth of Senna Coffee Plant (Cassia Occidentalis) Growing under the Influence of Salt Stress,” Vitamin E, 2019.
The field experiment was conducted in the Saran-covered canopy belonging to Agricultural Preparatory School, Abi Gharq for the spring season (2018-2017) to study the effect of antioxidants (Vitamin E, salicylic acid and selenium) on the tolerance of the Senna coffee plant to salt stress. The seeds of Senna coffee was obtained from a plant grown in a home garden in Baghdad. The study was conducted to study the effect of saline stress at two levels of well water (4, 8 dS.m-1), in addition to the water of control treatment (Tap water) and spraying three factors of antioxidant (200 mg.L-1 salicylic acid and 150 mg.L-1 vitamin E and 173 mg.L-1 selenium) as well as the control treatment of and interactions between factors in the growth and flowering of the Senna coffee plant and its content of active compounds. It was observed that irrigating with well water at a salinity of (4, 8 dS.m-1) led to a significant decrease in all the vegetative and flowering traits for the Senna coffee plant. The spraying with selenium, vitamin E and salicylic acid was significantly affected in improving the most studied traits of Senna coffee plants.
M. Ali et al., “Phytochemical and Pharmacological Approaches of Traditional Alternate Cassia Occidentalis L.,” in Plant and Human Health, Volume 3: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Uses, M. Ozturk and K. R. Hakeem, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019, pp. 321–341.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-04408-4_15.
Cassia occidentalis L. is an annual or perennial Ayurvedic medicinal plant having a great potential to cure several disorders. The plant carries the significant traditional history as an alternate remedy. The plant is known to possess hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant, hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerogenic, and antipyretic activities. Phytochemical screenings reveal the presence of various categories of secondary metabolites, i.e., alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, and anthraquinones. Toxicities are also associated in the dose-dependent manner and improper use of the plant unintentionally. The pharmaceutical formulations have been developed by keeping the view of its nutritional facts and as a food supplement. This chapter is the updated compilation of the plant pertaining to its botany, ethnopharmacology, bioactivities, phytochemistry, and related aspects of toxicities. Some patents have also been covered regarding formulation and activities.
P. Alibrandi et al., “The Seed Endosphere of Anadenanthera Colubrina Is Inhabited by a Complex Microbiota, Including Methylobacteriumspp. and Staphylococcus Spp. with Potential Plant-Growth Promoting Activities,” Plant and Soil, vol. 422, no. 1, pp. 81–99, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-017-3182-4.
Plant seeds are emerging micro–habitats, whose importance as reservoir and vector of beneficial microbes just begins to be recognized. Here we aimed to characterize the bacterial microbiota of the Anadenanthera colubrina seed endosphere, with special focus to beneficial traits and to the colonization pattern.
H. de S. Almeida, A. P. D. Gonzaga, H. de Sousa, Y. R. F. Nunes, and H. N. Cipriani, “Cotyledon Integrity on Anadenanthera Colubrina (Vell.) Brenan (Fabaceae - Mimosoideae) Germination and Early Establishment,” CERNE, vol. 16, pp. 227–264, Jun. 2010.
doi: 10.1590/S0104-77602010000200015.
Despite the major ecological and economical relevance of forest species, little is known about their seedling establishment and seed germination, as well as the damage effects to seeds at these stages. This work aimed to assess the effects of partial cotyledon loss on the seed germination and early seedling establishment of Anadenanthera colubrina. Therefore, whole (control) and split seeds (with ¹/8, ¹/4, and ½ of their size cut) were evaluated. The seeds were then germinated and the early growth of seedlings was assessed. The treatments had no effect on seed germination, however, they influenced seedling survival and establishment. The highest mortality and growth reduction values were obtained with the most severe cotyledon removal. This indicates that the tegument and the partial cotyledon loss do not represent a barrier against seed germination. However, considerable damages may be detrimental to establishment and survival of A. colubrina seedlings.
Á. M. R. Almeida, J. Sakai, E. R. Souto, E. W. Kitajima, T. S. Fukuji, and K. Hanada, “Mosaic in Senna Occidentalis in Southern Brazil Induced by a New Strain of Soybean Mosaic Virus,” Fitopatologia Brasileira, vol. 27, pp. 151–156, Apr. 2002.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-41582002000200005.
Plants of Senna occidentalis (sin. Cassia occidentalis) with mosaic symptoms were collected near a soybean (Glycine max) field where some plants exhibited symptoms of mosaic and blistering. A preliminary examination of leaf tissue from diseased S. occidentalis by electron microscopy revealed the presence of pinwheel inclusions as well as long flexuous particles, indicating the presence of a potyvirus. Host range, serology, and amino acid sequence from this potyvirus were similar to those from other Brazilian isolates of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). The 3’- terminal region of the genomic RNA was cloned and a cDNA sequence of 1.9 kb upstream of the poly (A) tract was determined. The sequence contains a single open reading frame and a 3’- non-translated region (NTR) of 259 bp. The nucleotide sequence of the CP gene of SMV-Soc was 98% identical to that of Brazilian isolates SMV-B, SMV-L, and SMV-FT10. The percentage of nucleotide identity of their 3’-NTR’s was 91, 98, and 99% in relation to SMV-L, SMV-B, and SMV-FT10, respectively. In contrast to other Brazilian SMV isolates studied, SMV-Soc was able to infect sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Based on these results, the S. occidentalis isolate was identified as a new strain of SMV belonging to the SMV strain, group G5 and was named SMV-Soc. This is the first report of naturaly occurring SMV infecting plants of S. occidentalis in Brazil, adding this weed as a new source of SMV in the field.
G. B. Alotaibi and I. M. Aref, “Germination Assessment for Five Species of Acacia in Jibala, Saudi Arabia,” International Journal of Sciences, vol. 7, no. 09, pp. 40–51, Oct. 2018.
doi: 10.18483/ijSci.1797.
Most Acacia species have a hard seed coat and therefore have become more resistant to unsuitable environmental conditions. The study aimed to assess the effects of different treatments on seed germination collected from five species of Acacia in Jibala, Al-Dawadmy, a city located in the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia. The results showed that the highest germination percentage was 90.8%, with scarification treatment, while the lowest germination percentage was 30.9%, utilising a boiling treatment lasting seven minutes. Among the studied species, the seeds of A. ehrenbergiana produced the highest percentage of germination and the lowest germination time average among the studied species, while the lowest germination percentage and the highest germination time averages were found in A. nubica. Concluding, this study proved that scarification was the most effective technique for increasing germination rates, compared to other treatments.
M. M. Alshehri et al., “A Review of Recent Studies on the Antioxidant and Anti-Infectious Properties of Senna Plants,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2022, p. e6025900, Feb. 2022.
doi: 10.1155/2022/6025900.
The use of phytochemicals is gaining interest for the treatment of metabolic syndromes over the synthetic formulation of drugs. Senna is evolving as one of the important plants which have been vastly studied for its beneficial effects. Various parts of Senna species including the root, stem, leaves, and flower are found rich in numerous phytochemicals. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical experiments established that extracts from Senna plants have diverse beneficial effects by acting as a strong antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. In this review, Senna genus is comprehensively discussed in terms of its botanical characteristics, traditional use, geographic presence, and phytochemical profile. The bioactive compound richness contributes to the biological activity of Senna plant extracts. The review emphasizes on the in vivo and in vitro antioxidant and anti-infectious properties of the Senna plant. Preclinical studies confirmed the beneficial effects of the Senna plant extracts and its bioactive components in regard to the health-promoting activities. The safety, side effects, and therapeutic limitations of the Senna plant are also discussed in this review. Additional research is necessary to utilize the phenolic compounds towards its use as an alternative to pharmacological treatments and even as an ingredient in functional foods.
L. A.m, A. R, I. M.s, K. M.y, K. A, and N. M, “Phytochemical Analysis and Thin Layer Chromatography Profiling of Crude Extracts from Senna Occidentalis(Leaves),” Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedical Science, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 12–21, May 2019.
doi: 10.14302/issn.2576-6694.jbbs-19-2791.
This research examines the phytochemical composition & chromatographic profile of leaves of Senna occidentalis using Soxhlet extraction technique, phytochemical screening & thin layer chromatography.
E. Amor Stander et al., “Visualization of Aspalathin in Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) Plant and Herbal Tea Extracts Using Thin-Layer Chromatography,” Molecules, vol. 24, no. 5, p. 938, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.3390/molecules24050938.
Aspalathin, the main polyphenol of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), is associated with diverse health promoting properties of the tea. During fermentation, aspalathin is oxidized and concentrations are significantly reduced. Standardized methods for quality control of rooibos products do not investigate aspalathin, since current techniques of aspalathin detection require expensive equipment and expertise. Here, we describe a simple and fast thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method that can reproducibly visualize aspalathin in rooibos herbal tea and plant extracts at a limit of detection (LOD) equal to 178.7 ng and a limit of quantification (LOQ) equal to 541.6 ng. Aspalathin is a rare compound, so far only found in A. linearis and its (rare) sister species A. pendula. Therefore, aspalathin could serve as a marker compound for authentication and quality control of rooibos products, and the described TLC method represents a cost-effective approach for high-throughput screening of plant and herbal tea extracts.
Cassia occidentalis is used in Ghana mainly for the management of hypertension. The aim of the present studies was to establish standardization parameters for the authentication and quality control of the leaf and seeds of Cassia occidentalis. The macromorphological, qualitative and quantitative features, physicochemical, phytochemical and some spectroscopic features of the medicinally used parts were evaluated using standard methods. The plant was found to be a glaborous herb with compound pinnate leaves. It has 6-8 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are broadly lanceolate to ovate, with an acute apex and possessing a gland near the base of the leaf rachis. The seeds are ovoid about 4 mm long flattened with a smooth and hard testa. It is amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata. The quantitative indices of the leaf and physicochemical parameters have also been established. A 0.5% ethanol extract of the leaves and seeds showed characteristic UV maxima which may be invaluable in its identification. The pharmacognostic features established in this study may be used as part of a pharmacopoeial standard for the correct identification and quality control of Cassia occidentalis.
V. C. L. de Andrade, A. L. de Souza, M. A. Amaro, W. da S. Costa, and C. P. B. Soares, “Perfil Do Fuste De Anadenanthera peregrina Descrito Pelo Método Da Altura Relativa,” Ciência Florestal, vol. 26, pp. 875–887, 2016-Jul-Sep.
doi: 10.5902/1980509824215.
RESUMO Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi testar o Método da Altura Relativa na cubagem de árvores em pé de Anadenanthera peregrina. Testaram-se, então, quatro diferentes maneiras de se empregar este método, comparando-os com um modelo de taper selecionado dentre vários outros disponíveis na literatura. Foram utilizados dados de 110 árvores-amostra cubadas em pé por meio do Pentaprisma de Weller. Para descrever o perfil do fuste de árvores de Anadenanthera peregrina, o Método da Altura Relativa apresentou expressiva superioridade quando se usaram todas as árvores e, quando se usaram partes destas, obteve-se o mesmo nível de acurácia que o uso de dados reais de cubagem no ajuste de modelos de taper.
M. Anis et al., “Advances in Micropropagation of a Highly Important Cassia Species- A Review,” in New Perspectives in Plant Protection, IntechOpen, 2012.
doi: 10.5772/38942.
Rooibos is known as the Tea of Africa and is as natural as mother nature herself. We take a quick look at the discovery of Rooibos, what it is, its characteristics, health benefits and the process it follows from being a plant to the tasty tea we all love and enjoy.
B. Antkowiak, W. Engelmann, R. Herbjørnsen, and A. Johnsson, “Effects of Vanadate, N2 and Light on the Membrane Potential of Motor Cells and the Lateral Leaflet Movements of Desmodium Motorium,” Physiologia Plantarum, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 551–558, 1992.
doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb02169.x.
The lateral leaflets of Desmodium motorium (Houtt.) Merr. exhibit ultradian up- and down movements, which are paralleled by oscillations of the membrane potential of motor cells in the pulvinus. By different treatments we have tested the hypothesis that both that both oscillation-types are causally related. The reactions of the leaflet movement and the membrane potential were evaluated by the following approaches. (1) Application of vanadate. an inhibitor of the proton pump in the plasmalemma. and N2 suppressed leaflet movements and finally arrested the leaflet in the lower position. Before the oscillations damped out, a strong lengthening in period was found. This indicates that the pump is part of the ultradian clock. A period lenthening and a final suppression of the rhythm by vanadate was also seen in the extracellular electric potential of the pulvinus. Intracellular recordings in situ showed that vanadate application depolarized the motor cells. (2) Light of high fluence rates diminished the amplitude of the oscillations of the membrane potential of single motor cells and shortened the period. The same effects were observed when monitoring the lateral leaflet movement. The leaflet always moved towards the direction of the light. whether it was applied from the abaxial or from the adaxial part of the pulvinus. (3) When light was applied to the pulvinus of lateral leaflets. which had spontancously stopped moving in an upper position. oscillations were induced transiently. This effect was also found for the membrane potential of motor cells in the pulvinus. - Our results thus provide further evidence that the membrane potential controls the volume state of the motor cells in the pulvinus of lateral leaflets of Desmodium motorium.
S. M. J. Anuradha, B. K. V. Kumar, M. Radhakrishnaiah, and L. L. Narayana, “Chemosystematics of Some Species ofIndigofera,” Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences, vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 443–447, Dec. 1987.
doi: 10.1007/BF03053548.
The distribution pattern of phenolic constituents in 8 species ofIndigofera is studied. There is uniform occurrence ofp-coumaric,p-OH benzoic and vanillic acids and an unknown phenolic compound ‘e’ of hRf value 42/57 in all the taxa studied. There is a chemical similarity betweenIndigofera hochstetteri andIndigofera tinctoria. Indigofera dalzellii, Indigofera hirsuta, Indigofera oblongifolia andIndigofera prostrata stand out in the unique possession of certain compounds. The overlapping incidence of the constituents indicates the fairly close chemical ties among the species studied. The cluster analysis reveals that it supports earlier sub divisions of the genus to some extent.
Masson pine andAcaciaconfusawere planted to be pure forest and mixed forest in cutting blank of cunninghamia lanceolata,after more than 10years of fertilization,tendingand operating management,thetrees grow well.This article compares the forest standsofthe pure forest and the mixed forest.The results indicate thatthe average height,dbh and volume of the mixed forest is respectively higher than the pure forest ofMasson pine and Acaciaconfusaaccounting for 2.43% and 12.46%,6.3% and 12.71%,11.92% and 36.84%separately.Therefore,the mixed forest hasreasonable stand structure with improved soil nutrient content and fertility.
E. C. G. Araujo, J. A. A. da Silva, F. J. Freire, R. L. C. Ferreira, and T. C. Silva, “Changes in Soil Chemical Attributed and Nutrition of Anadenanthera Colubrina and Eucalyptus Clone Under Natural Fertilizers and Biochar,” FLORESTA, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 840–847, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.5380/rf.v51i4.73425.
This study aimed to evaluate changes in soil chemical attributes and nutrition of Anadenanthera colubrina and a Eucalyptus clone under fertilization using reservoir sediment (RS), fish farming sediment (FFS) and biochar (BC) in the semi-arid region of Brazil. The Eucalyptus clone and A. colubrina leaves and soil were sampled after applying treatments. Leaves were collected for nutritional analysis and soil for mineral and fertility analyses. The K+ and P concentration in the soil were influenced by the natural fertilizers, and the biochar increased the C content. The A. colubrina planting reduced the soil K+ and P levels, and the Eucalyptus clone cultivation reduced the Mg2+ content. The FFS was responsible for increasing P availability in both A. colubrina and the Eucalyptus clone, being a good option for use in soils which are naturally poor in P. A. colubrina presented the highest N, P, K and Ca levels, suggesting high demand of this species for these nutrients. The Eucalyptus clone was more demanding for Mg, suggesting that its cultivation should be done in soils rich in Mg2+. The use of RS and FFS is important to increase the growth of forest species in semi-arid regions, and this management is recommended in the deforestation policies of these regions.
In our research, we aimed to further the knowledge of the capability and potential of commercial inoculum by comparing its effectiveness to that of wild mycorrhizae on plant growth of two different plant species: Desmanthus illinoensis (DI) and Monarda fistulosa (MF). There were four treatment groups: DI and MF grown in living prairie soil inoculated with commercial mycorrhizal inoculum (LI), DI and MF grown in sterilized prairie soil inoculated with commercial mycorrhizal inoculum (SI), DI and MF grown in living prairie soil without commercial mycorrhizal inoculum (LN), and DI and MF grown in sterilized prairie soil without commercial mycorrhizal inoculum (SN).We predicted that the commercial mycorrhizae treatment in sterilized soil would have the largest average plant biomass, plant height, and average surface area of leaves. Our hypothesis was not supported, but there was a significant difference for the number of leaves found on the plants grown in living prairie soil inoculated with commercial inoculum.
Aref, “Effects of Seed Pretreatment and Seed Source on Germination of Five Acacia Spp.,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 10, no. 71, Nov. 2011.
doi: 10.5897/AJB11.1763.
The effects of seed pre-sowing treatment and geographic source of seeds on three germination parameters of five Acacia species (GP = germination percent; GMT = germination mean time (days) and GI = germination index) were studied. Pre-sowing treatment included immersion in concentrated sulphuric acid for 5, 10 and 15 min; immersion in hot water for 2, 4 and 6 min; abrasion of the seed coat and control. Seeds were collected from three geographical regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Aseer and Al Baha regions in South-Western and Al Madinah region in the West). Experiments were carried out on Petri dishes containing moistened filter papers and incubated in a growth chamber. Seed pretreatment significantly (P < 0.0001) affected GP, GMT and GI in all tree seed species studied. Generally, scarification (acid and mechanical abrasion) resulted in the best GP, GMT and GI. Hot water also gave good germination for most tree seed species. Germination behavior of A. ehrenbergiana seeds was different compared to other species. More also, increasing the time of immersion in acid decreased the GP in seeds collected from both Aseer and Al Baha regions, while in contrast, A. origena germinated better with increasing time of immersion in acid and hot water. Geographic source of seeds significantly affected most germination parameters, although it was comparatively inconsistent compared to seed treatment. Highly significant interactions (P < 0.0001) were recorded between seed pretreatment and seed source.
O. M. Areo and P. B. Njobeh, “Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) Tea Consumed in South Africa,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 28, no. 42, pp. 59687–59695, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-14968-2.
A total of 80 rooibos tea samples from a range of brands were purchased from various registered retail shops in South Africa. The samples were bought during 2019 winter (40) and summer (40) period which are classified as 6 natural rooibos, 18 herbal rooibos samples, and 16 flavor rooibos samples and subjected for heavy metal analysis such as chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Human health risks were determined by estimating the daily intake non-cancer hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) via oral exposure to toxic elements based on daily tea consumption. The concentration range of the determined heavy metals in rooibos tea samples were as follows: Cr (0.17–11.98 mg/kg), Fe (31–450 mg/kg), As (ND–0.51 mg/kg), Cd (0.09–0.17 mg/kg), and Pb (0.06–2.73 mg/kg). Cr was found in higher amount when compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) permissive limit (1.3 mg/kg). The concentrations of all studied heavy metals during winter and summer period were compared using two-way Anova, and no significant differences (p = 0.832) were observed for the two seasons. Both the target risk quotient (THQ) and the hazard index (HI) levels in all analyzed tea were well below 1, implying that intake of rooibos tea with analyzed heavy metals should not cause a threat to human health. On the other hand, the continuous intake due to the high concentrations of trace metals such as Cr may pose a serious chronic health risk due to accumulation in body tissues over time. The study, therefore, suggests constant monitoring of these heavy metals in teas in order to limit the risk of exceeding the permissive limits.
O. O. Arogundade, A. J. Fatunmise, and T. T. Bernard, “Taxonomic Importance of the Palynological Features of Some Members of Family Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae,” Ife Journal of Science, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 27–36, Dec. 2019.
doi: 10.4314/ijs.v21i3.3.
Acetolysed pollen grains of eight species in the Leguminosae- Caesalpinioideae were studied with the aim of identifying palynological characters of taxonomic importance among the taxa and determining their probable evolutionary relationships. The Acetolysis procedure and pollen type description were carried out following standard methods. The eight species include two species from genus Cassia Linn. – Cassia sieberiana DC and Cassia fistula Linn and six species from genus Senna Mill. - Senna occidentalis (Linn.) Link, Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin and Barneby, Senna podocarpa (Guill. & Perr.) Lock, Senna hirsuta (Linn.) Irwin and Barneby, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby and Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. The pollens of all the species were shed as monads and they all had perforate sculpturing pattern on their exine. The pollen size of all the species falls into the group media (25 – 50 μm). All the species had ovate pollen shapes except for some additional circular, elliptic and club-shaped types observed in some of the species. All the species had monocolporate and tricolpate pollen grain types. Tetracolpate, pentacolpate and hexacolpate pollen grains, which are advanced pollen types were observed only in the species of Senna while the primitive pollen types, acolpate and monocolpate, were observed more in the members of the genus Cassia, thus, the evolutionary advancement of Senna over Cassia was discussed. Other pollen types observed in some of the species were bicolpate, trilete, diporate, tricolporate, and pentacolporate. Their importance in the identification and classification of the Cassia and Senna species was also discussed.Keywords: Pollen grains, Cassia, Senna, Aperturate, Monocolporate, Tricolpate
S. Arokiyaraj, N. Sripriya, R. Bhagya, B. Radhika, L. Prameela, and \relax N. K. Udayaprakash, “Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial and Free Radical Scavenging Effects of Artemisia Nilagirica, Mimosa Pudica and Clerodendrum Siphonanthus – An in–Vitro Study,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 2, no. 2, Supplement, pp. S601–S604, Feb. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60281-0.
Objective To evaluate methanolic extracts of leaves of Artemisia nilagirica, Mimosa pudica and Clerodendrum siphonanthus for phytochemical analysis, antibacterial activity and free radical scavenging activity. Methods Antibacterial activity was performed by disc diffusion method against two gram positive and four gram negative strains. Free radical scavenging potential was evaluated using total antioxidant activity (thiocyanate method) and diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results Results of the present study showed that Clerodendrum siphonanthus exhibited significant antibacterial effect against Klebsiella pneumoniae (30 mm), Proteus mirabilis (16 mm), Salmonella typhi (16 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12 mm), Escherichia coli (11.5 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (10 mm). Mimosa pudica and Artemisia nilagirica showed good antibacterial effects. Clerodendrum siphonanthus was found to be extremely effective in scavenging lipid peroxide (IC50 8 mg/mL) and DPPH radicals (IC50 7 mg/mL), whereas Artemisia nilagirica and Mimosa pudica showed moderate activity. Phytochemical analysis of these plants revealed presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavanoids, terpenoids and glycosides. Conclusions This study showed that Artemisia nilagirica, Mimosa pudica and Clerodendrum siphonanthus may serve as a potential agent for new therapeutics.
K. Arora, “Comparative Account of Allelopathic Potential of Different Parts of Cassia Occidentalis and Its Correlation with Bio-Molecular Profile through FTIR,” 2015.
Present study deals with the biochemical analysis of different parts of Cassia occidentalis L. and its correlation with their allopathic potential. Growth studies on Echinochloa crus-galli, a common agricultural weed of rice ecosystems showed significant reduction with flower and leaf extracts as compared to root and stem extracts of C. occidentalis. Metabolic fingerprinting was achieved by using Fourier Transform Technique (FTIR) to understand differential distribution of different phytochemicals in root, stem, flower and leaf tissues. Presence of different functional groups C=O, C–H, C=C, C–O, C–C and N–H were identified which indicated the presence of alkyl groups, methyl groups, alcohols, ethers, esters, carboxylic acid and anhydrides in different tissues. The results showed that flower and leaf tissues were rich in lipids, proteins, amides (aromatic compounds) corresponding tomany sharp bands in the region of 1700-1500 cm-1. Thus, FTIR studies not only provided the bio-molecular profile of C. occidentalis but also established a correlation of allopathic potential of different tissues with relative distribution of different phytochemicals.
S. Arumugam, F. H. Chu, S. Y. Wang, and S. T. Chang, “In Vitro Plant Regeneration from Immature Leaflets Derived Callus of Acacia Confusa Merr via Organogenesis,” Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 197–201, Jul. 2009.
doi: 10.1007/BF03263319.
An efficient plant regeneration system was established from immature leaflet-derived callus of Acacia confusa Merr, through organogenesis. Under optimized culture conditions, the high rate of callus induction and proliferation was obtained in 35 days on MMS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (3 mg l−1) + NAA (0.01 mg l−1) + Kin (0.05 mg l−1). The highest percentage of shoot regeneration response (95%) and greatest number of shoots (52.9) were obtained after the 46-day transfer of green nodular calli onto the shoot regeneration medium (WPM) supplemented with the BA 3 mg l−1 + NAA 0.05 mg l−1 + Zeatin 0.1 mg l−1 + AdSO4 5 mg l−1 combination. Efficient shoot elongation was achieved by transferring the clusters of adventitious shoot buds to medium (half-strength MS) containing GA, (1 mg l−1) and BA (0.05 mg l−1), within 30 days. The elongated shoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 4 mg l−1 IBA and 0.05 mg l−1 Kin in the 42-day culture. Rooted plantlets were hardened and successfully established in soil. The field-established plants were morphologically normal and fertile.
B. Arun, B. Gopinath, and S. Sharma, “Plant Growth Promoting Potential of Bacteria Isolated on N Free Media from Rhizosphere of Cassia Occidentalis,” World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 2849–2857, Sep. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s11274-012-1095-1.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are an attractive eco-friendly alternative to chemicals in agriculture. While the rhizospheres of crop plants have been well studied with the objective of screening PGPR, weeds, which play an important role in maintaining ecological balance, have largely been ignored. The rhizosphere of a luxuriantly growing, medicinal weed, Cassia occidentalis was analysed by enumerating PGPR on N free media from the most diverse stage of plant (determined by profiles obtained on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). Each isolate was tested for other plant growth promotion assays including production of cellulase, indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia, HCN, siderophore and chitinase to select for ones possessing multi-trait plant growth promoting (PGP) properties. Selected isolates were used for bacterization of Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo to evaluate their efficacy in promoting plant’s growth in seedling germination and axenic pot conditions. Thirty five isolates were analysed further for the array of PGP properties they exhibit. A total of 6 isolates were shortlisted on the basis of maximum traits positive, amount of phosphate solubilized and IAA produced. V. radiata responded well to seed bacterization during seedling germination. A maximum increase of approximately 36 and 60 % was observed for shoot and root length, respectively in V. radiata in axenic pot culture over control plants. Extensive branching of roots was also observed with isolate NL, which produced the maximum amount of IAA. Present study investigated the plant growth promoting isolates obtained on N free media in the rhizosphere of C. occidentalis, which have the potential to be used as inoculants for other crops. This provides a new dimension to the significance of weeds in agricultural ecosystems. The study opens up possibilities for utilization of this property of weeds in plant growth promotion, and subsequent enhancement of yield for agricultural crops.
Different organic and aqueous extracts of leaves of Cassia occidentalis L (Caesalpiniaceae) were screened for their antimicrobial activity against seven human pathogenic bacterial and two fungal strains by disk diffusion assay. The pattern of inhibition varied with the solvent used for extraction and the microorganism tested. Among these extracts, methanol and aqueous extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against most of the tested microbes. The most susceptible microorganism was P. aeruginosa (18 mm zone of inhibition in aqueous extract) followed by P. mirabilis (15 mm zone of inhibition in methanol extract) and Candida albicans (8 mm zone of inhibition in methanol extract). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of different extracts revealed the presence of anthraquinones, carbohydrates, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, steroids, flavanoids, saponins, phytosterols, gums and mucilages while alkaloids were absent in all the tested extracts.
V. Arya, S. Yadav, S. Kumar, and J. P. Yadav, “Antioxidant Activity of Organic and Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Cassia Occidentalis L. in Relation to Their Phenolic Content,” Natural Product Research, vol. 25, no. 15, pp. 1473–1479, Sep. 2011.
doi: 10.1080/14786419.2010.545351.
In this study, the antioxidant potency of sequential organic and aqueous leaf extracts of Cassia occidentalis was investigated, employing various established in vitro systems such as nitric oxide scavenging (NOS) activity, β-carotene–linoleic acid model system, hydroxyl radical scavenging (HRS) activity, reducing power, metal chelating activity (MCA) and superoxide radical scavenging (SRS) activity. The aqueous extract of the leaves of C. occidentalis was found to be most effective against free radicals, followed by the methanolic, chloroform, petroleum ether and benzene extracts, respectively. A preliminary study of qualitative and quantitative estimations of phenolics was performed, and the results were correlated with different antioxidant tests. A positive and significant (p < 0.05) correlation was observed (R 2 = 0.42 to 0.96) between various test systems, and the results on total phenolics showed that the phenolic compounds were responsible for the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. This study also showed that phenolics may contribute maximally to HRS (R 2 = 0.9236) and MCA (R 2 = 0.9396) and to a lesser extent to NOS activity (R 2 = 0.5819) and the β-carotene–linoleic acid assay (R 2 = 0.8213). The data obtained in the in vitro models clearly establish the antioxidant potency of leaf extracts of C. occidentalis.
The RAPD technique has been successfully used in a variety of taxonomic and genetic diversity studies. The genetic diversity of ten accessions of C. occidentalis collected from different districts of Haryana has been reported in this paper using twelve random amplified polymorphic DNA primers. 111 bands were scored corresponding to an average of 9.25 bands per primer with 79 bands showing polymorphism (71.17%). Nine out of twelve primers gave more than 60% polymorphism. Jaccard similarity coefficient ranged from 0.54 to 0.73. A dendrogram constructed based on the UPGMA clustering method revealed two major clusters. Cluster-1 comprises of nine accessions which was further differentiated into two subclusters while Cluster–2 includes only accession C10. This study revealed rich genetic diversity among C. occidentalis accessions from Haryana region in India.
A. A. Aserse, L. A. Räsänen, F. Aseffa, A. Hailemariam, and K. Lindström, “Phylogenetically Diverse Groups of Bradyrhizobium Isolated from Nodules of Crotalaria Spp., Indigofera Spp., Erythrina Brucei and Glycine Max Growing in Ethiopia,” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 595–609, Nov. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.008.
Ethiopian Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from root nodules of Crotalaria spp., Indigofera spp., Erythina brucei and soybean (Glycine max) represented genetically diverse phylogenetic groups of the genus Bradyrhizobium. Strains were characterized using the amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting technique (AFLP) and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of core and symbiotic genes. Based on phylogenetic analyses of concatenated recA–glnII–rpoB–16S rRNA genes sequences, Bradyrhizobium strains were distributed into fifteen phylogenetic groups under B. japonicum and B. elkanii super clades. Some of the isolates belonged to the species B. yuanmingense, B. elkanii and B. japonicum type I. However, the majority of the isolates represented unnamed Bradyrhizobium genospecies and of these, two unique lineages that most likely represent novel Bradyrhizobium species were identified among Ethiopian strains. The nodulation nodA gene sequence analysis revealed that all Ethiopian Bradyrhizobium isolates belonged to nodA sub-clade III.3. Strains were further classified into 14 groups together with strains from Africa, as well as some originating from the other tropical and subtropics regions. Strains were also clustered into 14 groups in nodY/K phylogeny similarly to the nodA tree. The nifH phylogenies of the Ethiopian Bradyrhizobium were generally also congruent with the nodA gene phylogeny, supporting the monophyletic origin of the symbiotic genes in Bradyrhizobium. The phylogenies of nodA and nifH genes were also partially congruent with that inferred from the concatenated core genes sequences, reflecting that the strains obtained their symbiotic genes vertically from their ancestor as well as horizontally from more distantly related Bradyrhizobium species.
E. Atchison, “Studies in the Leguminosae. Ii. Cytogeography of Acacia (Tourn.) L,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 651–655, 1948.
doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1948.tb08134.x.
E. A. Athayde and L. P. C. Morellato, “Anthropogenic Edges, Isolation and the Flowering Time and Fruit Set of Anadenanthera Peregrina, a Cerrado Savanna Tree,” International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 443–454, May 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s00484-013-0727-y.
Fragmentation exposes plants to extreme environmental conditions with implications for species phenology and reproduction. We investigated whether isolation and edge effects influence size, flowering time, fruit set, and seedling establishment of Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata. We compared trees in the interior (n\,= 85), and on the edge (n\,= 74) of a cerrado savanna fragment as well as in a pasture (n\,= 26) with respect to size, flowering phenology, flower and fruit production, fruit and seed set, predispersal seed predation, and seedling establishment. Trees in the pasture were larger and produced a higher number of flowers and fruits than trees on the edge and interior, yet seed set did not differ across environments. The plant size structure explained the flower and fruit production, and the self-compatibility breeding system caused a similar seed set regardless of the environment. First flowering was later and fruit set higher in the interior. We argue that time of first flower influenced the fruit set of Anadenathera. Edge and isolated trees started to flower earlier as a response to microclimatic conditions—mainly temperature—reducing the fruit set. Predispersal seed predation was lower among pasture trees. Conversely, we found seedlings only on the edge and in the interior of cerrado, suggesting that the pasture was of poor quality habitat for Anadenanthera recruitment. Isolation affected the plant size structure and reproduction of Anadenanthera trees. Studies comparing plant phenology under contrasting environmental conditions may offer clues on how global change may affect plant reproduction in the tropics.
Emergence indicators such as speed of germination (SOE), mean emergence date (MED) and emergence rate index (ERI) of seedlings were much better in seedlings originated from Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne, and a significant positive correlation between seed coat thickness and GMT was found. This study focused on the effect of variations in seed mass and seed coat thickness of the natural forests of Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne on seed germination percent (GP) and germination mean time (GMT) , and seedling emergence indicators. The study was carried out in three locations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Al Madinah (24°89´N, 39°16´E), Aseer (17°55´N, 42°11´E) and Baha (19°13´N, 41° 80´E). The seeds were pretreated by soaking for 60 minutes in H 2 SO 4 (98%) and germinated on moist filter paper. Also some seeds were sown directly in soil (sand: clay: peat moss 2:2:1; v/v). Seed mass showed greater CV in the same population (27, 20 and 25 %, respectively). Seeds were categorized into three non - overlapping size classes: small (0.14 - 0.15 mg), medium (0.16 - 0.22 mg) and large (>0.22 mg). Large seeds recorded significantly (P=0.0001) the highest GP as compared to medium and small seeds. However, small seeds emerged faster than large and medium seeds i.e. had the least GMT). Emergence indicators such as speed of germination (SOE), mean emergence date (MED) and emergence rate index (ERI) of seedlings were much better in seedlings originated from la rge seeds. A significant positive correlation between seed coat thickness and GMT was found. ( El Atta H. Ali, Aref M. Ibrahim, Ahmed A. Ismail. Effects of Seed Mass and Seed Coat on Germination and Seedling Emergence of Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne. Life Sc i J 2013;10( 3 ): 2438 - 244 5 ) (ISSN:1097 - 8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com .
A. V. Audipudi, R. Rajeswari Badri, and C. V. S. Bhaskar, “GC-MS and In Silico Molecular Docking Analysis of Secondary Metabolites Present in Leaf Extract of Cassia Occidentalis Linn.,” in Medicinal Plants: Biodiversity, Sustainable Utilization and Conservation, S. M. Khasim, C. Long, K. Thammasiri, and H. Lutken, Eds. Singapore: Springer, 2020, pp. 501–508.
doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-1636-8_27.
Solvent extraction of secondary metabolites of Cassia occidentalis leaves was investigated. Phytochemical screening of different solvents, petroleum ether (PLCO), ethyl acetate (ELCO), chloroform (CLCO), and aqueous methanol (ALCO) extractions of leaf powder of C. occidentalis, was investigated as preliminary experiment. Secondary metabolites of potential solvent extraction were then confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of eight compounds were identified with qualitative differences in GC MS analysis. Out of eight constituents, octadecanoic acid was identified as one of the major components in chloroform extraction (CLCO). In silico evaluation by molecular docking with alpha amylase revealed that octadecanoic acid is a promising antidiabetic compound.
S. Augros, “Détection en milieu naturel d’une nouvelle liane à fort potentiel invasif pour l’île de La Réunion : Entada rheedii Spreng (Fabales : Fabaceae),” Cahiers scientifiques de l’océan Indien occidental, vol. 9, pp. 25–27, 2018.
First mention of the liana Entada rheedii Spreng for La Réunion Island. The species is known to be invasive in tropical forests (e.g. in the Comoro archipelago). As a consequence, the patch should be eradicated with no time to prevent the development and the naturalization of this liana in the native forests of La Réunion.
L. Ayala-Herrada, M. Villafañe-Cruz, and B. Pinacho-Lopez, “Escarificación de Semillas de Indigofera Hirsuta (Linneaus), Canavalia Maritima (Thouars) y Crotalaria Longirostrata (Hook),” Rev. Fac. Agron., p. 14, 2010.
The Objective of this work was to determine optimal scarification treatment for seeds from Indigofera hirsuta, Canavalia maritima y Crotalaria longirostrata. Seeds were collected in 3 tropical locations at the Coastal región of Oaxaca, México, in order to analyze their response to scarification methods. Each treatments was of 4 groups of 100 seeds, for C. maritima the following were used: 0 (control), 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 y 60 minutes in sulfuric acid, and a mechanical treatment. In I. hirsuta two times of immersion were used, 12 and 24 hours y chemical,0 (control), 20, 30 y 60 minutes in sulfuric acid and with C. longirostrata 0 (control), 20, 30 and 60 minutes en sulfuric acid. An ANOVA was performed. Higher number of germinated seed was achieved in C. maritima seeds with mechanical scarification (46±2.71%) I. hirsuta and C. Longirostrata seeds with 20 minutes (93±3.37%) and 60 minutes (99±1.16%) en sulfuric acid has the best results.
K. G. Ayasov, E. Akhmedov, and S. Khidirov, “Effects of Certain Mineral Fertilizers on the Biological Mass of Indigofera Tinctoria and Impatiens Balsamina Plants,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 939, no. 1, p. 012082, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/939/1/012082.
The article describes the effect of mineral fertilizers on the cultivation of dyed Indigofera (Indigofera tinctoria L.) and henna (Impatiens balsamina L), the amount of their application and the ratio of basic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) related. It has been established that the adequate development of Indigofera and henna plants depends on the ratio of mineral fertilizers used.
Azza A. Tawfik, Gehan G. Mostafa, Asmaa M. Alfrmawy, and M. Gad, “Evaluation of Genetic Variation in Mutants of Senna Occidentalis Using Protein Pattern and RAPD Markers,” Biotechnology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 94–100, 2011.
doi: 10.3923/biotech.2011.94.100.
Evaluation of Genetic Variation in Mutants of Senna occidentalis using Protein Pattern and RAPD Markers
N. V. J. Babu, P. P. Murty, and G. M. N. Rao, “Applications of Ethno Medicine to Treat Bone Fractures in Eastern Ghats Region of AP, India.,” IOSR Journal of Phamacy and Biological Sciences, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 48–54, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.9790/3008-1206054854.
Bone fractures are caused due to accidents or violent acts caused by others either willfully or negligently. In some cases it may be due to falling or due to pathological reasons or due to osteoporosis. The present survey provides information on the therapeutic properties of 37 plants species belonging to 35 genera and 23 families used for bone fractures by the natives of AP region in Eastern Ghats of India. Information on botanical name, vernacular name, family, part used, mode of drug preparation administration and mode of poultice is provided. Information gathered in this study will act as vital data for scientific community.
A. I. Bagega, A. A. Usman, S. M. Dankaka, M. Amina, and A. U. Mani, “Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Cassia Occidentalis Leaf Extract on Salmonella Typhimurium,” Bioremediation Science and Technology Research, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 5–8, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.54987/bstr.v6i2.431.
Different concentration extracts of Cassia occidentalis (Caesalpiniaceae) leaves were screened for their antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium. The pattern of inhibition was varied with the concentration used. Antibacterial activity of the extracts at different concentrations on the S. Typhimurium was recorded with no activity at 20 mg/mL. Nevertheless, at concentrations of 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/mL, activity was observed. This activity was seen increased as the concentration increases. At the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 60 mg/mL, the bacteria were killed with no tidal activity at 30 mg/mL. The antibacterial activity of Cassia occidentalis leaf extract was recorded at concentrations of 40 mg/mL (12 mm), 60 mg/mL (15 mm), 80 mg/mL (16 mm) and 100 mg/mL (18 mm) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 30 mg/mL and MBC of 60 mg/mL. This was due to the presence of phytochemical compounds. Some of these compounds were found in a trace amount, whereas saponin was present high amount, flavonoids were present in a moderate amount, while tannins, glycoside, cardiac glycosides, steroids, saponin glycoside, anthraquinones and volatile oil were present in trace amount. However, balsam and alkaloid are not detected.
I. A. Bakke, “Water and Sodium Chloride Effects on Mimosa Tenuiflora (WILLD.) Poiret Seed Germination,” REVISTA CAATINGA, p. 8, 2006.
Water shortage and saline soils of the Brazilian semi-arid northeastern region are limiting factors to the development of many plants. Jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret) is a small, multiple use tree that abundantly colonizes unfavorable sites, including environments with severe water stress. This work had the objective of investigating the tolerance of jurema preta seeds to water and salt stresses during germination. Seeds germination in polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions was analyzed under five different osmotic potentials (0.0; -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and –1.2MPa), in order to simulate water and salt stress, respectively, in four 100-seed replications for each treatment. Seeds were placed into 10cmx10cmx4cm boxes, and germination accomplished in BOD germinator adjusted to 30oC. The number of germinated seeds was monitored every 24 hours, and percentage and speed of seed germination were generated from these data. Mean percentage germination in the control treatment was ~95%, reducing to 63-53% at –0.9 to –1.2-MPa PEG solutions, and to 279.5% at NaCl solutions at equivalent osmotic potentials. Velocity of germination index was more affected, and decreased up to 1/8 of the control, at –0.6 MPa. Jurema preta seeds showed lower tolerance to NaCl than to water stress, and this species can be classified as a glycophyte.
S. Balarabe, B. S. Aliyu, H. Muhammad, M. A. Nafisa, and M. M. Namadina, “Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Analysis of Senna Occidentalis Root | Nigerian Journal of Botany,” Nigerian Journal of Botany, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 35–47, Jun. 2020.https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njbot/article/view/235748.
Senna occidentalis Linn is a member of the Fabaceae family (Leguminosae family). Different parts of the plant have been used in Hausa traditional medicine to treat various ailments ranging from microbial infections, jaundice and body weakness to fevers. The roots, leaves, flowers and seeds have been employed in herbal medicine around the world in various treatments. Senna occidentalis root was extracted using distilled water and methanol and was used to carry out phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of carbohydrates, monosaccharides, reducing sugars, combined reducing sugars, tannins, free anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, glycosides, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Fractionation of the methanol extract was done with four different solvents. The ethyl acetate fraction was further used for thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography (CC) and the sub-fractions obtained were coded ARE-GRE. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed on ARE sub-fraction where fifteen different phytochemical compounds were identified. Fourier Transformed-Infra Red (FT-IR) analysis also showed sixteen peaks of different shapes and wavelengths. The presence of these phytochemicals in the roots of the plant could justify its use in traditional medicine to treat antimicrobial infections and other diseases.
J. Banerji, “Evidence of Insect-Plant Interactions From the Upper Gondwana Sequence (Lower Cretaceous) in the Rajmahal Basin, India,” Gondwana Research, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 205–210, Jan. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70320-8.
The present paper reports significant evidence of insect-plant interactions in the Upper Gondwana sequence (Early Cretaceous) from various localities of the Rajmahal Formation in the Rajmahal Basin of Jharkhand State, India. This evidence is among the first Early Cretaceous evidence of phytophagy and is recognised by various types of feeding traces namely continuous marginal, discontinuous marginal and non-marginal. These traces may indicate herbivory of pinnate leaves ofPtilophyllurn (Bennettitales) and these herbivores may have assisted the plants in pollination. Additional evidence for a plant-insect relationship is on the lamina o f Phyllopteroides pinnae (Osmundaceae) which was used for ovipostional sites containing oval egg impressions that occur along the veins in the leaf lamina. Further, the evidence of insect galls recognised on a Nipaniophyllurn (Pentoxylales) leaf surface indicates that the lamina was used as a shelter habitat for insect larvae. These galls show some similarity with extinct leaf galls reported on Glossopteris (Glossopteridales) leaves recorded from the Permian of Kashmir Himalaya, India as well as on galls on Sophora (Fabaceae) and Eomangferophyllum (Anacardiaceae) leaves from the Neogene flora of India. Similar spherical leaf galls are induced by Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) and Hymenoptera (Pteromalidae) on leaves of modern Anadenanthera peregrina from Brazil. The present findings from the Upper Gondwana Sequence of India reveals that these types of insect-plant relationships existed during the Gondwana time and continued up to the recent, perhaps having a role in the co-evolution of present flora and fauna.
L. A. Banu, M. H. O. Rashid, and M. A. B. Miah, “Development of Artificial Seed and Preservation in Mimosa Pudica L., an Important Medicinal Plant in Bangladesh,” Journal of Bio-Science, vol. 22, pp. 89–99, 2014.
doi: 10.3329/jbs.v22i0.30013.
Context: Mimosa pudica L. is an important medicinal plant belonging to the family- Mimosaceae has becoming a rare species in Bangladesh. The application of artificial seed technology using encapsulated shoot tips and nodal segments may contribute to the protection of rare and threatened medicinal plant like Mimosa pudica L.Objective: Synthetic seed technology has been developed for Mimosa pudica L. in order to develop an alternative protocol on propagation and conservation.Materials and Methods: For this purpose shoot tip and nodal segments obtained from in vitro grown plants were encapsulated with sodium alginate solution followed by subsequent immersion in CaCl2 solution. Different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators were used and explants were treated in alginate bead to investigate the hormonal effect on artificial seed germination. These encapsulated seeds were cultured either on MS medium with hormone (same growth regulators containing alginate beads) or MS0 (without hormone).Results: Highest shoot regeneration frequency (100%) were recorded when alginate beads were infused by MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP + 0.2 mg/l NAA and cultured in MS medium containing same growth regulators. When synthetic seed containing 2.0 mg/l BAP+0.2 mg/l NAA and cultured on MS0 medium, 54% explants produced multifarious root with shoot in both cases. Under different storage period encapsulated seed retained germination capacity even after preserving for 60 days at 4°C.Conclusion: For artificial seed production a suitable protocol established under this study for Mimosa pudica L. that provides an alternative method for micropropagation and its conservation. For long term storage of Mimosa pudica in Bangladesh this protocol would provide promising avenues for the easy transference of propagules and its improvement.J. bio-sci. 22: 89-99, 2014
H. Barani, M. N. Broumand, A. Haji, and M. Kazemipur, “Optimization of Dyeing Wool Fibers Procedure with Isatis Tinctoria by Response Surface Methodology,” Journal of Natural Fibers, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 73–86, Apr. 2012.
doi: 10.1080/15440478.2012.681485.
The response surface method (RMS) was used to optimize the color strength (K/S) of the wool fibers dyed with Isatis tinctoria. The eight independent variable terms, in which two of them are categorical and the other six numerical, were selected at two levels (low and high). The ANOVA test results of the linear model showed that the model terms, including reducing agent amount, dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and dyestuff percentage, have a significant effect on K/S. The actual values agreed with the predicted values and the suggested equation model was satisfactory and accurate.
D. Barduche, R. Paiva, M. A. Lopes, and E. Paiva, “Effect of ABA and GA3 on Protein Mobilization in Embryos and Cotyledons of Angico [Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg] Seeds during Germination,” Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol. 42, 1999.
doi: 10.1590/S1516-89131999000200002.
In this work, a woody species [A. peregrina (L.) Speg.] was studied in order to observe the effect of ABA and GA3 at the biochemical level during the process of seed germination. Embryos incubated in sucrose solution containing ABA and/or GA3 were analyzed through SDS-PAGE to observe the mobilization pattern of storage proteins during the beginning of germination. Cotyledons isolated from seeds incubated in aqueous solutions containing ABA and/or GA3, were also analyzed through SDS-PAGE and by PAGE/Activity Gels (polyacrylamide gels copolymerized with substrate for enzymes) to observe the mobilization pattern of storage proteins and protease activity after the beginning of the germination. Results of these experiments show that ABA blocks protein mobilization by inhibiting protease activity in cotyledons. This inhibition is not sufficient to prevent germination showing that the effect of ABA on germination is not dependent on protease activity. The blockage of storage protein mobilization was also observed in embryos, but no protease activity inhibition was clearly detected. ABA was able to induce the synthesis of proteins in cotyledons but not in embryos. A polypeptide with an approximate molecular weight of 17 kD, was degraded within 6 hours in control embryos, but this degradation was blocked by ABA and GA3. Using the same concentrations of ABA and GA3 on embryos and cotyledons, the effect of ABA was counteracted by GA3 in embryos, but not in cotyledons. Although the effects of ABA and GA3 were not so different from those shown in the literature, the behavior of 17 kD-polypeptide contradicts these reports suggesting that specific studies should be performed.
D. Barduche, R. Paiva, C. AndreoU, and E. Paiva, “Seed Germination Inhibition of Angico Vermelho [Anadenanthera Peregrina (Benth.) Speg.] by Desiccation and Aba Treatment,” in CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL, São Carlos, 1995, vol. 5, p. 51.https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/474613?locale=en.
J. K. Barker and A. W. Abdi, “The Influence of Three Scarification Treatments on Indigofera Tinctoria L. Seed Germination,” East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 208–210, Jan. 1987.
doi: 10.1080/00128325.1987.11663517.
N. Barnardo, “Sustainable Harvesting of Wild Populations of Cyclopia Intermedia in Kouga, Eastern Cape, South Africa.”
J. M. Baskin, X. Nan, and C. C. Baskin, “A Comparative Study of Seed Dormancy and Germination in an Annual and a Perennial Species of Senna (Fabaceae),” Seed Science Research, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 501–512, Dec. 1998.
doi: 10.1017/S0960258500004475.
Seed dormancy and germination of Senna marilandica and S. obtusifolia were compared in greenhouse and laboratory studies. About 90% of the S. obtusifolia seeds were green and had hard seed coat dormancy, whereas the other 10% were brown and nondormant. Seed-colour morphs did not occur in S. marilandica, and nearly 100% of the seeds had hard seed coat dormancy. Seeds of S. obtusifolia were significantly heavier than those of S. marilandica. Mechanical scarification was very effective in overcoming dormancy in seeds of both species. However, concentrated sulfuric acid, absolute ethanol and boiling water were less effective in breaking dormancy in seeds of S. marilandica than in those of S. obtusifolia. Further, incubating seeds at 30/15 to 40/25°C and dry-heat treatments at 80–100°C were ineffective in breaking dormancy in S. marilandica, but significantly increased germination percentages in S. obtusifolia. In neither species were simulated daily/seasonal temperature shifts effective in breaking dormancy. Scarified seeds of both species germinated over a wide range of temperatures in both light and darkness. Under near-natural temperature conditions, seeds of S. marilandica germinated in spring only, whereas those of S. obtusifolia emerged in late spring and throughout summer. Both species can form a long-lived seed bank. Dormancy break by high field temperatures in seeds of S. obtusifolia allows this species to germinate throughout the warm growing season and thus contributes to its success as a weed in arable crops.
This study researched the relationship of mycorrhiza inoculum and two plant species, Desmanthus illinoensis (Di) and Monarda fistulosa (Mf) respectively. The relationship was measured using chlorophyll content as well as final above and below ground biomass. We used unsterilized soil as well as sterilized soil and added inoculum to half of the plants studied while the other half were not treated with inoculum. Each treatment was repeated six times. We made weekly measurements on the chlorophyll content throughout the study and measured the above and below ground dry biomass the final week. We found that the soil treatment produced more significant results than the presence or absence of inoculum in Di and Mf species. This was shown in the measurements of chlorophyll content measured and analyzed using ANOVA analysis to determine whether or not unsterilized soil had a larger content than non-sterilized soil. Since chlorophyll content was unaffected by inoculum treatment, it appears the presence of the fungi does not hinder or aid the plant in photosynthesis. Inoculation only effected belowground biomass, as the fungi contributes its own weight to the roots of both species. The sterilization treatment of the soil did yield positive results for all variables presumably due to the fact that sterilization exterminates all parasitic organisms, therefore eliminating any competing elements and allowing the plants to develop substantially/produce nutrients through photosynthesis.
T. Beelders et al., “Benzophenone C- and O-Glucosides from Cyclopia Genistoides (Honeybush) Inhibit Mammalian α-Glucosidase,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 77, no. 12, pp. 2694–2699, Dec. 2014.
doi: 10.1021/np5007247.
An enriched fraction of an aqueous extract prepared from the aerial parts of Cyclopia genistoides Vent. yielded a new benzophenone di-C,O-glucoside, 3-C-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyliriflophenone (1), together with small quantities of a known benzophenone C-glucoside, 3-C-β-d-glucopyranosylmaclurin (2). The isolated compounds showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity against an enzyme mixture extracted from rat intestinal acetone powder. Compound 2 exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher inhibitory activity (54%) than 1 (43%) at 200 μM. In vitro tests in several cell models showed that 1 and its 3-C-monoglucosylated derivative (3-C-β-d-glucopyranosyliriflophenone) were marginally effective (p ≥ 0.05) in increasing glucose uptake.
T. Beelders, D. De Beer, M. A. Stander, and E. Joubert, “Comprehensive Phenolic Profiling of Cyclopia Genistoides (L.) Vent. by LC-DAD-MS and -MS/MS Reveals Novel Xanthone and Benzophenone Constituents,” Molecules, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 11760–11790, Aug. 2014.
doi: 10.3390/molecules190811760.
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method coupled with diode-array detection (DAD) was optimized for the qualitative analysis of aqueous extracts of Cyclopia genistoides. Comprehensive insight into the phenolic profile of unfermented and fermented sample extracts was achieved with the identification of ten compounds based on comparison with authentic reference standards and the tentative identification of 30 additional compounds by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem MS detection. Three iriflophenone-di-O,C-hexoside isomers, three xanthone-dihydrochalcone derivatives and one dihydrochalcone are herein tentatively identified for the first time in C. genistoides. Of special interest is one iriflophenone-di-O,C-hexoside present in large amounts. New compounds (tentatively) identified for the first time in this species, and also in the genus Cyclopia, include two aromatic amino acids, one flavone, an iriflophenone-di-C-hexoside, a maclurin-di-O,C-hexoside, two tetrahydroxyxanthone-C-hexoside isomers, a tetrahydroxyxanthone-di-O,C-hexoside, two symmetric tetrahydroxyxanthone-C-hexoside dimers, nine glycosylated flavanone derivatives and five glycosylated phenolic acid derivatives. The presence of new compound subclasses in Cyclopia, namely aromatic amino acids and glycosylated phenolic acids, was demonstrated. The HPLC-DAD method was successfully validated and applied to the quantitative analysis of the paired sample extracts. In-depth analysis of the chemical composition of C. genistoides hot water extracts gave a better understanding of the chemistry of this species that will guide further research into its medicinal properties and potential uses.
T. Beelders, D. de Beer, D. Ferreira, M. Kidd, and E. Joubert, “Thermal Stability of the Functional Ingredients, Glucosylated Benzophenones and Xanthones of Honeybush (Cyclopia Genistoides), in an Aqueous Model Solution,” Food Chemistry, vol. 233, pp. 412–421, Oct. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.083.
Thermal stability of the benzophenones, 3-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4-β-d-glucopyranosyloxyiriflophenone (1), 3-β-d-glucopyranosylmaclurin (2) and 3-β-d-glucopyranosyliriflophenone (3), and the xanthones, mangiferin (4) and isomangiferin (5), was assessed separately in an aqueous model solution (pH 5) to delineate their major degradation products and mechanism(s). Degradation followed first-order reaction kinetics and the temperature-dependence of the respective reaction rate constants complied with the Arrhenius equation. The stability of the compounds increased in the order 2>4>3>5>1. 4-O-Glucosylation significantly stabilised 1 against degradation compared to 3, enediol B-ring functionality of 2 decreased stability compared to 3 and position of glucosylation affected the stability of the xanthones with 5 being more stable than 4. The xanthone nucleus (C-ring) conferred higher stability to 4 and 5 compared to their benzophenone analogue 2. Cyclisation of 2 to 4 and 5 would underestimate their degradation in mixtures. Other reactions were isomerisation, dimerisation, acetylation and hydrolysis.
T. Beelders, “Xanthones and Benzophenones from Cyclopia Genistoides (Honeybush): Chemical Characterisation and Assessment of Thermal Stability.”
Numerous health-promoting benefits may be derived from the consumption of honeybush tea, a herbal infusion prepared from the leaves and fine stems of the endemic Cape fynbos genus, Cyclopia. These health-promoting benefits are attributed to its phenolic constituents and therefore insight into the nature, quantities and biological activities of individual compounds are required. Information regarding the thermal stability of these compounds is also crucial, as the plant material is subjected to a high-temperature chemical oxidation process (“fermentation”) to develop the sought-after characteristic sensory attributes of the herbal tea product. In this study, the phenolic composition of Cyclopia genistoides, a commercially important species, was comprehensively characterised by high-performace liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode-array and mass spectrometric detection. A species-specific HPLC method was developed for the qualitative analysis of aqueous extracts prepared from “unfermented” and “fermented” C. genistoides plant material and was subsequently validated for the quantification of 18 phenolic compounds in these types of extracts. The major phenolic constituents included the C-glucosyl xanthone mangiferin (1) and its regio-isomer isomangiferin (2), and the benzophenone 3-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone (3). The presence of novel benzophenone and xanthone derivatives in C. genistoides was demonstrated for the first time, including an iriflophenone-di-O,C-hexoside derivative, present in large quantities. This compound was isolated and unambiguously identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyiriflophenone (4) – a novel benzophenone unique to Cyclopia. 3-β-D-Glucopyranosylmaclurin (5), present in small quantities, was also isolated. The isolated benzophenones (4 and 5) exhibited mammalian α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, while 4 and 3 were also marginally effective in increasing glucose uptake in vitro. Compound 4 was ineffective as antioxidant in the DPPH assay, but the most effective in the ORAC assay, compared to the other compounds tested (1, 2, 3, 5). Degradation of compounds 1-4 in C. genistoides plant material under simulated fermentation conditions (80 °C/24 h and 90 °C/16 h) followed first-order degradation kinetics and their thermal stability decreased in the order 4 > 2 > 3 > 1. An increase in the degree of glucosylation significantly increased the thermal stability of the benzophenones, whereas glucosylation at C-4 of the dibenzo-γ-pyrone structure, as opposed to C-2, increased the stability of the tetrahydroxyxanthones in the plant material matrix. This was also confirmed for individual compounds (1-5) in aqueous model solutions (pH 5). Inclusion of 5 in the model systems provided additional insight into structure-stability relationships. Increased B-ring hydroxylation significantly increased the first-order degradation rate constants of the benzophenones. Oxidative coupling of the polyhydroxybenzophenone 5 with the formation of its corresponding xanthones (1 and 2) led to substantial increases in the thermal stability of 1 and 2 compared to that of 5. Increased temperatures increased the degradation rates of all compounds in both the plant material matrix and model solutions. The thermal stability of 1, tested at pH 3-7, was found to be pH-dependent, with increased degradation rates observed at higher pH. Thermally-induced reactions principally included isomerisation, dimerisation and cleavage of Olinked sugar moieties; conversion of all benzophenones to the xanthones occurred to varying degrees. Of special interest was the rapid and predominant conversion of 5 to 1 and 2.
C. P. Benedito, M. C. C. Ribeiro, S. Barros, and I. P. Guimarães, “Overcome Dormancy, Temperatures and Substrates on Germination of Mimosa Tenuiflora Willd Seeds,” vol. 38, no. 1, p. 11, 2017.http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=445749994010.
Mimosa tenuiflora Willd., popularly known as jurema-preta, is an arboreal species of great importance for the brazilian Northeast due to its uses as a medicinal plant and in the restoration of degraded soils. No information is available in the Rules for Seed Analysis and the Instructions for Seed Analysis of Forest Species regarding ideal conditions for of this species. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the influence of pre-germination treatments, in addition to verifying the germination performance at different temperatures and in different substrates. In both experiments, four replicates of 25 seeds were used for each treatment. In experiment I, seeds were submitted to the following methods for overcoming dormancy: witness – Intact seeds (T1) immersion in water at 100 °C for 1 (T2), 2 (T3), 3 (T4), 4 (T5), 5 (T6) and 6 min (T7), immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid for 1 (T8), 4 (T9), 7 (T10), 10 (T11) and 13 min (T12), scarification on sandpaper n° 80 (T13) and lopping in the region opposite the micropyle (T14). In experiment II, seed germination was evaluated in four types of substrates: between sand, paper on, paper roll and between vermiculite and at six different temperatures: 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 °C and alternating between 20 and 30 °C. Immersion in hot water for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 min, sulfuric acid treatment for 10 and 13 min, sand paper and lopping were the most appropriate treatments to overcome seed dormancy. The seed germination of M. Tenuiflora should be carried out at 25 °C on paper roll substrate.
A. J. Bergh, M. Muller, M. van der Rijst, and E. Joubert, “Optimisation and Validation of High-Temperature Oxidation of Cyclopia Intermedia (Honeybush) – From Laboratory to Factory,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 152–160, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.012.
Inconsistent and poor quality honeybush herbal tea, produced from Cyclopia intermedia, required that comprehensive sensory profiling of this Cyclopia species be undertaken to identify not only its characteristic sensory attributes, but also to identify negative attributes, including taints responsible for poor quality. This was achieved by descriptive sensory analysis of infusions, prepared at “cup-of-tea” strength of a large sample set sourced from processors and retail outlets. The aroma attributes, “fynbos-floral”, “fynbos-sweet” and “woody”, and to a lesser extent, “fruity-sweet” and “apricot jam”, were the most prominent. The presence of taints such as “smokey” and “wet fur/farm animals” at relative high intensities in some samples indicated poor processing practices. The presence of “green grass” and “dusty” aroma notes is most likely attributable to under- and over-fermentation, respectively. Fermentation is the high-temperature oxidation step essential for the development of the characteristic sensory attributes of traditional honeybush tea. High turbidity levels of some infusions further confirmed sub-optimal processing of plant material. The effects of fermentation temperature (70, 80 and 90°C) and time (12, 16, 24, 36, 48, and 60h) on the sensory characteristics of C. intermedia infusions were thus investigated on laboratory-scale to establish optimum conditions. Different fermentation temperatures produced teas with slightly different sensory profiles, with infusions of plant material fermented at 70°C predominantly floral, at 80°C predominantly fruity and at 90°C overall most characteristic of C. intermedia. Fermentation at 90°C for 24h or 36h proved effective to increase the major positive aroma attributes to prominent levels, while decreasing the negative aroma attributes to negligible levels. These conditions were thereafter validated on factory-scale. Fermentation performed concurrently on the same batches of plant material on laboratory- and factory-scale delivered more or less the same product in terms of aroma profile and “cup-of-tea” strength, with the latter assessed according to the soluble solids content, colour and turbidity of the infusion. For optimum quality, inherent batch-to-batch variation in plant material may require careful monitoring of aroma development during fermentation between 24 and 36h. Application of the optimum fermentation temperature-time combination by industry will contribute towards improved and consistent product quality.
K. Bertsouklis, K. Naksi, and P.-E. Aretaki, “In Vitro Germination and Regeneration of Senna Artemisioides, a Valuable Leguminous Ornamental Shrub,” Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 12992–12992, Feb. 2023.
doi: 10.15835/nbha51112992.
Τhis research was carried out at the prospect of introducing new ornamental species in the floriculture industry concerning the use of valuable plants. A leguminous species native to Australia was the object of the present study. Seeds of Senna artemisioides established in a private botanical garden were chosen as the starting material for both germination and in vitro studies. Hot water treatment at 90 °C, for 10 min was applied to interrupt the seed-coat dormancy. Incubation was conducted in vitro in Petri dishes, at seven different temperatures ranging from of 5.0 to 35.0 °C, involving three separate treatments of incubation at 5.0 °C, for 0, 30 and 60 days. The seeds germinated at 25 °C (56.0%). Node explants derived from produced seedlings were cultured in vitro onto Murashige and Skoog media (MS), hormone free (Hf) or containing 6-Benzyladenine (BA). The establishment of initial cultures was successful being higher on MS supplemented with BA at the range 0.1-1.0 mg L-1 media. The multiplication phase followed on MS media containing the same range of a total of four cytokinins widely used in in vitro experimentation, i.e BA, Kinetin (KIN), N6-Isopentenyladenine (2IP) and Zeatin (ZEA). 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was tested in conjunction with the higher concentration of the four cytokinins. MS media supplemented with BA at 0.5 mg L-1 led to a satisfactory proliferation rate; 2.4 shoots/explant were formed. Rooting phase had moderate efficiency, being higher for media with 4.0 mg L-1 IBA. Acclimatisation was successful for all rooted plantlets, promising an effective method for exploitation of this new ornamental species of high value.
C. Bester, M. E. Joubert, and E. Joubert, “A Breeding Strategy for South African Indigenous Herbal Teas,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1127, pp. 15–22, Nov. 2016.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1127.3.
C. Bester, “A Model for Commercialisation of Honeybush Tea, an Indigenous Crop,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1007, pp. 889–894, Sep. 2013.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.1007.106.
E. Beyhaut, L. DeHaan, J. Byun, C. Sheaffer, and P. Graham, “Response to Inoculation in Illinois Bundleflower,” Canadian Journal of Plant Science, vol. 86, pp. 919–926, Oct. 2006.
doi: 10.4141/P05-097.
Illinois bundleflower [Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMillan] has potential as a pasture and grain legume in the Midwestern USA, but has proven to be somewhat problematic in inoculation response. We identified inoculant-quality Rhizobium strains from among 120 isolates trapped from 12 sites within the native range of Illinois bundleflower, then determined the effect of inoculation with four selected strains on plant dry matter and plant total N in growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments. We also studied nodule occupancy in the field. In field experiments at Salina (Kansas) and Becker (Minnesota) inoculated plants yielded 170% greater dry matter and total N on average than did uninoculated and N fertilized controls at each site in the seeding year. There were no differences in plant response among the Rhizobium strains used, uninoculated plants were devoid of nodules, and the response to inoculation was similar for the three plant accessions considered. In the second growing season, plant regrowth was different at Salina and Becker. At Salina, all plant accessions regrew and no differences were found between inoculated and control treatments in the second year. At Becker, toward the northern extreme of the range for Illinois bundleflower, only a MN ecotype regenerated in the second year, and inoculation was a requirement for plant persistence. Regrowth was similar with each of the four inoculant strains used. While 90% of the rhizobia recovered from nodules in the seeding year at Becker had genetic fingerprints similar to the inoculant strains, in the second year this percentage had declined to 70%. Our results highlight the importance of Rhizobium strain selection if the use of native legumes is to be increased.
E. Beyhaut, B. Tlusty, P. van Berkum, and P. H. Graham, “Rhizobium Giardinii Is the Microsymbiont of Illinois Bundleflower (Desmanthus Illinoensis (Michx.) Macmillan) in Midwestern Prairies,” Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 903–907, Sep. 2006.
doi: 10.1139/w06-051.
Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) Macmillan) has potential as a grain and forage legume for the American Midwest. Inoculant-quality rhizobia for this legume have been identified but not previously characterized. Rhizobia trapped from 20 soils in the natural range of the Illinois bundleflower had characteristics that placed them overwhelmingly within the species Rhizobium giardinii, one of the few occasions this species has been recovered from legumes, raising questions on the biogeography and spread of midwestern prairie rhizobia.Key words: Rhizobium taxonomy, biogeography, diversity, prairie legumes.
S. Bharal and A. Rashid, “Regeneration of Plants from Tissue Cultures of the Legume Indigofera enneaphyllaLinn.,” Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie, vol. 92, no. 5, pp. 443–447, Jul. 1979.
doi: 10.1016/S0044-328X(79)80189-0.
On a defined medium, containing indoleacetic acid and benzylaminopurine, numerous shoot-buds differentiate from excised leaves, green cotyledons, and hypocotyl of immature seeds of Indigofera. The shoot-buds differentiated from leaves, however, failed to grow further whereas shoot-buds from other explants developed into plants which flowered in vitro. These observations are suggestive of differential morphogenic potential of different parts of the same plant. For differentiation the auxin, IAA, and the cytokinin, benzylaminopurine, were required. Substitution of benzylaminopurine either by furfurylaminopurine or zeatin failed to induce differentiation of shoot-buds. Replacement of indoleacetic acid by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or naphthaleneacetic acid induced callusing. The callus induced on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid medium on transfer to differentiation medium, containing IAA and BAP, formed shoot-buds.
R. E. Bianchetti et al., “An Improved Protocol for in Vitro Propagation of the Medicinal Plant Mimosa Pudica L.,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 418–428, Mar. 2017.
doi: 10.5897/AJB2016.15831.
This work aimed to develop a protocol for the in vitro establishment, multiplication, rooting and ex vitro acclimatization of Mimosa pudica L., a species used in folk medicine and with pharmacological activity. Aseptic cultures were established from seeds inoculated in MS medium, without growth regulators, followed by an in vitro stabilization phase in culture medium supplemented with 2.22 μM BAP. The cultures were transferred to MS medium supplemented with different cytokinins, combined or not with an auxin, aiming its large-scale propagation. The culture medium supplemented with 5 µM BAP plus 0.5 µM NAA provided the highest multiplication rate and top quality plantlets. The combination of 0.6 µM TDZ plus 0.05 µM NAA resulted in higher multiplication rates than in response to combination of BAP plus NAA, although the subsequent maintenance of the cultures in a medium without growth regulators has resulted in low regenerative response. In vitro rooting of micro-cuttings was high even in the absence of auxins. Over 90% of plantlets transferred to the greenhouse survived after the acclimatization phase. Acclimatized plants presented normal vegetative and reproductive development. The procedures established in the present study allow a massive production of M. pudica plants for further pharmacological studies. Key words: Biodiversity conservation, ex vitro acclimatization, in vitro rooting, micropropagation, Mimosa pudica.
A. C. Bieras and M. das G. Sajo, “Leaf Structure of the Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna) Woody Plants,” Trees, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 451–471, Jun. 2009.
doi: 10.1007/s00468-008-0295-7.
With the aim of recognizing the commonest leaf pattern found in the woody flora of the cerrado (the Brazilian savanna) we analyzed the leaf anatomy of 30 representative species. The leaves are mostly dorsiventral and hypostomatic and covered by trichomes and a thick layer of wax and cuticle; the vascular bundles are surrounded by a sheath of fibers. The mesophyll has a developed palisade tissue, dispersed sclerified cells and idioblasts bearing crystals and phenolic compounds. We compared the results with those reported for other species (60 species) from the same biome and for the families that the studied species belong. The present study suggests that the xeromorphism observed for the cerrado leaves is related to the evolutionary history of this biome, since its first floristic elements must have faced deficient water conditions as well as the consequent soil acidity and toxicity. Therefore we may infer that the leaf anatomical pattern here observed was already present in the first elements of the cerrado and was selected to guarantee the survival of those species in the new environment. Furthermore, the xeromorphic features present in those leaves continue nowadays to help the plants protecting themselves from the different biotic and abiotic factors they are subjected to.
The main purpose of this study was to test whether wild mycorrhizae or commercial mycorrhizae would better benefit the plant growth of Desmanthus illinoensis and Monarda fistulosa. We anticipated that the commercial mycorrhizae would increase stem height, number of leaves, and the total biomass of both species. We came to this hypothesis due to the fact that commercial mycorrhizae is specifically engineered to increase overall plant growth based on research that proves the symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizae and plants where both species benefit from the relationship. This particular experiment is both imperative and relevant to the plant biology department because there is very little research comparing the two types of mycorrhizae. To test our hypothesis, we planted 48 total plants in four treatments: live inoculated, live non-inoculated, sterile inoculated, and sterile non-inoculated. A ruler was used to measure stem height in centimeters. At the end of the four weeks, we separated the plants from the soil and dried the roots and plant bodies for biomass measurements. Once completely dried, the biomass was measured using a scale. Our main result ended in our hypothesis being rejected due to a lack of statistically significant values for the differences in the wild vs. commercial mycorrhizae. In the end, it seemed that using mycorrhizae for the purpose of plant growth is still beneficial, but there is not a better type of mycorrhizae to use in this situation.
D. Bj, “Effects of Leaf Powder of Citrus Aurantifolia and Senna Occidentalis on the Development of Maize Weevil (Sitophilus Zeamais Motschulsky, Coleoptera Curculionidae),” Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 2216–2221, 2018.https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/?year=2018&vol=6&issue=2&ArticleId=3406.
The present investigation was to study the effects of leaf powders of Citrus aurantifolia and Senna occidentalis on development of Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch) in Entomology laboratory Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto. The mortality of S. zeamais in maize treated with Citrus aurantifolia were observed to be high, actellic dust (0.5g/100g) and were significantly (P<0.05) higher from the untreated (control). Effects of plant powder on the emergence of adult S. zeamais was significantly (p<0.05) higher. The highest emergence (25.07±0.67) was observed from the grains treated with 2.0g of Senna occidentalis and least (4.00±0.58) was 6.0g of Citrus aurantifolia. This result indicated that the Citrus aurantifolia and Senna occidentalis can be use in protecting the maize from maize weevil infestation during storage.
O. Bolatito, O. Olugbenga, A. Mobolaji, S. A. Oluwalana, and S. Adeniran, “Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Spondias Mombin, Senna Occidentalis and Musa Sapientum against Vibrio Cholerae O,” 2014.
O. G. Boniche, C. Díaz, L. Vásquez, P. Rodriguez, and E. M. Ávila, “Effect of Electrical Current Applied in Soaking Conditions on Germination of Acacia and Maize Seeds,” 2017.
doi: 10.9790/2380-1004021118.
Several electrical schemes improved germination and growth in both types of seeds but a clear treatmentresponse relationship could not be made, neither for interval time nor for applied voltage. Plant germination is a process required for plant survival, which responds to different environmental signals. This investigation was designed to develop a methodology to improve the germination process of two different plants, maize fast germination seeds and acacia slow-germinating seeds with dormancy, by the application of direct electrical current. Discharge treatments of seeds submerged in a phosphate-buffer solution 1X (PBS 1X), pH: 7.0, varied in terms of intervals between discharges and exposure voltages. Heating the Acacia mangium seeds in boiling water before the application of discharges, highly increased germination capacity (GC) in all the treatments, showing the best effect by applying 10V every 15 min (76.4 % compared to 50% of the control). Plants length also significantly increased about 0.87 cm at four weeks compared to the control (p<0.05), obtaining the best results when 20V and 40V discharges were applied every 15 and 5 min, respectively. In the case of maize seeds, when strength of growing was determined measuring the length of the radicles, the best effect was observed applying 10V every 5 and 30 min (p<0.05), same treatments that increased the germination capacity in maize to 90-100%. At day 15, ten treatments showed statistically significant differences increasing growth in maize plants (p<0.05) compared to the control, with the best effect observed when 20V discharges were applied every 30 min (34.9 cm compared to 27.4 cm of the control). Several electrical schemes improved germination and growth in both types of seeds but a clear treatmentresponse relationship could not be made, neither for interval time nor for applied voltage.
The conclusions are that the Oswin mathematical model can be used to determine optimal temperature and relative humidity to attained seed hygroscopic equilibrium of angico under the conditions of this study. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different temperatures and relative humidity on stored angico (Anadenanthera peregrina) seeds, as well as to develop an equation that best represents the hygroscopic equilibrium under such conditions. Seeds were kept under 40, 59, 81 and 95% relative humidity at 10oC; and under 12, 23, 34, 55, 75, 84 and 93% relative humidity at 20oC. Periodically water percentages and viabilities of the seeds were tested. The representation of hygroscopic equilibrium was evaluated using different equations. The modified Oswin model best fitted the data. The average time for seeds to attain hygroscopic equilibrium varied from 15 to 69 days. The conclusions are that the Oswin mathematical model can be used to determine optimal temperature and relative humidity to attained seed hygroscopic equilibrium of angico under the conditions of this study. Temperature lower than 10oC and RU around 40 a 50% are the best environment conditions for storing angico seeds. These allow for a longer time of stored seed viability.
J. C. Bose, “On the Electric Pulsation Accompanying Automatic Movements in Desmodium Gyrans, DC.,” Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany, vol. 35, no. 246, pp. 405–420, 1903.
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1903.tb00603.x.
S. C. Bosman et al., “Simultaneous Optimisation of Extraction of Xanthone and Benzophenone α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Cyclopia Genistoides and Identification of Superior Genotypes for Propagation,” Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 33, pp. 21–31, Jun. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.011.
Extraction of xanthones and benzophenones from Cyclopia genistoides was optimised in terms of solvent composition (ethanol concentration) and extraction temperature, using a central composite design, response surface methodology and multi-response desirability profiling. Compounds of interest were the xanthones, mangiferin and isomangiferin, and the benzophenones, 3-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4-β-d-glucopyranosyloxyiriflophenone and 3-β-d-glucopyranosyliriflophenone, present in high levels in C. genistoides. Optimum extraction conditions (40% ethanol; 70°C; 10:1 solvent:solid ratio; 30min) applied to different batches of plant material (n=10), delivered mean extract, xanthone and benzophenone yields of 37.8, 4.12 and 1.99g/100g plant material, respectively, with a mean α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 39.5% at 100μg/mL. Similar α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was demonstrated for mangiferin and isomangiferin, indicating that the position of the sugar moiety on the dibenzo-γ-pirone structure did not affect activity. Superior C. genistoides genotypes in terms of xanthone and benzophenone content were identified.
Among the many exotic plants introduced in the last two centuries in Northern Mediterranean Basin Acacia dealbata Link. is one of the most invasive. Despite its presence in the region since many years, it has not yet been investigated how the species has established itself and has formed small forests. In this study, we aimed to gather data on reproductive trait of the invasive species A. dealbata at the northern limit of the Mediterranean bioclimatic region. In six naturalized populations, fruit and seed set were estimated and seed germination was tested in laboratory. Two out of the six populations failed to set fruits, and the fruit set was always low as observed in other invaded areas of the world. Only three populations produced germinating seeds whose rates were comparable to other invasive areas. The seeds may constitute a long-lasting seed bank that may favour the colonization of the species in areas disturbed by external factors. In conclusion, the reproductive system may contributes only partially to the spread and invasiveness of the species in the Northern Mediterranean basin, while the plant to spread itself adopts also other vegetative strategies. KeyworDs: nw itaLy; aLien speCies; AcAciA deAlbAtA LinK.; fruit anD seeD sets; seeD GerMination
D. J. Brand, “Structure and Synthesis of Polyphenols from Cyclopia Subternata,” Master's thesis, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 2002.
D. J. Brand, “Structure and Synthesis of Bioactive Polyphenols from Cyclopia Subternata (Honeybush) and Aspalathus Linearis (Rooibos) Tea: Conformational Analysis of Selected Chiral Derivatives,” PhD thesis, University of the Free State, 2007.http://hdl.handle.net/11660/1406.
English: Endorsed by results from our initial investigations of the unique South African tea, brewed from Cyclopia intermedia (Honeybush), demonstrating the presence of polyphenolic flavonoids and glycosides, the tea is gaining popularity as a health beverage. The presence of these compounds which are claimed to have beneficial pharmacological properties, supported by the fact that the tea contains no caffeine and has low tannin content, as well as its usage as a medicinal plant by the indigenous people of the Western and Eastern Cape, prompted continued investigations also into the metabolic content of Cyclopia subternata. Selected extracts of the unfermented shoots and stems of C. subternata were subjected to chromatographic separations that afforded a novel flavan, flavonols, flavanones, flavones, isoflavone and C6.C2- and C6.C1-type compounds. The content of the acetone extract has previously been reported as well as the exploration of various synthetic routes in an attempt to confirm the structure of the novel flavan O- glucoside isolated from the tea. A continuation of the investigation of fractions from the methanol extract of the plant yielded a few compounds that were not found in the acetone extract. This work has been summarized in Chapter one and published as the phenolic profile of Cyclopia subternata. The unambiguous confirmation of the structure of the flavan O-glucoside and essentially the novel aglycone isolated from the tea, necessitated the use of synthetic, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrometric (1H NMR), mass spectroscopic and circular dichroism methods. Mass spectrometry (‘soft’ ionization) was utilized to produce signature fragment ions of the synthesized flavan and the aglycone of the natural flavan for direct comparison. Hydroxylation patterns of the synthetic flavan and the natural flavan aglycone, as well as the relative configuration and point of attachment of the sugar moiety was deduced from NMR experiments. The absolute configuration of the aglycone was determined by circular dichroism. The total synthesis of Aspalathin, a potent antioxidant found in the South African plant, Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos Tea), as the free phenol, was demonstrated. The aglycone of aspalathin, phloretin, also a good antioxidant, was synthesized in aqueous medium without the need for protective groups. This one-step synthesis of phloretin, utilizing a recyclable and environmentally friendly catalyst, has potential commercial applications. For the past 30 years, Mosher esters have extensively been utilized as chiral derivatizing agents (CDA’s) for secondary alcohols and amides with great success. The empirical model employed to deduce the absolute stereochemistry of the resultant ester or amide requires a certain degree of conformational rigidity for the CDA, the origin of which has not yet been determined. The stabilizing atomic orbital hyperconjugative interactions and the location of the prevalent molecular orbitals in such esters were identified with the aid of ab initio calculations, 1H, 19F NMR and infrared spectrometry. Although flavonoid crystal structures are very rare, a novel (-)-epicatechin-Mosher ester crystal was obtained and analyzed by x-ray crystallography with interesting conformational observations. The theoretical model used to investigate the hyperconjugative effects in the Mosher ester, was published and utilized on a recently developed novel CDA that shows a greater degree of rigidity. This CDA, α-cyano-α-fluoro-p-tolyl-acetic acid (CFTA) has greater reactivity and was utilized in cases where the Mosher acid proved inadequate. The investigation regarding the employment of CFTA was carried out with Japanese collaboration and commercial production of the reagent is envisaged. The hyperconjugative molecular model used in the modeling of the Mosher reagent was refined and extended to CFTA. The origin of the very large fluorine chemical shift difference between the epicatechin-CFTA diastereomers was investigated and the results published.
D. C. Braz et al., “Effect of Low-Pressure Plasma Treatment on the Seed Surface Structure of Desmanthus Virgatus L. Willd.,” Revista Árvore, vol. 46, p. e4605, Jul. 2022.
doi: 10.1590/1806-908820220000005.
ABSTRACT Low-pressure argon plasma at a controlled temperature of 40 ºC was used to overcome seed dormancy in Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd. Treatment times were 1, 3, and 5 minutes. Infrared analysis confirmed the presence of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates without the formation of new functional groups. The low-pressure controlled environment and the inert gas plasma changed the intensity of polar and nonpolar groups present on the seed surface. These changes directly influenced the water absorption tests because all treated seeds germinated after 24, 36, and 312 hours in the treatments of one, three, and five minutes, respectively. Germination did not occur among untreated seeds, proving the effectiveness of plasma in overcoming dormancy. The pH and conductivity results showed that plasma treatment resulted in faster germination and lower nutrient release to the medium. In addition, the seeds treated for one and three minutes showed superior results for the germination potential, germination rate, and germination index, demonstrating the effectiveness of low-pressure plasma as a clean technique and an alternative tool for reducing environmental impacts in the surface modification of D. virgatus L. Willd seeds.
C. Brewer-Carias and J. A. Steyermark, “Hallucinogenic Snuff Drugs of the Yanomamo Caburiwe-Teri in the Cauaburi River, Brazil,” Economic Botany, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 57–66, 1976.
doi: 10.1007/BF02866785.
C. J. Brink, A. Postma, E. Slabbert, F. Postma, A. M. Muasya, and K. Jacobs, “Bacterial Communities Associated with Natural and Commercially Grown Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis),” Pedosphere, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 778–790, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/S1002-0160(20)60038-8.
Aspalathus linearis is a commercially important plant species endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa and is used to produce a herbal tea known as rooibos tea. Symbiotic interactions between A. linearis and soil bacteria play an important role in the survival of Aspalathus plants in the highly nutrient-poor, acidic fynbos soil. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities associated with natural and commercially grown A. linearis, as well as the effect of seasonal changes on these communities. Bacterial communities were characterized using high throughput amplicon sequencing, and their correlations with soil chemical properties were investigated. The N-fixing bacterial community was characterized using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria were the most dominant bacterial phyla detected in this study. Highly similar bacterial communities were associated with natural and commercially grown plants. Significant differences in the bacterial community were observed between rhizosphere and bulk soils collected in the dry season, while no significant differences were detected in the wet season. This study provides insights into bacterial community structure and potential factors shaping bacterial community structure with commercially important A. linearis.
C. Brink, A. Postma, and K. Jacobs, “Rhizobial Diversity and Function in Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) and Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) Plants: A Review,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 80–86, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.10.025.
Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) and Cyclopia spp. (honeybush) are leguminous plants endemic to the fynbos region of South Africa. These plants have become popular for their use as herbal teas and thrive in the acidic, nutrient poor soils of the fynbos region. Plants in this region rely on rhizobia to fix nitrogen and supply them with other important nutrients such as phosphorous, in exchange for a carbon source. This review focuses on the species diversity of rhizobia associated with A. linearis and Cyclopia spp. plants. Genera that are regularly isolated from rooibos and honeybush root nodules include Rhizobium, Burkholderia, Mesorhizobium and Bradyrhizobium. These species produce bioactive compounds that directly or indirectly affect growth of leguminous plants.
N. A. C. Brown, J. van Staden, M. I. Daws, and T. Johnson, “Patterns in the Seed Germination Response to Smoke in Plants from the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 514–525, Dec. 2003.
doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30289-1.
De Lange and Boucher (1990) discovered the germination enhancing effect of plant-derived smoke on seed of fynbos species. This finding has been applied to horti- culturally important fynbos species and to date 301 species have been tested for a response to smoke. Germination in 150 (49.8%) of these was significantly improved by smoke treatment; the remaining 151 species showed no significant response. Families in which species showed a significant response included the horticulturally important Asteraceae (everlastings), Bruniaceae (brunias), Crassulaceae (crassulas), Ericaceae (ericas), Geraniaceae (pelargoniums), Mesembryanthemaceae (mesembs), Proteaceae (pro- teas) and Restionaceae (restios). No species responded in the families of geophytes such as Amaryllidaceae and Hyacinthaceae and in the Iridaceae the majority of species studied (also geophytes) did not respond. Further analysis of the germination results using ordinal logistic regression confirmed that the geophytic growth form was a robust predictor of response to smoke; geophytes exhibited a very low germination response to smoke. In addition, the analysis indicated that serotinous species had seeds that were less likely to respond to smoke than non-serotinous species, presumably as a consequence of their seeds not being in the soil when fire occurs. It also indicated that plants with some capacity to re-sprout were less likely to respond to smoke than obligate seeders.
G. K. Brown et al., “Phylogenetic Analysis Based on Nuclear DNA and Morphology Defines a Clade of Eastern Australian Species of Acacia s.s. (Section Juliflorae): The ‘Acacia Longifolia Group,’” Australian Systematic Botany, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 162–172, Jul. 2010.
doi: 10.1071/SB09037.
Seventeen Australian, phyllodinous species of Acacia s.s. (from sections Juliflorae and Phyllodineae) were analysed to test the monophyly and relationships of ‘the Acacia longifolia group’, an informal group recognised in the Flora of Australia. Analyses were based on both morphological and molecular data, with A. triptera as an outgroup. A total of 92 herbarium specimens was investigated, with 15 phyllode, inflorescence, flower, pod and seed characters scored. The ITS and ETS regions of nuclear rDNA were sequenced and combined with a larger dataset sampled from species of all major clades of Acacia, totalling 65 accessions. Cladistic analyses provided evidence of a clade that defines the A. longifolia group as follows: A. alpina, A. axillaris, A. courtii, A. dallachiana, A. derwentiana, A. floribunda, A. longifolia subsp. longifolia and A. longifolia subsp. sophorae, A. longissima, A. maidenii, A. mucronata, A. obtusifolia, A. orites, A. oxycedrus, A. phlebophylla, A. rhigiophylla and A. riceana (all sect. Juliflorae), but excluding A. verticillata (section Juliflorae) and A. genistifolia (section Phyllodineae). The A. longifolia group is recognised as including south-eastern Australian species with cylindrically spiked inflorescences and phyllodes with prominent anastomosing venation.
N. A. C. Brown and J. van Staden, “Smoke as a Germination Cue: A Review,” Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 115–124, Jul. 1997.
doi: 10.1023/A:1005852018644.
Slow combustion or burning of dry or green plant material from many sources produces volatile compounds that are water soluble and that stimulate the germination of many seeds with different dormancy strategies. The active principals are apparently produced around 160ndash;200 deg;C and are volatilized at higher temperatures. Once dissolved in water the active compounds also stimulate rooting, seedling growth and flowering. The positive effects of smoke have resulted in it being used as a seed pre-treatment for enhancing conservation of threatened or rare species, the horticultural exploitation of desirable plants and in the reclamation of mine spoils and disturbed land. Presently the identity of the active molecules is unknown but their remarkable effect on seed germination is, already widely utilized.
P. Buck and R. W. Kelting, “A Survey of the Tall-Grass Prairie in Northeastern Oklahoma,” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 7, no. 3/4, pp. 163–175, 1962.
doi: 10.2307/3668838.
Sixty-eight, ungrazed grassland stands were examined for species composition and certain edaphic factors. Results indicate a relatively homogeneous tall-grass prairie with the major grasses being Andropogon gerardi, A. scoparius, Sorghastrum nutans, and Panicum virgatum. No correlation could be found between species composition and pH, water-retaining capacity, geographic location or the geologic substrate.
M. T. S. Budiastuti, D. Purnomo, Supriyono, B. Pujiasmanto, and D. Setyaningrum, “Effect of Light Intensity on Growth, Yield and Indigo Content of Indigofera Tinctoria L.,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 724, no. 1, p. 012085, Apr. 2021.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/724/1/012085.
Synthetic dyes can increase the amount of pollutants that become a serious problem in the environment. The use of synthetic dyes can be replaced with dyes from natural ingredients, namely Indigofera tinctoria. These plants are a source of blue natural dyes because it contains indigo. The content of indigo is very responsive to light. The impact of climate change is a serious threat to the supply of natural dyes. So, judge the suitability of the environment and indigo content under climate change are essential for the sustainable production of natural dyes Indigofera tinctoria. The research aimed to examine the role of light on the growth, yield, and indigo content in Indigofera tinctoria. The study was conducted using a randomized complete design with one factor, namely light intensity with 3 levels namely light intensity 100%, 50%, and 25%, with 9 replications. Light intensity affected the number of leaves, nodes, fresh weight, and indigo content. The highest number of leaves, nodes, and fresh weight were at 100% light intensity, while the highest indigo content was at 25% light intensity. The fresh weight with indigo paste is positively correlated. The higher the fresh weight of the plant, the more paste will be produced. However, the content of indigo was negatively correlated with indigo paste.
M. T. S. Budiastuti, D. Purnomo, Supriyono, B. Pujiasmanto, D. Setyaningrum, and I. R. Manurung, “Indigofera Tinctoria L. Growth at Various Light Intensities and Shading Time Intervals,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 824, no. 1, p. 012070, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/824/1/012070.
Plant production and changes in physiological aspects during the growing season can be influenced by climate change, one of which is the light factor in Indigofera tictoria. The production of secondary metabolites Indigofera tinctoria as a source of natural dyes is responsive to light. This study examines the effect of shading time intervals and light intensity on the growth of Indigofera tinctoria L. The study used a Randomized Complete Block Design with a split-plot design consisting of 2 treatment factors, namely: the shading time interval as the main plot with five levels, namely 1-4, 1-8, 1-12, 8-12 and 4-12 weeks after planting. Light intensity as a subplot with three levels, namely the light intensity of 50%, 25%, and 10%. The results showed that combination shading time interval and light intensity significantly affected the number of nodia, leaf area of 8 WAP root biomass. Shade time of 1-4 weeks with a light intensity of 50% showed the highest number of nodia was 45.67 nodia, root fresh weight was 137.00 g, and root biomass was 60.10 g. The shading time interval had a significant effect on the net assimilation rate of the vegetative phase and root fresh weight. The vegetative phase’s net assimilation rate in the 8-12 WAP shading time treatment was 0.029 g.cm2.day−1. The longer the shading time interval with the lower the light intensity can increase the area index and decrease plant growth.
M. T. S. Budiastuti, Supriyono, I. R. Manurung, D. Setyaningrum, A. I. Nurmalasari, and N. I. D. Arista, “The Role of Organic Fertilizer from Natural Dye Waste and Mycorrhizal Inoculation on the Growth of Indigofera Tinctoria L.,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 905, no. 1, p. 012011, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/905/1/012011.
Management of Indigofera tinctoria as a natural dye produces organic waste that has not been utilized. One of the proper managements of organic waste is to process it into organic fertilizer. This study examines the role of organic fertilizer waste and mycorrhizae on the growth and yield of Indigofera tinctoria. The study used a completely randomized block design with two factors: organic waste fertilizer and mycorrhizae. The results showed that organic fertilizers and mycorrhizae did not affect the net assimilation and leaf area indexes. The combination of organic fertilizers with mycorrhizae supports leaf growth. The combination of 400 g.plant−1 organic fertilizer and 10 g.plant−1 mycorrhizal fertilizer increased the number of leaves by 257%. Organic fertilizer has a significant effect on the fresh weight of the crown, fresh weight and root biomass. Organic fertilizer dose of 200 g.plant−1 increased fresh root weight, root biomass and fresh crown weight by 68.5%, 68.29% and 63.27% respectively. Mycorrhizae 10 g.plant−1 increased root length by 23.54%. Leaf growth correlated with length, fresh weight and root biomass. Organic fertilizer from the extraction of Indigofera tinctoria is an effort to achieve zero waste to support plant growth.
G. E. Burrows, R. Alden, W. A. Robinson, G. E. Burrows, R. Alden, and W. A. Robinson, “The Lens in Focus – Lens Structure in Seeds of 51 Australian Acacia Species and Its Implications for Imbibition and Germination,” Australian Journal of Botany, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 398–413, Sep. 2018.
doi: 10.1071/BT17239.
Acacia s. str. (Mimosoideae, Fabaceae) is the largest plant genus in Australia (~1000 species). Its seeds have physical dormancy from a hard, water-impermeable testa. Heat from fire (natural systems) and hot water (nursery production) can break this dormancy. It is often reported that these treatments ‘soften’ or ‘crack’ the seed coat, but in practice they only affect a minute part of the seed coat, the lens. We examined lens structure in a wide range of Acacia species to determine what diversity of testa and lens structure was present, if there were differing responses to a hot water dormancy breaking treatment and if there were structural differences between soft- and hard-seeded species. Seed morphology, testa and lens structure were examined before and after hot water treatment (~90°C for one minute), in 51 species of Australian Acacia from all seven sections, from all states and territories of Australia and from a wide range of environments. Five of the species had been noted to produce non-dormant seed (‘soft-seeded’ species). Average seed mass per species ranged from 3.1 to 257.9 mg (overall average 24.2 mg, median 13.8 mg). Almost all species had a relatively thick seed coat (average 132.2 µm) with well-developed palisade cells (average 41.5 µm long) and a lens which ‘popped’ in response to hot water treatment. For 44 species ranging in average seed mass from 3.1 to 43.9 mg (×14 range), the unpopped lens area only ranged ×3 (11480–36040 µm2). The lens was small (in 88% of species the average length of the unpopped lens was <300 µm) and the unpopped lens area was a minute proportion of seed surface area (average 0.10%). A. harpophylla (soft-seeded species) had a thin testa (37.3 µm) without obvious palisade cells and did not have a functional lens. In hard-seeded species the morphology of the popped lens varied widely, from a simple mound to complete detachment. A functional lens is not a universal feature in all genera of the Mimosoideae, including several species in a genus (Senegalia) previously included in Acacia s. lat. On the basis of the 51 investigated species a lens was present in all Australian acacias, although non-functional in two soft-seeded species. Although the lens was, on average, only ~1/1000th of the surface area of an Acacia seed and thus easily overlooked, it can have a profound influence on imbibition and germination. An assessment of lens structure, before and after heat treatment, can be of considerable use when interpreting the results of Acacia germination experiments.
M. M. C., M. A. S, S. A. S, D. J. I, and S. M. V, “Biological Activities of Cassia Occidentalis Linn: A Systematic Review,” World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 400–417, 2019.
doi: 10.20959/wjpr20199-15430.
Cassia occidentalis L. (Kasamardah), Negro coffee, Family leguminose, is an erect, perennial plant and have traditional practice, as well as wide Phytochemicals and having diverse biological activities, known to possess antiallergic, antibacterial, antidote for poison, blood purifier, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, psoriasis, melanoblast cell line leprosy and hepatoprotective activity. Chemicals including achrosin, aloeemodin, cassia occidentanol I, cassia occidentanol II, emodin, anthraquinones, anthrones, apigenin, aurantiobtusin, campesterol, cassiollin, chryso-obtusin, chrysophanic acid, chrysarobin, chrysophanol, chrysoeriol. The presented review summarizes the botany, ethnopharmacologyquery, phytochemistry, biological activity and toxicity of the Cassia occidentalis plant. It is accomplished that, research on Cassia occidentalis suggests an enormous biological potential of this plant in terms of research during the last few years, it is strongly believed that detailed information as presented in this review on the phytochemical and various biological properties of the extracts might provide detailed evidence for the use of this plant in different medicines.
T. Calalb, C. Fursenco, T. Jelezneac, M. Lisan, and L. Chisnicean, “Biology of Plants and Total Carotenoids in Plant Products of Cassia Occidentalis L. Species Grown in the Climate Conditions of the Republic of Moldova,” Промислова фармація — реалії та перспективи, pp. 78–81, Mar. 2022.https://ibn.idsi.md/ro/cautare?find=615.322.076%3A582.738%28478%29.
Senna coffee, Cassia occidentalis L., is known as a plant that has medicinal value and is considered important in the traditional medicine of the world. Phytochemical studies of C. occidentalis revealed the presence of a diversity of constituents such as: anthraquinone glycosides, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes, and phenolic acids [1,5]. Senna coffee plant possesses laxative, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antifungal, antiviral, analgesic, antipyretic, anticancer, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective properties. Carotenoids and phenolic compounds induce a good antioxidant effect. Furthermore, the seeds have been used as a substitute for coffee [3]. One of the best solutions to meet the needs of products from this plant is its cultivation on a scientific basis. That’s why, nowadays, this species is introduced in herbal collections and is cultivated in different geographical regions. C. occidentalis species has been introduced in the Medicinal and Aromatic plants Collection of the Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection of the Republic of Moldova since 2017. Complex interdisciplinary studies (agrotechnical, biological, phytochemical, pharmacological, etc.) are needed to exploit this species for medicinal purposes.
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "BIOMASSA E ESTOQUE DE CARBONO EM POVOAMENTO DE Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg SOB DIFERENTES ESPAÇAMENTOS" by M. Caldeira et al.
C. A. Call, “Storage Life of Illinois Bundleflower and Western Indigo Seed,” Journal of Range Management, vol. 38, no. 6, p. 500, Nov. 1985.
doi: 10.2307/3899740.
V. Calles-Torrez, “Pollinator Preferences for Selected Aster, False Indigo, Bee Balm and Sedum Flowers in North Dakota,” p. 8.
Camargo-Ricalde Sara Lucı́a, S. S. Dhillion, and Garcı́a-Garcı́a Verónica, “Phenology, and Seed Production and Germination of Seven Endemic Mimosa Species (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae) of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico,” Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 423–437, Sep. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2003.11.007.
We report on the phenology, seed production, and three assays (field, greenhouse and laboratory) to detect the optimal temperature for germination (OPT) and the temperature with fastest germination rate (TFASG) of seven Mimosa species, all endemic to Mexico: Mimosa adenantheroides (M. Martens and Galeotti) Benth., M. calcicola B. L. Rob., M. lacerata Rose, M. luisana Brandegee, M polyantha Benth., M. purpusii Brandegee and M. texana (A. Gray) Small var. filipes (Britton and Rose) Barneby. Flowering and fruiting take place during the wet season (May–September). Though flowering periods overlap among species, no hybrid species were found. The reproductive strategy includes a large number of seeds produced (4000–15000 per plant); however, a high percentage (30–75%) is not viable due to bruchid predation (Acanthoscelides mexicanus (Sharp) and Stator pruininus Horn). In the laboratory, OPT was established at (23°C)24°C(27–28°C) and TFASG at (20°C)25°C(30°C), with 100% of germination in six of the seven Mimosa species. In the field, the maximum germination rate (MAXG) was 92% to 100%, whereas in the greenhouse this value was 56% to 80%. Our results show that heat and moisture do not necessarily stress Mimosa seedling germination, but shade seems to be an important factor influencing germination.
A. Campanaro, N. Tommasi, L. Guzzetti, A. Galimberti, I. Bruni, and M. Labra, “DNA Barcoding to Promote Social Awareness and Identity of Neglected, Underutilized Plant Species Having Valuable Nutritional Properties,” Food Research International, vol. 115, pp. 1–9, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.031.
It is estimated that about 7000 plant species and a large number of cultivars and varieties have been cultivated for consumption in human history. However, <0.5% of these currently provide the majority of human food energy needs worldwide (e.g., rice, wheat, maize, and potato). Global issues such as climate change, diffusion of pests, and resistance to agrochemical treatments are posing great concern about the sustainable cultivation of these major staples, especially in equatorial and tropical countries, such as Sub Saharan Africa. In addition, most of these regions contain malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, and the sum of such problems create serious implications at social, political, and economic levels. A possible solution relies on the exploitation of plant biodiversity and particularly on the so-called NUS (Neglected and Underutilized Species). These plants are traditionally grown in their centres of origin and continue to be maintained by sociocultural preferences, however they remain inadequately documented and neglected by formal research and conservation programs. Although they are important in terms of micronutrients and the ability to grow in harsh conditions, these species are falling into disuse due to agronomic, genetic, economic, and cultural reasons. To promote and spread their cultivation at the global scale, along with knowledge on their suitability for human nutrition, reliable identification systems are necessary to guarantee adequate authenticity along the entire supply chain and distribution network. A precise identification of the different species and their varieties is fundamental both to retrieve information on their origin and authenticate the raw materials (i.e., seeds, leaves and fruit) and related processed products that can be distributed at the local or global scale. DNA-based techniques can help achieve this mission. In particular, the DNA barcoding approach has gained a role of primary importance due to its universality and versatility. Here, we discuss the advantages in using DNA barcoding for the identification of some of the most representative NUS species, as well as their traceability and conservation of cultural practices around them.
A. C. da S. Cândido et al., “Allelopathic Potential of Aerial Parts of Senna Occidentalis (L.) Link (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae): Laboratory Bioassays,” Acta Botanica Brasilica, vol. 24, pp. 235–242, Mar. 2010.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062010000100025.
A bioatividade das frações semipurificadas (hexânica, acetato de etila e etanol-água) do extrato etanólico das partes aérea de S. occidentalis foi avaliada através de ensaios de germinação e de crescimento de Lactuca sativa (alface), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomate), Allium cepa (cebola) e Triticum aestivum (trigo), em laboratório. Foram utilizadas três concentrações (250, 500, 1000 mg L-1) de cada fração e um controle não tratado, com quatro repetições de 50 sementes. Os bioensaios de germinação revelaram que todas as frações atrasaram a germinação de alface, tomate e cebola, e as frações hexânica e acetato de etila reduziram a germinabilidade de tomate e cebola. Nos bioensaios de crescimento, a fração hexânica estimulou o crescimento da raiz e inibiu o crescimento do hipocótilo das eudicotiledôneas. A mesma fração inibiu o crescimento da raiz e do coleóptilo das monocotiledôneas. A fração acetato de etila inibiu o crescimento da raiz das plântulas-alvo e o hipocótilo/coleóptilo de tomate e cebola. A fração etanol-água estimulou o crescimento da raiz de tomate e do hipocótilo de alface e inibiu o crescimento da raiz de cebola e trigo e, também, do coleóptilo de cebola, na concentração de 1000 mg L-1. Nos bioensaios com herbicidas comerciais foram observados efeitos semelhantes àqueles obtidos na germinação pelas frações e no crescimento pelas frações hexânica e acetato de etila. Na cromatografia em camada delgada, foram detectados terpenos na fração hexânica, compostos fenólicos e alcalóides na fração acetato de etila. A análise espectrofotométrica revelou que a fração acetato de etila possui o maior conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides.
A. Cândido et al., “Allelopathic Potential of Senna Occidentalis (L.) Link.,” Allelopathy Journal, vol. 26, pp. 35–44, Jul. 2010.
In glasshouse pot culture we determined the bioactivity of crude ethanol extract (CEE) and semi-purified fractions (SFs) obtained with hexane (HF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and aqueous-ethanol (AEF) of Senna occidentalis shoots on the germination and growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), onion (Allium cepa L) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Both CEE and the SFs of S. occidentalis inhibited 50% emergence of two dicotyledon test plants. While EAF inhibited the root growth in two monocotyledon test plants and shoot growth in tomatoes. The AEF inhibited the root and shoot growth of dicots and root growth of monocots. The low concentrations of extracts and fractions stimulated the onion growth and also increased the dry biomass in all test species. Thin-layer chromatography, detected the terpenes in HF and phenolic compounds and alkaloids in EAF. The spectrophotometer analyses found the highest total phenol and flavonoid content in EAF. The bioassays showed that aerial parts of S. occidentalis have allelopathic potential and may be useful in weed management programmes.
J. H. Cano and G. Volpato, “Herbal Mixtures in the Traditional Medicine of Eastern Cuba,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 293–316, Feb. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2003.10.012.
Herbal mixtures in the traditional medicine of Eastern Cuba. Traditional herbal mixtures in Eastern Cuba are investigated through interviews with 130 knowledgeable people and traditional healers of the provinces of Santiago de Cuba and Guantánamo. One hundred seventy plant species and other products are used in 199 formulas, galones being the more complex. Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae), Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae), Cissus sicyoides L. (Vitaceae), Erythroxylum havanense Jacq. (Erythroxylaceae) and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. (Verbenaceae) are the species most frequently cited. The ecological distribution of the taxa and cultural and anthropological aspects of mixtures are highlighted; particularly American and African influences that have shaped local knowledge about plant combinations are discussed.
Rooted in the fertile South African soil, Carmién Tea operates according to current ethical values with full traceability and a direct link to the farm, our eco goodness promise. Through good agricultural practices, we create a sustainable model that conserves the vitality and diversity of the Earth. With this year’s good and even late winter rainfall, the expected rooibos harvest yield will be much more than the previous year’s harvest. It is imperative to assist our producers in taking good care of their tea fields, not only for a good yield but to ensure good quality rooibos too. Our quality team visits producers throughout the year, giving advice on good agricultural practices as well as accreditation assistance. With good rainfall also comes weeds. Cleaning the fields during the year, especially before harvest, is therefore of utmost importance. Weeds are removed by either hand or machine, with the use of pesticides being the last resort.
P. M. S. Carmo, L. F. Irigoyen, R. B. Lucena, R. A. Fighera, G. D. Kommers, and C. S. L. Barros, “Spontaneous Coffee Senna Poisoning in Cattle: Report on 16 Outbreaks,” Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, vol. 31, pp. 139–146, Feb. 2011.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2011000200008.
Sixteen outbreaks of Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) that occurred in cattle in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were reviewed. The great majority (75%) of the outbreaks occurred in adult cattle at pasture during the autumn and winter months with 50% in May, evidencing a striking seasonality. Mortality rates varied from 4.2% to 55.2% and cattle died 2 days up to 2 weeks after showing clinical signs that included dry feces (occasionally diarrhea), muscle weakness, reluctance to move, tachypnea, instability of the hind limbs with dragging of the toes, tremors in muscles of the thighs, neck, and head, ear dropping, sternal recumbency, lateral recumbency and death. Myoglobinuria characterized by a dark red or black discolored urine was a consistent finding in cattle affected at pasture but not in those poisoned by ration contaminated with coffee senna beans. Creatine phosphokinase serum activity was marked ly elevated. Main gross changes observed in 23 necropsies involved skeletal muscles of the hind limbs. These changes consisted of varying degrees of paleness of muscle groups. Subepicardial and subendocardial hemorrhages were present in the hearts of all affected cattle. Histologically a segmental degenerative myopathy of striated muscles was present in every case and had a multifocal polyphasic or monophasic character. Myocardial (3/23), hepatic (3/13), renal (3/10), and splenic (1/6) microscopic lesions were observed occasionally. Myocardial lesions were mild and consisted of vacuolation of cardiomyocytes or focal fibrosis. Hepatic changes consisted of diffuse hepatocelular vacuolation, cytosegrosomes within hepatocytes, and individual hepatocellular necrosis. Kidneys had vacuolar degeneration of tubular epithelium associated with acidophilic casts (proteinosis) within tubular lumina. In the spleen there was marked necrosis of lymphocytes of the white pulp. No histological changes were found in the brains of 13 affected cattle. The data of this study suggest that coffee senna poisoning is an important cause of death in cattle in southern Brazil.
A. de C. O. Carneiro, B. R. Vital, A. F. N. M. Castro, R. C. dos Santos, R. V. O. Castro, and M. A. Pinheiro, “Kinetic Parameters of Adhesives Produced from Tannin Anadenanthera Peregrina and Eucalyptus Grandis,” Revista Árvore, vol. 36, pp. 767–775, Aug. 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-67622012000400018.
Devido à crise do petróleo, na década de 70, pesquisas tiveram o objetivo de substituir parcial ou totalmente os adesivos convencionais, à base de petróleo. Uma forma de substituição foi a utilização de fontes naturais, como os taninos, provenientes de algumas espécies arbóreas. Porém, os taninos apresentam algumas limitações de uso, que podem ser superadas através da sulfitação e da hidrolise ácida. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da hidrólise ácida e sulfitação de taninos extraídos da casca de Eucalyptus grandis e Anadenanthera peregrina, nos parâmetros cinéticos dos adesivos tânicos, através da técnica de calorimetria diferencial exploratória (DSC). Os taninos foram hidrolisados com ácido acético ou ácido clorídrico a 10N, empregando-se três valores de pH e três tempos de reação. A sulfitação foi realizada em solução de sulfito de sódio, à 5%, em três tempos de reação. A energia de ativação, entalpia e temperatura de cura dos adesivos foram reduzidas pela hidrólise e sulfitação dos taninos, porém apresentaram banda larga de polimerização. O tempo de reação dos taninos não teve efeito sobre os parâmetros cinéticos.
A. de C. O. Carneiro, B. R. Vital, P. G. U. Frederico, A. M. M. L. Carvalho, and G. B. Vidaurre, “Propriedades de chapas de aglomerado fabricadas com adesivo tânico de angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera peregrina) e uréia-formadeído,” Revista Árvore, vol. 33, pp. 521–531, Jun. 2009.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-67622009000300014.
O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir chapas de aglomerado substituindo-se parcial ou totalmente os adesivos à base de uréia-formaldeído por adesivos de taninos extraídos da casca de angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera peregrina) e hidrolisados. As chapas de aglomerado foram fabricadas com partículas de Pinus elliottii e dimensões aproximadas de 40 x 40 x 1 cm, contendo 8% de sólidos de adesivo em relação à massa seca de partículas, sendo 100% de adesivo de uréia-formaldeído puro ou contendo 12,5, 25 e 37,5% de adesivo tânico. Foram produzidas, também, chapas com adesivos tânicos puros, constituindo um total de cinco tratamentos, com três repetições. As chapas foram fabricadas com densidade média de 0,7 g/cm³. As propriedades físicas e mecânicas das chapas foram determinadas em conformidade com a norma ASTM D-1037 (1993). Os resultados dos testes mecânicos foram comparados com os valores mínimos estabelecidos na norma ANSI/A 208.1-1993 (Wood Particleboard), enquanto os resultados dos testes de absorção de água e inchamento em espessura, comparados com os valores máximos estabelecidos na norma DIN 68m761 (1)-1961. A resistência mecânica das chapas de aglomerado produzidas com adesivos contendo taninos de angico-vermelho, com exceção do módulo de elasticidade, ultrapassou os valores mínimos requeridos na norma ANSI/A1-280/93. A absorção de água e o inchamento em espessura, após 2 e 24 h de imersão, de todas as chapas excederam o valor máximo estabelecido. Conclui-se que os adesivos de taninos de angico-vermelho podem substituir parcial ou totalmente o adesivo comercial de uréia-formaldeído, e as suas misturas são indicadas para uso interior, em que a resistência à umidade não é requerida.
N. D. Cele et al., “In Vitro Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia Genistoides) Extracts,” Journal of Food Biochemistry, vol. 2023, no. 1, p. 8774094, 2023.
doi: 10.1155/2023/8774094.
Background. This study evaluated in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of different extracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), and 70% ethanol) of honeybush tea (Cyclopia genistoides). Over a period of 28 days, antiprotein glycation was evaluated and some antidiabetic indicators (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects) and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical, metal ion chelating, and reducing power) for each of the crude extracts were also investigated. The results showed that all of the tested C. genistoides extracts had strong α-amylase and lipase inhibitory activity in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values from 0.018 μg/ml (DCM extract) to 9.93 μg/ml (n-hexane extract), respectively. The extracts also displayed inhibitory effects on protein glycation between the 14th and 28th days. The DCM and ethanolic extracts further exhibited strong antioxidant activities as they effectively scavenged most of the radicals tested, with IC50 values ranging from 0.014–0.048 mg/ml to 0.019–0.043 mg/ml. Two hundred and seventy-four chemical constituents had been identified by GC-MS, with the n-hexane extract having the highest number of peaks (127) followed by the DCM extract (107). Six compounds were identified across all the following three extracts: decane (RT: 6.4), undecane (RT: 7.7), dodecane (RT: 9.00), phytol (RT: 21.32), heptadecanoic acid, 9-methyl, methyl ester (RT: 21.65), and 9-octadecenamide (RT: 24.30). The cytotoxicity of the extracts against C3A cell lines was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay, which demonstrated that honeybush tea had a toxicity effect ranging from 66.3–88.4 μg/ml on C3A cell lines. The results showed that honeybush has antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, which could be partially attributed to the phytochemical compounds identified within the extracts.
N. A. Chagnon, P. Le Quesne, and J. M. Cook, “Yanomamo Hallucinogens: Anthropological, Botanical, and Chemical Findings,” Current Anthropology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 72–74, Feb. 1971.
doi: 10.1086/201170.
P. Chakraborty, S. Chatterjee, B. M. Smith, and P. Basu, “Seasonal Dynamics of Plant Pollinator Networks in Agricultural Landscapes: How Important Is Connector Species Identity in the Network?,” Oecologia, vol. 196, no. 3, pp. 825–837, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s00442-021-04975-y.
Farm habitat enrichment is crucial for sustainable production of pollinator-dependent crops. Correct choice of crop and non-crop plant species in habitat management support resilient pollinator fauna and effective pollination service delivery. We identify key network metrices to recognize suitable crop and non-crop plant species for farm habitat enrichment. We also highlight the importance of seasonal variation of the key plant and pollinator species that will crucially inform farm management. Crop species played a key role in maintaining plant–pollinator network integrity. In contrast to the conventional practice of focussing on non-crop plants for pollination service restoration, we find crop plants across seasons hold a key role in maintaining healthy plant–pollinator networks. Our study highlights the importance of non-bee pollinators especially, flies and butterflies in sustaining healthy plant–pollinator network. Bees were important as connector species and controlled other species in the network. Only 16.67% bees and 33.33% of plant species acted as connector species. Our study also shows that the identity of connector species in a plant–pollinator network can change drastically across seasons.
Y. S. G. Chan, M. H. Wong, and B. A. Whitton, “Effects of Landfill Gas on Growth and Nitrogen Fixation of Two Leguminous Trees (Acacia Confusa, Leucaena Leucocephala),” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 409–421, Oct. 1998.
doi: 10.1023/A:1005012323792.
A study was made on the effects of landfill gas on ARA (acetylene reducing activity) of nodules of two woody legumes (Acacia confusa and Leucaena leucocephala) widespread on landfill sites in Hong Kong. The effects of the three main components of landfill gas, O2, CO2 and CH4, were first measured separately over a 1-hr period. Maximum ARA was found at 20% O2 (close to atmospheric partial pressure) and ARA decreased as the O2 decreased in the range of 16–1%. Acacia confusa nodular ARA was significantly inhibited at 30–50% CO2, but not Leucaena leucocephala nodular ARA. CH4 had no significant effect on ARA of either species. As the landfill gas concentrations in the landfill topsoil were mostly > 10% O2 and < 10% CO2, root nodules should fix N2 effectively over these ranges of gases. A four-week test was conducted to assess the long-term influence of landfill gas on seedlings of the two legumes. Landfill gas and elevated CO2 both suppressed their growth and their nodular ARA. Even under the influence of the gases, however, seedlings with nodules formed a higher biomass than seedlings lacking nodules. The growth of the two legumes under actual landfill conditions was investigated by transplanting non-inoculated and pre-inoculated seedlings to two landfill sites in Hong Kong: Junk Bay and Shuen Wan Landfill. After six months, most of the non-inoculated seedlings became infected: Acacia confusa 63 and 70%, Leucaena leucocephala 17 and 89%, respectively, at the test sites. The results indicate that there were free rhizobia at these landfill sites to infect the legumes and they had formed effective nodules to fix N2 under landfill conditions.
Y. S. G. Chan, M. H. Wong, and B. A. Whitton, “Effects of Landfill Leachate on Growth and Nitrogen Fixation of Two Leguminous Trees (Acacia Confusa, Leucaena Leucocephala,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 29–40, Apr. 1999.
doi: 10.1023/A:1005088919668.
The influence of landfill leachate on the rhizobia-legume systems of Acacia confusa and Leucaena leucocephala was assayed for five months with a serial dilution (73–0.58%) of leachate which had a high concentration of NH4-N and dissolved organics. Although the acetylene reduction activity (ARA) of the nodules was suppressed by the leachate, the harvestable biomass of inoculated seedlings was higher than rhizobia-free seedlings. The total N content in rhizobia-free seedlings was higher than that for inoculated seedlings, indicating that the legumes accumulated more N from leachate-irrigated soil when they were not inoculated. Their performance was compared with that of two non-legumes (Cinnamomum parthenoxylon, Tristania conferta). These two non-legumes tolerated the highest concentration of leachate for only one month and then started to wilt. The total N contents of their tissue were less than those of the two legumes.
B. S. Chauhan and D. E. Johnson, “Germination, Emergence, and Dormancy of Mimosa Pudica,” Weed Biology and Management, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 38–45, 2009.
doi: 10.1111/j.1445-6664.2008.00316.x.
Mimosa pudica (common sensitive plant) is a problematic weed in many crops in tropical countries. Eight experiments were conducted to determine the effects of light, seed scarification, temperature, salt and osmotic stress, pH, burial depth, and rice residue on the germination, seedling emergence, and dormancy of M. pudica seeds. Scarification released the seeds from dormancy and stimulated germination, though the germination of the scarified seeds was not influenced by light. The scarification results indicate that a hard seed coat is the primary mechanism that restricts germination. The germination increased markedly with the exposure to high temperature “pretreatment” (e.g. 150°C), which was achieved by placing non-scarified seeds in an oven for 5 min followed by incubation at 35/25°C day/night temperatures for 14 days. The germination of the scarified seeds was tolerant of salt and osmotic stress, as some seeds germinated even at 250 mmol L−1 NaCl (23%) and at an osmotic potential of −0.8 MPa (5%). The germination of the scarified seeds was >74% over a pH range of 5–10. The seedling emergence of the scarified seeds was 73–88% at depths of 0–2 cm and it gradually decreased with an increasing depth, with no seedling emergence at the 8 cm depth. The rice residue applied to the soil surface at rates of ≤6 t ha−1 did not influence the seedling emergence and dry weight. The information gained from this study identifies some of the factors that facilitate M. pudica becoming a widespread weed in the humid tropics and might help in developing components of integrated weed management practises to control this weed.
N. Chellan, E. Joubert, H. Strijdom, C. Roux, J. Louw, and C. J. F. Muller, “Aqueous Extract of Unfermented Honeybush (Cyclopia Maculata) Attenuates STZ-Induced Diabetes and β-Cell Cytotoxicity,” Planta Medica, vol. 80, no. 8/9, pp. 622–629, Jun. 2014.
doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1368457.
New strategies, which include β-cell protection, are required in the treatment of T2D, as current drugs demonstrate little or no capacity to directly protect the vulnerable β-cell against diabetes-induced cytotoxicity. In this study we investigated the ameliorative effect of pre-treatment with an aqueous extract of unfermented Cyclopia maculata (honeybush) on STZ-induced diabetes and pancreatic β-cell cytotoxicity in Wistar rats after demonstrating a protective effect in vitro in RIN-5F cells. The amelioration of STZ-induced diabetes was seen in the reduction of the area under the curve, determined by the oral glucose tolerance test, as well as fasting glucose levels in extract-treated rats. Pre-treatment with extract also improved serum triglyceride levels and the glucose-to-insulin ratio. Pre-treatment with the extract or the drug, metformin, increased the β-cell area in islets, with a concomitant increase in β-cell proliferation at the higher extract dose (300 mg/kg/d), but not the lower dose (30 mg/kg/d). Subsequently, the in vitro tritiated thymidine incorporation assay showed that the extract was not mitogenic in RIN-5F cells. STZ-induced elevation of plasma nitrite levels was reduced in extract-treated rats, but no changes were observed in their serum catalase, serum glutathione, liver lipid peroxidation and liver nitrotyrosine levels. Pre-treating the rats with extract ameliorated the diabetic effect of STZ in Wistar rats, with evidence of pancreatic β-cells protection, attributed to the presence of high levels of antioxidants such as the xanthones, mangiferin and isomangiferin.
Through field investigation of Acacia confusa in outskirts of Fuzhou,edge effects were analyzed by using the Shannon-Wiener species diversity index, ecological dominance as well as the intensity index to determine the species diversity ecological dominance of the gap edge. Through field investigation of Acacia confusa in outskirts of Fuzhou,edge effects were analyzed by using the Shannon-Wiener species diversity index,ecological dominance as well as the intensity index.Result shows that the edge effect intensity measured by species diversity index is 1.016 9-1.182 8;the edge effect intensity measured by value of ecological dominance is 0.684 4-1.289 6;the average value are 1.118 3 1.036 2 respectively;edge effect which are all more than 1 belong to positive effect.Due to the edge effect,the species diversity ecological dominance of the gap edge are optimal than that of canopy gaps non-gap region;it is significant for research gaps' dynamic succession;it provides the theory basis for management protection of Acacia confusa plantation in the coastal areas in Fujian.
K. Chérifi, E. Boufous, H. Boubaker, and F. Msanda, “Comparative Salt Tolerance Study of Some Acacia Species at Seed Germination Stage,” 2016.
doi: 10.3923/ajps.2016.66.74.
This ability to germination after exposure to higher concentrations of NaCl suggests that studied species, especially the most tolerant could be able to germinate under the salt affected soils and could be utilized for the rehabilitation of damaged arid zones. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the seed germination response of six Acacia species under different NaCl concentrations in order to explore opportunities for selection and breeding salt tolerant genotypes. Methodology: Germination of seeds was evaluated under salt stresses using 5 treatment levels: 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mM of NaCl. Corrected germination rate (GC), germination rate index (GRI) and mean germination time (MGT) were recorded during 10 days. Results: The results indicated that germination was significantly reduced in all species with the increase in NaCl concentrations. However, significant interspecific variation for salt tolerance was observed. The greatest variability in tolerance was observed at moderate salt stress (200 mM of NaCl) and the decrease in germination appeared to be more accentuated in A. cyanophylla and A. cyclops. Although, A. raddiana, remains the most interesting, it preserved the highest percentage (GC = 80%) and velocity of germination in all species studied in this study, even in the high salt levels. This species exhibited a particular adaptability to salt environment, at least at this stage in the life cycle and could be recommended for plantation establishment in salt affected areas. On the other hand, when ungerminated seeds were transferred from NaCl treatments to distilled water, they recovered largely their germination without a lag period and with high speed. This indicated that the germination inhibition was related to a reversible osmotic stress that induced dormancy rather than specific ion toxicity. Conclusion: This ability to germinate after exposure to higher concentrations of NaCl suggests that studied species, especially the most tolerant could be able to germinate under the salt affected soils and could be utilized for the rehabilitation of damaged arid zones.
N. Q. Chi, C. Harwood, R. Griffin, J. Harbard, D. H. Son, and N. Van Chinh, “Are Maternal and Reciprocal Effects Important in Breeding the Inter-Specific Hybrid between Acacia Auriculiformis and A. Mangium?,” Euphytica, vol. 216, no. 11, p. 176, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s10681-020-02711-w.
Controlled pollination (CP) was used to produce four reciprocal crosses of the interspecific hybrid between Acacia auriculiformis and A. mangium, and one additional reciprocal cross within each parental species. There were no reciprocal effects on seed yield index (filled seeds per 100 flowers pollinated) and germination success for filled seeds. The CP families, together with four additional CP hybrid families, one open-pollinated (OP) family from seed orchards of each parental species and a commercial Acacia hybrid (A. mangium\,× A. auriculiformis) clone were planted in a field trial in central Vietnam. Forty months after planting the pure-species A. mangium families, with diameter at breast height (DBH), averaging 10.8 cm, grew faster than those of A. auriculiformis (mean 8.5 cm). Nursery gate survival and mean height and diameter at breast height at 40 months of the interspecific hybrid families were not affected by crossing direction. The mean height and DBH of all hybrid families was close to the mid-point of the two parental species. Inheritance of phyllode length and breadth was non-additive; interspecific hybrid families had phyllode length and width much closer to that of A. auriculiformis than to A. mangium, however there was no consistent reciprocal effect for these traits. It is concluded that, at least for the test environment under study, crossing direction is not likely to be of practical importance in hybrid breeding of these species.
G. S. Chileski, E. N. García, J. W. Lértora, N. Mussart, D. R. Hernández, and L. A. Cholich, “Hepatic Encephalopathy in Swine Experimentally Poisoned with Senna Occidentalis Seeds: Effects on Astrocytes,” Toxicon, vol. 201, pp. 86–91, Oct. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.08.018.
Senna occidentalis may be accidently ingested by humans and animals. In this study, the percentages of S. occidentalis seeds necessary for experimental reproduction of hepatic encephalopathy were determined in a pig model and the biochemical and microscopic pathology is described in detail, with emphasis on the astrocytes. The experimental groups (G1, G2 and G3) were fed rations containing 5%, 7.5% and 10% of S. occidentalis seeds for 7–11 days. Pigs from the three experimental groups showed incoordination, ataxia, disorientation, head pressing, anorexia, recumbency and depression. In addition, the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and creatine phosphokinase increased in all treated animals, which also showed higher serum total bilirubin and ammonia levels than in the control group (C). Microscopically, all experimental animals revealed acute hepatocellular swelling, multifocal coagulative necrosis in the pancreas, necrosis in the cardiac muscle, severe spongiosis in brain white and grey matter, and Alzheimer type II astrocytes in grey matter of the cerebral cortex. These cells were glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) negative in G3. In white matter, a decrease in the positive area occupied by GFAP-immunolabelling and in the number of astrocytes per immunoreactive area was observed in G3 animals (5.35 ± 1.14% and 410 ± 45 cells/mm2, respectively) compared to the C animals (13.93 ± 1.59% and 581 ± 36 cells/mm2, respectively). This loss of GFAP was accompanied by alterations in astrocyte morphology, such as shrinkage of the cell body and retraction of the extending processes. This pig model of ammonia-mediated astrocyte damage could be used to study not only poisoning by S. occidentalis, but also other medical conditions resulting in hepatoencephalopathy.
S. B. M. Chimphango, D. Hattas, and N. Oettle, “Effect of Organic Cultivation of Rooibos Tea Plants (Aspalathus Linearis) on Soil Nutrient Status in Nieuwoudtville, South Africa,” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 13–21, Jan. 2016.
doi: 10.1080/02571862.2015.1056850.
The shoots of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren) plants, cultivated organically by small-scale farmers in Nieuwoudtville, are harvested for the production of tea. These practices could lead to decreasing soil fertility. It was hypothesised that soil from cultivated rooibos plots will have lower nutrient concentrations than soil from adjacent uncultivated plots. Soil and shoot samples were collected in December 2005, 2006 and 2009 from cultivated fields of increasing plot age and from adjacent uncultivated plots on three farms, and analysed for nutrient concentration. Compared with the uncultivated plots, no measured soil nutrients including concentrations of phosphorus (P), exchangeable potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca), and soil carbon (C) decreased in cultivated plots over the five-year period of assessment. Soil C correlated positively with concentrations of soil exchangeable K, Mg and Ca, and sodium (P < 0.001), indicating that soil C is an important indicator of soil fertility. Foliar P increased, and consequently the nitrogen:P ratio decreased in cultivated relative to uncultivated plants, implying higher P-uptake by cultivated plants. Overall, organic rooibos cultivation in Nieuwoudtville appears to be sustainable in terms of maintaining soil nutrition because soil nutrient status did not decrease over the five-year period.
S. B. M. Chimphango, C. F. Musil, and F. D. Dakora, “Responses to Ultraviolet-B Radiation by Purely Symbiotic and NO 3 -Fed Nodulated Tree and Shrub Legumes Indigenous to Southern Africa,” Tree Physiology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 181–192, Feb. 2004.
doi: 10.1093/treephys/24.2.181.
Purely symbiotic and NO 3 -fed nodulated seedlings of Virgilia oroboides (Bergius) T.M. Salter, Cyclopia maculata (L.) Vent and Podalyria calyptrata Willd. were exposed to biologically effective ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) to assess the effects of above- and below-ambient UV-B on growth, symbiotic function and metabolite concentrations. Seedlings were grown outdoors either on tables under ambient or 34 or 66% above-ambient UV-B conditions (UV-B 100 control, UV-B 134 and UV-B 166 , respectively), or in chambers providing below-ambient (22% of ambient) UV-B (UV-B 22 ) along with a UV-A control and a photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) control. Exposure of seedlings to UV-B 166 radiation reduced ( P ≤ 0.05) leaf and stem dry mass by 34 and 39%, respectively, in C. maculata , and reduced leaf nitrogen concentration (%N) by 12% in V. oroboides . Nodule %N in C. maculata and stem %N in P. calyptrata also decreased ( P ≤ 0.05) in response to UV-B 22 radiation compared with the UV-A control, but not compared with the PAR control. Concentrations of flavonoids, soluble sugars and starch were unaltered by the UV-B treatments. Application of 1 mM NO 3 to UV-B 166 -treated seedlings increased whole-plant dry mass of V. oroboides and P. calyptrata by 47 and 52%, respectively. Dry mass of organs, nodule %N and total N concentration of these species also increased with NO 3 application. However, NO 3 supply decreased ( P ≤ 0.05) nodule dry mass, stem %N and leaf %N as well as root and leaf anthocyanin concentrations in C. maculata . In terms of UV-B × N interactions, dry mass of stems, roots, nodules and total biomass of NO 3 -fed C. maculata seedlings were reduced, and nodule %N, total N and leaf anthocyanins were depressed by the UV-B 134 and UV-B 166 treatments relative to UV-B 100 -treated seedlings. Although we found that above-ambient UV-B had no effects on growth and symbiotic function of V. oroboides and P. calyptrata seedlings, feeding NO 3 to these species increased ( P ≤ 0.05) seedling growth. In contrast, purely symbiotic C. maculata seedlings were sensitive to the UV-B 166 radiation treatment, and adding NO 3 further increased their sensitivity to both the UV-B 134 and UV-B 166 treatments.
B. Christopher, M. Elaigwu, E. Deborah, A. Stephen, and S. Opeyemi, “A Palynological Study of Honey Samples from Four Localities in Yagba West Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria,” 2022.
Honey samples from four chosen localities (Ejiba, Odo-Ere, Egbe, and Okoloke) in Kogi State’s Yagba West Local Government Area underwent pollen analysis examination. The aim of the study was to isolate and characterize the host plant species where the honeybees forage. Pollen counts and morphological examinations of sample acetolyses was achieved using X400 magnification. The highest pollen grain counts were obtained from honey samples from Egbe (8, 149), with the lowest recorded from the sample obtained from Odo-Ere (4, 535). Ninety (90) pollen types from Thirty-eight (38) plant families were isolated, of which three (3) were identified at the family level, sixty-two (62) at the generic level, twentyfour (24) at the species level, and one (1) was unidentified. Elaeis guineensis, Lannea acida, Alchornea cordifolia, Senna occidentalis, Penthaclatra macrophylla, Trichilia prieureana, Crossopteryx febrifuga, Vitellaria paradoxa, Irvingia gabonensis, Mangifera indica, Cyperaceae, and Poaceae are among the pollen types that are most common. The pollen weights ranged from 0.28g to 0.5g, showing that the four samples of honey were pure. Each sample’s botanical and geographic origins, as well as the honey production season, were identified. The lowland rainforest and guinea savanna were indicated by the findings as representative vegetation types.
Y. N. Clement, Y. S. Baksh-Comeau, and C. E. Seaforth, “An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Trinidad,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 67, Sep. 2015.
doi: 10.1186/s13002-015-0052-0.
An ethnobotanical survey was conducted on the Caribbean island of Trinidad to identify medicinal plants commonly used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of medical conditions.
B. Clyde D., H. Robert E., W. Mark A., and S. Kenneth, “Biological Control Potential of Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides for Coffee Senna (Cassia Occidentalis),” American Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 2012, Apr. 2012.
doi: 10.4236/ajps.2012.34052.
A fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was isolated from a greenhouse-grown seedling of coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis) and evaluated as a mycoherbicide for that weed. Host range tests revealed that coffee senna, wild senna (C. marilandica), and sicklepod (C. obtusifolia) were also affected by this pathogen, but 35 other crop and weed species, representing 8 botanical families were not affected. The fungus sporulated prolifically on solid and liquid media with maximum spore germination and growth occurring at 20°C - 30°C. Optimal environmental conditions included at least 12 h of free moisture (dew) at 20°C - 30°C. Spray mixtures containing approximately 1.0 × 105 or more conidia·ml–1 gave maximum control when coffee senna seedlings were sprayed until runoff occurred. Coffee senna seedlings that were in the cotyledon to first-leaf growth stage were most susceptible to this pathogen. Weed control efficacy studies under field conditions demonstrated that control of coffee senna was directly proportional to the inoculum concentration applied. Results of these tests suggest that this fungus has potential as a mycoherbicide to control coffee senna, a serious weed in the southeastern U.S.
M. P. Cocks and W. D. Stock, “Field Patterns of Nodulation in Fifteen Aspalathus Species and Their Ecological Role in the Fynbos Vegetation of Southern Africa,” Basic and Applied Ecology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 115–125, Jan. 2001.
doi: 10.1078/1439-1791-00042.
This study evaluates the importance of soil characteristics in determining the periodic dominance and scarcity of legumes in fynbos environments in South Africa. To do this we investigated (i) whether the soil nutrient status of 9 recently burned areas facilitated the establishment and success of 15 Aspalathus spp., which are the most species rich group of legumes in the region, (ii) whether patterns of nodulation were species specific and unrelated to environmental controls, and (iii) what the contribution of the fixation process to the nitrogen capital of selected Aspalathus spp. and fynbos stands was. In order to answer these questions we investigated soil nutrient status of recently burned and adjacent unburned fynbos stands. This was then related to nodulation patterns and estimates of nitrogen contributed from fixation for all Aspalathus spp. Significant differences among the 9 experimental sites in terms of soil total nitrogen were found however within sites there were no consistent changes in total nitrogen with age of vegetation since the last fire. Soil phosphorus, pH and organic matter contents were also very similar across sites. Average nodulation of Aspalathus spp. in the field showed considerable variation among the species sampled. These patterns appeared to be species specific rather than environmentally controlled since multiple regression analyses showed that only 12.9% of the variation in nodule mass could be explained by these factors. Despite the short duration presence of Aspalathus spp. (generally <5 years) in the post-fire environment it was estimated that fixation accounts for approximately 0.5% of the total nitrogen capital of an 11 year old fynbos stand. This could be a significant contribution balancing the estimated 20–158 kg N ha-1 lost by volatilization during the burning of 12–20 year old fynbos stands. In summary it appears that the ecological role of the Aspalathus spp. is limited to that of post-fire colonizer and that the fixation process appears to confer benefit during this stage. We were however unable to find environmental factors responsible for the short lifespan of the Aspalathus spp. and reasons for the lack of Fabaceae in mature stands of fynbos are unknown especially if we consider the success that the longer-lived Australian nitrogen fixing Acacia invasive species have attained in the region. Muster der Knöllchenbildung von fünfzehn Aspalathus- Arten und ihre ökologische Rolle in der Fynbos-Vegetation von Südafrika In dieser Arbeit wird die Bedeutung von Bodenmerkmalen für die periodische Dominanz und Seltenheit von Leguminosen in der Fynbos-Vegetation von Südafrika untersucht. Wir analysierten (i) ob der Nährstoffstatus des Bodens in neuen, vor kurzem abgebrannten Gebieten die Etablierung und den Erfolg von 15 Aspalathus-Arten fördert, welche die artenreichste Gruppe der Leguminosen in dieser Region sind, (ii) welche Muster der Knöllchenbildung artspezifisch und unabhängig von Umweltfaktoren sind und (iii) welches der Beitrag des Fixierungsprozesses für das Stickstoff-Kapital ausgewählter Aspalathus-Arten und das Fynbos-Gebiet war. Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, untersuchten wir den Nährstoffstatus von vor kurzem abgebrannten und benachbarten, nicht abgebrannten Fynbos-Gebieten. Diese Untersuchungen wurden auf das Muster der Knöllchenbildung bezogen und für die Schätzung der Stickstoffmenge genutzt, die durch die Fixierung aller Aspalathus-Arten beigetragen wurde. Signifikante Unterschiede im Gesamtgehalt an Bodenstickstoff wurden zwischen den neun Untersuchungsflächen gefunden, allerdings gab es innerhalb der Flächen keine konsistenten Veränderungen im Stickstoff-Gesamtgehalt mit dem Alter der Vegetation seit dem letzten Feuer. Der Phosphorgehalt im Boden, der pH-Wert und der Gehalt an organischem Material war auch ähnlich zwischen den Flächen. Die mittlere Knöllchenbildung der Aspalathus-Arten im Feld zeigte eine erhebliche Variation zwischen den Arten. Dieses Muster schien eher artspezifisch als durch die Umwelt kontrolliert zu sein, da multiple Regressionsanalysen zeigten, dass nur 12,9% der Variation in der Knöllchenmasse durch diese Faktoren erklärt werden konnte. Trotz der geringen Dauerhaftigkeit der Aspalathus-Arten nach dem Feuer (im allgemeinen <5 Jahre) wurde geschätzt, dass die Fixierung für annähernd 0,5% des gesamten Stickstoff-Kapitals eines elfjährigen Fynbos-Gebiets verantwortlich war. Dies könnte ein signifikanter Beitrag sein, der den geschätzten Verlust von 20–158 kg N pro ha durch Verflüchtung nach einem Brand in 12 bis 20jährigen Fynbos-Gebieten ausgleicht. Zusammenfassend erscheint die ökologische Rolle der Aspalathus-Arten begrenzt auf die von Besiedlern nach Feuer zu sein, für die der Fixierungsprozess in diesem Stadium von Vorteil ist. Wir waren allerdings nicht in der Lage, Umweltfaktoren zu finden, die für die kurze Lebensdauer der Aspalathus-Arten verantwortlich zu machen sind. Ebenso sind die Ursachen für das Fehlen von Fabaceae in reifen Fynbos-Gebieten unbekannt, insbesondere wenn wir den Erfolg berücksichtigen, den die langlebigen, australischen, Stickstoff-fixierenden und invasiven Acacia-Arten in dieser Region erreicht haben.
K. F. Connor, “Dr. Connor Is a Plant Physiologist at the USDA Forest Service’s Southern Research Station, Auburn University, Alabama.”
T. Conradie and K. Jacobs, “Seasonal and Agricultural Response of Acidobacteria Present in Two Fynbos Rhizosphere Soils,” Diversity, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 277, Jul. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/d12070277.
The Acidobacteria is one of the most abundant phyla in most soil types. Fynbos plants are endemic to South Africa, and these soils provide the ideal habitat for Acidobacteria, because of its low pH and oligotrophic properties. However, little is known about their distribution in the fynbos biome and the impact of cultivation of plants on Acidobacterial diversity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of seasonal changes and cultivation on the relative abundance and diversity of Acidobacteria associated with Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) and Cyclopia spp. (honeybush). This study was based on rhizosphere soil. A total of 32 and 31 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified for honeybush and rooibos, respectively. The majority of these were classified as representatives of subdivisions 1, 2, 3, and 10. Significant differences in community compositions were observed between seasons for both honeybush and rooibos, as well as between the cultivated and uncultivated honeybush. Acidobacteria had a significantly positive correlation with pH, C, Ca2+, and P. In this study, we have shown the effect of seasonal changes, in summer and winter, and cultivation farming on the relative abundance and diversity of Acidobacteria present in the soil of rooibos and honeybush.
C. Cooksey, “Historic Dyes and How to Identify Them,” Biotechnic & Histochemistry, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 123–134, Jan. 2009.
doi: 10.1080/10520290902908794.
The origin, production, and means of confirming the authenticity of some historic dyes are described. The underlying chemistry is revealed. The evolution of analytical techniques from early times, when the main criterion for a good textile dye was fitness for use, to more modern chromatographic techniques, where the emphasis is on chemical identity, is illustrated. Recent developments have led to smaller sample size requirements, greater speed of analysis and have led to a more detailed knowledge of the chemical components of historic dyes.
M. A. Cortelete, A. L. D. Silva Júnior, M. L. S. Pereira, F. D. D. Miranda, and M. V. W. Caldeira, “Molecular Characterization as Strategy for Ex Situ Conservation of Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg.,” Scientia Forestalis, vol. 49, no. 129, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.18671/scifor.v49n129.23.
The diversity and genetic structure were used as strategies for the ex situ conservation of Anadenanthera peregrina, a tree with great ecological and economic potential. From a planted population, 166 individuals were evaluated using molecular markers Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR). All six SSR loci were polymorphic, of which 42 alleles were detected. The PIC values ranged from 0.61 to 0.84, classifying loci as very informative. Values of He, Ho and Ra indicated a high degree of heterozygosity and genetic diversity, while the relationship between He and Ho generated negative values for the fixation index (FIS), indicating escape of inbreeding in the population. The analyzes performed by the UPGMA method and the Bayesian approach structured the population into six and two genetic groups, respectively. The high genetic diversity and population structure revealed the importance of ex situ conservation of the evaluated genotypes, allowing future use of the population as a seed orchard.
R. B. da Costa, A. Z. Contini, and E. S. de P. Melo, “Reproductive System of Anadenanthera Peregrina and Vochysia Haenkiana in a Fragment of ‘Cerrado Forest’ from Chapada Dos Guimarães - MT, Brazil,” Ciência Rural, vol. 33, pp. 305–310, Apr. 2003.
doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782003000200019.
O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o sistema reprodutivo das espécies Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. e Vochysia haenkiana (Spreng.) Mart. Foram estudados aspectos do sistema de cruzamento, complementados pelas observações de maturação dos frutos e a germinação das sementes em função dos tipos de cruzamentos testados. As síndromes de dispersão das sementes foram também avaliadas através das características morfológicas dos frutos e sementes. O estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de cerrado com aproximadamente 32 ha, no município de Chapada dos Guimarães, MT, a 15(0)10’ S, 55(0)35’ W, e à altitude de 450m. O delineamento experimental utilizado na determinação do sistema de cruzamento para cada espécie foi o de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos para a espécie Vochysia haenkiana e cinco tratamentos para Anadenanthera peregrina, ambas com três repetições. O sistema de cruzamento detectado para as duas espécies foi o preferencialmente alogâmico, porém, com a possibilidade, não desprezível, de produção de frutos/sementes por autofertilização, sugerindo um aumento gradual de autocompatibilidade genética como estratégia de geração de descendência no ambiente florestal fragmentado. A polinização cruzada em Anadenanthera peregrina é favorecida tanto pelo alto grau de auto-incompatibilidade genética quanto pela protandria detectada. O padrão de maturação dos frutos e sementes e o período de dispersão das sementes foram distintos em ambas as espécies, ocorrendo, entretanto, durante ou no final da estação seca, facilitando a distribuição dos propágulos anemocóricos. A germinação em ambas as espécies foi rápida e em alta percentagem.
K. G. Cox, “A Study of Seed Production in Desmanthus (Desmanthus Virgatus L.) : A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Science at Massey University,” Thesis, Massey University, 1998.https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/2504.
Desmanthus (Desmanthus virgatus (L.)) is a tropical forage legume of potential use in cattle rangeland. Currently this potential is not realised because of unreliable seed supply. The effect of plant density, chemical weed control, pre-harvest and harvest techniques on plant vigour, seed yield and seed yield components (SYC) were studied in field trials (1994/1995 and 1995/1996) in South-East Queensland on an early (’Marc’) and a late (’Bayamo’) flowering cultivar. Potential seed yield per plant of both cultivars was most influenced by inflorescence number. High levels of floret abortion (>50% regardless of pollinator presence) occurred prior to pod expansion. Cultivar differences in flowering pattern and pod dehiscence resulted in differences in presentation seed yield. Plant density effects on vegetative growth, flowering pattern, SYC and seed yield of ’Marc’ were investigated using a Nelder 4.5° radial spacing trial (3 to 160 plants/m2). Increasing plant population decreased branching, inflorescences per plant and flowering duration. However increasing plant density over the tested range caused a linear increase in potential seed yield (to 200 g/m2) at peak flowering although actual seed yields (120 g/m2) did not respond similarly to plant density changes probably because of masking effects caused by insect (psyllid) damage after peak flowering and problems with sampling fallen seed. Three different pre-harvest treatments were examined to try to improve subsequent seed harvesting efficiency. These included application of pre-harvest (polyvinylacetate (glue), diquat (desiccant) and paclobutrazol (plant growth regulator)) treatments. None of these increased combine harvested seed yields in either cultivar. However desiccation did increase both seed germination percentage and the proportion hard seeds but decreased seed weight. The effects of paclobutrazol on SYC in this trial were inconclusive. However, a further study on the effects of paclobutrazol revealed that it increased branching and inflorescences per plant when applied at the onset of flowering but had no obvious effect when application was delayed until peak flowering. Combine and keyhole stripper harvesting systems both resulted in poor (12%) recovery of presentation yield in cv. ’Marc’. Combine harvesting decreased seed germination and the proportion of hard seeds, while unthreshed pods recovered by keyhole harvesting required additional threshing to remove seed. ’Marc’ plants recovered poorly after harvest while frost caused premature abscission of ’Bayamo’ pods and reduced harvest yields. This suggests ’Marc’ may be economically viable as a commercial seed crop only in the first year and that satisfactory yields of ’Bayamo’ will only be obtained in crops sown early or grown in delayed frost onset areas. One pot trial and four field trials assessed the suitability of 28 pre-emergence and 44 post-emergence herbicides for use in desmanthus seed crops. Several new weed control options were identified though legume weeds remain difficult to kill selectively. Results are discussed with reference to commercial desmanthus seed production practices.
O. Cruz, S. F. Riveiro, D. Arán, J. Bernal, M. Casal, and O. Reyes, “Germinative Behaviour of Acacia Dealbata Link, Ailanthus Altissima (Mill.) Swingle and Robinia Pseudoacacia L. in Relation to Fire and Exploration of the Regenerative Niche of Native Species for the Control of Invaders,” Global Ecology and Conservation, vol. 31, p. e01811, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01811.
Invasion of forest ecosystems by invader plants and forest fires are two of the most serious environmental problems in the world. Climate change is believed to strongly influence these processes, and the invasibility of invasive alien plants (IAPs) is likely to enhance landscape degradation. Therefore, it is urgent to study the germinative behaviour of invasive alien plants in relation to fire and detect possible barrier species of IAPs among native species. Tree species are usually the most damaging group of invasive alien plants. Acacia dealbata Link, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and Robinia pseudoacacia L. are 3 very damaging exotic invader trees in Europe and many other parts of the world. Therefore, the germination behaviour (germination percentage, viability pregermination, viability postgermination and germination rate) of these three species was experimentally studied against different products associated with fire (heat, smoke, ash and charcoal). The germination of A. dealbata and R. pseudoacacia was strongly stimulated by heat, while smoke, ash and charcoal barely changed the control values. None of these factors stimulated germination in A. altissima. Very high temperatures inhibited seed germination of the three species. The germination of R. pseudoacacia seeds was faster than that of A. dealbata and A. altissima seeds. Of the three species studied, A. dealbata and R. pseudoacacia have greater invasibility than A. altissima. A key role in invasive plant control research is to provide information to guide the decisions of forest managers involved in restoration. A possible solution is to use the biotic resistance of native vegetation to control biological invasions. For this purpose and based on extensive bibliographic revision, the regenerative niches of the three invasive species (germination, seedling growth and adult height) were compared with those of native European species to identify candidates for barrier species of IAPs between native species. Among the native species of Europe with characteristics in their regenerative niche suitable to successfully compete against these IAPs are tall shrub species such as Adenocarpus lainzii (Castrov.) Castrov., Cytisus multiflorus (L’Her.) or Cytisus striatus (Hill) Rothm. and tree species such as Corylus colurna L., Pinus sylvestris L. and Quercus ilex L. Therefore, the sowing of a good combination of shrub and tree species, selected according to their geographical distribution, could be an effective ecological measure to control the invasion of IAPs in burned areas. This information can be very valuable for implementing restoration measures in burned areas and should be verified with field experiments.
F. A. da Silva and F. S. B. da Silva, “Is the Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi an Alternative to Increase Foliar Phenolic Compounds in Seedlings of Mimosa Tenuiflora (Wild.) Poir., Mimosoideae?,” Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 361–365, Mar. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s40415-016-0320-9.
The legume Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild) Poir occurs in the “Caatinga” and is used as a popular remedy because of its medicinal properties related to the presence of secondary compounds in several parts of the plant. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are associated with most legumes, including M. tenuiflora, benefiting the growing process and the production of secondary compounds; however, the production of phytochemicals in response to AMF inoculation has not been defined yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of AMF on the production of phenolic compounds in the aerial part of M. tenuiflora. We analyzed the following parameters: height, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh matter from the aerial part, dry matter from the aerial part, mycorrhizal colonization, soluble carbohydrates, total proteins, total phenols, total flavonoids, and total tannins. The mycorrhizal association did not benefit the growing process and/or the production of secondary compounds, demonstrating that mycorrhizal technology is not always an alternative to increase the production of plant secondary metabolism molecules. This study is the first report on the results of the inefficiency of mycorrhizal symbiosis regarding the optimization of phenolic compounds in plants of the “Caatinga”.
Í. F. da Silva and E. A. Vieira, “Phytotoxic Potential of Senna Occidentalis (L.) Link Extracts on Seed Germination and Oxidative Stress of Ipê Seedlings,” Plant Biology, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 770–779, 2019.
doi: 10.1111/plb.12969.
Senna occidentalis is an invasive plant producing a series of allelochemicals that might inhibit the development of other plants. The objective of this study was to assess the phytotoxic effect of S. occidentalis extracts on the germination, development and antioxidant defence of the native species Tabebuia chrysotricha, T. pentaphylla, T. roseoalba and Handroanthus impetiginosus (Ipê species). We evaluated the effects of chemicals extracted from S. occidentalis on the germination rate, germination speed index (GSI) and biometric parameters of the test species under controlled conditions. The effect of the extracts on the pigment content, amount of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes in roots and leaves were also tested. Alkaloids, coumarins, phenols, saponins, free steroids and condensed tannins were present in all extracts of S. occidentalis, while catechins were present only in leaf and stem extracts. Stem and root extracts caused a growth reduction in all Ipê species and total inhibition of seed germination in T. chrysotricha and T. roseoalba. All target species showed an increase in H2O2 and MDA in radicles and leaves. Oxidative stress contributed strongly to the morphological changes, such as seed blackening, thinning and darkening of radicle tips and reduction of biomass allocation in all Ipê species. Although there was activation of antioxidant defence mechanisms, such as an increase in activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, the joint action of the allelochemicals caused phytotoxicity, leading to cell dysfunction in all Ipê species.
F. D. Dakora, A. Spriggs, R. C. Nyemba, and S. B. M. Chimphango, “Host-Plant Factors in the Adaptation of Indigenous African Legumes to Low pH Soils,” in Nitrogen Fixation: From Molecules to Crop Productivity, F. O. Pedrosa, M. Hungria, G. Yates, and W. E. Newton, Eds. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000, pp. 579–580.
doi: 10.1007/0-306-47615-0_328.
F. D. Dakora, “Root-Nodule Bacteria Isolated from Native Amphithalea Ericifolia and Four Indigenous Aspalathus Species from the Acidic Soils of the South African Fynbos Are Tolerant to Very Low pH,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 11, no. 16, pp. 3766–3772, 2012.
doi: 10.5897/AJB11.3377.
Indigenous root-nodule bacteria isolated from the acid sands of the Cape using Aspalathus linearis, Aspalathus hispida, Aspalathus carnosa, Aspalathus capensis and Amphithalea ericifolia as trap hosts showed considerable tolerance to low pH. Isolates from A. ericifolia and A. carnosa could even grow in YMB medium at pH 3. Although, all strains grew well at pH 4, 5 and 6, the isolates from A. carnosa exhibited the highest growth rate at each of the three pH regimes. The isolates from A. linearis subsp. linearis, A. capensis and A. carnosa grew significantly better when re-cultured from pH 3 in pH 5 or same pH 3 medium as compared to first-time culture in pH 3. With isolates from A. capensis and A. linearis, growth of cells from pH 3 re-cultured in pH 5 or same pH 3 was not significantly different. Except for isolates from A. carnosa, which showed a marked increase and A. capensis with a major decrease, no differences were observed in bacterial growth when cells from pH 5 were re-cultured in pH 3. Providing 0.5% of root metabolites from A. linearis subsp. linearis to its microsymbiont at pH 3 significantly reduced cell growth from 0.8 to less than 0.1 OD units. At pH 5, however, bacterial growth was neither inhibited nor promoted by the addition of root extract.Key words: Bacterial isolates, acid soils, optical density, Western Cape.
E. E. Dale, “The Grasslands of Platt National Park, Oklahoma,” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 45–60, 1959.
doi: 10.2307/3669086.
An ecological analysis was made in 1956 of grasslands in Platt National Park, Oklahoma that had been protected from disturbance for approximately 26 years. These grasslands were of 3 types on the basis of vegetation composition. The Andropogon scoparius type occupies mesic, upland sites with well drained soils. Andropogon scoparius and Sporobolus asper var. pilosus are the dominants. Forbs are mostly perennials typical of true prairie. Vegetation of this type is in a late stage of succession approaching a true prairie climax. The Bouteloua hirsuta type occupies xeric upland sites with thin, dry soils. Principal dominants are Bouteloua hirsuta and Aristida purpurea. Forbs are mostly annuals and short-lived perennials. Relict preclimax sites are occupied principally by B. hirsuta. Sites occupied primarily by other short grasses and weedy forbs are subclimaxes probably caused by severe overgrazing in years past. The Muhlenbergia Reverchoni type occupies poorly drained, thin soils that are saturated in spring and very dry in late summer. It is a subsere community in which Muhlenbergia Reverchoni, the only dominant, comprises most of the vegetation.
O. Danton, L. Alexander, C. Hunlun, D. de Beer, M. Hamburger, and E. Joubert, “Bitter Taste Impact and Thermal Conversion of a Naringenin Glycoside from Cyclopia Genistoides,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 81, no. 12, pp. 2743–2749, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00710.
A naringenin derivative, isolated from Cyclopia genistoides, a bitter tasting herbal tea, especially when in green (unoxidized) form, was identified as (2S)-5-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy]naringenin (1). The compound partially epimerizes to (2R)-5-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy]naringenin (2) when heated at different temperatures (80, 90, 100, 110, and 120 °C) for a prolonged period in a phosphate buffer at pH 5. The fractional conversion model predicted the decrease in the concentration of compound 1 the best. The activation energy of the conversion reaction was calculated as 99.16 kJ mol–1. Prolonged heating resulted not only in formation of compound 2 but eventually a decrease in its concentration and the formation of another conversion product, (E)-2′-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy]-4′,6′,4-trihydroxychalcone (3). In contrast, naringin, glycosylated at C-7, remained stable when heated under the same conditions (100 °C for 6 h at pH 5). The bitter intensity of compound 1 was substantially less than that of naringin, both tested at 0.04 mM, a concentration typical of compound 1 in an herbal tea infusion of green C. genistoides. This comparison indicates that the position of the sugar moiety plays an important role in determining both bitter intensity and heat stability of naringenin glycosides.
F. Y. Daramola, F. B. Lewu, and A. P. Malan, “Diversity and Population Distribution of Nematodes Associated with Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) and Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 2, Feb. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06306.
F. Y. Daramola, F. B. Lewu, and A. P. Malan, “Entomopathogenic Nematodes Associated with Organic Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) Cultivation in South Africa,” Journal of Helminthology, vol. 96, p. e18, Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.1017/S0022149X22000049.
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis have demonstrated great potential as useful bio-control agents in the management of certain important soil-inhabiting insect pests of agricultural crops. In a survey of nematodes associated with organic honeybush cultivation, soil samples were obtained from nine organic honeybush plots, which are located in the Bredasdorp area of the Western Cape province of South Africa. The EPNs were isolated from soil by baiting with larvae of Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) and identified by the amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region using the primer set TW81 and AB28. EPNs were abundant in the honeybush orchards, accounting for about 50% of the sampled fields and five EPN species were identified including Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis safricana, Steinernema khoisanae,. Steinernema nguyeni, Oscheius sp. and an unknown EPN, therefore suggesting a substantial diversity of EPNs in the sampled fields. A 100% mortality of infected G. mellonella larvae was recorded within 48 h of exposure to the nematodes. However, although these EPNs have been previously reported in South Africa, it is the first time they are found in such diversity on a conservative tillage management system in organic honeybush cultivation.
F. Y. Daramola, R. Malgas, and A. P. Malan, “First Record and Molecular Identification of Root-Knot Nematodes from Honeybush Tea Plants (Cyclopia Spp.) in South Africa,” Nematology, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 591–593, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.1163/15685411-bja10023.
N. Das, “The Effect of Seed Sources Variation and Presowing Treatments on the Seed Germination of Acacia Catechu and Elaeocarpus Floribundus Species in Bangladesh,” 2014.
doi: 10.1155/2014/984194.
Hot water treatment can be suggested on seed germination of both species for developing nurseries and rural Bangladesh and revealed that the interactions between seed source variation and presowing methods effect significantly differed in Seed germination percentages. The seed germination of seed sources and presowing treatments of Acacia catechu and Elaeocarpus floribundus seeds were conducted in the nursery of Bangladesh Agricultural University. The seeds were collected from matured and healthy trees from four different locations in Bangladesh and treated with six presowing methods. The germination test was conducted in polybags with a mixture of topsoil and cow dung in a ratio of 3\,: 1. The results of ANOVA showed no significant differences among seed sources but statistically significant differences among the presowing treatments for both species. Thus the presowing methods affected the germination process of seeds, and then the highest germination success was found to be 91.26% in hot water (80°C for 10 min), treatment in Acacia catechu and the highest germination success (89.81%) of Elaeocarpus floribundus was found in H2SO4 treatment followed by 86.35% and 78.42% in treatments with hot water (100°C for 12 min) and scarification. The study also revealed that the interactions between seed source variation and presowing methods effect significantly differed in seed germination percentages. Therefore, it is concluded that hot water treatment can be suggested on seed germination of both species for developing nurseries and rural Bangladesh.
A. M. Daskum, C. Godly, M. A. Qadeer, and Y. Ling, “Effect of Senna Occidentalis (Fabaceae) Leaves Extract on the Formation of β-Hematin and Evaluation of in Vitro Antimalarial Activity,” International Journal of Herbal Medicine, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 46–51, 2019.https://www.florajournal.com/archives/?year=2019&vol=7&issue=3&part=A&ArticleId=576.
The search for antimalarials from plant sources has yield significant success in drug discovery approaches. The heme polymerization inhibitory activity as well as the antimalarial activity of Senna occidentalis, a local medicinal plant used for malaria therapy in Hausa folk medicine in Northern Nigeria was evaluated in in vitro assays. Results obtained revealed a good inhibition of 𝛽-hematin formation (83.08% and 83.97%) by the methanolic and aqueous leaves extracts of S. occidentalis at 500µg/mL as against the 54.92% inhibition exhibited by hexane extract at the same concentration. Findings of the in vitro antimalarial studies revealed a dose dependent suppression of plasmodium growth. At a concentration of 6.25 µg/ml, 73% suppression of parasite growth was observed for the hexane extract. This suppression of plasmodial growth attains 84.43% at 50 µg/ml with an IC50 of 3.47 µg/ml. Secondary metabolites such as anthraquinones, phenols, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids were detected in S. occidentalis. This could be a responsible for the antimalarial activities observed.
V. S. Davariya and A. K. Vala, “Antifungal Activity of Crude Extracts of Cassia Occidentalis,” International Journal of Research in Phytochemistry and Pharmacology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 36–38, Apr. 2011.https://scienztech.org/index.php/ijrpp/article/view/736.
Crude extracts of different parts (leaf, seed and pod) of Cassia occidentalis was examined for their antifungal activ- ity against three fungi viz. Candida albicans, Aspergillus clavatus and Aspergillus niger. Anti fungal activity of dif- ferent plant parts in terms of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration *MIC+ (μg/ml) ranged between 200-1000 μg/ml. The extracts performed as good as or even better than the standard drugs Nystatin and Greseofulvin with excep- tion of activity of leaf extracts against aspergilli.
The first apparent nectarivorous weevil, Smicronyx squalidus, is documented on Desmanthus illinoensis. Although found feeding from extra-floral nectaries (EFN’s) located between the petioles of D. illinoensis, it is believed that S. squalidus merely supplements its diet with nectar, due to an apparent lack of mouthpart modifications for a more efficient uptake of fluids. Photographs of the adult S. squalidus, as well as the EFN’s on D. illinoensis, are provided.
R. L. C. Dayrell, S. de Jesus Gonçalves-Alvim, D. Negreiros, G. W. Fernandes, and F. A. O. Silveira, “Environmental Control of Seed Dormancy and Germination of Mimosa Calodendron (Fabaceae): Implications for Ecological Restoration of a Highly Threatened Environment,” Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 395–399, Jun. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s40415-015-0145-y.
Rupestrian grasslands over ironstone outcrop, locally named canga, are montane ecosystems with restricted distribution known to harbor an unusually a large number of endemic plant species. These communities are highly threatened due to their high sensitivity to habitat conversions and extreme low resilience derived from anthropogenic pressure. Ecological restoration attempts on degraded rupestrian grassland areas have not yet been successful. Mimosa calodendron is an endemic canga shrub thought to play a facilitator role and, therefore, may enhance seedling recruitment in degraded areas. Since dormancy and slow germination are key factors of the biology of seeds and may hamper their use in ecological restoration, this study aimed to investigate the environmental control of seed dormancy and germination of M. calodendron seeds. We tested the effect of mechanical scarification, light and different incubation temperatures on seed germination. The effect of scarification on water uptake by seeds was also measured. M. calodendron seeds have physical dormancy and scarification was an effective treatment to promote high and rapid germination. Heat treatment also increased germination percentage of non-scarified seeds, but was less efficient than scarification. Once water uptake occurred, germination took place under a broad thermal gradient, regardless of light condition. Therefore, the germination profile of M. calodendron seems to be suitable for uncomplicated use in restoration projects, requiring only a pretreatment for dormancy release.
V. C. L. de Andrade, A. L. de Souza, M. A. Amaro, and W. da S. & S. Costa, “Profile of Anadenanthera Peregrina Bole Described by the Relative Height Method,” Ciência Florestal, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 875–887.http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?cf16076.
D. de Beer and E. Joubert, “Development of HPLC Method for Cyclopia Subternata Phenolic Compound Analysis and Application to Other Cyclopia Spp.,” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 289–297, May 2010.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2009.10.006.
Analysis of phenolic compounds in Cyclopia spp. (honeybush) is very important because of commercial interest in the plant material as an herbal tea and in extracts for the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical markets. An existing HPLC-DAD method was adapted and proved reproducible as evidenced by good intra- and inter-day precision. The method allows the quantification of several well-known as well as unidentified phenolic compounds. Its suitability for quantification of the major phenolic compounds present in the water extracts of unfermented and fermented Cyclopia subternata, Cyclopia intermedia, Cyclopia genistoides and Cyclopia sessiliflora was evaluated. Known compounds that were identified and quantified include mangiferin (0.1–11.8g/100g), isomangiferin (0.1–3.2g/100g), eriocitrin (not detected–0.4g/100g), hesperidin (0.2–1.2g/100g) and scolymoside (not detected–1.8g/100g), while narirutin and luteolin were detected in most samples, but could not be quantified due to low concentrations and co-elution. An unidentified compound (traces–4.8g hesperidin equivalents/100g), unidentified hydroxycinnamic acid derivative (not detected–0.3g mangiferin equivalents/100g), unidentified flavanone (not detected–2.0g hesperidin equivalents/100g) and an eriodictyol-glycoside (not detected–0.5g hesperidin equivalents/100g) could also be quantified. Large variation was observed within a sample series of the same extract type due to the nature of the plant material. Qualitative and quantitative differences were observed between species, while “fermentation”, a high-temperature process involving non-enzymatic oxidation, decreased the content of most phenolic compounds. Results using DAD as the only detection method should be handled with care, as the tentative identification of compounds 9 and 10, based on retention time and UV–Vis spectrum, could not be confirmed using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry.
D. De Beer, A. E. Schulze, E. Joubert, A. De Villiers, C. J. Malherbe, and M. A. Stander, “Food Ingredient Extracts of Cyclopia Subternata (Honeybush): Variation in Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Capacity,” Molecules, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 14602–14624, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.3390/molecules171214602.
Cyclopia subternata plants are traditionally used for the production of the South African herbal tea, honeybush, and recently as aqueous extracts for the food industry. A C. subternata aqueous extract and mangiferin (a major constituent) are known to have anti-diabetic properties. Variation in phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity is expected due to cultivation largely from seedlings, having implications for extract standardization and quality control. Aqueous extracts from 64 seedlings of the same age, cultivated under the same environmental conditions, were analyzed for individual compound content, total polyphenol (TP) content and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in a number of assays. An HPLC method was developed and validated to allow quantification of xanthones (mangiferin, isomangiferin), flavanones (hesperidin, eriocitrin), a flavone (scolymoside), a benzophenone (iriflophenone-3-C-β-glucoside) and dihydrochalcones (phloretin-3’,5’-di-C-β-glucoside, 3-hydroxyphloretin-3’,5’-di-C-hexoside). Additional compounds were tentatively identified using mass spectrometric detection, with the presence of the 3-hydroxyphloretin-glycoside, an iriflophenone-di-O,C-hexoside, an eriodictyol-di-C-hexoside and vicenin-2 being demonstrated for the first time. Variability of the individual phenolic compound contents was generally higher than that of the TP content and TAC values. Among the phenolic compounds, scolymoside, hesperidin and iriflophenone-3-C-β-glucoside contents were the most variable. A combination of the measured parameters could be useful in product standardization by providing a basis for specifying minimum levels.
D. de Beer, G. Jerz, E. Joubert, V. Wray, and P. Winterhalter, “Isolation of Isomangiferin from Honeybush (Cyclopia Subternata) Using High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 1216, no. 19, pp. 4282–4289, May 2009.
doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.056.
Isomangiferin was isolated from Cyclopia subternata using a multi-step process including extraction, liquid–liquid partitioning, high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) and semi-preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Enrichment of phenolic compounds in a methanol extract of C. subternata leaves was conducted using liquid–liquid partitioning with ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:1:2, v/v). The enriched fraction was further fractionated using HSCCC with a ternary solvent system consisting of tert-butyl methyl ether–n-butanol–acetonitrile–water (3:1:1:5, v/v). Isomangiferin was isolated by semi-preparative reversed-phase HPLC from a fraction containing mostly mangiferin and isomangiferin. The chemical structure of isomangiferin was confirmed by LC–high-resolution electrospray ionization MS, as well as one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy.
D. de Beer, C. Human, and E. Joubert, “Phenolic Composition of Honeybush and Changes During Herbal Tea and Extract Production,” in Natural Products in Beverages: Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Processing, J.-M. Mérillon, C. Riviere, and G. Lefèvre, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023, pp. 1–29.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-04195-2_219-1.
Several Cyclopia species, including C. intermedia, C. subternata, and C. genistoides, are used to make honeybush tea. All species belonging to this genus (Family: Fabaceae) are endemic to the Cape Floristic region of South Africa. The various species differ in terms of their phenolic profiles, but mangiferin, isomangiferin, and hesperidin are ubiquitous to Cyclopia species. The use of conventional honeybush tea, which requires high-temperature oxidation for its characteristic aroma, flavor, and color development, predates 1900, but research on propagation, cultivation, plant breeding, processing, and product development began only in the mid-1990s. While high-temperature oxidation is integral to the production of conventional honeybush tea, this step substantially reduces the phenolic content of the plant material. The compounds are affected to varying degrees, and several, including the xanthone, mangiferin, and the dihydrochalcone, 3′,5′-di-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-hydroxyphloretin, are very labile. Chemical reactions during heating of the plant material or extracts include cyclization, dimerization, isomerization, and epimerization, depending on the phenolic compound. Their degradation during the production of conventional honeybush tea prompted the development of green honeybush to provide the market with a tea containing significantly higher levels of phenolic compounds. The main topics of this chapter are the preparation of phenolic-rich extracts from green honeybush and the quantitative changes in phenolic composition with processing and storage of the tea and its value-added products. These include spray-dried extract powder as a food ingredient, as well as “instant” powders and ready-to-drink beverages as final consumer products.
D. De Beer, M. Muller, N. A. Walters, C. Human, C. Bester, and E. Joubert, “The Road to Commercialisation of an Unutilised Cyclopia Species for Herbal Tea Production – the Case of Cyclopia Pubescens,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 150, pp. 821–828, Nov. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2022.08.042.
Cyclopia pubescens is an unutilised species that could potentially be used for production of honeybush tea, if general quality criteria for the herbal tea product could be met. This species is at risk of extinction in the wild, but if suitable for production of honeybush herbal tea, its cultivation could be stimulated. Cyclopia pubescens shoots were used to produce conventional (oxidised) honeybush tea and its quality parameters for the infusion were compared with those of the commercially-cultivated Cyclopia species, C. subternata and C. genistoides. Oxidised C. pubescens had a similar sensory profile to that of C. subternata, displaying ‘woody’, ‘fynbos-floral’ ‘fynbos-sweet’ and ‘sweet spice’ aromas and a slightly sweet taste. The soluble solids concentration, colour and turbidity of the infusions, prepared from the herbal teas of the three species, were similar. The high-temperature oxidation process, essential for the development of the sought-after sensory profile of honeybush tea, reduced the phenolic concentration of the C. pubescens infusions, in particular, the concentration of mangiferin and isomangiferin decreased > 70%. Despite this reduction, C. pubescens infusions would contribute ≥ 8 mg/L to the dietary intake of each of these xanthones. Cyclopia pubescens, thus, passed the first hurdle for commercial herbal tea production, but cultivation would be required as wild-harvesting of this species is not an option.
H. de Fátima Silva Lopes, Z. Tu, H. Sumi, H. Furukawa, and I. Yumoto, “Indigofera Tinctoria Leaf Powder as a Promising Additive to Improve Indigo Fermentation Prepared with Sukumo (Composted Polygonum Tinctorium Leaves),” World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 37, no. 10, p. 179, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s11274-021-03142-y.
Being insoluble in the oxidize form, indigo dye must be solubilized by reduction for it to penetrate textile. One of the procedures is the reduction by natural bacterial fermentation. Sukumo, composted leaves of Polygonum tinctorium, is a natural source of indigo in Japan. Although sukumo has an intrinsic bacterial seed, the onset of indigo reduction with this material may vary greatly. Certain additives improve indigo fermentation. Here, we studied the effects of Indigofera tinctoria leaf powder (LP) on the initiation of indigo reduction, bacterial community, redox potential (ORP), and dyeing intensity in the initial stages and in aged fermentation fluids prepared with sukumo. I. tinctoria LP markedly decreased ORP at day 1 and stabilised it during early fermentation. These effects could be explained by the phytochemicals present in I. tinctoria LP that act as oxygen scavengers and electron mediators. Using next generation sequencing results, we observed differences in the bacterial community in sukumo fermentation treated with I. tinctoria LP, which was not influenced by the bacterial community in I. tinctoria LP per se. The concomitant decrease in Bacillaceae and increase in Proteinivoraceae at the onset of fermentation, increase in the ratio of facultative to obligate anaerobes (F/O ratio), or the total abundance of facultative anaerobes (F) or obligate anaerobes (O) (designated F\,+ O) are vital for the initiation and maintenance of indigo reduction. Hence, I. tinctoria LP improved early indigo reduction by decreasing the ORP and hasten the appropriate transitions in the bacterial community in sukumo fermentation.
A. M. De Nysschen, B.-E. Van Wyk, F. R. Van Heerden, and A. L. Schutte, “The Major Phenolic Compounds in the Leaves of Cyclopia Species (Honeybush Tea),” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 243–246, Apr. 1996.
doi: 10.1016/0305-1978(95)00100-X.
The phenolic compounds of the leaves of Cyclopia species (tribe Podalyrieae) are of both chemotaxonomic and commercial interest, as the leaves are used to brew a herbal drink known as honeybush tea. Despite the commercial importance of Cyclopia, virtually nothing was known about the chemistry of the leaves prior to the present work. Methanolic extracts from leaves of 22 species were screened for the presence and distribution of phenolic compounds. Three major constituents of the leaves were identified as mangiferin (a xanthone) and glycosides of the flavanones hesperitin and isosakuranetin. The combination of these three compounds is a unique character for Cyclopia, as none of them are present in any of the other genera of the tribes Podalyrieae and Liparieae. Various combinations of the three compounds occur in the different infrageneric groups, but the species are remarkably similar. These results are thus of chemotaxonomic significance at the generic rather than infrageneric level.
S. de Pádua Teixeira and V. M. A. Corrêa, “Morfoanatomia Do Envoltório Seminal de Espécies Brasileiras de Indigofera L. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae),” Rodriguésia, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 265–273, 2007.https://www.jstor.org/stable/23499199.
O grande número de espécies e a complexidade do gênero Indigofera geram controvérsias taxonômicas de difícil resolução. Para contribuir com a taxonomia do gênero, foram levantados caracteres diagnósticos do envoltório seminal de sete espécies brasileiras de Indigofera, utilizando técnicas de exame de superfície e histológicas. As sementes são pequenas, em sua maioria rombóides mas também cúbicas ou cilíndricas, variando de verde-claras a castanho-escuras, exotestais, albuminosas, com hilo mediano, circular a ovado, de coloração conspícua. O envoltório apresentou microescultura micro a macrorreticulada, sendo constituído por macroesclereídes (com conteúdo fenólico em cinco espécies) e osteosclereídes. Embora a anatomia do envoltório da semente não tenha apresentado diferenças marcantes entre as espécies, a combinação de caracteres provenientes da microescultura da superfície seminal, da forma e do tamanho do hilo e da semente, e do número de camadas de osteosclereídes, permitiu a identificação das espécies estudadas neste trabalho. Foi concluído que a anatomia é uma ferramenta bastante útil para subsidiar a taxonomia do gênero. The large number of species and the complexity of the genus Indigofera have lead to difficult delimitation between species. In order to contribute towards the taxonomy of the genus, diagnostic characters of the seed coat of seven Brazilian species of Indigofera with the utilization of surface examination and histological techniques were explored. Seeds are small, mostly rhomboid but sometimes cuboid or cylindrical, light greenish to dark brownish, exo-testal, albuminous, with medium-sized, circular to ovate, conspicuously colored hilum. Seedcoat has micro to macroreticulate microsculpture, phenolic macrosclereids and osteosclereids. Although considerable differences among the seedcoat anatomy within species was not found, it was possible to identify the species with basis on the combination of characters from seed coat microsculpture, both shape and size of the hilum and seeds, as well as the number of layers of osteosclereids. It is concluded that anatomy is a useful tool to set taxonomical patters within Indigofera.
L. M. de Paulo Barbosa et al., “Bioherbicide from Azadirachta Indica Seed Waste: Exploitation, Efficient Extraction of Neem Oil and Allelopathic Effect on Senna Occidentalis,” Recycling, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 50, Jun. 2023.
doi: 10.3390/recycling8030050.
Bioherbicides are an alternative to minimize the damage caused to the environment using agrochemicals. This study had the objective of extracting neem oil from ripe waste fruits that Azadirachta indica A. Juss and optimizing the process using solvents (or a mixture of solvents) with different polarities. Then, through a solid-liquid extraction system (Soxhlet), the solvents hexane, methanol/hexane (1:1), ethanol, and hexane/ethanol (1:1) were used to determine the process with the highest yield and most efficiency. The physicochemical parameters of the extracted oil (density, acidity value, iodine value, saponification value, esters value, and molecular weight) and the % of free fatty acids were determined. In addition, the allelopathic properties of the oil (0%, 2%, 3%, and 4% m/v) on septic weed Senna occidentalis seeds were evaluated, analyzing their growth and development parameters (germination, germination speed, hypocotyl, and radicle length). Hexane was the most efficient (4 h) in neem oil extraction, with the highest yield (43%). It also provided a better oleic and linoleic acid content (41.3% and 18.6%), similar to ethanol extraction (41.1% and 20.22%). Moreover, the allelopathic properties were more prominent for the oils extracted with hexane and hexane/ethanol. This optimized process provides an efficient alternative to obtain a natural herbicidal potential for strategically controlling harmful plants.
M. D. De Rios and M. Cardenas, “Plant Hallucinogens, Shamanism and Nazca Ceramics,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 233–246, Jan. 1980.
doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(80)81003-8.
The ceramics of the ancient Nazca, an extinct people that lived on the south coast of Peru from 100 to 800 AD, are examined. It is suggested that plant hallucinogens and stimulants including Trichocereus pachanoi, Erythroxylon coca, Datura spp., and Anadenanthera peregrina were utilized in religious ritualism connected with shamanism, stressing personal ecstasy as ameans of contact with the supernatural on the part of regional religious—political leaders. Shamanic themes linked to world-wide plant hallucinogenic ingestion are identified and summarized, and their representation in Nazca ceramic art is delineated.
P. A. G. M. De Smet, “South American ritual Anadenanthera enemas,” Pharmaceutisch weekblad, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1187–1191, Dec. 1981.
doi: 10.1007/BF02193348.
Certain differences between the native and experimental administration of hallucinogens, such as another route of administration, should not be disregarded. To set an example, the ritual use ofAnadenanthera enemas by South American Indians is discussed. In pharmacological studiesAnadenanthera alkaloids have been found to produce the alleged effects of these dosage forms. However, in contrast with dimethyltryptamine and its 5-methoxyderivative, bufotenine is likely to have no or only a weak central activity. Up to now oral administration has not been demonstrated to be effective, although relatively large doses have been studied. As first-pass metabolism is a likely cause of this inactivity, it cannot be safely assumed that rectal administration will give better results than oral administration.
“Identification of Cyclopia Species (’heuningbostee’) Using Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis,” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 54–57, May 1997.
doi: 10.10520/AJA02571862_401.
Protein banding patterns of seed obtained by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis SDS-PAGE) or acid polycrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE) were used to distinguish between different Cyclopia species (’heuningbostee’). An electrophoretic formula was determined for each species using relative band mobility and the number of protein bands. Distinctive band patterns were obtained enabling the species to be identified using either SDS-PAGE or A-PAGE. Banding patterns showed that this technique can be used as a tool for taxonomic classification of Cyclopia species.
C. Deepa and N. Shinde, “Entada Phaseoloids Seed Dormancy and Germination: Implications for Conservation and Restoration,” International Journal of Advanced Research, vol. 4, pp. 11–16, May 2016.
doi: 10.21474/IJAR01/342.
Entada phaseoloids is a woody liana growing in the dense forest on huge trees. Its seed posses many medicinal properties and its main activity is anti inflammatory. Anti inflammatory activity is due to the presence of high saponin content. Hence the seeds are collected in huge quantity by pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies. Due to the change in climatic scenario and human intervention in all over the world the forest cover is shrinking and so the natural habitat of the plant is reducing. In addition, due to the thick seed coat and high saponin content, Entada seeds remain dormant for more than 5 years. With indeterminate overexploitation of seeds from natural source to meet growing demand by industries, the numbers of wild plants are decreasing day by day. Moreover as the germination is poor, natural multiplication of this valuable medicinal plant is seriously handicapped. Hence it has been listed as endangered. (Report,ayush, 2004) Realizing the threat of extinction, we have taken up the study of seed dormancy breaking methods and seed germination. The study was carried out to investigate the effect of mechanical scarificatin followed by soaking in cold water for 36 hours on the germination of seeds of Entada. The treated seeds were sown directly in the garden soil in small plastic bags. One seed with three replicates were used and 100% germination was obtained after 14 days.
L. R. DeHaan, D. L. V. Tassel, and T. S. Cox, “Perennial Grain Crops: A Synthesis of Ecology and Plant Breeding,” Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 5–14, Mar. 2005.
doi: 10.1079/RAF200496.
Perennial grain crops would address many agricultural problems, including soil erosion, nutrient loss and pesticide contamination. Doubts about the possibility of perennial grain crops rest upon two assumptions: (1) that the relationship between yield and longevity is a fixed function that cannot be influenced by selection, mutation or environmental changes; and (2) that yield and longevity trade off in a bivariate manner to the exclusion of all other traits. These assumptions are consistent with the phenotypic trade-off model, but recent research suggests that a quantitative genetic model is a more appropriate approach to trade-offs. In the quantitative genetic model, environmental and genetic changes can result in increases in two traits simultaneously even when a trade-off, or negative correlation, exists between the two traits. Empirical evidence that the trade-off between perenniality and reproductive allocation is not fixed comes from wild, herbaceous perennials that can produce more than 2000 kg seed ha−1 in the temperate zone, and herbaceous perennial crops that produce on average 8900 kg fruit ha−1 in the tropics. Ecological literature suggests that most perennials produce small amounts of seed relative to their vegetative growth not as a physiological absolute, but rather as a result of natural selection in a stable, competitive environment favoring longevity. By selecting strongly for seed yield in a population of perennial plants, the plant breeder can likely achieve that which is rare in nature—a high seed-yielding perennial plant. The same general methodologies that have allowed annual grain breeders to increase grain yield and push many combinations of negatively correlated traits to levels of expression not seen in nature are available to the perennial grain breeder. Perennial grain breeders are integrating ecological principles and traditional plant breeding methods in their efforts to develop perennial grain wheat (Triticum spp.), sorghum (Sorghum spp.), sunflower (Helianthus spp.), Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis) and rice (Oryza spp.).
M. E. A. Delachiave and S. Z. de Pinho, “Germination of Senna Occidentalis Link: Seed at Different Osmotic Potential Levels,” Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol. 46, pp. 163–166, Mar. 2003.
doi: 10.1590/S1516-89132003000200004.
The objective of this research was to study the effect of osmotic potential and salinity on the germination of seeds of Senna occidentalis, with and without a change of solutions. The percentage and rates of germination decreased according to decrease of potential, being more drastic when the substitutions of solutions were not made. The largest reductions were observed with the PEG solutions, with and without substitutions.
M. E. A. Delachiave and S. Z. de Pinho, “Scarification, Temperature and Light in Germination of Senna Occidentalis Seed (Caesalpinaceae),” Seed Science and Technology, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 225–230, Jul. 2003.
doi: 10.15258/sst.2003.31.2.01.
The purpose of the present work was to study various aspects of the germination of seeds of Senna occidentalis Link, which had presented promising results in biological activity against the etiological agent of malaria. These aspects were dormancy, temperatures of germination and photoblastic response. In the dormancy studies, the treatments used were: unscarified seed (control); tegument puncture with sharp point; and scarification with sand-paper and immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid during 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. For the study of temperature and photoblast, the seeds were immersed in sulfuric acid for 20 minutes, submitted to temperatures of 10 to 45°C, at intervals of 5°C, both under light and in the dark. The seeds presented dormancy related to tegument, the best treatments for breaking dormancy were immersion in sulfuric acid for 15 and 20 minutes. At temperatures 25 and 30°C, the best results of percentage and index of velocity of germination were observed, at which the seeds behaved as neutral photoblastic; there was no germination at 10 or at 45°C.
R. R. Deokar, S. R. Mane, S. R. Kamble, and S. R. Patil, “A New Locality Record for an Endangered Plant Species Entada Rheedei Sprong. (Mimosaceae) in Sangli District, Maharashtra,” World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 6, no. 17, pp. 405–409, 2017.
doi: 10.20959/wjpr201717-10441.
Entada rheedei Sprong. (Mimosaceae) an endangered plant species is collected and reported first time from Mangale village of Shirala Tahasil which is situated on the bank of river Warana in Sangli district, Maharashtra. This makes another locality record for an endangered plant species Entada rheedei in Sangli district. The present investigation reports a detail taxonomic description along with colour photographs and ethno botanical information of the species to validate the new locality report and easy identidification of the species.
H. A. Deshpande and S. R. Bhalsing, “Recent Advances in the Phytochemistry of Some Medicinally Important Cassia Species: A Review,” 2013.
Medicinal plants possess unlimited and untapped wealth of chemical compounds with high drug potential which make these plants useful as sources of biomedicines. Cassia species have been of keen interest in phytochemical due to their excellent medicinal values. All Cassia species are an important rich source of secondary metabolites, notably anthraquinone derivatives and has been used in Chinese and Ayurvedic preparations. A review of phytochemistry of some medicinally important Cassia species has been presented, considering the fact that there are about 580 species of this genus scattered all around the world. Only 46 species have been phytochemically studied. Hence, in the present article, an attempt has been made to overview phytochemical studies in Cassia species which serves as a potential source for contribution in the modern system of herbal medicine.
L. Dessì et al., “Seed Germination Ecophysiology of Acacia Dealbata Link and Acacia Mearnsii De Wild.: Two Invasive Species in the Mediterranean Basin,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 21, p. 11588, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.3390/su132111588.
Acacia dealbata and A. mearnsii are two invasive species found in coastal, mountain, and riparian Mediterranean habitats. Seed biology and germination traits are important drivers of the competitive performance of plants and may significantly contribute to biological invasions. The seeds of Acacia s.l. have physical dormancy due to an impermeable epidermal layer. The aim of this study was to assess the germination capacity of scarified and non-scarified seeds of A. dealbata and A. mearnsii from different areas of the Mediterranean Basin. To test the seed imbibition capacity, the increase in mass was evaluated. Non-scarified seeds were tested at 15, 20, and 25 °C in light conditions. Scarified seeds were tested at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C and 25/10 °C in light and dark conditions. Scarified seeds increased in mass more than non-scarified seeds. Both species showed a higher germination capacity at 25 °C in non-scarified seeds; A. dealbata reached a germination maximum of 55%, while A. mearnsii reached 40%, showing a difference among these populations. Scarified seeds of both species reached germination percentages >95% at all temperatures except at 5 °C in dark conditions. Scarification was necessary to break dormancy and promote germination. The present study provides new knowledge about the seed ecology and germinative behaviour of the two Acacia species under different pre-treatment, temperature, and photoperiod regimes, contributing to the understanding of their invasive behaviour.
R. G. C. Diabankana, S. Validov, and D. M. Afordoanyi, “Antimicrobial and Plant-Growth Promoting Properties of Rhizobacteria Isolated from Weed Plant Senna Occidentalis,” Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 157–164, Dec. 2022.
doi: 10.33866/phytopathol.034.02.0783.
The use of microorganisms to increase productivity and maintain soil fertility is an alternative sustainable agricultural practice to replace agrochemicals. The purpose of this study was to isolate microorganisms with high-antifungal, -antibacterial and -plant growth promoting activity from the rhizosphere of the weed Senna occidentalis native to West Africa. Out of 14 isolates, 5 inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici (Forl) ZUM2407 and one inhibited the growth of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolates were identified as Streptomyces hydrogenans KS13AU, Bacillus megaterium KSO8AU, B. subtilis KS07AU, B. subtilis KS11AU, and B. velezensis KS04AU. The plant growth-promoting ability of the isolated bacteria as a single-strain and consortium inoculant was tested on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). The isolate inoculants were applied on seeds as vegetative cells. The results showed that both forms of inoculation had a positive effect on spring wheat growth. However, the greatest effect on the spring wheat plant was observed when isolates were inoculated as a consortium. The biometric parameters of the plant, such as dry biomass, shoot length, and root length, increased significantly up to 30% compared to single strain inoculations.
C. Díaz-Castelazo, V. Rico-Gray, F. Ortega, and G. Ángeles, “Morphological and Secretory Characterization of Extrafloral Nectaries in Plants of Coastal Veracruz, Mexico,” Annals of Botany, vol. 96, no. 7, pp. 1175–1189, Dec. 2005.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mci270.
C. Dippenaar et al., “Anti-Allergic and Antioxidant Potential of Polyphenol-Enriched Fractions from Cyclopia Subternata (Honeybush) Produced by a Scalable Process,” Separations, vol. 9, no. 10, p. 278, Oct. 2022.
doi: 10.3390/separations9100278.
Anti-allergic activity was previously demonstrated for extracts of Cyclopia subternata Vogel plant material, containing substantial amounts of xanthones, benzophenones, dihydrochalcones, flavanones and flavones. Fractionation of a hot water extract on macroporous resin was performed aiming to increase its potency. Operating conditions for scaled-up fractionation of the extract were determined, using small-scale static and dynamic sorption/desorption experiments. The anti-allergic potential of the fractions was assessed based on inhibition of β-hexosaminidase release from IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells. Given the role of oxidative stress in allergic reactions, the extract and fractions were also tested for their ability to scavenge the superoxide anion radical and inhibit xanthine oxidase (XO), an enzyme involved in its generation. The routine DPPH and ORAC assays were used for determination of the antioxidant capacity of the fractions. 3-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone (IDG) had the lowest affinity for the resin, dictating selection of the optimal separation conditions. The extract was separated into four fractions on XAD1180N, using step-wise gradient elution with EtOH-water solutions. The major phenolic compounds present in the fractions were IDG and 3-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone (fraction 1), mangiferin, isomangiferin, 3′,5′-di-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-hydroxyphloretin and vicenin-2 (fraction 2), 3′,5′-di-β-D-glucopyranosylphloretin, eriocitrin and scolymoside (fraction 3) and hesperidin and p-coumaric acid (fraction 4). Fractionation was only partially effective in increasing activity compared to the extract, i.e., fractions 2, 3 and 4 in the DPPH• and XO assays, fractions 1 and 2 in the ORAC assay and fraction 1 in the β-hexosaminidase release assay. In vivo testing will be required to determine whether the increased activity of fractions is worth the effort and expense of fractionation.
C. Dippenaar, E. Joubert, and D. de Beer, “Co-Pigmentation of Pinotage Anthocyanins with Cyclopia (Honeybush) Polyphenols in Model Wine Solutions,” Food Chemistry Advances, vol. 3, p. 100566, Dec. 2023.
doi: 10.1016/j.focha.2023.100566.
Co-pigmentation of an anthocyanin-enriched fraction (AEF) of Pinotage wine with honeybush polyphenols (Cyclopia subternata extract and fractions enriched in specific polyphenols) was studied in model wine solutions. The hyperchromic effects and bathochromic shifts depended on the co-pigment sources and co-pigment/anthocyanin ratio. Fraction 2 (F2), enriched in xanthones (mangiferin and isomangiferin), produced the most pronounced co-pigmentation effect at a co-pigment/anthocyanin ratio of 15:1. Greater co-pigmentation effects were observed in model solutions at pH 3.0 (pH 3–4 evaluated) and in the absence of EtOH (0–16 % EtOH evaluated). During storage of solutions (AEF and/or F2) at 15 °C and 25 °C for 12 weeks, myrtillin, petunin, 3′,5′-di-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-hydroxyphloretin and mangiferin concentrations decreased following first-order kinetics, while peonin and oenin degradation followed fractional-conversion kinetics. Polymeric anthocyanin formation followed zero-order kinetics. Reaction rates increased with an increase in storage temperature. The addition of F2 to the AEF solution produced a darker, more vivid colour and improved the colour stability, however, the yellow-orange colour of F2 and intensification of its colour during storage contributed to increasing red-orange hues. Further research is necessary to elucidate the effect of honeybush polyphenols on the colour and composition of a complete wine as it is more complex than model solutions.
A. K. G. Djotan, N. Matsushita, L.-M. Vaario, N. S. Yorou, and K. Fukuda, “Arbuscular Mycorrhizas in the Roots of Afzelia Africana, Entada Africana, and Pterocarpus Erinaceus,” Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 833–848, 2021.
doi: 10.15666/AEER/1902_833848.
This is the first study to report AMF in roots of A. africaana, E. africana, and P. erinaceus in Benin, and opens new avenues for future studies. Afzelia africana, Entada africana, and Pterocarpus erinaceus are economically important tropical tree species in Africa. In this study, we performed morphological and molecular analyses to examine the mycorrhizal status of these species in their natural habitat in Benin, West Africa. Fine roots were examined using trypan blue staining. Putative arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were identified by extracting root DNA and sequencing the large subunit region of ribosomal DNA. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were positioned on a consensus phylogenetic tree produced using maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining models. Morphological analyses revealed vesicles, arbuscules, and interand intracellular hyphae in roots of all three tree species. Molecular analyses revealed 39 AMF OTUs, among which 18 were from roots of E. africana, 15 from P. erinaceus, and 9 from A. africana. These OTUs belonged to Glomus, Nanoglomus, Rhizoglomus, Sclerocystis, Septoglomus, and Scutellospora; two unidentified species belonged to the family Glomeraceae. This is the first study to report AMF in roots of A. africana, E. africana, and P. erinaceus in Benin, and opens new avenues for future studies.
P. Dmowski, “Attempt of Rooibos and Honeybush Identification Based on the Beverages Color Parameters,” Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University, no. 106, pp. 29–40, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.26408/106.03.
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush tea (Cyclopia species), are the products coming from South Africa, that due to their organoleptic features and antioxidant properties are gaining increasing popularity among the Polish consumers. Due to the high similarity, these products are very often confused, and both consumers and sellers have problems in distinguishing them. Therefore, the aim of the paper is the attempt to differentiate rooibos and honeybush infusions based on the consumer evaluation of color of the beverages and color parameters measured in the CIEL*a*b* system. On the basis of the obtained results, statistically significant differences in the consumer color assessment of infusions were found. The results presented in this paper indicate that the samples of rooibos were very similar and were characterized by more intensive brick, red and brown color than honeybush. However, it was shown that the values of the color parameters measured in the CIEL*a*b* system do not allow for clear differentiation of rooibos and honeybush beverages.
F. Doignon-Bourcier et al., “Diversity of Bradyrhizobia from 27 Tropical Leguminosae Species Native of Senegal,” Systematic and Applied Microbiology, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 647–661, Dec. 1999.
doi: 10.1016/S0723-2020(99)80018-6.
We isolated 71 slow-growing bacterial strains from nodules of 27 native leguminous plants species in Senegal (West-Africa) belonging to the genera Abrus, Alysicarpus, Bryaspis, Chamaecrista, Cassia, Crotalaria, Desmodium, Eriosema, Indigofera, Moghania, Rhynchosia, Sesbania, Tephrosia, and Zornia playing an ecological role and having agronomic potential in arid regions.The isolates were characterised by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA and comparative SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins; reference strains of the different known rhizobial species and groups were included as references.We conclude that these nodule isolates are diverse, and form several phylogenetic subgroups inside Bradyrhizobium.Nodulation tests performed on 5 plant species demonstrated host specificity among the strains studied.
A. Doménech, M. T. Doménech-Carbó, and M. L. V. de Agredos Pascual, “Electrochemical Monitoring of Indigo Preparation Using Maya’s Ancient Procedures,” Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 1335–1346, Sep. 2007.
doi: 10.1007/s10008-007-0296-2.
The preparation of indigo from Indigofera suffruticosa following the procedures attributed to ancient Mayas was electrochemically monitored using the voltammetry-of-microparticles approach. The mechanism formation of indigotin and indirubin from its precursors, indican and isatan, is discussed. Comparison of voltammetric profiles for differently prepared and commercial indigos and genuine Maya Blue samples suggests that the preparation procedure of indigo changed during the Late Classical Maya period.
The result indicated that seedlings with inoculation had higher drought tolerance than control with no inoculation, and it is inferred that natural regeneration and survival of A.confusa may be relevance to symbiosis with nodulation strains. The Dry-hot Valley is the most ecological vulnerable areas in southwest China.Legumes trees are the few trees that can survival and naturally regenerate in the area.The relevance of rhizobia symbiosis to drought tolerance of legume needs further study.Rhizobia that were isolated from wild nodule of Acacia richii were inoculated onto the same host seedlings.When the nodules were observed,the seedlings were subjected into drought experiment with different PEG mass concentration gradients.The biomass measurement and microscope observation were carried out,in order to understand the growth performance of Acacia confusa and mycrobial symbiont under drought stress.The 16sRNA sequence detect was also carried out to identify the species of strains,which may help for screening the potential superior strains.The result indicated that seedlings with inoculation had higher drought tolerance than control with no inoculation.16sRNA sequence detection proved that the selected 15 strains belong to Rhizobium,Mesorhizobium and Bradyrhizobium respectively,indicating it has a rich diversity of nodulation strains that can form symbiosis with A.confusa in dry hot valley.Thus it is inferred that natural regeneration and survival of A.confusa may be relevance to symbiosis with nodulation strains.
R. L. Dovel, M. A. Hussey, and E. C. Holt, “Establishment and Survival of Illinois Bundleflower Interseeded into an Established Kleingrass Pasture,” Journal of Range Management, vol. 43, no. 2, p. 153, Mar. 1990.
doi: 10.2307/3899035.
The introduction of perennial legumes into warm-season grass pastures has been shown to improve both forage quality and animal performance. Illinois bundleflower (Desmonlhus idlinoensis (Michs.) MacM.) appears to have potential for pasture and range interseeding. This study investigated establishment methods and the competitive ability and longevity of this species when interseeded into kleingrass (Pa&urn coloratum L.) swards. Sabine Illinois bundleflower was drilled or broadcast into a mature klehtgrass pasture either intact or suppressed by dllking, paraquat (I-dimethyl-4-4 dipyridinium dichloride), or mefhddide (N-[2,4 dimethyl- (trlfuromethyl) sulfonyl)-amino)phenyl)lacetamide).
N. D.S., R. B.R., S. K.B., and A. S, “In Vitro Regeneration and Conservation of Indigo (Indigofera Tinctoria L.) by Slow Growth Induction,” International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 873–884, 2016.
doi: 10.22161/ijeab/1.4.35.
An efficient protocol for rapid in vitro clonal propagation has been established. Shoot proliferation was obtained from nodal explants in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1BA and 0.1 mg L-1 IAA. The shoots were subsequently subcultured every four weeks. The shoots were then rooted in vitro in MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations of auxins. The most efficient rooting was observed in MS supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 IAA. The effective acclimatization (91.67 per cent) was obtained in sterilized sand. Slow growth was induced with varying concentration of mannitol (5 g L-1 to 30 g L-1). Maximum slow growth induction with 100 per cent regeneration was recorded in mannitol (10 g L-1) supplemented medium. After 28 weeks in slow growth medium, cultures when transferred to shoot proliferation medium gave 100 per cent regeneration. The regenerants from slow growth induction were found to be genetically stable.
B. V. P. du Preez, D. de Beer, and E. Joubert, “By-Product of Honeybush (Cyclopia Maculata) Tea Processing as Source of Hesperidin-Enriched Nutraceutical Extract,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 87, pp. 132–141, Sep. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.012.
Cyclopia maculata (honeybush) plant material was evaluated to determine its potential as renewable source material for hesperidin-enriched extract preparation. Stems contained significantly higher hesperidin levels than leaves, while “fermentation” (high-temperature oxidation process), an essential processing step of the herbal tea product, honeybush, had no effect (P>0.05) on hesperidin content. Extraction of hesperidin from the by-product of honeybush tea processing, containing mostly stems, was optimised using response surface methodology (RSM). Four extraction parameters, namely ethanol concentration (% v/v), time (min), temperature (°C), and solvent:solid ratio (mL/g), were evaluated. Second order polynomial mathematical models for hesperidin yield and hesperidin content of the extract were constructed from RSM results and verification experiments indicated good accuracy and predictive ability. Practical process restrictions limited global optimisation and only an optimum for ethanol concentration could be predicted. The choice of process parameter values, feasible for industrial application, will depend on the product application and a cost-benefit analysis of the unit operations of the process.
J. du Toit and E. Joubert, “The Effect of Pretreatment on the Fermentation of Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia Maculata),” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 537–545, 1998.
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199804)76:4<537::AID-JSFA985>3.0.CO;2-#.
J. Du Toit and E. Joubert, “Effect of Drying Conditions on the Quality of Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia),” Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 493–507, 1998.
doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.1998.tb00365.x.
The effect of drying conditions on the color of the leaves and extracts, polyphenolic content of the extracts and sensory properties of honeybush tea (Cyclopia intermedia and C. genistoides) was determined. Controlled drying (40C, 6 h) as opposed to traditional sun-drying did not affect extract color, aroma, taste and mouthfeel (P > 0.05), but resulted in a darker leaf color (lower L* values) (P < 0.05), while sun-drying gave higher a* values (P < 0.05), indicative of a more reddish color. Drying temperature (40, 50, 60 and 70C) did not affect (P > 0.05) leaf (L* and b*) and extract (L*, a* and b*) color values of both specie. Lower a* values (P < 0.05) were obtained for C. genistoides drying at 60 and 70C compared to those at 40C. Drying rates of C. genistoides species were lower than those for C. intermedia. Taste and overall flavor of C. intermedia were not affected by drying temperature (P > 0.05) at 70C but resulted in a less sweet aroma compared to drying at 50C (P < 0.05).
S. R. du Toit and E. E. Campbell, “The Effect of Fire on Two Eastern Cape Cyclopia Species (Fabaceae),” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 203–207, Jun. 1999.
doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30974-1.
Seedling recruitment of the Eastern Cape endemics Cyclopia longifolia J.R.T. Vogel and Cyclopia pubescens Eckl. & Zeyh. was analysed after fire. Cyclopia longifolia seedling recruitment after treatments of fire; cleared and smoked; and cleared only was comparatively low; recruitment of 2.8 (after 10weeks) to 3.8 seedlings (after 13months) per adult was recorded. Cyclopia longifolia was found to be a resprouter as well as seeder. A population of Cyclopia pubescens was exposed to a veld-fire, with a resultant recruitment of 61 seedlings (5months after burn) to 227 seedlings (17months after burn) per adult. The difference in recruitment success can be ascribed, in part, to environmental conditions that strongly influenced seed germination and seedling survival. Cyclopia longifolia preferentially allocates its resources to regeneration rather than reproduction.
J. du Toit, E. Joubert, and T. J. Britz, “Honeybush Tea–A Rediscovered Indigenous South African Herbal Tea,” Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, vol. 12, no. 2-3, pp. 67–84, Jun. 1998.
doi: 10.1300/J064v12n02_06.
Cyclopia species are used to manufacture a herbal infusion called honeybush tea. The pleasant sweet, honey-like flavour and anecdotal evidence of the beneficial qualities of honeybush tea consumption make this herbal infusion a healthy alternative to coffee and black tea. Honeybush tea has been known to South Africans for centuries and, until recently, was processed only on a small-scale, mainly for home consumption. Growing interest in herbal teas, both locally and overseas, has resulted in a revival of the honeybush tea industry. Research addressed the lack of a standardized processing method, which in turn lead to the production of poor and inconsistent quality tea.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a seletividade de herbicidas utilizados em áreas de Eucalyptus, sobre o crescimento de Anadenanthera peregrina. O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em duas épocas diferentes em 2003 e 2004, tendo 5 tratamentos com 4 doses de herbicidas em cada um e 6 repetições. Os tratamentos foram: haloxyfop-methyl nas doses (0,00 ; 120, 240 e 480 g.ha-1); sulfentrazone (0,00, 300, 600 e 1.200 g.ha-1); isoxaflutole (0,00, 150, 300 e 600 g.ha-1); oxyfluorfen (0,00, 720, 1.440 e 2.880 g.ha-1); e glyfhosate (0,00, 720, 1.440 e 2.880 g.ha-1). Em ambos os experimentos foram avaliados: efeitos fitotóxicos do produto, número de folíolos, altura de plantas, diâmetro de caule e biomassa seca da parte aérea; e no segundo foram feitas ainda a análise de clorofila a e b, e de carotenóides. O herbicida que apresentou maior fitoxicidade e que comprometeu o desenvolvimento do angico foi o glyphosate, com altos graus de fitotoxicidade, queda de folhas e redução da biomassa, sendo, portanto, não recomendado para o controle de invasoras em áreas de plantio de angico. Os outros herbicidas não comprometeram o desenvolvimento do angico, podendo ser usados no plantio de A. peregrina.
N. de F. Duarte, D. Karam, E. U. Bucek, and M. R. S. Muzzi, “Tolerance of Anadenanthera Peregrina to Eucalyptus Camaldulensis and Eucalyptus Grandis Essential Oil as Condition for Mixed Plantation,” Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol. 55, pp. 417–424, Jun. 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S1516-89132012000300013.
With the purpose of selecting the species of woody Caatinga for mixed plantations with Eucalyptus spp., the allelophatic effects of E. camaldulensis and E. grandis essential oil were studied on the growth activities of Anadenanthera peregrina. The plants were closed in glass chambers in the presence of volatile oil of E. camaldulensis or E. grandis at the concentration of 13 nl.cm-3. The number of leaves, height and diameter at soil lever were compared before, immediately after and after 30 days. Chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and dry mass were evaluated after the treatment application. There was no inhibitory effect of E. camaldulensis and E. grandis oils on A. peregrina. E. camaldulensis, which was more adapted to semi-arid conditions, was planted in mixture stands with two native legume species, inoculated with Rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. E. camaldulensis did not inhibit native species growth after two years of cultivation.
P. Dube, S. Meyer, and J. L. Marnewick, “Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Different Solvent Extracts from Fermented and Green Honeybush (Cyclopia Intermedia) Plant Material,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 184–193, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.10.010.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Cyclopia intermedia is indigenous to South Africa and used to prepare honeybush herbal tea. This aromatic herbal tea has been associated with numerous health benefits, mostly based on anecdotal evidence and with very few studies reporting on the antimicrobial activities. Aim The inhibitory effect on the growth of important nosocomial microorganisms and possible association with the antioxidant capacity/content of various solvent extracts of green/unfermented and fermented honeybush plant material were determined in the current study. Materials and methods The agar disk diffusion assay was used as a screening assay for the antimicrobial activity of the various honeybush extracts, while the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, using the broth micro-dilution method, were determined against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Active antimicrobial compounds were then shown using thin layer chromatography bioautography. Total antioxidant capacities and -content were also determined for each extract, while the main phenolic compounds were quantified using HPLC. Results Six of the eight solvent extracts of honeybush showed antimicrobial activity, with the fermented and green methanol extracts being most effective against S. aureus and C. albicans respectively, whilst the green chloroform extract was most potent against S. pyogenes. Thin layer chromatography-bioautography acknowledged the existence of active antimicrobial fractions within these different solvent honeybush extracts. Regardless of the assay, the green honeybush extracts generally exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity when compared to the fermented honeybush. The total polyphenols were also observed to be highest in green extracts when using water and methanol as solvents. In general the mangiferin and hesperidin contents were higher in the green than the fermented extracts of honeybush plant material. Conclusions The inhibitory activity of the various extracts against specific microorganisms was observed to be linearly proportional to the extract concentration. Although the different solvent extracts can only be considered weak antimicrobial agents, three compounds showed specific activity and should be further elucidated in future. It appears the antioxidant capacity of the various solvent herbal extracts did not relate to the antimicrobial activities; however, further work will be required to ascertain this observation. The current data also suggested that the various extracts of honeybush can be considered a good source of a unique blend of natural phytochemical antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds and should be further elucidated.
J.-M. Dubost, V. Lamxay, S. Krief, M. Falshaw, C. Manithip, and E. Deharo, “From Plant Selection by Elephants to Human and Veterinary Pharmacopeia of Mahouts in Laos,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 244, p. 112157, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112157.
Ethnopharmacological relevance To what extent has animal observation contributed to the development of human pharmacopeias? We approach this question here through the study of mahouts’ knowledge regarding the responses by elephants to their health problems, and the human medicinal uses of plants and the care of domestic animals that result from their observations. Materials and methods 32 mahouts were interviewed in Thongmyxay district and 28 at the Elephant Conservation Center in the province of Xayabury. Interviews focused on the elephants’ diet, health problems, plant items they consume in particular physiological or pathological contexts and the treatments that mahouts provide them. For each plant mentioned, the part of the plant consumed and mode of preparation and administration if used by mahouts were recorded. Species samples were then collected and later identified by specialists. Results 114 species were recorded as being consumed by elephants during interviews with mahouts and forest outings with them to collect samples. Twenty species were identified as used by elephants in particular pathological conditions or physiological states. According to interviewed mahouts, the consumption of certain plants improves the health of the elephant. We observed clear convergences between the observations interpreted by the mahouts as self-medication behaviour from elephants and their own medicinal practices (for human and veterinary purposes). Conclusion Beyond a mere reproduction of elephant self-medication behaviours observed, the human or veterinary medicinal cares derived from these observations are the result of complex arrangements integrating all available medicinal and conceptual resources into elaborate preparations. We recommend that mahouts’ knowledge about traditional medicinal care given to elephants be further compiled, as it could have a beneficial impact on veterinary health care provided in elephant resorts and elephants’ well-being.
Z. Dudhia et al., “Cyclopia Maculata and Cyclopia Subternata (Honeybush Tea) Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes,” Phytomedicine, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 401–408, Mar. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.12.002.
The stems, leaves and flowers of Cyclopia have been consumed as a herbal tea ‘honeybush tea’ to treat various medical ailments since the 19th century. Plant polyphenols are reported to inhibit adipogenesis in cell and animal models of obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of hot water extracts of two Cyclopia species, C. maculata and C. subternata on obesity in an in vitro model. The total polyphenol content of unfermented C. subternata, unfermented C. maculata and fermented C. maculata extracts was 25.6, 22.4 and 10.8g GAE/100g, respectively. The major compounds present in the extracts were: the flavonoid, phloretin-3′,5′-di-C-glucoside in C. subternata, the xanthone, mangiferin in unfermented C. maculata and the flavanone, hesperidin in fermented C. maculata. All of the plant extracts inhibited intracellular triglyceride and fat accumulation, and decreased PPARγ2 expression. The higher concentrations of unfermented C. maculata (800 and 1600μg/ml) and C. subternata (1600μg/ml) were cytotoxic in terms of decreased mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Both fermented and unfermented C. maculata, at concentrations greater than 100μg/ml, decreased cellular ATP content. Cyclopia maculata and C. subternata inhibit adipogenesis in vitro, suggesting their potential as anti-obesity agents.
R. Dulberger, M. B. Smith, and K. S. Bawa, “The Stigmatic Orifice in Cassia, Senna, and Chamaecrista (Caesalpiniaceae): Morphological Variation, Function during Pollination, and Possible Adaptive Significance,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 81, no. 11, pp. 1390–1396, 1994.
doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1994.tb15623.x.
In species of Cassia, Senna, and Chamaecrista an orifice leading into a stigmatic cavity is present at the tip of the style. The size of the orifice, the occurrence and morphology of surrounding trichomes or papillae, and the occurrence of a drop of secretion at its outlet were recorded in 17 species belonging to the three genera of the subtribe Cassiinae. Much of the observed variation in these characters apparently reflects different modes of pollen capturing and varying degrees of secretion exposure. In some of the species studied no secretion was noticeable at the entrance to the stigmatic cavity. The unusual type of stigma in the Cassiinae does not fit into any of the recognized main groups of angiosperm stigmas. It is conjectured that in the buzz-pollinated Cassiinae species with small stigmatic orifices, the secretory material is retained within the stigmatic cavity, to be extruded by vibratory movements of the style induced by a buzzing bee. It is also hypothesized that in the wet tropics, concealment of secretory materials within a cavity prevents their washing away or dilution by rain. Furthermore, in the Cassiinae, the considerable variation in features of the style and of the stigma may function as mechanisms isolating between sympatric, visitor-sharing, concurrently blooming species.
Due to the low P nature of soils within the fynbos biome of the Cape Floristic Region, plants have developed numerous mechanisms which enable them to better acquire phosphorous. A number of species have been reported to have specialised root morphologies (root clusters, mycorrhizae) that enhance P uptake. Plants may also down-regulate the uptake of P by decreasing the expression of genes that encode P transporters. Two Fabaceae species, Podalyria calyptrata and Aspa/athus linearis, were grown in hydroponics for 5 months at a low P supply of 4μM and P-depletion studies were conducted thereafter at 5 levels of external P (4, 10, 20, 50 and lOOμM). Growth rates (biomass accumulation) were also calculated as were root to shoot ratios for both species. A. linearis had a higher uptake rate than P. calyptrata. While the fresh biomass growth rate was similar in both species, P. calyptrata had a higher dry weight root to shoot ratio than A. linearis. The results showed that both species exhibited a lack of response to increasing P concentrations and had similar RGRs. Their uptake rates differed significantly (p<0.05) and this was likely due to their different root:shoot ratios. This indicates that both species would effectively grow in low P soils and in the case of P. calyptrata, in high P soils as well.
A. Dunoma, G. A. Ajibade, and V. M. Yilwa, “Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Seven Local Government Areas of Zone A, Yobe State, Nigeria | Eastern Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences,” Eastern Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 24–44, Jul. 2023.https://qabasjournals.com/index.php/ejabs/article/view/177.
An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicine Plants in seven Local Government Area of zone A, Yobe State was carried out, with a view to document the indigenous knowledge of some medicinal plant species found in the area. Questionnaire instrument was designed; for information on demographic data, the most common ailments and plants species used in managing these ailments from seventy (70) respondents. The plant species were identified, authenticated and herbarium specimens prepared. Standard quantitative phytochemical screening protocols were adopted to determine major phytochemicals in the most commonly used plants species. From the survey, a total of Fifty four (54) plant species belonging to (29) different families were found to be useful in the treatment of common ailments. The family Fabaceae has the highest number of (12 species).Trees were mostly used and the parts of the plants used most frequently applied were the leaves and barks. Medications were mainly prepared in powdered forms and decoctions and taken orally. The questionnaires revealed that the most common ailments were pile, malaria, jaundice, typhoid, diarrhoea and ulcer in that order, and the most frequently used plant species were Acacia nilotica, Guiera senegalensis, Mitragyna innermis and Senna occidentalis respectively. Phytochemical profiles demonstrated that flavonoids, polyphenols, nitric oxide and DPPH scavenging activities in the leaves of A. nilotica, G. senegalensis, S. occidentalis and Bark of M. innermis. It is concluded that herbal medicine will continue to be a major component for health care delivery system in the community due to their biologically active compounds, availability and affordability.
S. Dutta, S. Roychoudhary, and B. K. Sarangi, “Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters for Natural Indigo Production during Fermentation of Indigofera Plant Biomass,” 3 Biotech, vol. 7, no. 5, p. 322, Sep. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s13205-017-0923-2.
Natural indigo production from Indigofera plant biomass requires fermentation of biomass, oxidation of fermented broth, settling of oxidized product (indigo), filtration and recovery. In this study, we have investigated roles of physico-chemical parameters during fermentation with respect to product yield. The study showed that water-to-biomass ratio (1:10), fermentation duration (0, 6, 12, 18, 24 h), pH (6–7.5), dissolved oxygen concentration; DO (0.5–3 mg ml−1), oxidation reduction potential ORP (+50 to −300 mV) and temperature (25–40 °C) during fermentation, oxidation and dye recovery from the broth are directly or indirectly related to indigo yield. Biomass fermentation for 12 h at 40 °C incubation temperature yields the highest biogenic indigo (2.84 mg g−1) out of the different experimental conditions.
S. Dzikiti, D. Lotter, S. Mpandeli, and L. Nhamo, “Assessing the Energy and Water Balance Dynamics of Rain-Fed Rooibos Tea Crops (Aspalathus Linearis) under Changing Mediterranean Climatic Conditions,” Agricultural Water Management, vol. 274, p. 107944, Dec. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107944.
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), a herbal tea crop and a member of the plant family Fabaceae, grows in a narrow ecological range under Mediterranean conditions in South Africa’s fynbos biome. There is growing uncertainty on the sustainability of rooibos production under rain-fed conditions in a region which is expected to get warmer and drier in future. No accurate quantitative information currently exists on how the water use, growth and yield of this crop is affected by environmental factors, especially climate and soils. This paucity of data reduces the ability of farmers to develop effective strategies to cope and adapt to the negative effects of climate variability and change. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes in the energy and water balance of rooibos fields and to establish how this relates to crop yield. An open path eddy covariance system was used to quantify the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and energy balance components over two growing seasons while sap flow was monitored using stem heat balance sap flow gauges. These data were used to develop and test a simple ETa and yield model which was applied to estimate changes in crop water use and yield under the predicted future climatic conditions. More than 36% of the annual total ETa (∼ 338 mm) was consumed during the first three months of the growing season (September to November) driven by residual soil moisture from the winter rains. Crop transpiration accounted for only 16% of ETa early in the growing season rising to almost 100% during the summer dry months. Daily peak transpiration at maximum canopy cover barely reached 1.0 mm suggesting that this crop uses very little water. Six climate change models were used to simulate crop water use and yield for the far future under the RCP 8.5 emission scenario. All the models predicted increases in both the annual ETa and yield by between 8% and 16% in the period 1961–2099. This study reveals that implementing water conservation and weed management practices early in the growing season can save substantial amounts of soil moisture which can sustain rooibos production under low rainfall conditions.
J. Dzoyem et al., “Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Four Compounds Produced by an Endophytic Fungus Epicoccum Nigrum Associated with Entada Abyssinica,” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 251–253, 2017.
doi: 10.1016/J.BJP.2016.08.011.
Four compounds including beauvericin, parahydroxybenzaldehyde, indole-3-carboxylic acid and quinizarin isolated from endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum showed that they could be developed for the formulation of antioxidant-rich therapeutic diets and as a therapeutic agent against bacterial infections. Four compounds including beauvericin, parahydroxybenzaldehyde, indole-3-carboxylic acid and quinizarin were isolated from endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum and their cytotoxicity, antibacterial and antioxidant activity were evaluated. Beauvericin had remarkable activity against two Gram-negative strains (Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhimurium) with respective MIC values of 3.12 and 6.25 μg/ml. All the compounds had weak cytotoxic effect on both normal and tumor cells. LC50 values ranged from 40.42 to 86.56 μg/ml, 31.87 to 86.57 μg/ml and 21.59 to 67.27 μg/ml on Vero cells, THP-1 and RAW 264.7 respectively. The present study showed that these compounds could be developed for the formulation of antioxidant-rich therapeutic diets and as a therapeutic agent against bacterial infections.
H. E. Ibrahim, H. G. El-Fadaliy, and N. A. El-Shanhorey, “Effect of Microwave on Seed Germination and Plant Growth in Acacia Sp. (Acacia Farnesiana and Acacia Saligna),” Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, vol. 37, no. July-September, pp. 440–450, Sep. 2016.
doi: 10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2016.2509.
This study was carried-out at Orman Garden, Horticulture Research Institute, A.R.C. Giza, Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2013 and 2014. In this study, we aimed to test the effect of different exposure time from microwave on increasing vegetative growth and chemical constituents in Acacia farnesiana and Acacia saligna seedlings. The seeds have been exposed to the microwave radiation for 0s (control), 5s, 10s, 15s, 20s and 25s in the Acacia farnesiana and seeds have been exposed to the microwave radiation for 0s (control), 10s, 20s, 30s, 40s and 50s in the Acacia saligna in the both seasons respectively. Seedlings were planted individually in 30 cm diameter plastic pots filled with 8 kg of mixture of clay and sand at the ratio of (1:1) by volume. The obtained results revealed that the exposure time from microwave showed that significantly increasing in vegetative growth and chemical constituents. From the obtained results, it could be concluded that the highest mean in Acacia farnesiana plant was scored as a result of exposure time at 5 second. Whereas, it could be concluded that the highest mean in Acacia saligna plant was scored as a result of exposure time at 10 second in the both seasons, respectively.
M. Edwards, C. Scott, M. J. Gidley, and J. S. G. Reid, “Control of Mannose/Galactose Ratio during Galactomannan Formation in Developing Legume Seeds,” Planta, vol. 187, no. 1, pp. 67–74, Apr. 1992.
doi: 10.1007/BF00201625.
Galactomannan deposition was investigated in developing endosperms of three leguminous species representative of taxonomic groups which have galactomannans with high, medium and low galactose content. These were fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.; mannose/galactose (Man/Gal) = 1.1), guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.; Man/Gal = 1.6) and Senna occidentalis (L.) Link. (Man/Gal = 3.3), respectively. Endosperms were analysed at different stages of seed development for galactomannan content and the levels, in cell-free extracts, of a mannosyltransferase and a galactosyltransferase which have been shown to catalyse galactomannan biosynthesis in vitro (M. Edwards et al., 1989, Planta 178, 41–51). There was a close correlation in each case between the levels of the biosynthetic mannosyl- and galactosyltransferases and the deposition of galactomannan. The relative in vitro activities of the mannosyl- and galactosyltransferases in fenugreek and guar were similar, and almost constant throughout the period of galactomannan deposition. In Senna the ratio mannosyltransferase/galactosyltransferase was always higher than in the other two species, and it increased substantially throughout the period of galactomannan deposition. In fenugreek and guar the galactomannans present in the endosperms of seeds at different stages of development had the Man/Gal ratios characteristic of the mature seeds. By contrast the galactomannan present in Senna endosperms at the earliest stages of deposition had a Man/Gal ratio of about 2.3. During late deposition this ratio increased rapidly, stabilising at about 3.3, the ratio characteristic of the mature seed. The levels of α-galactosidase in the developing endosperms of fenugreek and guar were low and remained fairly constant throughout the deposition of the galactomannan. In Senna, α-galactosidase activity in the endosperm was low during early galactomannan deposition, but increased subsequently, peaking during late galactomannan deposition. The developmental patterns of the α-galactosidase activity and of the increase in Man/Gal ratio of the Senna galactomannan were closely similar, indicating a cause-and-effect relationship. The endosperm α-galactosidase activity in Senna was capable, in vitro, of removing galactose from guar galactomannan without prior depolymerisation of the molecule. In fenugreek and in guar the genetic control of the Man/Gal ratio in galactomannan is not the result of a post-depositional modification, and must reside in the biosynthetic process. In Senna, the Man/Gal ratio of the primary biosynthetic galactomannan product is controlled by the biosynthetic process. Yet the final Man/Gal ratio of the galactomannan in the mature seed is, to an appreciable extent, the result of galactose removal from the primary biosynthetic product by an α-galactosidase activity which is present in the endosperm during late galactomannan deposition.
E. Eide, “Partial Characterization and Comparison of Rhizobia from Astragalus Flexuosus Glycyrrhiza Lepidota, and Trifolium Spp.,” Electronic Theses and Dissertations, Jan. 1978.https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/5588.
D. M. El Kholy, A. H. Mohamed, and A. A. F. Khafagi, “The Taxonomic Significance of Pollen and Seed Morphology in The Mimosoideae and Caesalpinoideae (Leguminosae),” Egyptian Journal of Botany, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 31–43, Jan. 2023.
doi: 10.21608/ejbo.2022.129708.1946.
POLLEN and seed morphology of 19 species representing 12 genera of the Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae was studies using light and electron microscopy. Observed variations were recorded comparatively in a data matrix and analyzed numerically by the PRIMER Ver.6 program package for cluster analysis. The ensuing dendrogram indicates the division of the speciesinto two main groups. One group includes all members of the Mimosoideae together with all three species of Senna from the Caesalpinioideae. The remaining eight species of the latter subfamily constitute the second group. Apart from the deviation of Senna from the Caesalpinioideae,the distinction between the two subfamilies seems corroborated by differences in pollen and seed morphology. Senna is distinct from Cassia and deserves generic rank. The generic concept in the two subfamilies is taxonomically sound since the group of species representing one genus are attached together before joining those of other genera. Individual genera (such as Calliandra) can be singled out by their pollen aggregations.
Acacia tortilis trees are very important in Egypt and Qatar. The tree plays an important role as a source for animals feeding, and for environmental enhancement by combating desertification and firewood. This study was carried out in, Genetic Resources Department, Biotechnology Center, Ministry of Environment, Qatar and Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank, Egypt. The aim of this study was to enhancing the responses of Acacia tortilis subspecies tortilis seeds to some chemical and physical treatments, such as Mechanical Scarification, Chemical Scarification, GA3 (Gibberellic acid), dry heat treatment, Potassium nitrate (KNO3) in solutions of water, Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), tap water and boiling water to increase germination percentage. The obtained results revealed significant differences in the germination percentage of Acacia tortilis seeds treated by different dormancy treatments, the highest germination percentage was 76 % achieved with boiling water treatment, treated seeds with 98% concentrated sulphuric acid for periods 10, 20, 25, 30 Min. enhanced germination Percentage to 33%, 67%, 70%, 75% respectively, standard germination percentage and germination rate. The lowest germination percentage with untreated seeds was observed 25%.
Selected plants (8 species) having a history of use in Sudanese traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases were investigated for antibacterial activity in vitro. Phytochemical screening of these plants was performed for constituents: alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, saponins and volatile oils. Moisture, ash, crude fibres and soluble ethanol extractive contents have been carried out. The antibacterial screening of the ethanol extracts of the selected plants was performed by the agar well diffusion method against clinical isolates Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). All the eight ethanolic extracts showed good activity against four tested bacteria. The activity of the Cymbopogon schoenathus spp. proximus aerial parts, Cymbopogon nervatus inflorescence and Cassia occidentalis seed extracts w ere more pronounced. The results of the antibacterial activity screening support the ethno medical uses of these plants. Further studies on the isolation and characterization of the Cymbopogon schoenathus spp. proximus and Cymbopogon nervatus, partially or totally responsible for the observed antibacterial properties in progress.
H. M. El-Sharkawi, K. A. Farghali, A. M. Rayan, and M AbdElwahab Dalia, “Soluble Carbohydrates Changes in Seeds of Three Senna Species Germinating Under Three Types of Stress,” Assiut University Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 1–18, Dec. 2016.
doi: 10.21608/aunj.2016.221444.
The present study aims to investigate the effects of osmotic water potential, (Ψs), temperature (T) and zinc (Zn) addition to the seed incubation medium to evaluate the effects of their interactions on the germination processes of seeds in three plant species of different ecological affiliation. These species were namely: Senna alexandrina Mill, Senna italica Mill (native to hot deserts) and Senna occidentalis (L.)Link (a wild mesophytic plant). Conversions of potentially water soluble (storage) carbon metabolites in storage organs of seeds into soluble forms and allocation into the embryonic axis which contribute to osmotic potential adjustment were studied. Addition of zinc improved the adjustment of radicles to water deficiency conditions through increasing the allocation of water soluble metabolites into the radicles and hence increasing the osmotic potentials of radicles. Also, zinc induced additional adaptation of the plants to extreme temperatures through increasing total osmotically active metabolic fractions in the radicle. The statistical analysis indicated that, the trifactorial interaction (Ψs x T x Zn) exhibited the major effect on the metabolic conversions in the three species.
The best value of germination percentage was recorded when seeds of Acacia tortilis subspecies, raddiana from Elba, were conserved in base room at -22 ⁰C for 24 months, and germinability and viability of two wild economic native Acacia species were studied. In Egyptian deserts, Acacia tortilis trees play an important role for biodiversity and Bedouins populations, where they used as source of animal fodder, timber, fuel wood, charcoal, gums and other products as well as contributing to soil stabilization of sand dunes. This work aimed to study the effect of storage conditions and storage periods of preservation in gene bank on germinability and viability of two wild economic native Acacia species, which were collected from two different regions of the Egyptian deserts (Wadi Tekuila - Gabel Elba - Red Sea) and (Gabel El-Halal -North Sinai, Sinai). In these areas, Acacia tortilis trees showed high densities and form forest wadis. Acacia plants are exposed to stresses in their natural habitats as insects which feed on their seeds, anthropogenic pressures and the inability of seeds to germinate normally due to some kinds of seed dormancy. The best value of germination percentage (45%) was recorded when seeds of Acacia tortilis subspecies. raddiana from Elba, were conserved in base room at -22 ⁰C for 24 months.
I. L. Elisha and A. Viljoen, “Trends in Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus Linearis) Research (1994–2018): A Scientometric Assessment,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 137, pp. 159–170, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2020.10.004.
This bibliometric assessment aimed to gain insight into the publication landscape over a 25-year period on one of South Africa’s most coveted indigenous plants, Aspalathus linearis, known in commerce as rooibos tea. Despite the growing global market, and acceptance as a refreshing and health-promoting tea, scientific publications on rooibos, have not been subjected to scientometric analyses. A total of 421 relevant documents spanning the period 1994-2018 as indexed in the Scopus database were considered using VOSviewer. The global publication contribution on rooibos tea shows an average annual growth rate of 27.2%, and citation impact averaged 30 per publication. South African authors dominated the research landscape, contributing to approximately 60% of the total publication output. Prominent research themes include oxidative stress and inflammatory process mitigation using rooibos tea extracts, agronomy and fair trade in the rooibos tea industry, metabolic syndrome research, antioxidant activity, toxicity, quality control of rooibos tea and formulated products. More recently, a research focus has developed around bioavailability evaluation of rooibos tea components, green synthesis and nanoparticle formulations with the aim of improving the efficacy and potency of rooibos tea in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. We propose that research attention should be devoted to the mechanistic action of rooibos metabolites in mitigation of infectious diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and obesity which will inevitably lay the foundation for clinical studies to proceed.
G. N. Elliott et al., “Nodulation of Cyclopia Spp. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) by Burkholderia Tuberum,” Annals of Botany, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 1403–1411, Dec. 2007.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcm227.
Species of the genus Burkholderia, from the Betaproteobacteria, have been isolated from legume nodules, but so far they have only been shown to form symbioses with species of Mimosa, sub-family Mimosoideae. This work investigates whether Burkholderia tuberum strains STM678 (isolated from Aspalathus carnosa) and DUS833 (from Aspalathus callosa) can nodulate species of the South African endemic papilionoid genera Cyclopia (tribe Podalyrieae) and Aspalathus (Crotalarieae) as well as the promiscuous legume Macroptilium atropurpureum (Phaseoleae).Bacterial strains and the phylogeny of their symbiosis-related (nod) genes were examined via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Seedlings were grown in liquid culture and inoculated with one of the two strains of B. tuberum or with Sinorhizobium strain NGR 234 (from Lablab purpureus), Mesorhizobium strain DUS835 (from Aspalathus linearis) or Methylobacterium nodulans (from Crotalaria podocarpa). Some nodules, inoculated with green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged strains, were examined by light and electron microscopy coupled with immunogold labelling with a Burkholderia-specific antibody. The presence of active nitrogenase was checked by immunolabelling of nitrogenase and by the acetylene reduction assay. B. tuberum STM678 was also tested on a wide range of legumes from all three sub-families.Nodules were not formed on any of the Aspalathus spp. Only B. tuberum nodulated Cyclopia falcata, C. galioides, C. genistoides, C. intermedia and C. pubescens. It also effectively nodulated M. atropurpureum but no other species tested. GFP-expressing inoculant strains were located inside infected cells of C. genistoides, and bacteroids in both Cyclopia spp. and M. atropurpureum were immunogold-labelled with antibodies against Burkholderia and nitrogenase. Nitrogenase activity was also shown using the acetylene reduction assay. This is the first demonstration that a β-rhizobial strain can effectively nodulate papilioinoid legumes.Papilionoid legumes from widely different tribes can be nodulated by β-rhizobia, forming both indeterminate (Cyclopia) and determinate (Macroptilium) nodules.
Emmanuel AMODU et al., “Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology of the Igala Kingdom in Kogi East, Nigeria,” TAIWANIA, vol. 65, no. 2, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.6165/tai.2020.65.199.
An ethnographic study was conducted from January to August 2018 in nine villages of the Igala kingdom located at Kogi East in Nigeria. The study aimed at identifying the plants used in the preparation of medicine, food, tools and utensils, myth, and legend using oral interviews and group discussions with experienced adults between the ages of 25 to 85 years. Information was gathered on a total number of 96 plants from 108 respondents in which 17.6 % were teachers, 66.7% were farmers, 4.6% were hunters, and 11.1% were herbalists. The study revealed that 49.5% of the plants collected are used as medicines, 28.4% as food, 12.6% for furniture, simple tools and utensils, and 9.5% for myth and legend. The present study also revealed that the leaves and stems of plants are the most used parts by the Igala people. They majorly used these plant parts for medicine and food in which over 24 ailments are identified in this work using indigenous phytotherapy as a curative remedy. Decoctions were used in most cases for the preparation of herbal remedies. The use of plants as therapeutic agents is an essential aspect of traditional indigenous medicine within the Igala kingdom because they have a common belief that all food is medicine. Their regards for plants are very high to the extent that plants are involved whenever sacrifices and communications are to be made to their gods and other mystical beings.
M. C. Engelbrecht, W. A. Smit, and P. S. Knox-Davies, “Damping·off of Rooibos Tea, Aspalathus Linearis.”
Key words: Aspalathus linearis. rooibos tea, Fusarium chlamydosporum. seed treatment, damping-off. A study was made of damping-off, an important disease in commercial rooibos tea seedbeds. Rooibos tea seeds were plated on agar media. Many saprophytic bacteria and fungi developed from those that had been mechanically scarified or scarified with H2S04 for growers, but no organisms developed from seeds scarified with H2S04 in the laboratory. Damping-off developed when clean seed was sown in unsterilized soil from an affected seedbed, but disease incidence was reduced in leached soil. No disease developed in leached, autoc1aved soil. Fusarium chlamydosporum was frequently isolated from diseased seedlings, with Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum occurring less commonly. Seedlings damped off when F. chlamydosporum was used to inoculate H2S04-scarified seeds sown in leached, autoclaved soil. Seed gennination on PDA was reduced by captab, but increased by thiralfl dust treatments. Thiram and benomyl dust treatments gave good control of damping-off in leached, unsterilized soil. It is recommended that hard seeds should be scarified with H2SO. and that all seeds should be treated with thiram or benomyl dust.
L. M. Erasmus, K. A. Theron, M. Muller, M. Van der Rijst, and E. Joubert, “Optimising High-Temperature Oxidation of Cyclopia Species for Maximum Development of Characteristic Aroma Notes of Honeybush Herbal Tea Infusions,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 144–151, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.05.014.
The effect of oxidation temperature and time on the sensory characteristics of Cyclopia genistoides, C. subternata, C. maculata and C. longifolia was investigated to establish the optimum temperature × time combination for production of high quality honeybush herbal tea. The plant material was subjected to high-temperature oxidation (also known as “fermentation”) at 80°C and 90°C for 8, 16, 24 and 32h. Descriptive sensory analysis was used to establish changes in the intensities of aroma, taste and mouthfeel attributes. The major positive aroma attributes, “fynbos-floral” and “fynbos-sweet”, were consistently high for all species, irrespective of fermentation temperature and can thus be considered defining aroma attributes of honeybush tea. Other positive aroma attributes such as “apricot/apricot jam” and “woody” contributed to species-specific profiles. No “new” sensory attributes developed during fermentation, the positive and negative sensory attributes were merely intensified and reduced, respectively. In general, these herbal teas became more “sweet” and “floral” with increasing fermentation time, while the “green” aroma notes decreased considerably, especially when the plant material was fermented for 16h and longer. Fermentation for 32h, as opposed to 24h, mostly did not improve the sensory profiles of the infusions. Hence, considering cost of heating and production through-put, fermentation time should be limited to 24h. Minor manipulation of the positive aroma profile can be achieved by changing the fermentation conditions from 80°C/24h to 90°C/16h. The “rose geranium” aroma was more prominent in C. subternata and C. genistoides infusions, reaching low, but detectable, intensity levels when the plant material was fermented at 80°C/24h. Infusions of C. genistoides and C. longifolia had a prominent bitter taste when fermentation time was limited to 8h. Longer fermentation times were effective in reducing bitterness to acceptable levels in C. longifolia, but not in C. genistoides.
E. E. Essien, P. S. Thomas, R. Ascrizzi, W. N. Setzer, and G. Flamini, “Senna Occidentalis (L.) Link and Senna Hirsuta (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby: Constituents of Fruit Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity,” Natural Product Research, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1637–1640, Jun. 2019.
doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1425842.
Senna occidentalis and S. hirsuta are mostly gathered from the wild for medicinal use and have a disagreeable odour when crushed. The volatile oils isolated from fresh fruits of S. occidentalis and S. hirsuta were subjected to gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and antimicrobial assays. GC and GC-MS analyses permitted the identification of 58 constituents. S. occidentalis oil was dominated by cyperene (10.8%), β-caryophyllene (10.4%), limonene (8.0%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.8%). The main components of S. hirsuta fruit oil were benzyl benzoate (24.7%), τ-cadinol (18.9%), 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (14.6%) and β-caryophyllene (5.1%). S. occidentalis fruit oil exhibited better antimicrobial activity (MIC 78–312 μg/mL) against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger compared with S. hirsuta oil. The compositions and the activities of the fruit essential oils of S. occidentalis and S. hirsuta are reported for the first time.
E. E. Essien, T. M. Walker, I. A. Ogunwande, A. Bansal, W. N. Setzer, and O. Ekundayo, “Volatile Constituents, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Potentials of Three Senna Species from Nigeria,” Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 722–730, Jan. 2011.
doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2011.10643995.
The chemical composition of the volatile oils of Senna alata (Linn.) Roxb., Senna occidentalis (Linn.) Link and Senna hirsuta (Linn.) Irwin and Barneby (Fabaceae) were investigated. The oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed for their constituents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Altogether, seventy three compounds were identified in the oils. The main components of S. alata essential oil were ar-turmerone (13.5 %), β-caryophyllene (7.3 %), (E)-phytol (7.0 %) and 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (6.8 %). (E)-phytol (26.0 %), hexadecanoic acid (17.3 %), 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (9.9 %) were the quantitatively significant constituents in S. occidentalis; while (E)-phytol (30.8 %) and pentadecanal (21.7 %) were the main components of S. hirsuta essential oil. The occurrence of (E)-phytol and 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone in the studied species may be of chemotaxonomic interest. Senna alata and S. occidentalis essential oils were found to be cytotoxic, inhibiting the growth of Hs 578T human tumor breast cell lines. However, all volatile oils displayed only moderate antimicrobial activities to the assayed standard strains of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.
P. K. Evans, “Indigofera Spp.,” in Legumes and Oilseed Crops I, Y. P. S. Bajaj, Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1990, pp. 645–657.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-74448-8_30.
Indigofera is a large genus containing some 800 species within the family Leguminosae. As a genus it is best known for the indigo plant, from which the dye indigo is obtained. Many of the species are annual or perennial herbs, but some are shrubs, whilst others grow to small trees. Members of the genus are widespread in tropical and subtropical areas, particularly the Sino-Indian region, but they are also found in the tropics of both America and Africa. Indeed, the genus Indigofera is one of the largest and most widely distributed in South Africa. Many of the species are adapted to semi-dry areas, and species are characteristically found in open and waste places, along roadsides and in grass and brushwood (Allen and Allen 1981).
J. H. Everitt, “Germination of Mescal Bean (Sophora Secundiflora) Seeds,” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 437–443, 1983.
doi: 10.2307/3670824.
Germination of mescal bean seeds is restricted by an impermeable seed coat. Soaking seeds in concentrated sulfuric acid for 15-90 min increased germination from 64-72%. Germination was ≥ 71% at constant temperatures of 20, 25, and 30°C, and at alternating temperatures of 15-25 and 20-30°C. Germination and radicle length were sensitive to osmotic potentials of polyethylene glycol solutions of -1 bars, and no germination occurred at -8 bars. Percent germination and seedling radicle length were significantly reduced in an aqueous solution 2,500 ppm NaCl and were progressively delayed by increasing salinity up to 10,000 ppm. The osmotic potentials of the NaCl solutions had little effect on germination. Seed germinated over a wide pH range; however, at pH 2 and 12, percent germination was significantly reduced. Radicle elongation was slightly more sensitive to extreme acid conditions than germination. Light was not required for germination and no dormancy mechanisms were observed other than the hard seed coats. Seed viability was not significantly reduced after storage of seeds at room conditions for 2 yr. Optimum mescal been seedling emergence occurred when seeds were covered with 1 or 2 cm of soil.
J. H. Everitt and H. W. Gausman, “Germination of Illinois Brundleflower and Velvet Brundleflower Seeds,” Subtropical plant science., vol. 37, pp. 43–48, Jan. 1984.
A. N. Fabara and M. W. Fraaije, “An Overview of Microbial Indigo-Forming Enzymes,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 925–933, 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s00253-019-10292-5.
Indigo is one of the oldest textile dyes and was originally prepared from plant material. Nowadays, indigo is chemically synthesized at a large scale to satisfy the demand for dyeing jeans. The current indigo production processes are based on fossil feedstocks; therefore, it is highly attractive to develop a more sustainable and environmentally friendly biotechnological process for the production of this popular dye. In the past decades, a number of natural and engineered enzymes have been identified that can be used for the synthesis of indigo. This mini-review provides an overview of the various microbial enzymes which are able to produce indigo and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each biocatalytic system.
P. A. de S. Fagundes, K. É. M. Zortéa, A. P. Roveda, G. A. de Paiva, R. C. dos Santos, and A. A. B. Rossi, “Índice Meiótico E Viabilidade Polínica De Senna Occidentalis (l.) Link.,” Nativa, vol. 11, no. 2, Aug. 2023.
doi: 10.31413/nat.v11i2.14541.
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link is a subshrub belonging to the Fabaceae family, popularly known as fedegoso, it is an invasive species with great biological potential for medicinal use. This study aimed to evaluate the meiotic index, pollen viability and cytochemical composition of S. occidentalis pollen grains. Flower buds were collected from 20 individuals of fedegoso in the municipality of Alta Floresta, MT. The dyes, 2% acetic carmine, Alexander’s reagent, lugol and sudan IV were used to estimate the meiotic index (MI), pollen viability, and the presence of starch and lipid as a reserve substance. The MI presented an average of 93.5%, presenting triads as the most frequent abnormality. The pollen viability for both dyes used presented a percentage above 94%. The cytochemical analysis by means of colorimetric tests allowed to verify the starch and the lipid as reserve material of the pollen grain of fedegoso. The MI presented by the species was greater than 90%, which indicates meiotic stability, being corroborated by the high viability of the pollen.
P. A. de S. Fagundes, K. É. M. Zortéa, A. P. Roveda, G. A. de Paiva, R. C. dos Santos, and A. A. B. Rossi, “Sistema Reprodutivo E Potencial De Hibridação Entre Espécies Simpatricas De Senna (fabaceae) Em Ambiente De Cerrado | Enciclopedia Biosfera,” Nativa, vol. 11, no. 2, Aug. 2023.
doi: 10.31413/nat.v11i2.14541.
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link is a subshrub belonging to the Fabaceae family, popularly known as fedegoso, it is an invasive species with great biological potential for medicinal use. This study aimed to evaluate the meiotic index, pollen viability and cytochemical composition of S. occidentalis pollen grains. Flower buds were collected from 20 individuals of fedegoso in the municipality of Alta Floresta, MT. The dyes, 2% acetic carmine, Alexander’s reagent, lugol and sudan IV were used to estimate the meiotic index (MI), pollen viability, and the presence of starch and lipid as a reserve substance. The MI presented an average of 93.5%, presenting triads as the most frequent abnormality. The pollen viability for both dyes used presented a percentage above 94%. The cytochemical analysis by means of colorimetric tests allowed to verify the starch and the lipid as reserve material of the pollen grain of fedegoso. The MI presented by the species was greater than 90%, which indicates meiotic stability, being corroborated by the high viability of the pollen.
Z. I. Fahmi, E. Purwanto, and D. Purnomo, “Hot Water and Sulfuric Acid Solution for Increasing The Viability and Vigor of Indigofera (Indigofera Zollingeriana),” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 466, no. 1, p. 012020, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/466/1/012020.
Indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana) is a multi-benefit plant, two of them are for natural dyes and livestock feed supplement. Indigofera seeds are hard and thick-coated so that the germination percentage is low and not grow in simultaneously. This study aimed to obtain an effective and practical method of increasing seed viability and vigor was carried out from March to May 2019 at the BBTP Central Java. The research used a completely randomized design, consisted 9 treatments(control, soaked in hot water by 80 and 100°C then leave it for 24 hours, and soaked in a solution of H2SO4 95% for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes) and 4 replications. The germination method used the top of paper with filter paper media. The results showed that soaking the seeds in hot water and sulfuric acid solutions significantly increased germination, maximum growth potential, vigor index, and growth rate. Soaking seeds in a 95% H2SO4 solution for 10 minutes increased the germination of the seeds (84%), maximum growth potential (91%), vigor index (69%), and growth rate by (13.81% etmal−1). The finding concludes that the best treatment was soaking seed in H2SO4 solution for 10 minutes, and longer soaking time (> 50 minutes) will decrease all parameters.
O. O. Fajinmi, O. O. Olarewaju, and J. Van Staden, “Propagation of Medicinal Plants for Sustainable Livelihoods, Economic Development, and Biodiversity Conservation in South Africa,” Plants, vol. 12, no. 5, p. 1174, Jan. 2023.
doi: 10.3390/plants12051174.
South Africa is blessed with vast plant resources and unique vegetation types. Indigenous South African medicinal plants have been well-harnessed to generate income in rural communities. Many of these plants have been processed into natural products to heal a variety of diseases, making them valuable export commodities. South Africa has one of the most effective bio-conservation policies in Africa, which has protected the South African indigenous medicinal vegetation. However, there is a strong link between government policies for biodiversity conservation, the propagation of medicinal plants as a source of livelihood, and the development of propagation techniques by research scientists. Tertiary institutions nationwide have played a crucial role in the development of effective propagation protocols for valuable South African medicinal plants. The government-restricted harvest policies have also helped to nudge natural product companies and medicinal plant marketers to embrace the cultivated plants for their medicinal uses, and thus have helped support the South African economy and biodiversity conservation. Propagation methods used for the cultivation of the relevant medicinal plants vary according to plant family and vegetation type, among others. Plants from the Cape areas, such as the Karoo, are often resuscitated after bushfires, and propagation protocols mimicking these events have been established through seed propagation protocols with controlled temperatures and other conditions, to establish seedlings of such plants. Thus, this review highlights the role of the propagation of highly utilized and traded medicinal plants in the South African traditional medicinal system. Some valuable medicinal plants that sustain livelihoods and are highly sought-after as export raw materials are discussed. The effect of South African bio-conservation registration on the propagation of these plants and the roles of the communities and other stakeholders in the development of propagation protocols for highly utilized and endangered medicinal plants are also covered. The role of various propagation methods on the bioactive compounds’ composition of medicinal plants and issues of quality assurance are addressed. The available literature, media online news, newspapers, and other resources, such as published books and manuals, were scrutinized for information.
false.email@globaltrees.org and D. H. Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) (Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI), “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Anadenanthera Peregrina,” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Jun. 2018.https://www.iucnredlist.org/en.
Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.
B. Fang, S. Yu, Y. Wang, X. Qiu, C. Cai, and S. Liu, “Allelopathic Effects of Eucalyptus Urophylla on Ten Tree Species in South China,” Agroforestry Systems, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 401–408, Jun. 2009.
doi: 10.1007/s10457-008-9184-8.
Aqueous leaf leachate and leaf volatile of Eucalyptus urophylla were used to investigate their effects on seed germination and seedling growth of seven native tree species (Cinnamomum burmanni, Cryptocarya concinna, Machilus chinensis, Photinia benthamiana, Pygeum topengii, Diospyros morrisiana and Pterospermum lanceaefolium) and three exotic tree species (Acacia confusa, Albizia lebbeck and Albizia falcataria). It was revealed that aqueous leaf leachate suppressed the seed germination and seedling growth of Photinia benthamiana, Pygeum topengii, Diospyros morrisiana and Pterospermum lanceaefolium. In case of Cryptocarya concinna, leaf leachate decreased only the seed germination. Leaf volatile concentration beyond 250 g per desiccator had a significant suppression effect on germination of Cinnamomum burmanni, Cryptocarya concinna, Machilus chinensis, Diospyros morrisiana and Pterospermum lanceaefolium. The seedlings growth for most species was affected at concentration of 50 g and above, with the exception of Cryptocarya concinna, Pygeum topengii and Albizia falcataria which were not obviously suppressed at 50 or 150 g leaf weight. However, the growth of Pterospermum lanceaefolium remained uninhibitory till when volatile at the concentration of 350 g leaf weight was applied. From the result it can be concluded that the allelochemical effects of the donor varies with the dose applied, and species respond differently to allelochemical released by the Eucalyptus.
K. A. Farghali, “Diurnal Variations of Chlorophyll and Dry Matter Contents of Senna Occidentalis in Response to Zinc and Soil Moisture,” Biologia Plantarum, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 419–424, Nov. 1997.
doi: 10.1023/A:1001126316498.
The effect of concentration of zinc ions on chlorophyll (Chl) and dry matter contents in Senna occidentalis (L.) Link plants was studied under various availability of soil water. Diurnally, the internal Zn2+ content was predominantly affected by supplied Zn2+ and by daytime (Tm). Chl content, Chl a/b ratio, and Chl stability to heat were mainly affected by soil water content, and the dry matter content depended mostly on Tm.
S. Farooq1, *S. Naz1, S. N. Khan1, and A. Khan2, “Herbicidal Potential of Azadirachta Indica Leaves Extract against Achyranthes Aspera and Senna Occidentalis,” MYCOPATH, vol. 11, no. 2, Aug. 2014.http://111.68.103.26/journals/index.php/mycopath/article/view/385.
In vitro herbicidal potential of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. leaf extracts @ 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 g 100 mL -1 was evaluated against Achyranthes aspera L. and Senna occidentalis L. Data revealed that all the concentrations inhibited seed germination and root, shoot growth with the most marked inhibition being achieved by the 10 g 100 mL -1 concentration. Germination was suppressed by 7 - 59% in case of A. aspera and by 3 - 41% in S. occidentalis. Shoot length was reduced by 2 - 12 mm and by 3 - 12 mm where as root length was declined by 5 - 23 mm and 2 - 11 mm for A. aspera and S .occidentalis, respectively. The herbicidal effect of the extracts against the test weeds seemed to be directly proportional with concentrations.
S. C. Faulconbridge, “Propagating Some Commonly-Used South African Medicinal Plants with Compost and Vermitea.”
P. A. Fay, H. W. Polley, and V. L. Jin, “Aboveground Net Primary Productivity and Rainfall Use Efficiency of Grassland on Three Soils after Two Years of Exposure to a Subambient to Superambient CO2 Gradient.,” vol. 2008, pp. B43A–0412, Dec. 2008.https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.B43A0412F.
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations (CA) have increased by about 100 μL L-1 over the last 250 years to ~ 380 μL L-1, the highest values in the last half-million years, and CA is expected to continue to increase to greater than 500 μL L-1 by 2100. CO2 enrichment has been shown to affect many ecosystem processes, but experiments typically examine only two or a few levels of CA, and are typically constrained to one soil type. However, soil hydrologic properties differ across the landscape. Therefore, variation in the impacts of increasing CA on ecosystem function on different soil types must be understood to model and forecast ecosystem function under future CA and climate scenarios. Here we evaluate the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of grassland plots receiving equal rainfall inputs (from irrigation) and exposed to a continuous gradient (250 to 500 μL L-1) of CA in the Lysimeter CO2 Gradient Experiment in central Texas, USA. Sixty intact soil monoliths (1 m2 x 1.5 m deep) taken from three soil types (Austin silty clay, Bastrop sandy loam, Houston clay) and planted to seven native tallgrass prairie grasses and forbs were exposed to the CA gradient beginning in 2006. Aboveground net primary productivity was assessed by end of season (November) harvest of each species in each monolith. Total ANPP of all species was 35 to 50% greater on Bastrop and Houston soils compared to Austin soils in both years (p < 0.0001), suggesting greater rainfall use efficiency on these soils despite lower water holding capacity of the Bastrop soils. On the Austin soil, grasses produced 2.7 fold more biomass than forbs, compared to only 30% more grass biomass on the Houston soil (p = 0.002), suggesting that grass dominance of community and ecosystem processes differed strongly among the soils. Total ANPP was strongly responsive to the CO2 gradient, with mean ANPP increasing from 260 g m- 2 at 250 μL L-1 CA to 455 g m-2 at 500 μL L-1 (p< 0.0001), suggesting greater overall rainfall use efficiency with increased CA. Individual species showed varying responses among soils to the CO2 gradient (p < 0.0001). Biomass of the grasses Sorghastrum nutans and Schizachyrium scoparium and the forb Solidago canadensis strongly increased with increasing CA, with S. nutans responding more strongly on Bastrop and Houston soils (p = 0.053), indicating that increased greater rainfall use efficiency at high CA on these productive soils was associated with increased dominance by these species. In contrast, the grass Bouteloua curtipendula decreased in biomass with increasing CA, especially on Austin and Bastrop soils. The least productive species were the grass Tridens albescens, the legume Desmanthus illinoensis, and the forb Salvia azurea, and these showed no detectable response to CA. No species switched the sign of its response to CA among the soils. Thus, four of the seven species determined the ANPP and rainfall use efficiency responses to CA among the three soils. Interactions between soils and CA have important consequences for the productivity, rainfall use efficiency, and species composition of grassland under future atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Z. Feng, P. G. Hartel, R. W. Roncadori, and S.-J. S. Sung, “Inhibition of Fungal Colonization on the Rhizoplane of the CS2-Producing Plant, Mimosa Pudica L.,” in Root Demographics and Their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems: Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of the International Society of Root Research, Held 14–18 July 1996 at Madren Conference Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA, J. E. Box, Ed. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998, pp. 115–126.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_9.
Carbon disulfide (CS2) is a colourless, volatile, foul-smelling, fungicidal liquid that is produced by some plants. We determined the ability of a model CS2-producing plant, Mimosa pudica, to affect the rhizoplane colonisation of six species of soil fungi. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), a plant which does not produce CS2, was the control. In plate assays, the mycelia of Fusarium moniliforme, Pythium aphanidermatum, Phytophthora sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Trichoderma viride showed variable responses to CS2, but all mycelia were inhibited by 4 µg CS2 ml-1. Inhibition of spore germination of F. moniliforme, P. aphanidermatum and T. viride was similar to mycelial inhibition. When gnotobiotic tomato or M pudica plants were inoculated with F. moniliforme or T. viride, spore counts were similar in the nonrhizosphere, but 10- to 100-fold lower on the rhizoplane of M pudica than those of tomato. When the roots of 11-d-old gnotobiotic tomato or M pudica plants were each inoculated separately with one of the six fungal species, abundant hyphae of all six fungal species were observed on the roots of tomato after 7 days. In contrast, roots of M pudica showed many or abundant hyphae of R. solani and S. rolfsii but no or few hyphae of the remaining species. These observations were confirmed by ergosterol analysis. Plant-generated CS2 may account for this decreased fungal colonisation, although other compounds may also be responsible.
A. J. Feni, “The Sustainability of Biochar Use.”
Biochar is a plant-based material that has been extensively studied for its potential in soil remediation, plant growth, and addressing industrial issues like water purification and climate change mitigation. However, there are two main challenges to its application in agriculture, that is, a lack of researchbased outside Africa, and the interdependence of food, energy, and water resources.
J. M. Feres, A. G. Nazareno, L. Borges, M. C. Guidugli, F. Bonifacio-Anacleto, and A. L. Alzate-Marin, “Depicting the Mating System and Patterns of Contemporary Pollen Flow in Trees of the Genus Anadenanthera (Fabaceae),” PeerJ, 2021.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.10579.
The importance of evaluating both mating system and contemporary gene flow for a better understanding of the biology of Anadenanthera species is highlighted to ensure the effective conservation and management practices of these plant species. Anadenanthera (Fabaceae) is endemic to the Neotropics and consists of two tree species: A. colubrina (Vell.) Brenan and A. peregrina (L.) Speg. This study examined the mating system and contemporary gene flow of A. colubrina (Acol) and A. peregrina (Aper) in a highly fragmented area of the Atlantic Forest to provide valuable information that informs conservation strategies. Reproductive adults from forest remnants [nA. colubrina = 30 (2.7 ha), nA. peregrina = 55 (4.0 ha)] and progeny-arrays (nA. colubrina = 322, nA. peregrina = 300) were genotyped for seven nuclear microsatellite markers. Mating system analyses revealed that A. colubrina is a mixed mating species (tm = 0.619) while A. peregrina is a predominantly outcrossing species (tm = 0.905). For both Anadenanthera species, high indices of biparental inbreeding were observed (Acol = 0.159, Aper = 0.216), resulting in low effective pollination neighborhood sizes. Categorical paternity analysis revealed different scales of pollen dispersal distance: the majority of crossings occurring locally (i.e., between nearby trees within the same population), with moderate pollen dispersal coming from outside the forest fragments boundaries (Acolmp = 30%, Apermp = 35%). Nevertheless, pollen immigration from trees outside the populations for both species suggests that the populations are not reproductively isolated. This study highlights the importance of evaluating both mating system and contemporary gene flow for a better understanding of the biology of Anadenanthera species. This information should be considered to ensure the effective conservation and management practices of these plant species.
J. M. Feres, M. Monteiro, M. I. Zucchi, J. B. Pinheiro, M. A. Mestriner, and A. L. Alzate-Marin, “Development of Microsatellite Markers for Anadenanthera Colubrina (Leguminosae), a Neotropical Tree Species,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 99, no. 4, pp. e154–e156, 2012.
doi: 10.3732/ajb.1100446.
• Premise of the study: We developed and characterized nuclear microsatellite markers for Anadenanthera colubrina, a tropical tree species widely distributed in South America. • Methods and Results: Leaf samples of mature A. colubrina trees, popularly called “angico,” were collected from an area that is greatly impacted by agricultural practices in the region of Ribeirão Preto in São Paulo State in southeastern Brazil. Twenty simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed, 14 of which had polymorphic loci. A total of 96 alleles were detected with an average of 6.86 alleles per polymorphic locus. The expected heterozygosity, calculated at polymorphic loci, ranged from 0.18 to 0.83. Finally, we demonstrated that 18 loci were cross-amplified in A. peregrina. • Conclusions: A total of 14 polymorphic markers suggest a high potential for genetic diversity, gene flow, and mating system analyses in A. colubrina.
H. E. Fernandes, T. F. Santana, K. P. Cabral, E. A. L. Erasmo, and P. B. Souza, “Avaliação Dos Diferentes Níveis De Sombreamento Na Germinação De Sementes De Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg,” Biodiversidade, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 62–70, 2018.https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/229915788.pdf.
Among the physical factors of the environment, light certainly plays an important role in the germination of seeds, contributing in an effective way to the growth of the plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of shading on the germination of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg seeds. The experiment was conducted for 30 days in the forest nursery of the Experimental Station of the Federal University of Tocantins-UFT, Campus de Gurupi. After the collection, processing and selection of viable seeds, sowing was carried out in polyethylene plastic bags, having substrate soil and sand in the proportion 1: 1. The treatments were: T1- Shading screen 70%; T2- Shading screen 50%; T3- Shading screen 35% and T4- Full Sun (Witness). The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of 4 replicates, where each replicate was composed of 25 seeds. The following parameters evaluated were: percentage of germination (G%), rate of germination (IVG) and mean time of germination of seeds (TMG). The evaluated parameters did not obtain statistically different results in the different levels of shading tested. However, it was observed that the seeds of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg germinated in different levels of shade from full sun to 70% shading, inferring that the species has feasibility of using in conservation practices or recovery of degraded areas.
L. Fernandez-Pacella, “Pollen Morphology of Species of Genus Senna (Fabales: Fabaceae) in Southeast Ibera, Corrientes, Argentina,” Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 769–782, Jun. 2014.
doi: 10.15517/rbt.v62i2.9159.
K. Ferreira, G. A. Torres, S. M. de Sousa, and A. C. P. dos Santos, “Karyotype, Meiotic Behavior and Pollen Features of Senna Occidentalis,” Biologia, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 789–795, Oct. 2010.
doi: 10.2478/s11756-010-0080-0.
Meiotic behavior, pollen morphology, interphasic nucleus pattern and karyotype description for Senna occidentalis (Caesalpinioideae — Fabaceae) are presented. The species had non-reticulate interphasic nucleus and homogeneous chromosome condensing with minute distal late-condensing portions in prometaphase. In mitotic metaphase, chromosome number was 2n = 28 (9 m + 5 sm), with secondary constriction in one chromosome pair. Detection of four nucleoli indicated existence of two chromosome pairs bearing Nucleolar Organizer Region (NOR). Meiotic behavior was regular, with high meiotic index (95%). Pollen grains, classified as polar/spheroidal, presented 90% viability.
D. Ferreira, B. I. Kamara, E. V. Brandt, and E. Joubert, “Phenolic Compounds from Cyclopia Intermedia (Honeybush Tea). 1,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 3406–3410, Sep. 1998.
doi: 10.1021/jf980258x.
The processed leaves and stems of Cyclopia intermedia contain 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, the isoflavones formononetin, afrormosin, calycosin, pseudobaptigen, and fujikinetin, the flavanones naringenin, eriodictyol, hesperitin, and hesperidin, the coumestans medicagol, flemichapparin, and sophoracoumestan B, the xanthones mangiferin and isomangiferin, the flavone luteolin, and the inositol (+)-pinitol. Keywords: Cyclopia intermedia; Fabaceae; honeybush tea; isoflavonoids; flavonoids; xanthones; coumestans; health beverage
G. Ferreira, E. Dedea, and C. V. Tonder, “Review of the Regulatory and Policy Framework Relating to the Harvesting of Wild Honeybush (Cylopia Spp.),” Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, Cape Town, Mar. 2017.
A. Fidelis, L. F. Daibes, and A. R. Martins, “To Resist or to Germinate? The Effect of Fire on Legume Seeds in Brazilian Subtropical Grasslands,” Acta Botanica Brasilica, vol. 30, pp. 147–151, 2016-Jan-Mar.
doi: 10.1590/0102-33062015abb0187.
Fire plays an important role in several grassland ecosystems in the world. Fire can trigger germination in several species, by breaking the physical dormancy of their seeds. Thus, we hypothesized that exposure to high temperatures during fire would break seed dormancy and enhance germination. We tested the effect of high temperatures on the germination of six species of legumes from Brazilian subtropical grasslands. We used heat shock experiments with the following treatments: 60, 90, 120 and 150ºC for one minute. Seeds were then placed to germinate for 60 days in 12/12 hours light/dark and 20/30ºC. Germination was generally low for all study species. Most species was not affected by heat shock treatments. However, Stylosanthes montevidensis was the only species that had its physical dormancy broken when exposed to 120ºC. The seeds of all the other species were neither stimulated nor killed by high temperatures. Although the exposure to high temperatures did not affect the germination of the study species (except for one), it also did not kill seeds, thereby showing that seeds are resistant to fire. Therefore, the rapid passage of fire in these grasslands is not sufficient to break the dormancy of most of the studied species of legumes.
J. M. de Figueirôa et al., “Effects of Cutting Regimes in the Dry and Wet Season on Survival and Sprouting of Woody Species from the Semi-Arid Caatinga of Northeast Brazil,” Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 229, no. 1, pp. 294–303, Jul. 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.008.
The cutting of plants for wood and charcoal production is a frequent practice in the largest biome of the semi-arid region of Brazil, known as caatinga. The capacity of cut trees to regenerate has not until now been considered in the management of caatinga trees. This research evaluates the capacity for survival and sprouting of four caatinga species exposed to different types of cutting. The research was undertaken in three areas of the caatinga with populations of Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Croton sonderianus, Mimosa tenuiflora and Mimosa ophthalmocentra. In the wet and dry seasons individual trees were either coppiced, pollarded, crown-thinned, or left as controls. The different types of cutting did not affect strongly the survival of the trees, but did influence their capacity for sprouting, the degree of which depended on species and treatment. Coppicing in the rainy season was the least recommendable treatment for managing Mimosa since it resulted in relatively high mortality. Management plans for the caatinga should consider these observations.
J. A. Fischbach, P. R. Peterson, C. C. Sheaffer, N. J. Ehlke, J. Byun, and D. L. Wyse, “Illinois Bundleflower Forage Potential in the Upper Midwestern USA: I. Yield, Regrowth, and Persistence,” Agronomy Journal, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 886–894, 2005.
doi: 10.2134/agronj2004.0138.
Illinois bundleflower [Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMillan] is a warm-season perennial legume native to the central plains of the USA with potential as both a forage and grain crop. The effects of management variables on Illinois bundleflower (IBF) forage production in the upper midwestern USA have not been evaluated. We evaluated the effects of maturity at harvest, cutting height, and N fertilization on forage yield, regrowth, and persistence of three northern ecotypes of IBF. Field experiments were established at four Minnesota locations in 2000. Total-season forage yields in postestablishment years ranged from 2.5 to 5.3 Mg dry matter (DM) ha−1 across environments. First-harvest forage yield increased (P < 0.05) from 2.8 Mg DM ha−1 at early flower in mid-July to 4.2 Mg DM ha−1 at late pod in mid-August. In mid-September, within-season regrowth averaged 1.7 Mg ha−1 from plants previously cut at early flower and 0.6 Mg ha−1 from plants cut at late pod. A 35-cm cutting height resulted in 60% more regrowth yield (P < 0.05) than a 15-cm cutting height, but only in plants harvested at early flower. Plants cut at late pod in 2001 did not persist into 2002. October root total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration ranged (P < 0.05) from 244 g kg−1 in plants cut at late pod to 280 g kg−1 in plants left uncut. Complete winterkill of all treatments at all locations between 2002 and 2003, regardless of October TNC level, may have been caused by below-average snow cover. Illinois bundleflower can provide summer forage in the upper midwestern USA, but persistence in monoculture is limited, especially in harsh winters.
J. A. Fischbach, N. J. Ehlke, P. R. Peterson, D. L. Wyse, D. R. Swanson, and C. C. Sheaffer, “Seeding Rate Affects Establishment of Native Perennial Legumes in the Upper Midwestern US,” Native Plants Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 61–68, Mar. 2006.
doi: 10.2979/NPJ.2006.7.1.61.
In Minnesota, perennial native legumes (Fabaceae) differed in population and yield response to seeding rates of 14, 67, 135, 275, and 538 pure live seeds (PLS)/m2 (1.3, 6.3, 12.5, 25, and 50 PLS/ft2) when seeded in cultivated seedbeds with little bluestem (Schizachryium scoparium (Michx.) Nash [Poaceae]). Average seeding-year populations were greatest for Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.) (131 plants/m2); intermediate and similar for false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa L.), wild blue indigo (Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br), and wild senna (Senna hebecarpa (Fern.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby) (average of 72 plants/m2); and least for purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent) (27 plants/m2). Seeding-year populations of all legumes increased linearly as seeding rate increased. Second-year biomass yield of legumes in mixture with little bluestem ranged from 1.1 Mg/ha (0.5 tons/ac) for purple prairie clover to 5.6 Mg/ha (2.5 tons/ac) for Illinois bundleflower.
R. R. Fleet and B. L. Young, “Facultative Mutualism between Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis Invicta) and a Legume (Senna Occidentalis),” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 289–298, 2000.
doi: 10.2307/3672831.
Extrafloral nectaries of Senna occidentalis attract imported fire ants which protect the plant against two species of herbivores, the cloudless sulphur butterfly (Phoebis senna) and the sleepy orange butterfly (Eurema nicippe). Ant-defended plants had increased growth as measured by plant height and number of leaves, and increased reproductive effort as measured by numbers of pods, numbers of seeds, and weight of pods, compared to ant-excluded plants (using Tanglefoot barriers). Survival of herbivore eggs and larvae was reduced in the presence of ants suggesting that ants provide plants with protection from larval herbivory thus increasing the amount of primary production which in turn allows greater reproductive output. /// Los nectarios extraflorales de Senna occidentalis atraen a las hormigas de fuego importadas lo cual protege a la planta contra dos especies de herbívoros, la mariposa gigante azufrada (Phoebis senna) y la mariposa soñolienta anaranjada (Eurema nicippe). Las plantas defendidas por las hormigas aumentaron su crecimiento, el cual se midió por la altura de la planta y el número de hojas, y su esfuerzo reproductivo el cual se midío por el número de vainas, número de semillas, y peso de las vainas, comparado con las plantas sin hormigas (usando barreras "Tanglefoot"). La sobreviviencia de los huevos y larvas de los herbívoros disminuyó con la presencia de las hormigas, sugiriendo que las hormigas proporcionan a las plantas la protección de herbivoria larval, aumentando así la cantidad de producción primaria la cual en turno permite mayor capacidad reproductiva.
A. C. C. Fonseca, R. C. da Silva, B. A. C. Aguiar, and P. B. de Souza, “Produção e Caracterização morfológica de Mudas de Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. em Diferentes Tipos de Substratos,” Cadernos de Agroecologia, vol. 15, no. 4, Dec. 2020.https://cadernos.aba-agroecologia.org.br/cadernos/article/view/6462.
Resumo Objetivou-se produzir e avaliar as características morfológicas de mudas de Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. em diferentes tipos de substratos, a fim de indicar o melhor substrato para seu desenvolvimento. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 18 tratamentos e 11 repetições. Para compor os substratos foram utilizados: Terra de Subsolo (TS), Casca de Arroz Carbonizada (CAC), Casca de Arroz in natura (CAIN), Serragem (S), Esterco Bovino (EB), Pó de coco (PC) e Substrato Comercial BIOFLORA® (SC). Os parâmetros morfológicos utilizados nas avaliações foram: Altura da Planta, Diâmetro do Coleto, Peso de Matéria Seca Total, Peso de Matéria Seca da Parte Aérea, Peso de Matéria Seca das Raízes e o Índice de Qualidade de Dickson. O tratamento que apresentou maior IQD foi o tratamento terra de subsolo + esterco bovino com proporção de 50:50. A utilização de resíduos industriais auxilia na produção de mudas, bem como para uma reutilização de um produto.
E. F. Fonseca, G. O. Silva, D. L. C. V. Terra, and P. B. de Souza, “Uso Potencial Da Casca De Arroz Carbonizada Na Composição De Substratos Para Produção De Mudas De Anadenanthera Peregrina (l) Speg.,” DESAFIOS - Revista Interdisciplinar da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 32–40, Oct. 2017.
doi: 10.20873/uft.2359-3652.2017v4n4p32.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the charred rice bark as substrate on the production of angus red seedlings Anadenanthera peregrina (L) Speg. The experiment was carried out in the Forest Nursery of the Federal University of Tocantins, Campus of Gurupi, and was conducted in a completely randomized design, consisting of 5 treatments (T1: 0% of Carbonized Rice Peel (CAC) + 100% commercial Substrate; : 25% of CAC + 75% of Commercial Substrate, T3: 50% of CAC + 50% of Commercial Substrate, T4: 75% of CAC + 25% of Commercial Substrate, T5: 100% CAC + 0% of Commercial Substrate ), With 3 replications, where in each replicate the mean values \hspace0pt\hspace0ptof 10 seedlings were evaluated. In general, an effect of the addition of the charred rice husk on the commercial substrate was observed in the development of the species Anadenanthera peregrina, that is, Anadenanthera peregrina seedlings produced with high proportions of carbonized rice husk on the commercial substrate had a good response (Effect) in their development. Therefore it is recommended to use 100% of carbonized rice husk + 0% of commercial substrate, as this treatment allowed a better germinative performance, being more suitable for the effective production of seedlings of the species.
L. F. Fornes et al., “Peteribí (Cordia Trichotoma), Lapacho Rosado (Handroanthus Impetiginosus), and Cebil Colorado (Anadenanthera Colubrina Var. Cebil): Three Valuable Species with Incipient Breeding Programs,” in Low Intensity Breeding of Native Forest Trees in Argentina: Genetic Basis for Their Domestication and Conservation, M. J. Pastorino and P. Marchelli, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021, pp. 427–451.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-56462-9_16.
This chapter gathers three species locally known for their multipurpose use whose natural forests were overexploited and intensively logged, both for the use of the wood and due to the advance of the agricultural frontier. Their natural ranges and disjunct distribution areas are described, as well as their economic relevance. The adjustment of molecular protocols for these non-model species is not trivial, and results are presented together with the initial studies for the genetic characterization of their natural populations through molecular markers. Domestication experiences including seed physiology, nursery, silviculture, breeding, and propagation techniques showed different advances in each species. Incipient breeding strategies for Cordia trichotoma and Handroanthus impetiginosus developed particular sampling procedures and massal selection in the natural stands. Vegetative propagation of the selected individuals is being performed for the establishment of clonal seed orchards. The potential of Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil to be included in domestication programs in Argentina is discussed. Finally, the future steps in breeding and conservation programs are delineated.
S. R. Foster, M. M. Randle, D. Bazrah, C. K. Riley, and C. T. Watson, “Effects of Processing Techniques on Phytochemical Content and Nutritional Composition of Entada Gigas Seeds,” International Journal of Herbal Medicine, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 111–117, 2020.https://www.florajournal.com/archives/?year=2020&vol=8&issue=2&part=B&ArticleId=637.
The effects of different processing methods (soaking, cooking and autoclaving) on the nutritional, phytochemical and anti-nutritional content of Entada gigas (cacoon) seeds were investigated. The nutritional composition of the unprocessed E. gigas seeds corresponds with most edible legumes containing: carbohydrate (54.5%), crude protein (21.41%), fibre (5.29%), crude fat (4.96%), moisture (5.85%) and ash (2.74%). Essential minerals including calcium (84.87 mg/L), iron (3.24 mg/L), potassium (793 mg/L), magnesium (112 mg/L), sodium (7.24 mg/L) and zinc (1.49 mg/L) were also detected. Flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins and phenols were among the phytochemicals present in the seeds. The most effective method of reducing the anti-nutritional constituents, while still preserving the beneficial compounds, was soaking the seeds for 21 days. Due to the high nutritive values, utilization of E. gigas is encouraged provided that an appropriate processing method is used to reduce the anti-nutrient content.
T. M. Francisco, “Constituição química de exsudações, anatomia, morfometria e quantificação de orifícios escarificados em Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina por grupos de híbridos de Callithrix spp. (Mammalia, Primates) em fragmentos urbanos de Mata Atlântica,” Mar. 2013.https://locus.ufv.br//handle/123456789/2268.
Espécies do gênero Callithrix possuem dieta variada, alimentando-se notadamente de exsudatos vegetais. A exploração desse recurso alimentar ocorre por meio de orifícios feitos na casca das árvores com a dentição especializada que alcança os ductos de goma dos tecidos vegetais responsáveis pela secreção. As espécies de gênero Anadenanthera são frequentemente utilizadas por Callithrix para obtenção de secreção como recurso alimentar. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a constituição química do exsudato, a anatomia, a histoquímica, a morfometria e a topografia dos orifícios escarificados de Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina (angico- vermelho). O conjunto das análises serviram para buscar respostas sobre as pressões proximais ou distantes que possam estar influenciando a exsudativoria de saguis. O estudo foi realizado em árvores exploradas por cinco grupos de saguis híbridos C. penicillata x C. jacchus (Jacpen) e C. penicillata x C. geoffroyi (Geopen) presentes em fragmentos florestais urbanos no município de Viçosa, MG. As amostras da goma e de cascas de angico- vermelho, não injuriadas e injuriadas pelos saguis, foram submetidas às técnicas histológicas de anatomia vegetal para obtenção do laminário permanente e a testes histoquímicos e determinação da constituição da goma. Foi observada a formação de ductos traumáticos em resposta a injúrias em conjunto com ductos secretores que ocorrem naturalmente na casca. Nos testes histoquímicos, a secreção reagiu positivamente para polissacarídeos totais, pectinas, mucilagens e proteínas totais. A análise química determinou 41% de água, 11% carboidrato solúvel, 27,2 % carboidrato insolúvel, 19% de proteínas, além dos minerais essenciais, destacando-se uma elevada concentração de cálcio. Esta constituição da goma sugere que os saguis possam se beneficiar de ingestão de carboidratos com metabolização imediata e lenta além de uma dieta proteica. Nos 39 angicos-vermelhos, se contabilizou 8.765 orifícios, sendo 11% no fuste e 89% na copa. A copa externa, em relação à copa média e a copa interna, é a área preferencial de uso para a exploração de gomas, sugerindo a preferência por ramos mais finos. Observou-se uma correlação moderada a fraca entre a intensidade de exploração com o DAP e altura, respectivamente. A exploração de árvores de goma com DAP diferentes parece seguir um ciclo. Os orifícios ativos não apresentaram um padrão morfométrico por árvore, nem um padrão para os cinco grupos de saguis. Verificou-se que os orifícios feitos por grupos Geopen possuem áreas substancialmente maiores em relação aos orifícios feitos pelos grupos Jacpen, sugerindo um fator hereditário na exploração de gomas. A espessura dos ramos da copa foi a variável que explicou um padrão de exploração de exsudatos pelos saguis. O angico-vermelho é uma espécie fornecedora de recurso alimentar para saguis híbridos (Callithrix spp.) sugerindo preferência de exploração apical, onde a espessura, a localização e a idade dos ramos foram as principais características desta zona da árvore envolvida no processo de aquisição de gomas. Aprendizado e fatores hereditários dos saguis parecem ser também influentes para configurar o tamanho dos orifícios explorados.
T. M. Francisco et al., “Feeding Habits of Marmosets: A Case Study of Bark Anatomy and Chemical Composition of Anadenanthera Peregrina Gum,” American Journal of Primatology, vol. 79, no. 3, p. e22615, 2017.
doi: 10.1002/ajp.22615.
Primates of the genus Callithrix often obtain exudates from plants of the family Fabaceae. This study characterizes the chemical composition of exudates, and the anatomy and hystochemistry of the secretory ducts in the bark of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. var. peregrina (Fabaceae). Exudates from this tree species represent an important component of the diet of hybrid marmosets, Callithrix spp. (Primates: Cebidae). A. peregrina was selected as the focal study tree because it is the only gum tree species exploited by Callithrix groups present within five urban forest fragments in the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Gum samples were obtained directly from gouges made by the marmosets, while bark samples were obtained from A. peregrina plants, whether or not they were damaged by the marmosets. Constitutive secretory ducts were present in the bark of ungouged A. peregrina, whereas, marmoset damage caused induced secretory duct formation and an increase in the size of these ducts. The gum produced in the gouges made by the marmosets and in ungouged plants reacted positively to tests for polysaccharides, pectin, mucilage, and proteins. The gum from the gouges exhibited high water (41.0%), carbohydrate (38.2%), protein (19.0%), and mineral (Ca 0.4% and K 0.3%) content. We argue that the relatively high calcium content of A. peregrina gum plays an important nutritional role in, balancing a diet that is otherwise rich in phosphorous and poor in calcium.
J. N. T. Freire, S. de S. Alencar, T. O. Passos, and J. R. Matias, “Thawing Methods and Physiological Quality of Anadenanthera colubrina Seeds Frozen at Ultra-Low temperature,” Informativo ABRATES, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 85–88, 2018.https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1109059?mode=full.
Considering the importance of Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan for the maintenance of the biodiversity of the Caatinga biome, it is necessary to preserve these genetic resources through cryopreservation technique. The objective of this study was to adjust the thawing technique on A. colubrina seeds, conserved in liquid nitrogen. Four fast and slow thawing methods were used on seeds frozen for 72 h in liquid nitrogen (-196 °C) and compared to freshly harvested, not frozen seeds. The seeds were submitted to the germination test in four replicates of 50 seeds, distributed in roll of three sheets of germitest paper, moistened with distilled water with a volume equivalent to 2.5 weight and kept at 25ºC for 10 days. All thawing methods resulted in germination percentages above 90% and slow seed thawing (8h in freezer -20 oC, 48h in refrigerator 10 oC and 1h in ambient temperature) induced 97% germination percentage and 91.5% normal seedlings, higher than fresh seeds (93.5 % and 90%, respectively). One can conclude that slow thawing is the best method to maintain physiological quality of cryopreservated A. colubrina seeds.
N. Fulbright and T. E. Fulbright, “Germination of 2 Legumes in Leachate from Introduced Grasses,” Journal of Range Management, vol. 43, no. 5, p. 466, Sep. 1990.
doi: 10.2307/3899014.
Klebergbluestem [Dichmthium annuktum (Forsk.) StaprJand buffelgrass (Cmeluus ciIiur&L.) may produce pbytotoxic cbemicals that inbibit germbtation and growth of legumes planted in s&g mixtures with grasses. We determined the effects of leacbate from these introduced grasses on seed germination of Illinois bundleflower [Desmanthusilifuoens&(Michx.) MacM.] and partridge pea (Carsia~arciculoroMichx.). Percent germination of Illinois bundleflower seeds on substrata moistened with Kleberg bluestem root or buffelgrass leaf leacbate was lower than that of seeds placed on substrata moistened with distilled water. Buffelgrass root Ieacbate reduced germination of partridge pea more than did root leacbate from Klebergbluestem or leafleacbate from Klebergbluestem or buffelgrass. Results of these laboratory experiments bulicate that field studies are warranted to determine the effects of buffelgrass on establishment of partridge pea and Illinois bundleflower in order to help land managers select the optimum combination of species for rangeland seeding.
T. E. Fulbright and K. S. Flenniken, “Temperature and Scarification Effects on Germination of Prostrate Bundleflower Seeds,” Journal of Range Management, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 170, Mar. 1987.
doi: 10.2307/3899213.
A hard seed coat restricts germination of prostrate bundlefiower [Dewrum* vfrg&ur var. dcpnssru (Humbolt and Bonpland cx WiKd.)Turner] seeds. Our objectives were to determine: (1) the effects of temperature on germination of scarified and untreated seeds in the light and dark and (2)the efficacy of various presowing treatments in increasing germination. Scarified (nicked with a razor blade) and untreated seeds were germinated at S-15,10-20, 15-25,20_30,2s35, and 39-49’ C (12 hours - 12 hours) in the dark or with light during the warmer temperature. Effects of scarification with 17 M &SO,, hot (800 C) water, 0.7 moi liter-’ NaOCl, 2.9 mol liter-’Hzol, and nicking with a raxor biade on germination were compared. Maximum germination of untreated seeds was only 696.Germination of scarified seeds exceeded 99% at 15-250 C and higher temperatures. Light did not affect germination at optimal temperatures for germination. Nicking seeds with a razor blade, soaking 49 minutes in 17 M H&04, and soaking 25 minutes in hot (89’C) water resulted in 91,88, and 78% germination, respectively, compared to 3% for controls. Our results indicated that, for best germination, seeds should be soaked 40 minutes in 17 M &SO4 or nicked with a raxor and planted when mean minimum-maximum soil temperatures exceed 1+250 C.
Leaves of Hairy indigo (Indigofera astragalina) procured from Sokoto state, Nigeria were studied for their mineral composition. The proximate composition revealed the presence of moisture (51.00 ± 0.50 % fresh weight), ash (8.17 ± 0.58 % dry weight, DW), crude lipid (5.0 ± 0.5 % DW), crude fiber (2.67 ± 0.29 % DW), crude protein (8.23 ± 0.11 % DW) and carbohydrate (75.94 ± 0.64%). The energy value was found to be 578.87 kCal/100g. The minerals composition revealed, potassium (14.55 ± 0.17mg/100g), sodium (0.33 ± 0.16mg/100g), calcium (11.49 ± 0.34mg/100g), magnesium (10.89 ± 0.32mg/100g), phosphorus (0.39 ± 0.01mg/100g), copper (0.02 ± 0.00mg/100g), zinc (0.11 ± 0.00mg/100g), iron (20.95 ± 3.84mg/100g) and manganese (0.43 ± 0.01mg/100g). These results relieved that the leaves of Hairy indigo (Indigofera astragalina) contained essential nutrients which compete favorably well with those of wild edible leaves in literatures.
M. M. Gakuubi, J. M. Wagacha, S. F. Dossaji, and W. Wanzala, “Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Tagetes Minuta (Asteraceae) against Selected Plant Pathogenic Bacteria,” International Journal of Microbiology, vol. 2016, pp. 1–9, 2016.
doi: 10.1155/2016/7352509.
Tagetes minuta L., commonly known as wild marigold is an aromatic weed belonging to family Asteraceae. The plant has naturalized more than 35 countries because of its noxious habit which may be attributed to rich phytochemistry of volatile essential oil. Hence present study was undertaken to extract essential oil from aerial parts of wild marigold and find out its effect on germination, early growth and stress related parameters. The test weed selected for the biochemical assessment was Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, a wasteland weed, flourishing well in almost every region of world. Growth studies under laboratory conditions showed significant inhibition of S. occidentalis by T. minuta oil. Simultaneously, an increase in hydrogen peroxide content, lipid peroxidation and proline content were also observed in root as well as leaf tissues of treated seedlings. Thus, it confirmed the allelopathic inhibition of test weed due to stress induced by essential oil of wild marigold.
G. Galíndez et al., “Physical Seed Dormancy in Native Legume Species of Argentina,” Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 73–78, Mar. 2016.
doi: 10.31055/1851.2372.v51.n1.14370.
N. C. Galuszynski and A. J. Potts, “Applied Phylogeography of Cyclopia Intermedia (Fabaceae) Highlights the Need for ‘Duty of Care’ When Cultivating Honeybush,” PeerJ, vol. 8, p. e9818, Sep. 2020.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.9818.
Background: The current cultivation and plant breeding of Honeybush tea (produced from members of Cyclopia Vent.) do not consider the genetic diversity nor structuring of wild populations. Thus, wild populations may be at risk of genetic contamination if cultivated plants are grown in the same landscape. Here, we investigate the spatial distribution of genetic diversity within Cyclopia intermedia E. Mey. — this species is widespread and endemic in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) and used in the production of Honeybush tea. Methods: We applied High Resolution Melt analysis (HRM), with confirmation Sanger sequencing, to screen two non-coding chloroplast DNA regions (two fragments from the atpI-aptH intergenic spacer and one from the ndhA intron) in wild C. intermedia populations. A total of 156 individuals from 17 populations were analyzed for phylogeographic structuring. Statistical tests included analyses of molecular variance and isolation-by-distance, while relationships among haplotypes were ascertained using a statistical parsimony network. Results: Populations were found to exhibit high levels of genetic structuring, with 62.8 % of genetic variation partitioned within mountain ranges. An additional 9 % of genetic variation was located amongst populations within mountains, suggesting limited seed exchange among neighboring populations. Despite this phylogeographic structuring, no isolation-by-distance was detected (p > 0.05) as nucleotide variation among haplotypes did not increase linearly with geographic distance; this is not surprising given that the configuration of mountain ranges dictates available habitats and, we assume, seed dispersal kernels. Conclusions: Our findings support concerns that the unmonitored redistribution of Cyclopia genetic material may pose a threat to the genetic diversity of wild populations, and ultimately the genetic resources within the species. We argue that ‘duty of care’ principles be used when cultivating Honeybush and that seed should not be translocated outside of the mountain range of origin. Secondarily, given the genetic uniqueness of wild populations, cultivated populations should occur at distance from wild populations that is sufficient to prevent unintended gene flow; however, further research is needed to assess gene flow within mountain ranges.
N. Gandhiraja, S. Sriram, V. Meenaa, J. K. Srilakshmi, C. Sasikumar, and R. Rajeswari, “Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of the Plant Extracts of Mimosa Pudica L. Against Selected Microbes.”
Mimosa pudica L. is a creeping annual or perennial herb. It has been identified as Lajjalu in Ayurveda and has been found to have antiasthmatic, aphrodisiac, analgesic and antidepressant. In the present study the active phytocomponents of Mimosa pudica were revealed using phytochemical analysis. The antimicrobial activity of Mimosa was studied using well diffusion method. The activity was tested against Aspergillus fumigatus, Citrobacter divergens and Klebsiella pneumonia at different concentrations of 50, 100 and 200µg/disc and the results have been illustrated.
S. Gantait, S. Kundu, and P. K. Das, “Acacia: An Exclusive Survey on in Vitro Propagation,” Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 163–177, Apr. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.jssas.2016.03.004.
The current survey exemplifies the achievements on experimental results of production of planting materials through in vitro direct or indirect organogenesis of genus Acacia. Several species of Acacia have been given due importance in tree tissue culture owing to their proven wasteland reclamation ability, ecological and economical significance. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture-based techniques have been employed in forest tree research for successful reforestation and forest management programs. The relevance of tissue culture methods has gained impetus to meet the growing demands for biomass and forest products. Ever since the last four decades, in vitro protocols are being developed with the aim to regenerate several woody species. This survey strives to serve as a compendium of various routine processes involving organogenesis of Acacia via in vitro; which would encouragingly be worthwhile for researchers to exploit this perennial woody legume with enormous multidimensional value, via more innovative approaches, in order to promote the cause for its improvement.
C. Gao and Q. Zou, “A report on the karyotypes and chromosome numbers of some taxa of Desmodium (Sensu Lat.) from Guangx,” Guangxi Zhiwu, vol. 15, no. 2. pp. 166–171, Jan-1995.
The present paper deals with the karyotype analysis of 6 species and 1 variety and reports chromosome number of 9 species and 1 subspecies of Desmodium (sensullat.). The karyotypic formulas of the Desmodium heterocarpon, D. heterocarpon var. strigosum, D. rubrum, D. styracifolium, Dendrolobium triangulare are K(2n)=22=22m, which belong to Stebbins^ 1A type. The relative length of chromosome varies according to species, and Dendrolobium triangulare with a wider range, while Desmodium heterocarpon with a narrower range. The karyotypic formulas of the Codariocalyx motorius and C. gyroidedes are K(2n)=22=22m, belong to 1B type. Bassed on the comparative analysis of karyotypic data, the authors have found that genus Codariocalyx is more advanced than the other two genera. The chromosome numbers of Desmodium laxiflorum, D. sequax, D. velutinum, D. heterophyllum, D. pendenticarpum, D. triflorum, Phyllodium pulchellum, P. elegans, Tadehagi triquitrum, T. triquitrum ssp. pseudotriquetrum are all 22 and biploid.
C. Gardiner, C. Wright, and M. Coventry, “The Germination, Passage and Viability of Desmanthus Virgatus (L.) Willenow Seed through Sheep and Its Implication for Dispersal in Tropical Rangelands,” in Capturing Opportunities and Overcoming Obstacles in Australian Agronomy, Arimidale NSW, 2012, vol. 16, pp. 1–4.http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2012/pastures/8025_gardinercp.htm.
Vast areas of semi-arid clay soil regions of northern Australia have no commercially available or adapted sown pasture legume. Livestock in the region suffer an annual prolonged protein drought. An adapted pasture legume could enhance the productivity and sustainability of the regions pastures and livestock. Agronomic trials have found that of all legumes tested to date Desmanthus species are the best survivors in such environments. Desmanthus is a native of the Americas, is palatable, productive and has good protein content. The rangeland grazing communities of Queensland appreciate the value that an adapted pasture legume would provide and are keen to improve the productivity of both their livestock and their native and introduced grass pastures. The very extensive nature of the region however poses problems in sowing and establishing a new pasture species given a lack of a sown pasture culture and broad-acre farming equipment in the region and the potential expense of sowing such vast rangelands. Ruminant livestock are known to be capable of dispersing hard-seeded leguminous seeds through their faeces, therefore faecal seeding may be one possible mechanism of establishing Desmanthus into these landscapes. This paper explores the scarification, germination, passage and viability of Desmanthus seed through sheep. It was found that scarification significantly enhances germination to 79% and 9.1% of seed fed to sheep passes through the digestive tract within 48 hours and a proportion of which remains viable and capable of germinating. We consider faecal seeding as a means of establishing Desmanthus into suitable rangelands.
A morpho- metric analysis and studies of seed viability and germination in vivo and in vitro were conducted to know some characteristics related to the physiological quality of the seeds of these two species. Species native to arid and semiarid regions of Mexico, including honeycreeper mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) and sweet acacia (Vachellia farnesiana Wright), constitute a plant resource of great economic importance to the rural population. They collect and store the dry pods to feed livestock, and stems are used to obtain fence posts and make charcoal. The indiscriminate use and lack of a management plan have determined a much lower availability of these resources. As a result, it is necessary to conduct studies to pro- duce seedlings for reforestation of degraded ecosystems. A morpho- metric analysis and studies of seed viability and germination in vivo and in vitro were conducted to know some characteristics related to the physiological quality of the seeds of these two species. Seeds of mesquite were flattened lozenge, brown-yellow in color, with an av - erage size of 4.21 mm wide by 6.97 mm long and an average weight of 0.34 g. The seeds of sweet acacia were oval-globose, green olive in color, 4.36 mm wide by 5.32 mm long, and an average weight of 0.44 g. Viability percentages (tetrazolium test) were 62% for mes- quite and 7% for sweet acacia. In vivo germination percentages were 51% for mesquite and 6% for sweet acacia. When seeds were treated with H 2 SO 4 for 20 minutes, germination percentages increased to 96% and 80% for mesquite and sweet acacia, respectively.
M. Gebrelibanos, G. Periyasamy, and B. Sintayehu, “Senna Occidentalis Seed: Is It Health Risk or Potential Medicine?,” International Journal of Pharmacognosy, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 161–167, 2014.
doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.1(3).161-67.
In resource-limited localities of developing countries, potentially manageable, if not useful, resources may present actual health and agricultural cost due to poor management and lack of awareness of health risk consequences. Senna occidentalis L. (Fabaceae) is a pantropical weed with a wide range of medicinal uses, and in some parts used as famine food. Despite possible use as alternative food or medicinal ingredient of this plant, many reports blame its seed as the cause of hidden intoxication to humans and various domestic animals, leading to considerable economic consequences. As has been described by experimentally reproduced natural cases of many animal studies and few human cases, intoxication by seeds of this plant presented varied and nonspecific disease manifestations. Induction of mitochondrial damage has been suggested as the mechanism of toxicity, yet the exactly responsible toxin has not been identified. Thus, it seems that Senna occidentalis seed is presenting potentially manageable health risks to animal and human health, especially in resource limited localities of developing countries. In this review, the possible health risks of Senna occidentalis seeds are discussed based on reports from naturally or experimentally intoxicated animal studies, human case reports, and related records. Some scientific claims on its potential medicinal uses are also presented.
W. C. A. Gelderblom, E. Joubert, K. Gamieldien, L. Sissing, C. J. Malherbe, and G. Maritz, “Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis), Honeybush (Cyclopia Intermedia) and Cancer Bush (Sutherlandia Frutescens Subsp. Microphylla) Protect against Tobacco-Specific Mutagenesis in Vitro,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 194–200, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.06.004.
Antimutagenesis studies against the tobacco-specific mutagens 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N-oxide, 4 (methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), were conducted using hot water aqueous extracts of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia), and cancer bush (Sutherlandia frutescens). Aqueous extracts of both “fermented” and “unfermented” (green) rooibos and honeybush were included, while extracts of green and black teas (Camellia sinensis) served as benchmarks. A polyphenol-enriched methanol extract of unfermented rooibos (RgM) was included to further elucidate the possible role of rooibos polyphenols. Studies were performed in the presence of the metabolic activation against Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA1535, using the standard plate incorporation and micro-suspension, pre-incubation assays. The mutagenic effects of NNK against the strain TA1535 was best demonstrated using the standard plate incorporation assay, while a higher mutagenicity was demonstrated for NNAL using the micro-suspension, pre-incubation method. Black tea and RgM exhibited the highest protection against NNK-induced mutagenesis followed by the aqueous extracts of rooibos≥green tea≥honeybush≥cancer bush. Black tea, green tea, RgM and unfermented rooibos were the most effective against NNAL-induced mutagenesis, followed by fermented rooibos. The two honeybush extracts exhibited similar, but the weakest protective response. When considering the amount of total polyphenols (TPP) incorporated in the plate incorporation assay, cancer bush exhibited similar protection to that of fermented and unfermented honeybush against NNK mutagenesis. The involvement of specific polyphenol-cytochrome P450 (CYP450) interactions is likely to be involved in the protection against tobacco-related mutagenesis. Polyphenol constituents of rooibos, honeybush and cancer bush could play an important role in the protection against mutagenesis induced by the major tobacco-specific carcinogens.
E. Gerometta, I. Grondin, J. Smadja, M. Frederich, and A. Gauvin-Bialecki, “A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the Genus Indigofera,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 253, p. 112608, May 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112608.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Indigofera is the third-largest genus in the family of Fabaceae, with approximately 750 species. It is distributed across all tropical regions. Indigofera species are widely employed in traditional medicine all around the world, against many ailments. Thus, based on these medicinal properties, various investigations have been undertaken in order to appraise the pharmacological activities and the chemical composition of these species. A recent paper provides a summary of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Indigofera. Consequently, this review is a continuation of this previous study by updating some data and adding information about the phylogeny and traditional uses of the genus. Aim of the study To provide an overview of the phylogeny, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of the genus Indigofera, and to identify the remaining gaps and thus supply a basis for further investigations. Materials and methods A review of the literature was performed by consulting scientific databases such as ‘ScienceDirect’, ‘PubMed’, ‘Google Scholar’ and ‘SpringerLink’ and using the keyword Indigofera. Results Over 60 Indigofera species are reported in traditional medicine. The uses depend on the country and the species, but similarities have been noticed. Indeed, treatments of gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory conditions and pain, skin ailments, and respiratory and infectious diseases are recurring. Phytochemical studies have led to the identification of more than 200 compounds, notably flavonoids and terpenoids. Many pharmacological activities have been demonstrated, particularly antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities, and thus allowed to assert most of the traditional uses of the genus. Some active compounds have been isolated and have shown remarkable therapeutic potential, like the alkaloid indirubin, which is currently being clinically trialed. Conclusions The data on the genus Indigofera are extensive, but gaps still remain. Indeed, some promising species have not been assessed for their phytochemistry and/or pharmacology and thus remain unexplored. Moreover, relatively few active compounds have been isolated and tested for their biological activity, and studies to explain their mechanism of action are nearly inexistent. Furthermore, some pharmacological studies have inappropriate methodologies that make the results difficult to interpret. Consequently, further in-depth and relevant research is required to supplement the knowledge on this wide-ranging genus and to confirm its reported therapeutic potential.
S. G. Ghane, V. H. Lokhande, M. L. Ahire, and T. D. Nikam, “Indigofera Glandulosa Wendl. (Barbada) a Potential Source of Nutritious Food: Underutilized and Neglected Legume in India,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 147–153, Jan. 2010.
doi: 10.1007/s10722-009-9496-1.
Indigofera glandulosa Wendl., (Barbada) belongs to the family Leguminosae, subfamily—Papilionoidae and tribe Indigoferae is widely distributed as weed in India, Indonesia and North Australia. It is an annual herb or sub-shrub growing along roadside and open grassland areas. The plant produce seeds rich in valuable food ingredients such as proteins, carbohydrates, essential amino acids and vitamins. The plant is described as nourishing food for human beings and is believed to possess the qualities of a tonic in Indian medicine. It is highly palatable forage legume; green plants are generally appreciated by domestic animals. Environmentally, it is utilized for the nitrogen enrichment in degraded soil, as the roots produce nodules fixing atmospheric nitrogen. It can be grown in dry regions, therefore appears to drought resistant and at low cost. The plant species remains unexploited although it has high forage and nutritious value. The meagre information on I. glandulosa lead us to explore this neglected and underutilized species to utilize it as food for human beings, forage for animals and for nitrogen enrichment of the soil. The seed viability and seed germination data revealed seed dormancy associated with the hard and impermeable seed coat and it could be overcome by treating the seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid for 10–15 min thus improving the seed germination percentage up to 75%. The result of the present investigation provides preliminary information on agronomical and morphological traits related to yield and biomass production of I. glandulosa from its natural habitat. In addition the detailed survey about taxonomic characters, distribution, cultivation and utilization of I. glandulosa has been documented.
The results indicate the importance of proper seed stratification in Acacia species, with highest germination percentage observed with sulphuric acid treatment. Establishment of Acacia is typically inhibited by hard seed coat. This study was conducted to evaluate effective seed stratification methods for fourteen Acacia species, using water (control), boiling water, sulphuric acid and mechanical scarification techniques. Highest germination was observed with sulphuric acid treatment. Average non-germinated seeds were 95% in the control. The highest germination percentage was recorded in A. victoriae, A. deanii ssp deanii, A. deanii ssp paucijuga, A. farnesiana, A. karroo, A. pruinocarpa, A. saligna under sulphuric acid treatment, A. ligulata, A. aneura, A. blakei, A. estrophiolata when using hot water, A. kempeana, A. pendula, A. sparsiflora using mechanical scarification. These results indicate the importance of proper seed stratification in Acacia species.
S. Ghosal and R. Mehta, “β-Phenethylamine and Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids of Desmodium Cephalotes,” Phytochemistry, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1628–1629, Aug. 1974.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(74)80349-3.
Plants of the genus Desmodium (Fabaceae), such as Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr. and Desmodium gyrans (L. f.) DC., have a long history of medical use in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat various ailments including rheumatism, pyrexia, dysentery, wounds, cough, malaria, hepatitis, hemoptysis, etc. In the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, most species have the effect of relieving internal heat or fever, neutralizing toxins, inhibiting pain, invigorating blood circulation, suppressing cough and alleviating dyspnea. A bibliographic investigation was accomplished by analyzing secondary sources including Chinese Herbal Classics, and worldwide accepted scientific databases (Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science, SciFinder) were scrutinized for the available information on the ethnopharmacological uses in Chinese medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Desmodium species. The genus Desmodium is a large member of the Papilionaceae (Fabaceae) family. It contains about 350 plant species used for both feeding stuffs and herbal medicines, of which only about 30 species have been phytochemically or pharmacologically investigated. Desmodium plant extracts, as well as the active principles, have been experimentally studied for their anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antinephrolithic, antibacterial, and nootropic activities in vitro or in vivo. And so far, a total of 212 compounds have been isolated from 15 Desmodium species and characterized mainly as flavonoids and alkaloids, followed by terpenoids, steroids, phenols, phenylpropanoids, glycosides and a number of volatile oils. The remaining unrevealed species are recorded chiefly in Asia and Africa being used in empirical treatment for various diseases. Desmodium species have long been used in TCM to treat various ailments. Available scientific references revealed that the traditional medical uses of some important Desmodium species in TCM have been evaluated by modern pharmacological studies. As literature demonstrated, flavonoids and alkaloids are perhaps responsible for most of the activities shown by the plants of this genus. Further studies are still required to reveal the structure–activity relationship of these active constituents. Salsolidine is a simple 1-substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline isolated from many natural sources as the racemate and in its enantiomeric modifications. The wide variety of synthetic strategies leading to this natural product, mainly in its optically active forms, is discussed. Four new coumaronochromones were isolated from the leaves ofDesmodium oxyphyllum besides two known isoflavones. The structures were determined to be 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-5′-methoxycoumaronochromone (desmoxyphyllin A), 7,4′-dihydroxy-5′-methoxycoumaronochromone (desmoxyphyllin B), desmoxyphyllin A 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and desmoxyphyllin B 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside by spectroscopic analysis. This chapter discusses all reports through 1987 on the occurrence of phenethylamines and ephedrines in plants, and describes the occurrence, isolation, identification, and determination procedures, synthesis, biosynthesis, and biological effects. Phenethylamines are found in many plant families throughout the plant kingdom, particularly rich in variously substituted phenethylamines are the families Cactaceae and Leguminosae. Most common among the natural phenethylamines are para-hydroxylated derivatives, tyramine, N-methyltyramine, and hordenine, and these compounds occur in most of the plant families. The coexistence of primary amines with the corresponding secondary or tertiary amines in the same or related plant species is frequently observed in the phenethylamine group of alkaloids. Several sensitive and specific methods for the simultaneous determination of ephedrine alkaloids in plant material include thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, straight-phase and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, isotachophoresis, and 13C-NMR. The biosynthesis the β-hydroxylated compound synephrine is studied in citrus species. This chapter focuses on isoquinoline alkaloids that do not contain additional cyclic structures except a methylenedioxy substituent. The chapter also discusses 1 - and 4-phenylsubstituted and N-benzyl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines because of their close structural relationship. These results strongly suggest that simple tetrahydroisoquinolines, such as anhalamine and anhalonidine are biogenetically derived from 3-demethylmescaline, which condenses with glyoxylic or pyruvic acid to give peyoxylic or peyoruvic acid. These amino acids undergo oxidative decarboxylation to supply 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines, which are then stereospecifically reduced to the tetrahydroisoquinolines. Simple tetrahydroisoquinolines show both, central and peripheral pharmacological effects. They may have central nervous system depressant or stimulant and convulsant properties. They can also cause vasopressor or depressor actions, various effects on the smooth muscle, and lipid-mobilizing activity. Some alkaloids are insecticidal. The alkaloids of the sinita cactus Lophocereus schottii are toxic to most Drosophila species except D.pachea, which is the only species that breeds in old stems of the cactus. This chapter presents information on alkaloids of unclassified and unknown structure. The chapter presents a list on plants and their contained alkaloids. The structure of ankorine alkaloid has been revised on the evidence that none of the four possible synthetic racemic forms represented by the earlier structure is identical with the natural alkaloid. The chapter discusses camptothecine, Cannabis sativa L., dendrobine, Fagara xanthoxyloides Lam (Rutaceae), hippodamine, Oncinotis nitida Benth (Apocynaceae), and others. The Catha edulis Forskal (Celastraceae) alkaloid previously named cathidine has been shown to be a mixture comprised of a polyalcohol esterified with different amounts of acetic, benzoic, trimethoxybenzoic, evoninic, and nicotine acids. Reductive hydrolysis generates a polyalcohol that on acetylation provides an octa-acetate identical with that similarly obtainable from evonine. The report of the chemical study of the Myrrha octodecimguttata Coccinellidae contains the isolation of a new alkaloid, myrrhine (C13H23N liquid), and a review of the relationship that exists among the alkaloids that have been isoated from a number of arthropods—namely, coccinelline, convergine, hippodamine, and propyleine.
S. Ghosal, U. K. Mazumder, and R. Mehta, “Indole Bases of Desmodium Gyrans,” Phytochemistry, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1863–1864, May 1972.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(72)85064-7.
In the present study, the effects of ethanolic root extract of Codariocalyx motorius (CMRt) on blood glucose, insulin, and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes were studied in experimental diabetic rats. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats received CMRt orally at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg bw daily for 30 days. CMRt treatment showed decrease in blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin with improved serum insulin levels. We observed increase in carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes including hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and glycogen content in liver of CMRt-treated rats with reduction in the levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Further, immunohistochemical staining of insulin showed preservation of pancreatic β-cells in CMRt-treated diabetic rats. RP-HPLC analysis indicated the presence of chlorogenic acid, myricetin, quercetin and gallic acid. Hence, this study clearly demonstrates the antidiabetic effect of CMRt by normalizing the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and restoring the functions of pancreas thus proving its traditional value. Plants of the genus Desmodium (Fabaceae), such as Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr. and Desmodium gyrans (L. f.) DC., have a long history of medical use in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat various ailments including rheumatism, pyrexia, dysentery, wounds, cough, malaria, hepatitis, hemoptysis, etc. In the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, most species have the effect of relieving internal heat or fever, neutralizing toxins, inhibiting pain, invigorating blood circulation, suppressing cough and alleviating dyspnea. A bibliographic investigation was accomplished by analyzing secondary sources including Chinese Herbal Classics, and worldwide accepted scientific databases (Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science, SciFinder) were scrutinized for the available information on the ethnopharmacological uses in Chinese medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Desmodium species. The genus Desmodium is a large member of the Papilionaceae (Fabaceae) family. It contains about 350 plant species used for both feeding stuffs and herbal medicines, of which only about 30 species have been phytochemically or pharmacologically investigated. Desmodium plant extracts, as well as the active principles, have been experimentally studied for their anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antinephrolithic, antibacterial, and nootropic activities in vitro or in vivo. And so far, a total of 212 compounds have been isolated from 15 Desmodium species and characterized mainly as flavonoids and alkaloids, followed by terpenoids, steroids, phenols, phenylpropanoids, glycosides and a number of volatile oils. The remaining unrevealed species are recorded chiefly in Asia and Africa being used in empirical treatment for various diseases. Desmodium species have long been used in TCM to treat various ailments. Available scientific references revealed that the traditional medical uses of some important Desmodium species in TCM have been evaluated by modern pharmacological studies. As literature demonstrated, flavonoids and alkaloids are perhaps responsible for most of the activities shown by the plants of this genus. Further studies are still required to reveal the structure–activity relationship of these active constituents. Tryptophan betaine or hypaphorine, is the major indolic compound detectable in free-living hyphae of the ectomycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius. Hypaphorine could not be detected in five other ectomycorrhizal species. This chapter discusses all reports through 1987 on the occurrence of phenethylamines and ephedrines in plants, and describes the occurrence, isolation, identification, and determination procedures, synthesis, biosynthesis, and biological effects. Phenethylamines are found in many plant families throughout the plant kingdom, particularly rich in variously substituted phenethylamines are the families Cactaceae and Leguminosae. Most common among the natural phenethylamines are para-hydroxylated derivatives, tyramine, N-methyltyramine, and hordenine, and these compounds occur in most of the plant families. The coexistence of primary amines with the corresponding secondary or tertiary amines in the same or related plant species is frequently observed in the phenethylamine group of alkaloids. Several sensitive and specific methods for the simultaneous determination of ephedrine alkaloids in plant material include thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, straight-phase and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, isotachophoresis, and 13C-NMR. The biosynthesis the β-hydroxylated compound synephrine is studied in citrus species. This chapter deals with the origins and chemistry of “Simple Indole Alkaloids,” those alkaloids that are either derived by functionalization of the indole nucleus itself or are formed from tryptophan (or tryptamine) but do not contain an isoprenoid precursor. It is limited to simple alkylindoles and to certain tricyclic compounds containing an indole ring such as the carbazole and the simple β-carboline alkaloids. The nontryptamine alkaloids are found in microorganisms, mushrooms, or plants, whereas nonisoprenoid tryptamine alkaloids are mainly produced in plants belonging to more than 20 botanical families. Six different types of nontryptamine alkaloids are described, such as simple alkylindoles, indolmycin, neosidomycin, chuangxinmycin, oxindoles and Isatin derivatives, gramine derivatives, and carbazoles. Five types of nonisoprenoid tryptamine alkaloids are discussed in the chapter, which includes tryptophan and tryptamine derivatives, glucosinolates, β-oxotryptamine, indolyloxazoles, oxo-2-tryptamines, and β-carbolines. Although considerable work has been devoted to the biosynthesis of indole alkaloids and in particular to monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, much less interest has been directed toward the simple alkaloids. Biological activities of these simple indole alkaloids are also discussed. L-Hypaphorine has been isolated as a major constituent of the seeds of Pterocarpus officinalis, seeds which are rejected as a food source by a wide variety of seed-eating rodents dwelling in the same habitat. Incorporation of the isolated hypaphorine into artificial diets of a small seed predator, Liomys salvini (a rodent) supports its role as a feeding deterrent.
M. M. Gilani et al., “Effects of Pre-Sowing Treatments on Seed Germination and Morphological Growth of Acacia Nilotica and Faidherbia Albida,” Scientia Forestalis, 2019.
doi: 10.18671/SCIFOR.V47N122.20.
From this study, it is found that, hot water treatment was the best technique for seed germination of A. nilotica and F. albida seeds. Forests are generated by natural and artificial means. In case of artificial regeneration seedlings are raised in nurseries and transplanted to the field. Sexual and asexual propagation methods are commonly used for growing trees. Most of the trees are propagated by sexual means. Sometimes healthy seeds do not germinate even after the availability of proper temperature, light and sufficient moisture. Seed dormancy is the failure of the developed seed to germinate in the appropriate situation. Objective of our study was to discover the best suitable technique for breaking seed dormancy of Acacia nilotica and Faidherbia albida. To increase the germination, different dormancy breaking techniques were used including, hot water, cold water, mechanical and sulphuric acid treatment. This research was conducted in (RCBD) Randomized complete block design and data concerning germination and other factors were collected weekly. Numerous morphological parameters were studied. The maximum survival percentage was observed in hot water treatment followed by cold water treatment and mechanical treatment. Maximum germination percentage was 76.2 (%) and it was observed in A.nilotica whereas minimum 12.6 (%) was observed in F.albida. Highest survival percentage was 62.8% and minimum 8.8%, maximum plant height 9.99 cm while minimum height was 2.39 cm, maximum root length was 8.09 cm and minimum 2.12 cm was recorded in A.nilotica and F.albida in all treatments. From our study, we found that, hot water treatment was the best technique for seed germination of A. nilotica and F. albida seeds.
K. G. Gilbert (nee Stoker) and D. T. Cooke, “Dyes from Plants: Past Usage, Present Understanding and Potential,” Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 57–69, May 2001.
doi: 10.1023/A:1013374618870.
Prior to the synthesis of dyes from by-products of thepetrochemical industry all colour was derived from natural sources,including plants. As the awareness of the need to preserve ournatural resources increases and attitudes change towards achievingthis, interest is growing in finding renewable resources, which canbe used as alternatives. Recent work, to discover whether it ispossible to use plants as commercially viable sources of dyes hashighlighted a significant resource, which would benefit both industrial production and consumer choice. However, because of themultiplicity of products available, customer expectation is veryhigh. This means that in order to satisfy this demand for highquality and choice, the plants in question must be studied more closely to allow breeding of useful lines and improved economicreturns.
J. B. Gillett, “Additions to Our Knowledge of Indigofera L. in East Tropical Africa,” Kew Bulletin, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 465–506, 1970.
doi: 10.2307/4102857.
A. R. P. Giridhar and G. A. Ravishankar, “Indoleamines and Calcium Channels Influence Morphogenesis in in Vitro Cultures of Mimosa Pudica L.,” Plant Signaling & Behavior, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 1136–1141, Dec. 2009.
doi: 10.4161/psb.4.12.10101.
The present article reports the interply of indoleamine neurohormones viz. serotonin, melatonin and calcium channels on shoot organogenesis in Mimosa pudica L. In vitro grown nodal segments were cultured on MS medium with B5 vitamins containing Serotonin (SER) and Melatonin (MEL) at 100 µM and indoleamine inhibitors viz. serotonin to melatonin conversion inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) at 40 µM, serotonin reuptake inhibitor (Prozac) 20 µM. In another set of experiment, calcium at 5 mM, calcium ionophore (A23187) 100 µM, and calcium channel blocker varapamil hydrochloride (1mM) a calcium chelator EGTA (100 µM) were administered to the culture medium. The percentage of shoot multiplication, endogenous MEL and SER were monitored during shoot organogenesis. At 100 µM SER and MEL treatment 60% and 70% explants responded for shoot multiplication respectively. Medium supplemented with either SER or MEL along with calcium (5mM) 75% - 80% explants responded for organogenesis. SER or MEL along with calcium ionophore (A23187) at 100 µM 70% explants responded for shoot multiplication. p-CPA, prozac, verapamil and EGTA, shoot multiplication was reduced and endogenous pools of SER, MEL decreased by 40-70%. The results clearly demonstrated that indoleamines and calcium channels positively influenced shoot organogenesis in M. pudica L.
Girjesh Kumar, Kaushal Tripathi, and Moni Mishra, “Cyto-Systematical Study of the Genus Senna Mill. in Diverse Geographical Locations of Uttar Pradesh,” Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 812–820, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.37992/2021.1203.113.
Senna Mill. is one of the most typical genus of caesalpiniodeae, with wide geographical distribution and diversification. The research work was planned with an objective of taxonomical characterization and assessment of the meiotic behaviour of wild accessions belonging to four species of Senna Mill. from different locations of Allahabad and its adjoining areas UP, India. The four species selected for the cytological study were Senna alata, Senna occidentalis, Senna siamea and Senna tora. Young floral buds were fixed and all meiotic phases were analysed. Most of the analysed species showed regular meiotic behaviour, some irregularities were also observed to take place with the change in location. An in-depth cytological assessment revealed induction of high frequency of chromosomal anomalies such as micronuclei in S. siamea, while normal meiotic phases were observed at various stages in S. occidentalis and S.tora while stickiness at metaphase and univalent formation, respectively. Cytomictic behaviour and intercellular fusion were visible among micromeiocytes of S. tora.
A. Girme, C. Ghule, N. Gaikar, and L. Hingorani, “Rapid and Sensitive High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) Method for Identification and Quantification of Luteolin by Densitometry in Kasamarda ( Cassia Occidentalis L.),” Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge (IJTK), vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 700–706, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.56042/ijtk.v20i3.32565.
Kasamarda ( C. occidentalis L.) is a traditional herb recently recognized as a potential nutraceutical in bone health. The current botanical nutraceutical regulations require consistent standardization for biological applications. The present study reported the standardization of bioactive flavonoid luteolin from Cassia occidentalis L. using validated high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) densitometric (DS) method. The mobile phase composition of toluene, ethyl acetate, and formic acid was optimized to separate and identify luteolin using silica gel 60F 254 aluminum plates. The densitometric (DS) scanning was performed at 353 nm. This HPTLC-DS method was further validated as per ICH guidelines. The linearity was 200–700 ng/band with a correlation coefficient value of 0.994. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 54.06 ng/band and 163.84 ng/band, respectively. The recovery (88.38% and 100.72%) and precision (RSD,<5%) indicated method performance is robust and accurate for the routine analysis. Further, this bioactive flavonoid presence was confirmed and quantified by UV-spectrumin the sample matrix using this validated HPTLC-DS method. This HPTLC-DS method was robust, precise and accurate for quality control of active constituents present in C. occidentalis L.
The results demonstrated that arsenic affects early root growth, inducing root anatomical changes and altering plant antioxidant scavenging machinery by inactivating some antioxidant enzymes (CAT and APX) may be the main cause of Assensitivity. Anadenanthera peregrina is legume that can grow on arsenic-contaminated sites when colonized by arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF). Previous studies demonstrated that these plants are subject to arsenic-toxicity in the absence of AMF. The present study investigated As-sensitivity in A. peregrina by submitting plants to increasing As concentrations (0, 10, 50 and 100 mg kg -1 ) while monitoring alterations in their growth, root anatomical and morphology and associated biochemical features (oxidative damage and antioxidant enzymes). Our results demonstrated that arsenic affects early root growth, inducing root anatomical changes and altering plant antioxidant scavenging machinery by inactivating some antioxidant enzymes (CAT and APX). As-induced oxidative stress caused by lipid peroxidation (but not by H2O2 accumulation) may be the main cause of Assensitivity. Since these plants become As-tolerant under AMF symbioses, the ability of AMF to minimize oxidative stress under these conditions needs to be more closely investigated.
M. P. Gomes, D. Moreira Duarte, P. L. Silva Miranda, L. Carvalho Barreto, M. T. Matheus, and Q. S. Garcia, “The Effects of Arsenic on the Growth and Nutritional Status of Anadenanthera Peregrina, a Brazilian Savanna Tree,” Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, vol. 175, no. 3, pp. 466–473, 2012.
doi: 10.1002/jpln.201100195.
Anadenanthera peregrina is a Brazilian savanna tree species that occurs naturally in arsenic (As)-contaminated areas, and its As resistance has been associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal–fungi (AMF) symbiosis. A plant’s ability to survive in stressful environments is correlated with its nutrition status, which can be affected by As uptake. The present study evaluated the influence of As on the concentrations and distribution of nutrients in the roots and shoots of A. peregrina grown in the absence of AMF. These plants were grown in substrates spiked with 0, 10, 50, and 100 mg As kg–1 for 25 d under greenhouse conditions, and the concentrations of essential macro- (P, K, Ca, Mg, N, and S) and micro- (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, and Mo) nutrients in the roots and shoots were then determined. Enhanced As levels increased the concentrations of P, S, and N and decreased Ca, Mg, and Fe. Although the deleterious effects of As on the plants were striking, the internal As levels were high, which indicated some tissue tolerance of A. peregrina.
M. P. Gomes et al., “Phosphorus Improves Arsenic Phytoremediation by Anadenanthera Peregrina by Alleviating Induced Oxidative Stress,” International Journal of Phytoremediation, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 633–646, Aug. 2013.
doi: 10.1080/15226514.2012.723064.
Due to similarities in their chemical behaviors, studies examining interactions between arsenic (As)—in special arsenate—and phosphorus (P) are important for better understanding arsenate uptake, toxicity, and accumulation in plants. We evaluated the effects of phosphate addition on plant biomass and on arsenate and phosphate uptake by Anadenanthera peregrina, an important Brazilian savanna legume. Plants were grown for 35 days in substrates that received combinations of 0, 10, 50, and 100 mg kg−1 arsenate and 0, 200, and 400 mg kg−1 phosphate. The addition of P increased the arsenic-phytoremediation capacity of A. peregrina by increasing As accumulation, while also alleviating As-induced oxidative stress. Arsenate phytotoxicity in A. peregrina is due to lipid peroxidation, but not hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Added P also increased the activity of important reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzymes (catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) that help prevent lipid peroxidation in leaves. Our findings suggest that applying P represents a feasible strategy for more efficient As phytoremediation using A. peregrina.
M. P. Gomes, R. Z. Marques, C. C. Nascentes, and M. R. Scotti, “Synergistic Effects between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobium Isolated from As-Contaminated Soils on the As-Phytoremediation Capacity of the Tropical Woody Legume Anadenanthera Peregrina,” International Journal of Phytoremediation, vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 1362–1371, Nov. 2020.
doi: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1775548.
The synergistic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant species may play a key role in phytoremediation of arsenic(As)-contaminated soils. By using modified Leonard jars, we investigated both the distinct and integrative roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF–Acaulospora scrobiculata) and rhizobia (BH-ICB-A8) isolated from As-contaminated soil on the capacity of Anadenanthera peregrina to reclaim arsenate [As(V)] from soil. AMF inoculation greatly increased plant phosphorous nutrition, as reflected in greater growth, and increased As-concentrations in the roots and shoots. While rhizobia inoculation alone increased nitrogen nutrition it did not promote plant growth or As-uptake. Rhizobia and AMF inoculation together had synergistic effects, however, increasing both the growth and the As-phytoremediation capacity of A. peregrina. Joint inoculation with rhizobia and AMF should therefore be considered a potential technique for rehabilitating As-contaminated areas using A. peregrina.
M. P. Gomes, M. M. L. C. Carneiro, C. O. G. Nogueira, A. M. Soares, and Q. S. Garcia, “The System Modulating ROS Content in Germinating Seeds of Two Brazilian Savanna Tree Species Exposed to As and Zn,” Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 1011–1022, Apr. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s11738-012-1140-6.
The effects of increasing arsenic (0, 10, 50, 100 mg L−1) and zinc (0, 50, 80, 120, 200 mg L−1) doses on germination and oxidative stress markers (H2O2, MDA, SOD, CAT, APX, and GR) were examined in two Brazilian savanna tree species (Anadenanthera peregrina and Myracrodruon urundeuva) commonly used to remediate contaminated soils. The deleterious effects of As and Zn on seed germination were due to As- and Zn-induced H2O2 accumulation and inhibition of APX and GR activities, which lead to oxidative damage by lipid peroxidation. SOD and CAT did not show any As- and Zn-induced inhibition of their activities as was seen with APX and GR. We investigated the close relationships between seed germination success under As and Zn stress in terms of GR and, especially, APX activities. Increased germination of A. peregrina seeds exposed to 50 mg L−1 of Zn was related to increased APX activity, and germination in the presence of As (10 mg L−1) was observed only in M. urundeuva seeds that demonstrated increased APX activity. All the treatments for both species in which germination decreased or was inhibited showed decreases in APX activity. A. peregrina seeds showed higher Zn-tolerance than M. urundeuva, while the reverse was observed with arsenic up to exposures of 10 mg L−1.
J. González-Castañeda et al., “Germination of Seeds of Huisache (Acacia Schaffneri) and Catclaw (Mimosa Monancistra) as Affected by Sulphuric Acid and Mechanical Scarification and Subsequent Growth and Survival in a Greenhouse and Field Experiment,” Seed Science and Technology, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 727–738, Oct. 2004.
doi: 10.15258/sst.2004.32.3.08.
E. A. Gonzalez-V, M. A. Hussey, and J. A. Ortega-S, “Nutritive Value of Desmanthus Associated With Kleingrass During the Establishment Year,” Rangeland Ecology & Management, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 308–314, May 2005.
doi: 10.2111/1551-5028(2005)58[308:NVODAW]2.0.CO;2.
Seasonal variation in production and quality of warm-season grasses is a limitation for livestock productivity. The use of high quality forage legumes to aid in overcoming this problem can be a management alternative. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrient content of kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.)–bundleflower (Desmanthus sp.) mixtures during the establishment year. Plots were drilled at a 0.15m row-spacing with kleingrass sown either alone or in association with Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis [Michx.] MacM.) or desmanthus (Desmanthus pubescens [L.] Willd), which was previously identified as Desmanthus virgatus. Spacings of 0.30, 0.60, and 0.90m between rows of bundleflower were used. Plots were planted in April and nutritive value was determined on samples harvested at 60, 90, and 120 days after planting. Age reduced kleingrass crude protein (CP) and increased fiber concentration. The CP concentration of desmanthus leaves was greater than that of Illinois bundleflower; however, the CP on a whole-plant basis was greater in Illinois bundleflower. Associations had greater CP yield than did the kleingrass monoculture. The tannin content was higher in desmanthus than in Illinois bundleflower. In both legumes the leaves had the greatest tannin concentrations, with a mean of 2.1% and 1.69% in desmanthus and Illinois bundleflower, respectively. With the exception of calcium (Ca), mineral content declined with increased age in both legumes and the grass. Levels of potassium, sodium, copper, and manganese were greater in kleingrass than in the legumes, while the legumes had greater concentrations of Ca and magnesium (Mg). Phosphorus and zinc concentrations were similar for kleingrass and legumes. The legumes did not affect the nutrient content of kleingrass when established in association, and the high CP of both legumes and their high levels of Ca and Mg suggest that animals grazing kleingrass-desmanthus associations may benefit nutritionally. Resumen La variación estacional de la producción y calidad de los forrajes de verano se reconoce como uno de los factores que limitan la productividad de la las explotaciones ganaderas. El uso de leguminosas de alta calidad de forraje puede ser una alternativa de solución a este problema. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el contenido de nutrientes de las asociaciones del zacate klein (Panicum coloratum L.) con dos especies de Desmanthus durante el periodo de establecimiento. El trabajo se realizó cerca de College Station, Texas, por un periodo de dos años. Se prepararon parcelas para sembrar con una distancia entre surcos de 0.15 m, sembrando el pasto klein solo o en asociación con Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx) MacM. ó D. Pubescens (L) Willd, este ultimo previamente identificado como Desmanthus virgatus. La distancia entre surcos establecidos con las leguminosas fue de 0.30, 0.60, y 0.90m. Las parcelas se sembraron en Abril de cada año, y el contenido de nutrientes se evaluó tomando muestras a los 60, 90, y 120 días después de la siembra. En el zacate klein se redujo el contenido de proteína cruda (PC) e incrementó la fibra al aumentar la edad. En las asociaciones se cosechó mayor cantidad de proteína por unidad de superficie que al sembrar el zacate como monocultivo. La leguminosa D. pubescens presentó mayor concentración de taninos. El contenido de taninnos fue superior en las hojas que en tallos de ambas leguminosas, con un promedio de 2.1% y 1.69% en D. Pubescens y D. illinoensis respectivamente. Con la excepción del Ca, la concentración de minerales declinó al aumentar la edad tanto en el pasto como en ambas leguminosas. El zacate klein tuvo mayores niveles de K, Na, Cu, y Mn que las leguminosas; mientras que las leguminosas mostraron niveles más altos de Ca y Mg. Las concentraciones de P y Zn fueron similares en el pasto y ambas especies de Desmanthus. Las leguminosas no afectaron el contenido de nutrientes del zacate klein, ademas de que la alta concentración de PC, Ca, y Mg en ambas leguminosas podrían ayudar a enriquecer la dieta del ganado pastoreando asociaciones del pasto klein y Desmanthus.
M. Gospel Ajuru, “Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of Some Plants Used in Ethnomedicine in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria,” Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, vol. 5, no. 5, p. 198, 2017.
doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20170505.16.
Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of six plants used in ethnomedicine in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was carried out to identify and quantify the bioactive compounds present in these highly medicinal plants. The plants studied were Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Thonn, Euphorbia heterophylla Linn., Senna occidentalis L., Piper nigrum L., Ageratum conyzoides L. and Gongronema latifolium Benth. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves of the plant species were screened for the presence of alkaloid, anthraquinone, coumarin, flavonoid, phenol, quinone, saponin, tannin, sugar and glycoside and quantitative study was also carried out using Standard method. Qualitative study indicated the presence of all the phytochemicals in the ethanolic extracts of P. amarus and E. heterophylla, and absence of anthraquinone in S. occidentalis, P. nigrum, A. conyzoides and G. latifolium. Also, absence of coumarin in S. occidentalis, and phenol in G. latifolium. The aqueous extract indicated the presence of all the phytochemicals in A. conyzoides and presence of alkaloid, tannin, sugar and glycoside in other plant species studied. Quantitative analysis showed variable amounts of pharmacologically important secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoid, saponins and phenol in all the plants investigated. The different phytochemicals are shown to perform different biological activities in humans and animals. These compounds can be harnessed for industrial and pharmaceutical utilization.
L. Gouws, H. D. Janse van Rensburg, G. Terre’Blanche, and M. M. Van der Walt, “Evaluation of Chemical Constituents of Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) and Honeybush (Cyclopia Intermedia) as Adenosine A1/A2A Receptor Ligands,” Medicinal Chemistry Research, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 2535–2548, Dec. 2023.
doi: 10.1007/s00044-023-03156-1.
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and Honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) are popular tisanes in South Africa and are of growing interest due to the wide variety of flavonoids and other phytochemicals they contain. Despite their history as herbal teas and traditional medicines, the chemical constituents of these tisanes have yet to be studied for their effects on adenosine receptors. A series of 30 commercially available chemical constituents of Rooibos and Honeybush were investigated via radioligand binding studies to determine their adenosine A1 and A2A receptor affinity at both rat and human subtypes in order to establish structure-activity relationships and identify novel adenosine receptor ligands. In addition, in silico evaluations of the 30 test compounds were also performed to predict their physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The most promising chemical constituent was kaempferol (28) which showed sub-micromolar affinity towards the rat A1 subtype (rA1Ki\,= 0.7287 μM; hA1Ki\,= 9.88 µM) and acted as an antagonist toward adenosine rA1 receptors. Additionally, quercetin (2), chrysoeriol (8), luteolin (9), eriodyctiol (12), and naringenin (27) also showed adenosine A1 and/or A2A receptor affinity. It was observed that a flavonol scaffold is preferred to flavone and flavanone scaffolds, and within the flavonols, C4’-OH substitution on ring B is preferred to C3’,4’-diOH substitution. These phytochemicals, specifically kaempferol (28), may be considered lead-like and valuable in designing novel ligands, based on in vitro and in silico evaluation.
P. Govindhan, M. Karthikeyan, and M. Dharmendira Kumar, “Extraction of Bio-Oil from Non-Edible Novel Source Senna Occidentalis Seeds,” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 39, no. 14, pp. 1525–1531, Jul. 2017.
doi: 10.1080/15567036.2017.1336826.
Valuable oil within the seeds of Senna occidentalis is extracted by completely different strategy. However, ancient Soxhlet extraction was compared with microwave-assisted extraction. Soxhlet extraction was known to enhance the yield of bio-oil production. Three polar solvents specifically methanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol and three non-polar solvents specifically chloroform, hexane, toluene were used. Soxhlet equipment has been established to be the simplest technique with the highest oil yield. Parameters like size fractions of the crushed seeds, extraction time, aging of seeds, and selection of solvents have been optimized in order to enhance oil yield. The bio-oil was characterized using (FT-IR) and GC/MS. Chemical reaction price, iodine variety, relative density, carbon residue content, flash purpose, fire point, hot price, and kinematic consistency were investigated to characterize fuel quality of the bio-oil. The maximum oil yield of 23.46% was obtained with isopropanol at 82.6°C and 3.5 h of optimum extraction time.
P. T. Green, “Greta’s Garbo: Stranded Seeds and Fruits from Greta Beach, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean,” Journal of Biogeography, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 937–946, 1999.
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00351.x.
AimTo describe the species composition of stranded seeds and fruits drifted by ocean currents to Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. LocationChristmas Island, Indian Ocean. MethodsFrequent visual searches along the strand line of the island’s few accessible beaches over a 4-year period 1988–92, with most effort concentrated on Greta Beach, on the east coast. ResultsThe collection contained not fewer than sixty-three species in forty-nine genera and twenty-nine families. Leguminous seeds were by far the most common (especially Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., Dioclea spp., Entada spp., Erythrina spp. and Mucunagigantea (Willd.) DC.), but Calophyllum inophyllum L., Guettarda speciosa L., Hernandia ovigera L., Heritiera littoralis Aiton and Terminalia catappa L. were also common. Main conclusionsOnly about one-third of species recorded in the drift flora are native to the island, and most disseminules stranded on the island are probably not locally derived. The most likely distant sources of drift disseminules are probably the southern Indonesian islands and Sumatra, with most disseminules probably arriving via the Timor and Arafura Seas between Indonesia and Australia. However, some disseminules may originate from as far east as the Moluccas and the east coast of Kalimantan. The majority of species recorded in the drift flora are not native to the island, and yet some of these were encountered frequently and displayed a high degree of viability on arrival (e.g. Dioclea hexandra (Ralph) Mabb., Erythrina fusca Loureiro and Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC.). Several possible reasons for the failure of many drift species to establish on the island are discussed.
J. R. Grehan, G. Ochse, and S. Ritky, “New Host and Distribution Records for Leto Venus (Cramer, 1780) (Exporia: Hepialidae) in South Africa,” vol. 60, no. 3.
J. Grillo, “Microbial Occurrence and Distribution at Different Rhizosphere Depths of Musa Sapientum Var Parasidiaca and Senna Occidentalis,” British Microbiology Research Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 73–83, Jan. 2013.
doi: 10.9734/BMRJ/2013/2204.
E. Gross, L. Cordeiro, and F. H. Caetano, “Anatomical and Ultrastructural Aspects of Root and Mycorrhiza of Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg. Var. Falcata (Benth.) Altschul (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae),” 2003.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-84042003000400010.
The ultrastructural observations showed that in intercellular hyphae and arbuscules vacuoles were dominant and that in rough endoplasmatic reticulum and small vesicles seems to be associated with arbuscule senescence process. A. peregrina var. falcata form mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. An anatomical and ultrastructural study was carried out to analyze some aspects of this simbiotic association as well as some root features. The results evidenced the presence of fibers with non-lignified thicked secondary walls in the stele and sparse papillae on root surface. A. peregrina var. falcata mycorrhizas presented features of Arum-type (intercellular hyphae) and Paris-type (extensive coils) arbuscular mycorrhiza. Their general appearance with extraradical hyphae, intracellular coils, intercellular hyphae and arbuscules, is in agreement with arbuscular mycorrhizas of several plants. The ultrastructural observations showed that in intercellular hyphae and arbuscules vacuoles were dominant and that in rough endoplasmatic reticulum and small vesicles seems to be associated with arbuscule senescence process.
E. Gross, L. Cordeiro, and F. H. Caetano, “Nodulação e Micorrização Em Anadenanthera Peregrina Var. Falcata Em Solo de Cerrado Autoclavado e Não Autoclavado,” R. Bras. Ci. Solo, vol. 28, pp. 95–101, 2004.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832004000100010.
The leguminous tree Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (angico-do-cerrado) formssymbiotic associations with nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobia) and arbuscular mycorrhizalfungi. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the influence of rhizobial and arbuscularmycorrhizal inoculation on the initial growth of angico-do-cerrado plants, in autoclavedand non-autoclaved soil with and without inoculations. The experiment was carried out ina greenhouse using mycorrhized roots of maize and a mixture of rhizobial isolates as inocula.Plant growth was positively affected by dual inoculation of mycorrhizal fungus and rhizobia:plants of this treatment produced 60 % more biomass than in the control in the 10th month.Inoculation of only one microsymbiont, however, did not promote difference in plant growth.Mycorrhizal formation was significantly more extensive and the number of nodules higherin plants of non-autoclaved soil, caused by native soil borne fungi and rhizobia. In thistreatment mass accumulation was lowest in the xylopodium, probably because of thephotosynthetic drain caused by microsymbionts, and P concentrations in shoot andxylopodium were about 1.2 and 8 times higher in these plants, respectively, due to themycorrhizal colonization.Index terms: angico-do-cerrado, rhizobia, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
E. GROSS, L. CORDEIRO, and F. H. CAETANO, “Nodule Ultrastructure and Initial Growth of Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg. Var. Falcata (Benth.) Altschul Plants Infected with Rhizobia,” Annals of Botany, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 175–183, Aug. 2002.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcf184.
The anatomy and ultrastructure of root nodules of Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (Leguminosae‐Mimosoideae) were analysed, as was plant growth. To ensure that nodules developed, seedlings were inoculated with a mixture of six strains of rhizobia. Nodules were produced that differed in appearance—and probably also effectiveness—but their structure was similar and they showed characteristics typical of indeterminate nodules, such as persistent meristematic tissue and a gradient of cells at different stages of development. Many starch grains were present in inner cortex cells and interstitial cells of infected tissue. Infected cells were densely packed with bacteroids, which contained many poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules. The high incidence of these granules, together with high levels of starch accumulation in interstitial cells, suggested low N2‐fixation efficiency of the rhizobia isolates used for inoculation. In the symbiosomes of early‐senescent infected cells, reticulum‐like structures, small vesicles and a fibrillar material were observed; these may be related to bacteroid degradation. In the cytoplasm of late‐senescent infected cells, many vesicles and membrane‐like structures were observed, probably associated with membrane degradation of bacteroids and peribacteroids. The total biomass of plants inoculated with rhizobia was low and their xylopodia and shoots had low levels of N compared with non‐inoculated plants fertilized with ammonium nitrate. However, inoculated plants did not show N‐deficiency symptoms and grew better than non‐inoculated plants without N fertilization. These growth results, together with ultrastructural observations of nodules, suggest that nitrogen fixation of rhizobia isolates associated with Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata roots is poor.
J. K. Groutsch, N. C. Miller, M. Tuiwawa, S. Hayes, M. I. Stevens, and M. P. Schwarz, “Not All Exotic Pollinator Introductions Are Bad: An Introduced Buzz-Pollinating Bee Amegilla Pulchra (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Fiji Indicates Little Potential for Enhancing the Spread of Weeds,” Austral Entomology, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 533–539, 2019.
doi: 10.1111/aen.12346.
The Australian buzz pollinating bee Amegilla pulchra (Anthophorini) is now widespread in Fiji and represents a potentially major change to plant-pollinator networks. The introduction of a buzz pollinator into the Fijian ecosystem, which has no native buzz pollinators, may have especially important consequences because many pan-tropical weed species are from the Solanaceae and usually require buzz pollination for effective seed set. We examined floral visitations of three introduced bees, A. pulchra, Apis mellifera, Braunsapis puangensis and one native bee Homalictus fijiensis at 16 sites across Viti Levu, covering a total of 27 plant species and 165 bee–plant interactions. We did not observe any visits by A. pulchra to any solanaceous plants, but it was a frequent visitor to several introduced plants that do not require buzz pollination. Our results contradict recent studies that suggested that A. pulchra may enhance the spread of solanaceous weeds in Fiji. The majority of plants, however, received more visits from exotic bees combined than from the native H. fijiensis and indicate that exotic bees in Fiji may increase weediness of multiple exotic plants. Our results indicate the need to explore pollination networks to understand exotic pollinator influences on the spread of potential weeds.
C. Guarino, P. Casoria, and B. Menale, “Cultivation and Use of Isatis Tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae) in Southern Italy,” Economic Botany, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 395–400, Jul. 2000.
doi: 10.1007/BF02864789.
Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae), commonly known as wood, is a biennial species with erect stem, hastate leaves, and yellow flowers clustered in racemes. Fruits are pendulous siliques. This species, probably indigenous of southeastern Asia, was used for the extraction of a dyeing agent called “indigo.” Wood was introduced in ancient times in Italy and the first records of its cultivation date back to the Roman period. For many centuries, wood cultivation remained stable, but grew dramatically in the eighteenth century. In that century, the Societá Economiche established by Bourbons encouraged the cultivation of it in Southern Italy. Near Caserta, in Campania region (Italy), a factory for the extraction of dyeing agents was established and the dye was used in textile production in San Leucio (Caserta). The cultivation of I. tinctoria is abandoned today, although this species grows spontaneously as a weed in Italy. The authors discuss the history of wood and some ancient extractive and dyeing methods.
X. Guo and H. Li, “Effects of Iron-Modified Biochar and AMF Inoculation on the Growth and Heavy Metal Uptake of Senna Occidentalis in Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil,” Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 2611–2621, Apr. 2019.
doi: 10.15244/pjoes/92545.
S. occidentalis can be used in pharmacology and vegetation restoration. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of biochar and mycorrhizal fungus inoculation on plant growth and heavy metal accumulation. The mycorrhizal infection rate was increased by apple branch biochar but...
J. Guseman, “Foraging Behavior of Anopheles Gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) on Parthenium Hysterophorus (Compositae) and Senna Occidentalis (Fabaceae),” Thesis, The Ohio State University, 2014.https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/60381.
Foraging behavior of Anopheles gambiae, a malaria vector, was analyzed on Parthenium hysterophorus and Senna occidentalis through the use of video recordings. The two plant species are invasive plants known to be exceptionally attractive to An. gambiae but thought to yield very different amounts of sugar. With the importance of sugar as an energy reserve for flying, mating, blood feeding, and reproduction, foraging and finding access to sugar is a critical component of the life of a mosquito. Due to the differences in sugar production of the two plants, I hypothesized that foraging behavior of An. gambiae would differ greatly between the two plants, with more sugar being obtained from S. occidentalis On P. hysterophorus, the putative sugar- poor plant host, mosquitoes spent significantly more time on plants with flowers than without. On plants with flowers, both males and females exhibited a directed search for sugar, landing and foraging primarily on the prominent flowers and spending well over half of their time involved in foraging behavior (probing) on all parts of the plant. Males and females spent 80% and 58% of their time, respectively, on flowers, with 99% and 77% of that time devoted to foraging. However, for all their effort, they seldom obtained a sugar meal, with only 3.1% of males and 11.3% of females testing positive for fructose. On S. occidentalis, which produces visible amounts of sugar on prominent extra-floral nectaries, males and females spent 22% and 32% of their time, respectively, on EFNs, with 86% and 88% of that time devoted to foraging. After foraging on S. occidentalis, 46.2% of males and 50% of females were positive for fructose. S. occidentalis was more beneficial to An. gambiae in terms of energetics, and should be the focus of further malaria-control research.
T. Habu, R. A. Flath, T. R. Mon, and J. F. Morton, “Volatile Components of Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus Linearis),” ACS Publications. American Chemical Society, May-2002.
doi: 10.1021/jf00062a024.
M. R. Haferkamp, D. C. Kissock, and R. D. Webster, “Impact of Presowing Seed Treatments, Temperature and Seed Coats on Germination of Velvet Bundleflower,” Journal of Range Management, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 185, Mar. 1984.
doi: 10.2307/3898912.
Seeds with both smooth and rough, apparently scarffred,seed coats occur in harvested samples of velvet bundleflower (DesmonThusvelutinus Scheele.).To determine the degree of scarification, germination responses of rough and smooth seeds were investigated at 4 night/day temperature regimes, 5/WC, 10/2oOC, 15/25’C, and 20/3O”Cwith a 1Zhour photoperiod during the high temperature and with 3 seed treatments, cutting, acid scarification and hot water soak. Rough seed coats appear to be caused by peeling of the cuticular layer on the seed surface. Moisture was imbibed more rapidly by smooth seeds, and total germination of smooth seeds was 31% without treatment, 4 times greater than rough seed germination. Treatments increased germination of smooth seeds two- to four- fold and rough seeds over lo-fold. After treatment, rough seeds germinated significantly (X.05) better than smooth seeds at all temperature regimes except 5/15’C. Cut and scarified seeds generally germinated more rapidly than watertreated seeds, but total germination was similar for all treatments at warmer temperatures. Germination was only 31% at 5/15’C.
The germination percentage of Acacia catechu Willd. seeds were tested with four pre-sowing treatments in the nursery of Bangladesh Forest Research Institute and growth performances of seedlings were determined both in nursery and field conditions. The germination test was conducted both in germination tray and nursery bed filled with mixture of soil and decomposed cow dung at a ratio of 3:1. The growth performance of seedlings were determined by transferring the 30-45 days old young seedlings from germination bed to polybags filled with soils and cow dung, followed by out planting in the field at six months old. Germination percentage was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by pre-sowing treatments and highest germination percentage (80- 81) was obtained in cold water treatment for 24 hours and lowest (62%) was in control. The survival percentage of seedlings was highest (88%) at 2.0 m x 2.0 m spacing in the field and the average height was more than 2.0 m after 24 months of outplanting. Therefore, pre-sowing treatment of Acacia catechu seed in cold water for 24 hours is suggested for nursery raising and six months old seedlings may be planted at 2.0 m x 2.0 m spacing in the field for successful plantations of the species.
A. Hamedi, M. Sohrabpour, M. M. Zarshenas, and A. Pasdaran, “Phytochemical Investigation and Quantitative Analysis of the Fatty Acids and Sterol Compounds of Seven Pharmaceutical Valuable Seeds,” Current Pharmaceutical Analysis, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 475–482, Sep. 2018.
doi: 10.2174/1573412913666170707115214.
Background: This study investigates fatty acids and sterol contents of some seeds used in Asian nutrition culture to prepare functional beverages, foods or fatty acids and sterols source. Objective: Current study presents an overview about some seeds as a valuable source for fatty acids and sterols extraction. Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to quantify fatty acids and sterol contents and compare them to standard components. Different ash values, free amino acids, and soluble sugars were investigated. High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was employed to detect the components. Inter- and intra-day variations, linearity of the calibration curves, and the CV of accuracy for fatty acids and sterols were generally within the acceptable ranges. Results: The total oil content of the seeds ranged from 0.04% to 7.39%, with blue skullcap seed yielding the highest percentage of oil. The stigmasterol and β-sitosterol content of the oils ranged from 1.47 ± 0.03mg/100 g (canary grass seed oil) to 26.20 ± 0.40 mg/100 g (quince seed oil). The major monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-oleic acid-was present in Quercus brantii oil, canary grass, and Crataegus aronia seeds. Linoleic acid was the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in Entada rheedii (60.65 ±0.84%), canary grass (64.43±0.17%), and Cydonia oblonga seed oil (63.55 ±1.30%). Linolenic acid was the major fatty acid in the oil of blue skullcap (90.24 ±0.17%) and Lallemantia royleana seeds (85.18 ± 3.79%). Conclusion: Most of the detected seeds, especially Scutellaria lateriflora and L. royleana seeds were rich sources of phytosterols and essential fatty acids.
S. Hanaoka*, N. Nakawa, N. Okubo, S. F. Omondi, and J. Kariuki, “Seed Pre-Treatment Methods for Improving Germination of Acacia Tortilis,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 13, no. 50, pp. 4557–4561, Dec. 2014.
doi: 10.5897/AJB2014.14223.
Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne is considered as an important dryland tree species in Africa and Middle East, and establishing an effective and efficient seed-germination method is considered necessary for producing planting materials. In this study, new germination method was compared with some of the previously reported methods and evaluated in A. tortilis. In the new method, root setting was observed within 3 days and the final germination percentage was 94%; higher than 5 to 86% reported in the previous methods. New method is therefore considered to be suitable for geminating A. tortilis seeds. Key words: Acacia tortilis, seed germination, pre-treatment of seed germination.
M. E. Hanley, M. Fenner, and G. Ne’eman, “Pregermination Heat Shock and Seedling Growth of Fire-Following Fabaceae from Four Mediterranean-Climate Regions,” Acta Oecologica, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 315–320, Sep. 2001.
doi: 10.1016/S1146-609X(01)01124-9.
The role of heat-shock in stimulating the germination of soil-stored seeds from fire-following plant species is well known. However, the effects of high pre-germination temperatures on subsequent seedling growth are less well understood. In this study, we examined the effect of pre-germination heat shock at five temperatures (60°, 75°, 90°, 105° and 120°C, each applied for 5 min) on the seedling growth of four, fire-following Fabaceae species from four Mediterranean-type ecosystems; Hippocrepis multisiliquosa (Israel), Gastrolobium villosum (Western Australia), Cyclopia pubescens (South Africa) and Lupinus succulentus (California). Following heat treatment and subsequent germination, seedlings were grown in controlled conditions before being harvested at either 10, 20- or 40 d old. A significant increase in mean dry weight biomass was found at 10 days for Hippocrepis seedlings germinated from seeds pre-heated to 90°C. However, subsequent comparison of mean dry weight biomass for seedlings of this species at 20 and 40 d old showed no significant response to heat shock pre-treatment. Similarly, an initial increase in growth of Gastrolobium seedlings germinated from seeds heated to 90° and 105°C disappeared as the plants matured. Seedling growth of Lupinus and Cyclopia was unaffected by the pre-germination heat treatment of their seeds. Since seedling competition is influenced by the size and growth rates of neighbouring plants, any changes in seedling growth rates as a consequence of the temperature environment experienced by their seeds, may therefore influence patterns of post-fire plant community recovery.
L. L. Haokip and R. Panmei, “Lesser-Known Wild Edible Plants Used by Thadou-Kuki Tribe of Indo-Myanmar Region, Manipur, India,” Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, vol. 23, no. 8, Aug. 2022.
doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d230817.
Haokip LL, Panmei R. 2022. Lesser-known wild edible plants used by Thadou-Kuki tribe of Indo-Myanmar region, Manipur, India. Biodiversitas 23: 3991-3998. Wild edible plants are overlooked groups of plants which forms an integral part of the culture and tradition of many indigenous communities by providing both nourishment and variety in the diet. The present study is an inventory on the wild edible plants consumed by Thadou-Kuki tribe of Manipur. Field survey was carried out in five villages and three local markets of the district. The survey documented 73 wild edible plants consumed by the Thadou tribe. Except for one species each of Gymnosperm and Pteridophyte, all the species (71) are Angiosperms under 64 genera and 43 families. Most of the edible plants are consumed in cooked vegetable form (45%) while processed fruits (4%) is the least mode of consumption. The use of species like Dysoxylum excelsum, Entada rheedii, Eurya acuminata and Erigeron canadensis as vegetables and Meyna spinosa and Physalis alkekengi as fruits is one of the interesting records as these species’ usage is meager among other tribes of the northeastern state. It is found that most of the wild plant resources play a vital role in the nutritional fulfillment, medicine and socio-economic aspects of the Thadou tribe.
Thirty-four pre-sowing treatments were attempted to break seed dormancy and improve the germination parameters in Indigofera tinctoria Linn. Seed treatments were carried out with ethanol, sulphuric acid, indole 3 acetic acid, gibberellic acid, cow’s urine, cow’s milk and tender coconut water. Scarifying the seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid for 15 minutes recorded the maximum values for germination percentage (80.00) and vigour parameters where germination percentage in the control was only 6.7. However, acid scarification for longer duration had a negative influence on germination. Pre-treatment with ethanol (95%) for 15 minutes also helped in improving the germination and was found to be on par with the acid scarification for 15 minutes.
A. Harun, N. A. Aziz, N. S. M. Azenan, N. F. M. Kamarazzaman, and S. Z. M. So’ad, “And Ethyl Acetate Extract of Entada Spiralis,” vol. 24, no. 5, 2020.
This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of petroleum ether extracts and the identification of alternative antimicrobial and antioxidative constituents from petroleum ether extract and ethyl acetate extract of Entada spiralis stem. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated through disc diffusion method on five human superficial skin disease-caused microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trychophyton tonsurans and one plant pathogen namely Erwinia chrysanthemi. The presence of antioxidants was determined from thin layer chromatography (TLC) sprayed with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. The isolation of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds was performed through preparative TLC. The structure of isolated compounds was determined from gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) equipped with Wiley Library matching individually. The petroleum ether extract successfully inhibited the growth of all bacteria and dermatophytes in a concentration dependent manner whereby S. epidermis was highly susceptible towards the extract with inhibition zone of 16.0 mm at concentration of 400 mg/mL as well as M. gypseum. Most of the components from petroleum ether extract and ethyl acetate extract developed on TLC were antioxidative which was seen as yellow spots against purple background after spraying with DPPH reagent. Four antioxidative constituents were successfully isolated and tentatively identified as 18,19-Secoyohimban-19-oic acid,16,17,20,21-tetradehydro16-(hydroxymethyl)-methylester (1), Oxiraneoctanoic acid (2), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (3), and 11-O-p- Coumarylnepeticin (4). Five antimicrobial constituents were successfully isolated and tentatively identified as 4-benzyloxy-4-[2,2,-dimethyl-4dioxolanyl]Butylaldehyde, (5), Isobutyl octadecyl benzoate ester (6), 3’,8,8’-Trimethoxy-3-piperidyl-2,2’-binaphthalene-1,1’,4,4’tetrone (7), 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene (8) and Hordatine B (9). Thus, E. spiralis is seen to be a promising source of bioactive ingredients which is very important as the basis of scientific information for the development of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
A. Harun, S. Z. M. So’ad, N. M. Hassan, and N. K. C. M. Ramli, “Bioactive Terpenoids from the Stem Bark of Entada Spiralis Ridl. (Sintok),” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (ICSTSS) 2012, Singapore, 2014, pp. 609–615.
doi: 10.1007/978-981-287-077-3_72.
The application of the Entada spiralis Ridl. (Leguminosae) stem bark containing saponin in the treatment of scalp and as body soap is well known for generations. Our previous investigation revealed that E. spiralis stem bark contains several terpenoid compounds and is responsible for the inhibitory effect against bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 and skin disease dermatophytes, Microsporum gypseum ATCC 24102, Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 9533 and Trichophyton tonsurans ATCC 28942. The aim of this work is to isolate and identify the chemical structures of terpenoid compounds from active fraction of E. spiralis stem bark. The isolation of active compounds was conducted by chromatographical separation, and the structure characterization was done based on 1D and 2D NMR analysis (1H,13C NMR, HMQC, HMBC and DEPT135) and comparison with those of the literature. We managed to isolate two terpenoid compounds known as ester saponin (1) and terpene benzoate (2). These compounds were elucidated as 16-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-15-β-D-xylopyranosyl-5,8,9,10-tetrahydroxyl-17,18,19,20-tetramethyl diterpene ester (1) and 4-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-hydroxybenzene-(20-hydroxyl-18,19-dimethylcyclotetradecanol) benzoate (2). The finding is hoped to provide an alternative of new search for natural antimicrobial drug.
A. I. Hassen, J. H. Habig, and S. C. Lamprecht, “Assessing Root Nodule Microsymbionts in Healthy and Declined Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis Burm f.) at a Plantation in South Africa,” Journal of Plant Interactions, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 277–279, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1080/17429145.2018.1473514.
Aspalathus linearis (burm f.), commonly known as rooibos, grows in nutrient and organic matter poor sandy soils that limit its growth. In this study, samples of nodules from both declined and healthy rooibos plants were collected to determine the frequency of nodule nitrogen-fixing and endophytic bacteria. Standard microbiological procedures as well as sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA revealed that more than 75% of the bacterial isolates from the healthy plants contained microsymbionts belonging to the Rhizobium group and the remaining 25% were characterized as Pseudomonas and Burkholderia spp. The nodule from the declined plants lacks a sufficient number of rhizobia and was mostly white in color, small and contains the free-living endospore-forming Bacillus and other endophytic Burkholderia and Pseudomonas spp. The results provide a baseline data on the microsymbionts of rooibos nodules in Citrusdal and highlighted the need for further investigation using additional techniques.
A. Hassen, “Characterization and Evaluation of Indigofera Species as Potential Forage and Cover Crops for Semi-Arid and Arid Ecosystems,” Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2007.https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/23566.
The potential of Indigofera species as forage and/or cover crops for semi-arid and arid environments was investigated in several experiments conducted on the Hatfield Experimental Farm in Pretoria, South Africa. Dormancy associated with hard seededness is the main constraint for uniform germination and large-scale propagation of these species. In this study, pretreatment increased germination in most accessions with scarification being more effective than boiling water treatment in six accessions, but not in the case of I. vohemarensis 8730. In five accessions (I. cryptantha 7067, I. brevicalyx 7517, I. arrecta 7524, I. spicata 8254 and I. vohemarensis 8730), scarification improved the total germination percentage, though it simultaneously resulted in higher seed mortality of I. brevicalyx 7517, I. arrecta 7524 and I. vohemarensis 8730 than in the control. In four accessions (I. brevicalyx 7517, I. arrecta 7524, I. vohemarensis 8730 and I. trita 10297), boiling water treatment improved germination percentage without causing any significant risk of seed mortality in the latter three species. In a field study, 41 Indigofera accessions were characterized in terms of morphological and agronomic parameters, using multivariate techniques to describe their phenotypic variability. Eight morpho-agronomic groups with various potentials were identified along with eight determinant characteristics that can be regarded as the core attributes for future Indigofera germplasm characterisation. Further evaluation of promising accessions revealed remarkable differences, both between and within species, in terms of plant height, canopy spread diameter, forage biomass, crude protein content, in vitro organic matter digestibility and indospicine level of the forage. These suggest the possibility of directly selecting accessions with forage potential for subsequent evaluation with target animals. The response of four selected Indigofera accessions under simulated moisture deficit stress and non-stress conditions exhibited significant variation. I. amorphoides was relatively sensitive while I. vicioides was able to maintain growth under water stress conditions, while the response of the two I. arrecta accessions were intermediate. The influence of season and species on forage quality was also studied. Spring growth had a significantly higher (P< 0.05) CP content than autumn growth in all species. In vitro digestibility of dry material also tended to decrease from the spring of 2004 to the autumn of 2004. Higher levels of Ca, P, Mg, Zn and Cu concentration were revealed in the leaf meal of the first harvest than in the re-growth harvest. All of the species had Ca, Mg, Zn and Mn concentration levels that could support the requirements of ruminants. P and Cu were slightly deficient for some of the species in the autumn suggesting the need to supplement P and Cu from other sources. Compared to Leucaena forage, Indigofera forage had higher apparent organic matter and dry matter digestibility coefficients and higher crude protein and neutral detergent fibre digestibility coefficients. The difference between Indigofera and Leucaena forage in terms of DM intake per unit of metabolic body weight (DMI g BW-0.75 day-1) was not significant (P> 0.05). The digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) and digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) of the sheep on Indigofera forage was similar to that of sheep fed Leucaena. In this study, lack of differences between Indigofera and Leucaena forage in terms of DOMI, DCPI and DNDFI means that Indigofera forage would likely support similar weight gains as that of Leucaena, but lower than that of M. sativa forage.
A. I. Hassen, R. Pierneef, Z. H. Swanevelder, and F. L. Bopape, “Microbial and Functional Diversity of Cyclopia Intermedia Rhizosphere Microbiome Revealed by Analysis of Shotgun Metagenomics Sequence Data,” Data in Brief, vol. 32, p. 106288, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106288.
Cyclopia spp., commonly referred to as honeybush due to the honey scented flowers, are indigenous legumes mainly growing in the Cape Floristic Region of the Western Cape, South Africa. Dozens of species, including Cyclopia intermedia, C. subternata, C. plicata, C. genistoides are used to make the well-known, popular and widely enjoyed beverage called ‘honeybush tea’. In the past, most rhizosphere microbial studies associated with Cyclopia spp. focused mainly on the taxonomy and diversity of the root nodule associated symbiotic nitrogen fixing rhizobia. The work presented here is the first report on the microbial and functional diversity of rhizosphere microbiome associated with Cyclopia intermedia. Metagenomic shotgun sequencing was performed on the rhizosphere soil sample collected from this Cyclopia sp. using illumina Hiseq 2500 platform which resulted in an α- diversity of 312 species. Analysis of the metagenome sequence using the Metagenomic analysis server (MG-RAST) indicated that bacteria constitute the dominant domain followed by Eukaryota, Archaea and other sequences derived from fungi and viruses. Functional diversity of the metagenome based on analysis using the Cluster Orthologous Group (COG) method showed metabolism as the most important function in the community. The raw sequence data is uploaded in FASTQ format on MG-RAST server with ID mgm4855911.3 which can be accessed at http://www.mg-rast.org/linkin.cgi?project=mgp90368. The data on the microbial and functional diversity of the rhizosphere community of Cyclopia intermedia generates a baseline information about the microbial ecology of this indigenous legume. The microbial profile data can also be used as indicators of soil health characteristic of the rhizosphere of this important legume.
A. I. Hassen, F. L. Bopape, J. Habig, and S. C. Lamprecht, “Nodulation of Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis Burm. f.), an Indigenous South African Legume, by Members of Both the α-Proteobacteria and β-Proteobacteria,” Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 295–303, Apr. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s00374-011-0628-3.
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) has been reported to be nodulated by rhizobia belonging to members of the genus Bradyrhizobium but based solely on slow growth rate on growth media in vitro. Because there is very little information about the rhizobia that nodulate and fix nitrogen in rooibos, the characterization of rhizobial strains and their ability to nodulate A. linearis was investigated in this study. Soils intially collected from the rhizosphere of different Aspalathus populations were used in a baiting experiment to trap rhizobia by rooibos roots. The rhizobia trapped in the nodules were re-isolated and used in Koch’s postulate experiment using the Leonard jar assembly in the glasshouse. The strains that formed on the average between five and 12 indeterminate pink nodules per plant resulted in statistically significant (P\,= 0.05) increase in shoot and root dry weights. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA sequence of the isolates from the root nodules revealed for the first time that A. linearis is nodulated by different groups of rhizobia belonging to members of both the α-Proteobacteria and the β-Proteobacteria. It was also found that only 2% of the total rhizobia isolated from the root nodules of rooibos were represented by the genus Bradyrhizobium. The finding that rooibos is nodulated by different groups of α-rhizobia and β-rhizobia provides valuable information both in the study of the microbial ecology of rooibos and in the selection of highly efficient nitrogen fixing strains for the commercial cultivation of this indigenous legume.
T. Hatano, S. Mizuta, H. Ito, and T. Yoshida, “C-Glycosidic Flavonoids from Cassia Occidentalis,” Phytochemistry, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1379–1383, Dec. 1999.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00437-9.
Three new C-glycosidic flavonoids, cassiaoccidentalins A, B and C, were isolated from aerial parts of Cassia occidentalis, and their structures with a 3-keto sugar were established on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence. They showed signals of two conformers in their 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra due to hindered rotation around their C-glycosidic linkages, and the conformations in solution were analyzed by NMR spectroscopic analyses.
J. L. Hatting, “Major Insect Pests and Their Natural Enemies Associated with Cultivation of Rooibos, Aspalathus Linearis (Burm. f.) R. Dahlgren, in South Africa: A Review,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 118–123, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.07.016.
H.-J. Hawkins, R. Malgas, and E. Biénabe, “Ecotypes of Wild Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis (Burm. F) Dahlg., Fabaceae) Are Ecologically Distinct,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 360–370, Apr. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2010.09.014.
Aspalathus linearis (Burm. F) Dahlg., Fabaceae is cultivated by small- and large-scale commercial farmers of the Cederberg and Bokkeveld Plateau in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, for the production of an herbal beverage called ‘rooibos’ or ‘rooibos tea’. Small-scale farmers also harvest A. linearis from the wild and market the tea as an organic and fair-trade certified product. However, little is known about the apparent ecotypes of wild A. linearis. We hypothesized that 1) rooibos ecotypes are ecologically distinct (occurring in different plant communities defined by environmental variables); 2) rooibos ecotypes are functionally distinct due to variance in water use efficiency; and 3) rooibos ecotypes are associated with threatened vegetation types/species, making populations of wild rooibos ecotypes worthy of conservation. Ecotypes of wild rooibos were identified based on plant habit and local knowledge. Plant communities were classified using Twinspan, environmental factors were tested as predictors of ecotype distribution and water use efficiency of ecotypes growing across a rainfall gradient was determined from foliar natural abundance of 13C. Wild rooibos was not generally associated with endangered vegetation types but was associated with plant species having endangered status. Wild rooibos occurred in four plant communities and comprised five wild rooibos ecotypes: shrub, tree, upright, salignus and prostrate types. Although some ecotypes clearly co-occurred, evidence is provided for habitat preference between the ecotypes: Prostrate and upright ecotypes occurred at higher elevations (>400–600m). Shrub ecotypes occurred at lower rainfall sites (<200mmp.a.) and the salignus ecotype occurred at higher rainfall sites (>500mmp.a.). Foliar 13C indicated greater water use efficiencies by ecotypes in relatively drier areas. The extent to which this is a plastic or inherent response requires further investigation. Considering that wild rooibos ecotypes differ both ecologically and possibly also functionally and genetically, it is concluded that populations of wild rooibos ecotypes should be considered as distinct and worthy of conservation. This distinctness should be considered when farmers apply for both harvesting and ploughing rights on land with wild rooibos ecotypes.
A. Hering, J. Stefanowicz-Hajduk, M. Gucwa, B. Wielgomas, and J. R. Ochocka, “Photoprotection and Antiaging Activity of Extracts from Honeybush (Cyclopia Sp.)—In Vitro Wound Healing and Inhibition of the Skin Extracellular Matrix Enzymes: Tyrosinase, Collagenase, Elastase and Hyaluronidase,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 15, no. 5, p. 1542, May 2023.
doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051542.
Cyclopia sp. (honeybush) is an African shrub known as a rich source of polyphenols. The biological effects of fermented honeybush extracts were investigated. The influence of honeybush extracts on extracellular matrix (ECM) enzymes responsible for the skin malfunction and aging process—collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase and hyaluronidase—was analysed. The research also included assessment of the in vitro photoprotection efficiency of honeybush extracts and their contribution to the wound healing process. Antioxidant properties of the prepared extracts were evaluated, and quantification of the main compounds in the extracts was achieved. The research showed that the analysed extracts had a significant ability to inhibit collagenase, tyrosinase and hyaluronidase and a weak influence on elastase activity. Tyrosinase was inhibited effectively by honeybush acetone (IC50 26.18 ± 1.45 µg/mL), ethanol (IC50 45.99 ± 0.76 µg/mL) and water (IC50 67.42 ± 1.75 µg/mL) extracts. Significant hyaluronidase inhibition was observed for ethanol, acetone and water extracts (IC50 were 10.99 ± 1.56, 13.21 ± 0.39 and 14.62 ± 0.21µg/mL, respectively). Collagenase activity was inhibited effectively by honeybush acetone extract (IC50 42.5 ± 1.05 μg/mL). The wound healing properties of the honeybush extracts, estimated in vitro in human keratinocytes (HaCaTs), were indicated for water and ethanol extracts. In vitro sun protection factor (SPF in vitro) showed medium photoprotection potential for all the honeybush extracts. The quantity of polyphenolic compounds was estimated with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD), indicating the highest mangiferin contents in ethanol, acetone and n-butanol extracts, while in the water extract hesperidin was the dominant compound. The antioxidant properties of the honeybush extracts were estimated with FRAP (2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) tests, indicating their strong antioxidant activity, similar to ascorbic acid for the acetone extract in both tests. The wound healing abilities, estimation of SPF in vitro and the direct influence on selected enzymes (elastase, tyrosinase, collagenase and hyaluronidase) of the tested honeybush extracts were analysed for the first time, indicating a high potential of these well-known herbal tea for antiaging, anti-inflammation, regeneration and protection of the skin.
Hermina Johanna de Wit, “Comparative Analysis of Existing Pipelines for Assessment of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Biodiversity in Natural and Commercial Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) and Honeybush (Cyclopia Intermedia) Soil Samples.,” Master's thesis, Rhodes University, 2015.
There is a mutually beneficial association between the fungal phylum Glomeromycota and higher plant roots. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are important in performing various ecological functions in exchange for host photosynthetic carbon in order to contribute to the fitness of the host plant. Conclusions of many studies stated that AM fungi are essential for the fitness and study of many higher plants in their natural environments in order to achieve a holistic understanding of different ecosystems in which these fungi are present (Willis et al., 2012). The two types of plant hosts looked at were Rooibos and Honeybush. Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and Honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) are both popular teas in South Africa and both have a growing worldwide market because of their medicinal properties since they are rich in polyphenols. Primers were designed specifically for 454 FLX pyrosequencing of the samples. Samples were taken from both natural and commercial environments for both host plant types in order to determine the differences in the AM fungal diversity and abundance within the different samples. The 18S ribosomal sequences for both the natural and commercial samples of Rooibos and Honeybush of AM fungi needed to be rationalized and a pipeline needed to be identified or created in order to study these types of fungi by classifying and sorting the sequencing data. The expected outcome was to find that there were a higher diversity and abundance of fungi in the natural than in the commercial samples. This could have been a result of the unnatural growth environments of the Rooibos and Honeybush plantations, and also due to the use of pesticides and not purposefully trying to maintain the AM fungi cultures within these environments. The outcome of this study lead to the realization that there are still not enough sequencing data of AM fungi available in the present databases. This lead to difficulties designing a pipeline and analyzing the sequencing data produced by Rhodes University. Further studies will need to be done in order to find a suitable pipeline, or even design a suitable pipeline, to be able to effectively analyse 18S AM fungal data.
J. M. Higgins, R. H. Walker, and T. Whitwell, “Coffee Senna (Cassia Occidentalis) Competition with Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum),” Weed Science, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 52–56, Jan. 1986.
doi: 10.1017/S0043174500026448.
Field research was conducted at two locations in 1982 and 1983 to evaluate the competitiveness of coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis L. # CASOC) with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). With season-long competition, each increase of 1 coffee senna plant/7.5 m of row reduced seed cotton by 9 to 117 kg/ha. Each additional week of competition from a dense stand (40 plants/m of row) of coffee senna reduced seed cotton yield by 118 kg/ha and cotton main stem height by 1.25 cm. Neither cotton stand density nor fiber properties were affected by coffee senna density or duration of competition. Seed cotton yields and main stem heights obtained when cotton was kept weed free for 6 weeks after cotton emergence were not significantly different from those kept weed free for 8, 10, or 14 weeks. Coffee senna dry-matter production was essentially zero when cotton was maintained weed free for 8 or more weeks.
S. Hirane, “Studies on the Parasitism of the Rust of Acacia Confusa MERRILL, Maravalia Hyalospora (SAW.) DIET,” Japanese Journal of Phytopathology, vol. 10, no. 2-3, pp. 171–185, 1940.
doi: 10.3186/jjphytopath.10.171.
The present investigation was performed cytologically in order to find any difference in the reaction of the rust of Acacia confusa to host cells at different parts of the same phyllode as well as to those of different phyllodes with different maturity.(1) Susceptible region, viz., young, growing portion of the phyllode.(a) The entering hyphae produced from appressoria usually invade through stomatal apertures, less frequently piercing cuticle directly (fig. 3), and form a substomatal vesicle (fig. 1, 2), from which haustoria are produced in the adjacent cells. After a while a few primary hyphae are also formed from the vesicle, making their way down through palisade parenchyma to spongy tissues, but never inserting haustoria into the palisade cells, or very rarely, if any. On the other hand, the development of the fungus is mostly achieved in the spongy tissue, producing many haustoria until the time of teliospore-formation which usually takes place after about 4-5 weeks. In any cases studied noncompatibility between host and parasite can not be clearly demonstrated.(b) The plastids of the palisade cells in close contact with the invading hyphae as well as those of several cells near the hyphae first reduce in size and function, but after the actual invasion of haustoria these degenerated plastids recover in size, and also seem to become more active in function than ever. In the case of the spongy tissue, the plastids of the cells become larger and more greenish in color, and increase in number when actually invaded by the haustoria. Moreover, starch grains are found more numerous in the invaded cells. The starch grains present in the invaded palisade and sponge cells are different in form, viz., simple (fig. 10) and compound (fig. 11), respectively.(c) The affected cells are not hyperplasied in any noticeable degree, but more or less hypertrophied (fig. 8).(d) The haustorium has a slender neck at its base, and generally small and simple, though some digitate haustoria (fig. 13, 11) are usually found in the cells surrounding the substomatal cavities. The haustorium is as a rule incased in a thick wall and dead when old (fig. 15, 16).(2) Immune region, viz., very young, rapidly growing portion of the phyllode.In this developing stage of phyllodes stomata have not yet been sufficiently developed, so that the parasite is unable to enter the host tissue except in the case of more advanced stage, in which the parasite is able to enter through stomatal apertures, though with much difficulty. The entering hypha produces the substomatal vesicle in the same manner as stated above, but the parasite can not further develop at all and is soon perished (fig. 5, 6) as a result of the toxic secretion from the host cells (cf. 8). In rare cases, however, the fungus can develop in a few days and produce some rudimentary haustoria, but it never continues to grow any further and is finally perished (fig. 18) prior to the death of the host cells, though there are found several cases where it is impossible to determine which is first deceased. On the other hand, the guard cells beneath the appressoria and the epidermal cells connecting with the former are very frequently killed (fig. 4) though this occurs less frequently in the advanced stage of host development, it is presumed that the parasite may also secrete some toxic substance, to which the host cells are more sensitive when they are younger.(3) Immune region, viz., mature, fully grown portion of the phyllode.The parasite is able to enter the host through stomatal apertures with ease, and produces the substomatal vesicle as usual, provided that the urediospores can germinate and produce appressoria (in nature, as has already been stated in a previous paper, the urediospores can hardly germinate, or none, on such a portion).
W.-J. Ho, Y.-K. Huang, W.-W. Huang, Y.-C. Huang, and J.-P. Chung, “Effective in Vitro Culture Using Dormant Bud of Nodal Sections from a Mature Acacia Tree,” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s11627-021-10235-8.
The micropropagation system described is a commercially viable method for asexual propagation of a mature ‘elite’ tree of Acacia confusa. The main stem of a mature tree was hardly pruned to induce new shoots for the explants. This study showed that PPM™ (Plant Preservative Mixture) was an effective agent for controlling the contamination of nodal explants and was added to the initial culture medium. This medium consisted of Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal salts and vitamins, supplemented with 4.0 mg L−1 BA, 0.1 mg L−1 IBA, 10 mg L−1 GA, 12 mg L−1 AS, 3.2 g L−1 PVP, and 2.0 mL L−1 PPM™, and was adequate for the establishment of in vitro mother stock for proliferation. The excellent growth response of nodal explants, obtained from May to July in 2019 to 2020, had shoot formation rate ranging from 15.8 to 18.5%. The optimal shoot multiplication was derived on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1 BA, 0.5 mg L−1 TDZ, 12 mg L−1 AS, and 500 mg L−1 glutamine which could support feasible 23.7\,± 3.4 shoot proliferation per explant. Shoots generated in vitro with a length of 3 to 5 cm were excised and cultured on MS with 1.0 mg L−1 IBA for rooting. The rooting frequency could be increased to 72.2% within 6 wk. Rooted plantlets in vitro were acclimatized for 4 wk before transplanting to the pots in a greenhouse.
J. Hofmeyr and E. P. Phillips, “The Genus Cyclopia, Vent.,” Pretoria.
S. Holmwood, “Cultivating Colour,” Third Text, vol. 32, no. 2-3, pp. 330–349, May 2018.
doi: 10.1080/09528822.2018.1492799.
This article brings together the figure of the European peasant and the indigenous Amerindian through the materials of painting, by following the trajectories of certain dye-plants uncovered through my practice-based research into the construction of a pigment garden in Almería, Spain. It follows the colonial routes of woad (Isatis tinctoria) and indigo (xiuquílitl, Indigofera suffruticosa) in order to elucidate the exploitative relationship towards plant and human life developed through bio-colonialism and the plantation system, which reduced non-Europeans to abstract labour, and plant life to standing resources. In contrast, I will attempt to retrieve the indigenous Mesoamerican pigment-making technology for making Mayan blue, that was ‘lost’ in the wake of colonialism, and show how it reveals alternative genres of the human and plant-human relationships. As I share my hybrid recipe for making Mayan blue from European woad, I will examine re-enactment (as a form of anthropofagia), and commoning, as decolonial strategies within my practice.
The results indicated that both germination force and germination percentage are decreased after treated by N and Ti ion injections, their changes present the saddle type curves of down-up-down, and the two indexes have very significant relationship with ion implantation dose. In order to provide reference for research and production in future,some seeds in Acacia saligna were treated by using LZD-1000 type ion implanter,and germination force and germination percentage of seeds were determined.The results indicated that both germination force and germination percentage are decreased after treated by N and Ti ion injections,their changes present the saddle type curves of down-up-down,and the two indexes have very significant relationship with ion implantation dose.The low dose of ion injection(200×1014 ion/cm2) is favorable for seed germination,and N ion injection has better effect than Ti ion injection.
J. E. Hopkinson and B. H. English, “Germination and Hardseededness in Desmanthus,” Tropical Grasslands, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1–16, Mar. 2004.http://era.daf.qld.gov.au/id/eprint/484/.
The mechanisms and control of hardseededness in the 3 Australian cultivars of the genus Desmanthus were investigated in a series of experiments in which the effects of various seedsoftening treatments, particularly boiling water, were measured. Desmanthus seed is predominantly hard, only defective seeds being normally otherwise. As it has only very brief, early embryo dormancy, hardseededness is the only serious barrier to germination. Seed is most readily softened through rupture of the palisade at the lens (strophiole). The lens is of a typically mimosaceous type which is readily ruptured by immersion in boiling water or less readily by application of pressure to adjacent parts of the testa. Ruptures may consist only of separation of the palisade from underlying tissue, which alone does not confer permeability; mostly they also result in fractures to the palisade that then render seeds irreversibly permeable. The palisade becomes reflective as it separates, which allows the event to be witnessed at the moment of separation if suitable pressure is applied to the testa of an individual seed while it is viewed under magnification. Brief (4–10 seconds) immersion of highquality seed in boiling water consistently softened a high proportion of seeds without causing serious damage. Extending the duration of immersion led to a progressive increase in the proportion of seed deaths. Neither previous boiling water treatment nor scarification damage to the testa materially affected results of treatment, but immature and small seeds behaved differently, being more vulnerable to damage than mature seed, and less likely to undergo lens rupture. Adaptation of boiling water treatment to farm-scale seed handling was simple and reliable. Commercial treatment of seed by an alternative method suitable for greater bulks and consisting of passage through a rice-whitener was checked and found to be successful through a combination of gentle scarification and lens rupture, both attributable to the numerous minor impacts of the process. Percentage emergence of seedlings from soil in the greenhouse closely followed percentage laboratory germination, except when inferior seed grades were included in the comparison, when emergence was poor. Very little seed softened in soil. Already-permeable seed either germinated rapidly or died, while buried hard seed mostly remained hard and viable even more than a year after sowing.
M. A. Hossain, J. Dey, and M. A. Rahman, “Propagation of Threatened Climber Species Entada Rheedii Spreng. – a Medicinal Plant with Extremely Thick and Hard Seed Coat,” Dendrobiology, vol. 85, pp. 92–104, 2021.
doi: 10.12657/DENBIO.085.009.
Notched seeds soaked in water for 48 h showed the fastest seed germination with the highest germination percentages and better seedling growth in terms of plant height, collar diameter, leaf number and total dry mass and the outcomes of these trials will help to enhance the propagation of this valuable medicinal plant species. The study explored propagation techniques of Entada rheedii Spreng., a threatened medicinal climber species with extremely hard seed coat. Propagation trials included both pre-sowing treatments of seeds for germination and clonal propagation by stem cutting. Pre-sowing treatments included (a) soaking of both cut (notched) and uncut (intact) seeds in water for 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h and (b) immersion of intact seeds in 5% acetone solution for 5 min, 10 min, and 20 min before sowing in germination media in polybags. On the other hand, stem cutting involved treating the summer or autumn cuttings with 0%, 0.4%, and 0.8% IBA solution before rooting in non-mist propagator. Notched seeds soaked in water for 48 h showed the fastest seed germination with the highest germination percentages (73.3) and better seedling growth in terms of plant height, collar diameter, leaf number and total dry mass followed by notched seeds soaked in water for 72 h. The slowest germination and the lowest germination percentage (3.3), as well as the poorest growth performance was for intact seeds without any treatment. The highest rooting percentage with maximum number of roots (36.6) was obtained from the summer cuttings treated with 0.4% IBA solution followed by autumn cuttings with 0.8% IBA and the lowest (43.3% and 8.3 roots) was for summer cuttings in control. The factors also dictated the survival and growth performance of rooted cuttings in the nursery conditions. The outcomes of these trials i.e., notched seeds soaking in water for 48 h will help to enhance the propagation of this valuable medicinal plant species.
H. F. Howe and J. S. Brown, “Effects of Birds and Rodents on Synthetic Tallgrass Communities,” Ecology, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 1776–1781, 1999.
doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1776:EOBARO]2.0.CO;2.
We used a bird and mammal exclosure design on plowed ground to test for the effects of granivory and herbivory by small vertebrates on early stages of tallgrass prairie succession. Seed predation by birds and browsing by rodents had major and additive impacts. In high- and low-density plantings, respectively, seed-eating birds reduced plant densities by 20% and 23% and grass biomass by 24% and 34%. Meadow voles did not affect plant numbers but reduced forb biomass by 35% in high- and 57% in low-density plantings. In high- and low-density plots, respectively, birds reduced species richness by 3% and 17% without influencing diversity; selective browsing by voles on two legumes and one coneflower left species number unaffected but reduced diversity by 4% and 25% by accentuating dominance of already-prominent species. Bird effects were more pronounced in high-density plantings, while vole effects were most pronounced in low-density plantings. Results suggest that opportunistic finches and doves that seek out high seed concentrations depress tallgrass plant densities on open ground, while voles, which selectively forage on emerging vegetation, alter community structure, especially when their home ranges include low-density plant assemblages. Both results are likely to be relevant to native prairies after burns or other disturbance, and to ecological restoration.
The experimental results show that the high temperature can significantly inhibit the growth of Rhizobium colonies; the OD values of YMA-PEG solution decreased with the increase of concentration. Through studying the high temperature and drought resistance of Rhizobium sp.of Acacia confuse in the dry-hot valley,the Rhizobium’s growth rhythm under the condition of high temperature was revealed in order to provide a theoretical basis for screening out excellent Rhizobium germplasm resources.Through field investigation,the Rhizobium sp.of A.confuse were collected from dryhot valley area,then were separated and purified.The cultivation of symbiotic tumor of the purified Rhizobium stains of A.confuse and aseptic seedlings of A.confuse was conducted,some new Rhizobium stains were selected and vaccinated to YMA culture medium,then cultured with constant temperature under different temperature gradients and the colony numbers and vertical and horizontal diameters were recorded.Through artificially simulating drought conditions,the Rhizobium stains were inoculated and cultured in the PEG culture fluid with concentration gradient of 0,5%,10%,20%,30%,the OD600 values of the bacterial suspension was determined by using spectrophotometer and the corresponding curve figure was drawn out.The experimental results show that the high temperature can significantly inhibit the growth of Rhizobium colonies;the OD values of YMA-PEG solution decreased with the increase of concentration;M-08,M-10,M-11 strains are the strains type that strongly adapted to high temperature and drought;CK,M-05,M-06,M-07,M-09,M-12,M-15 moderately adapted to high temperatures and drought;M-01,M-02,M-03,M-04,M-13 and M-14 strains had weaker adaptability to high temperatures and drought.
M. E. Hubbe, “Evaluation of Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia).”
M. C. Hueda, Nutraceuticals: Past, Present and Future. BoD – Books on Demand, 2020.
Today’s society is increasingly aware of the importance of food and health. For this reason, consumers increasingly demand more products that help prevent disease. In this sense, science and technology are helping to find new bioactive compounds that, when properly administered, can provide beneficial health effects. Among these compounds are nutraceuticals, concentrated natural bioactive substances available in pills, capsules, and powders among other forms. This book comprehensively reviews and compiles information on molecules that can help prevent and treat prevalent diseases.
C. Human et al., “Identification of a Novel Di-C-Glycosyl Dihydrochalcone and the Thermal Stability of Polyphenols in Model Ready-to-Drink Beverage Solutions with Cyclopia Subternata Extract as Functional Ingredient,” Food Chemistry, vol. 351, p. 129273, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129273.
Heat processing of ready-to-drink beverages is required to ensure a microbiologically safe product, however, this can result in the loss of bioactive compounds responsible for functionality. The objective of this study was to establish the thermal stability of a novel dihydrochalcone, 3′,5′-di-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-hydroxyphloretin (2), 3′,5′-di-β-d-glucopyranosylphloretin (3) and other Cyclopia subternata phenolic compounds, in model solutions with or without citric acid and ascorbic acid. The solutions were heated at 93, 121 and 135 °C, relevant to pasteurisation, commercial sterilisation and ultra-high temperature (UHT) pasteurisation, respectively. For most compounds, the acids decreased the second order reaction rate constants, up to 27 times. Compound 2 (46.29 ± 0.53 (g/100 g)−1 h−1), and to a lesser extent compound 3 (5.94 ± 0.01 (g/100 g)−1 h−1) were the most thermo-unstable compounds when treated at 135 °C without added acids. Even though differential effects were observed for compounds at different temperatures and formulations, overall, the phenolic compounds were most stable under UHT pasteurisation conditions.
D. Hunde, Z. Asfaw, and E. Kelbessa, “Use of Traditional Medicinal Plants by People of ‘Boosat’ Sub District, Central Eastern Ethiopia,” Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, vol. 16, no. 2, 2006.
doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v16i2.
Background: Indigenous knowledge develops by indigenous people in the processes of their interaction with their environment and the science Ethinomedicine developed gradually having its origin in the indigenous medicinal practices. The main purpose of the study was to make survey of plants that have ethnomedicinal value and investigate the uses and management practices employed by local people of ‘Boosat’, Welinchiti area. Methods: Five study sites were systematically established to include areas inhabited by settled farmers and transhumance pastoralists. Eighty informants were randomly selected. Ethnobotanical information of medicinal plants was obtained from informants by semi-structured interview, observations, group discussions, and guided field walks. RESULTS: Fifty-two medicinal plant species were documented, which are used to treat 43 human diseases. The category of medicinal plant species includes shrubs (46%), herbs (25%), trees (19%), climbers (8%) and hemi parasites (2%). Roots (38%) and leaves (23%) are the most frequently used plant parts. The method of preparation is by crushing, pounding and mixing with cold water to serve as a drink and chewing to swallow the juice, which accounted for (17%) each. Conclusions: People of ‘Boosat’ are knowledgeable about the plants, their distribution, medicinal use and management. Indigenous practices somehow contributed to the sustained use, management and conservation of medicinal plants. Knowledge of medicinal plants is wider among elderly women and men while the young are comparatively less knowledgeable. The results of this study indicated significant contribution in efforts directed towards conservation of the remaining medicinal plant resources, provided that the necessary mechanisms are put in place before it is too late.Ethiop. J Health Sci. Vol.16, No. 2 July 2006
M. M. M. Hussein, “Growth of Senna Occidentalis (L.) Link in Sandy Soil as Affected by Fertilization and Soil Amendments,” Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 189–216, Apr. 2003.
doi: 10.21608/ejarc.2003.235303.
This study was conducted at the Experimental fu1eV of the ornamental Honiculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, during the two successive seasons af 19991?A00 and 2000/200l,withtheaimofinvestigatingtheeffectofNPKfertilizer ratios of 1:1:1 (6%N- 6% Pzo: - O% f’o;’ 7:1:1 (12%.Y- 6% PzO: iirralor 3:i:1 (18% N -k%pro, - 6%K2o) and soil amendments (taffla, clay, composted sewage sludge’-cattle manure or Agrosil) r:n the ffii *i’"t **i"al compositi an af-Seyya occidentalLs plants grown in a sandy soit. The fertililrs with the different ratios were applied at the rate of 5 g/p1ant/month’ Taffla, clay’ cornposted sewage sludge and cattle manur" *"r""i""orporate
H. A. Husseini, O. S. Olonitola, and M. S. Aliyu, “Phytoconstituents and Antidermatophytic Activity of Crude Extracts of Senna Occidentalis,” UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR), vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 152–160, Jun. 2023.
doi: 10.47430/ujmr.2381.019.
Dermatophytes are one of the major aetiologic agents of cutaneous mycoses Senna occidentalis is among the plants used in traditional herbal medicine in treating fungal skin infections and it is shown from literature to contain phytochemicals which are attributed to its antidermatophytic activity. This work is aimed at determining the Phytoconstituents and antidermatophytic activity of leaves and seeds crude extracts of the Senna occidentalis plant . The study is a qualitative study that determines the phytoconstituents and antidermatophytic activity of the plant extracts on some clinical dermatophyte isolates. The plant parts were sampled and were used to obtain aqueous and n-hexane extracts using distilled water and n-hexane as extracting solvents respectively. Phytochemical analysis was done on the extracts to determine the presence of secondary metabolites. The antidermatophytic activity of the extracts on clinical dermatophytes isolates was determined using poisoned food technique. Aqueous extraction gave higher percentage extraction yield than n-hexane extract . All extracts contain secondary metabolites and the extracts showed varying degree of percentage growth inhibition on the isolates. Phytochemical screening of the leaves and seeds extracts of Senna occidentalis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins and other phytoconstituents. The Senna occidentalis leaves and seeds extracts showed growth inhibition percentage (I) ranging between 9% to 39.8% for n-hexane leaf extract,1.3% to 52.6% for aqueous leaf extract,2.6% to 57.2% for n-hexane seed extract and 12.8% to 61.1% for aqueous seed extract. Senna occidentalis leaves and seeds extract have shown varying potential in inhibiting dermatophyte growth with no extract having 100% inhibition percentage on all the tested dermatophytes.
R. Hutasoit, I. goat research Station, Riyadi, I. goat research Station, J. Sirait, and I. goat research Station, “The Relationship of Pod Colour with the Quality of Indigofera Zollingeriana,” Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner; Vol 24, No 1 (2019): MARCH 2019; 22-28, Oct. 2019.
doi: 10.14334/jitv.v24i1.1923.
Indigofera zollingeriana (Indigofera) plant is potential feed ingredients. The propagation of this plant is through seed. The low quality of seed is a problem in its development. This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship of pod colour with quality of Indigofera seeds. The study was designed in a complete randomized design consisting of four pod colours and four replications, namely: P1= green, P2= brownish green, P3= brown, and P4= black. The parameters observed were: characteristic and morphology of pods and seeds of Indigofera, the growth of sprouts, and the growth of fungus on Indigofera seed. Results showed that the number of pests was fewest found in P2, brownish green pod (14%). The highest number of seeds was in P1, green pod (5173) and P2, brownish green pod (4944). The highest germination (62%) was detected in P2 (brownish green). The heaviest sprout was in P2, in brownish green pod (0.035g), highest sprout (2.68 cm) in P4, black pod colour. Based on fungus observation, the black pod (P4) provided the fewest result (6.63%), however most fungus grew very well in P1, the green pod (47.88%). It could be concluded that the brownish green pod colour was the best phase for harvesting good quality I. zolligeriana seed.
E. M. Hutton and J. Guerassimoff, “Problems in Breeding the Legume Indigofera Spicata for Tropical Pastures,” Euphytica, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 353–361, Nov. 1966.
doi: 10.1007/BF00022179.
A survey of I. spicata introductions showed the majority to be tetraploid perennials and similar to each other with red stems, strongly stoloniferous habit, and poor seeding ability. The rest were green stemmed annuals or biennials which were either diploid or tetraploid and which were free seeding and almost non-stoloniferous.
A. M. Ibrahim, B. Lawal, N. A. Tsado, A. A. Yusuf, and A. M. Jimoh, “Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Determination of Bioactive Constituents from Methanol Leaf Extract of Senna Occidentalis,” Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 992–995, Dec. 2015.
doi: 10.12980/jclm.3.2015j5-135.
Objective: To identify the active ingredients presented in methanol extract of Senna occidentalis (S. occidentalis). Methods: Dried powdered leaves of S. occidentalis were extracted with methanol by Soxhlet extraction and the extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening by using standard procedure and methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis was performed by comprising a GC-MS (model: QP2010 Plus Shimadzu, Japan) comprising an AOC-20i auto-sampler and gas-chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer. Results: The phytochemical study revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, glycoside, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, anthraquinones and phlobatannins while cardiac glycoside was not detected. GC-MS chromatogram showed nine peaks. A total of 31 compounds were identified when the mass spectra of the constituents was compared with the National Institute Standard and Technology library. The first compounds identified with less retention time (15.929 s) were n-hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid and pentadecanoic acid while decanoic acid, decyl ester, ether, octadecyl vinyl, oleic acid, hexyl ester, stearic acid, octadecyl ester and decyl fluoride took the longest retention time (20.600 s) for identification. Conclusions: The presence of these compounds in the plant extract may at least be responsible for one of the pharmacological properties of S. occidentalis and thus could be of considerable interest to the development of new drugs.
The aim of this study is to determine the appropriate solvent that is effective among ethanol, acetone and aqueous extracts of Senna occidentalis leaves respectively, examined for their antimicrobial activities against selected clinical organisms including two gram positive organisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia) and two gram negative organisms (Escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa).the mineral composition of theplant leaves was also determined. Leaves of Senna occidentalis plant were collected in a clean container in Gadau and its environ Bauchi State, Nigeria. About 250g of the plant prepared in powdered form were separately soaked in 400ml of 95% Ethanol, acetone and Distilled water in 500ml reagent bottles and stoppered. These were allowed to stand for 24 days to permit full extraction of the active ingredients. Plant filtrates were used for the phytochemical screening for saponins, alkaloids flavonoids, sterols and other polyphenols. The extracts were equally tested on the microbial isolates cultured on Mueller Hinton agarusing an agar-disc diffusion method. Standard procedure was also used for the determination of the mineral composition of the plant. Phytochemical screening shows that the plant leaves contain some secondary metabolites of therapeutic importance like saponins, alkaloid, flavonoids and sterols which forms their bioactive components. The ethanolic extract of Senna occidentalis is significantly more active against the growth of E. coli with the 3000μg/ml concentration giving the highest measurement of zone of inhibition (35).While the minerals component from this plant leaves are phosphorus (3.35±0.02), iron (2.44±0.01), zinc(1.75 ± 0.02),sodium (1.71 ± 0.01), calcium (0.77 ± 0.01) and potassium (0.66± 0.01). This research validates the traditional uses of Senna occidentalis leaves for treatment of some diseases.
A.-R. Im, S. H. Yeon, K.-Y. Ji, R. H. Son, K. A. Um, and S. Chae, “Skin Hydration Effects of Scale-Up Fermented Cyclopia Intermedia against Ultraviolet B-Induced Damage in Keratinocyte Cells and Hairless Mice,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2020, no. 1, p. 3121936, 2020.
doi: 10.1155/2020/3121936.
Photoaging occurs by chronic skin exposure to the sun and ultraviolet irradiation and leads to skin aging accompanied by a lack of skin hydration. We previously demonstrated the photoprotective effect of fermented Cyclopia intermedia (honeybush) extract on the skin. In this study, we evaluated the skin hydration effects of scaled-up fermented honeybush extract (HU-018) against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in HaCaT immortalized human keratinocytes and hairless mice. Pretreating HaCaT cells with HU-018 attenuated the decreased hyaluronic acid (HA) levels and mRNA expression of genes encoding involucrin, filaggrin, and loricrin by UVB irradiation. HU-018 treatment also ameliorated the decreased stratum corneum (SC) hydration and the increased levels of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema index (EI) in hairless mice after UVB exposure. Microarray analysis revealed changes in gene expression patterns of hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2), transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3), and elastin induced by HU-018 in UVB-irradiated mice. Consistently, the mRNA expression of Has2, TGF-β3, and elastin was increased by HU-018 treatment. Moreover, HU-018 restored the increased epidermal thickness and collagen disorganization in skin tissue of UVB-irradiated mice. HU-018 treatment also decreased matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression and increased procollagen type-1, elastin, and TGF-β1 expression. In conclusion, we found that HU-018 promoted skin hydration processes in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes and hairless mice by modulating involucrin, filaggrin, loricrin, and HA expression and ameliorating visible signs of photoaging. Thus, HU-018 may be a good skin hydration agent for skin care.
T. Isah, “Adjustments to In Vitro Culture Conditions and Associated Anomalies in Plants,” Acta Biologica Cracoviensia s. Botanica, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 9–28, Dec. 2015.
doi: 10.1515/abcsb-2015-0026.
Plant tissue culture techniques have become an integral part of progress in plant science research due to the opportunity offered for close study of detailed plant development with applications in food production through crop improvement, secondary metabolites production and conservation of species. Because the techniques involve growing plants under controlled conditions different from their natural outdoor environment, the plants need adjustments in physiology, anatomy and metabolism for successful in vitro propagation. Therefore, the protocol has to be optimized for a given species or genotype due to the variability in physiological and growth requirement. Developing the protocol is hampered by several physiological and developmental aberrations in the anatomy and physiology of the plantlets, attributed to in vitro culture conditions of high humidity, low light levels and hetero- or mixotrophic conditions. Some of the culture-induced anomalies become genetic, and the phenotype is inherited by clonal progenies while others are temporary and can be corrected at a later stage of protocol development through changes in anatomy, physiology and metabolism. The success of protocols relies on the transfer of plantlets to field conditions which has been achieved with many species through stages of acclimatization, while with others it remains a challenging task. This review discusses various adjustments in nutrition, physiology and anatomy of micro-propagated plants and field grown ones, as well as anomalies induced by the in vitro culture conditions.
R. T. Isah et al., “Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Senna Occidentalis on Rat Kidney,” African Journal of Biomedical Research, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 225–230, 2018.
doi: 10.4314/ajbr.v21i2.
Senna occidentalis is one of the most widely used herbal plants for various therapeutic purposes in Sokoto, Nigeria. Renal function and histopathological effects of aqueous leave extract of Senna occidentalis was investigated in Wistar rats. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract was carried out using standard procedures and this was followed by an acute toxicity study using Lorke’s method. Twenty (20) rats were randomly selected and grouped into 5 groups of 4 rats each having a control group and 4 test groups. Aqueous leaf extract of S. occidentalis was administered orally to each test group at different concentrations of 350mg/kg, 700mg/kg, 1500mg/kg and 3000mg/kg body weight respectively for 28days. Blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture for electrolytes, urea and createnine biochemical analyses while the kidneys were collected through abdominal incision for histopathological analyses using haematoxylin and eosin staning method. Data generated was analyzed using GraphPad instat3 version 3.02 and presented as mean ± SEM, statistical comparison between groups were made using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Bonferroni Multiple Comparison Test. Phytochemical screening showed presence of carbohydrate, tannins, triterpenoids, proteins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, diterpenoids and cardiac glycosides while alkaloids and anthraquinones were not detected. The animals did not show behavioral changed nor death even at a concentration of 5000mg/kg during acute toxicity testing. There were no significant effects on biochemical parameters between test groups and control. Histological sections of the kidney showed well-preserved glomeruli and tubules with only few animals showing mild to moderate sclerosis which is not dose-dependent. Oral administration of up to 3000mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of Senna occidentalis for 28 days did not produce significant effects on the kidneys of Wistar rats thereby suggesting its non-lethal effect on the kidneys.Keywords: Senna occidentalis, kidney, sub-acute administration, renal function
T. Isah and A. Mujib, “In Vitro Plant Regeneration of Coffee Senna (Senna Occidentalis) From Hypocotyl-Derived Callus,” Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Botanica, vol. 55, no. 2, 2013.
doi: 10.2478/abcsb-2013-0031.
P. Ish, S. Rathi, H. Singh, and S. Anuradha, “Senna Occidentalis Poisoning: An Uncommon Cause of Liver Failure,” ACG Case Reports Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, p. e00035, Apr. 2019.
doi: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000035.
Senna is a commonly found weed used in traditional systems of medicine, often as a laxative. Senna poisoning is rarely reported, and its potential for toxicity greatly underestimated. Clinical presentation mimics acute liver failure, which is very difficult to attribute to this seemingly innocuous agent. We report an unusual case of an elderly woman who presented with a hepatoencephalopathic syndrome after ingestion of Senna occidentalis and elucidate the multisystem pathophysiology of this rapidly evolving disease. Most importantly, we attempt to provide some perspective on how this knowledge from the East can help prevent severe consequences in the West.
G. A. Ishaku, A. A. Arabo, E. E. Bassey, A. Adedayo, U. M. Uwem, and E.-U. Godwin, “Physicochemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Senna Occidentalis Linn,” 2016.
Senna occidentalis is consumed in some parts of northern Nigeria as part of folk medicine for the treatment of diseases and as a vegetable food source. This study was undertaken to evaluate the phytochemical composition, mineral composition, nutritional value and antimicrobial activity of Senna occidentalis ethanolic leaf extracts. The phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tanins, terpenoids, sterols, and cardiac glycosides. The elemental analysis of Senna occidentalis revealed the presence of Calcium (68.9525 mg/L), Copper (0.2325 mg/L), Magnesium (1.1092 mg/L), Zinc (0.5969 mg/L), Sodium (18.5191 mg/L), Iron (5.8078 mg/L) and Potassium (202.0501 mg/L) respectively. Results also showed that extract of Senna occidentalis leaves were most active with inhibitory activity between 16-34mm against tested microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aerus, Psuedomonas sp, Klebsciella pneumonia, and Salmonella thypi) at 1000, 500 and 250 mg/ml concentrations using 0.25 mg/ml ampicillin as the positive control. Proximate analysis revealed moisture content of 12.5%, ash 13.8%, crude protein 13.1%, crude fiber 11.3%, fat 3.8% and carbohydrate content of 45.5%. These values suggest that the leaves of Senna occidentalis can be consumed as either a nutrient supplement or as a source of micro and macro elements to the body, in addition to its usefulness towards the treatment of different microbial infections.
M. A. Islam, J. Paul, J. Akter, M. A. Islam, and S. H. Limon, “Conversion of Chicken Feather Waste via Hydrothermal Carbonization: Process Optimization and the Effect of Hydrochar on Seed Germination of Acacia Auriculiformis,” Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1177–1188, May 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s10163-021-01209-4.
Using statistical response surface methodology this paper primarily investigates the role of process parameters at different levels (temperature, contact time, and rotation speed) and their influence on yield percentage during the production of chicken feather hydrochar (CFH) as soil amendment. Later, the produced char samples were evaluated before and after washing to assess the phytotoxic effect of seed germination and growth on Acacia auriculiformis through germination index% (GI). The optimized conditions for temperature, contact time, and rotation speed of hydrochar production were 150 °C, 1 h and 105.65 rpm, respectively. The hydrochar yield percentage at optimized conditions was 51.93%. The seed germination test indicated strong phytotoxicity for soil with untreated char, fresh hydrochar extract (FHE) with high doses, and 4 months old hydrochar extract (OHE) but the toxic effect was lower for washed hydrochar extract (WHE). It showed a higher germination rate and growth performance for washed hydrochar extract among all the doses. This study has confirmed the applicability of chicken feather (CF) hydrochar for improving the physical properties of sandy loam soil. Further research into pre-treatment and assessment of hydrochar before field application is required.
T. O. Issa, A. I. Mohamed Ahmed, Y. S. Mohamed, S. Yagi, A. M. Makhawi, and T. O. Khider, “Physiochemical, Insecticidal, and Antidiabetic Activities of Senna Occidentalis Linn Root,” Biochemistry Research International, vol. 2020, p. e8810744, Sep. 2020.
doi: 10.1155/2020/8810744.
The present study aimed to investigate the physiochemical activities of Senna occidentalis (Linn) roots and phytochemicals as insecticidal (ethyl acetate and methanol) and antidiabetic (ethanolic extract) activities. Physicochemical properties were carried out by using Association of Official Analytical Chemist methods; thin layer chromatography was carried out according to the Stahl method. Larvicidal activity and LD50 were studied against the third instar of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae to detect and extract toxicity. The ethanolic extracts of the roots were orally tested at the dose 200 mg/kg for the hypoglycemic effect on induced hyperglycemia in normal rats, assessed in the ethanol extract, and were compared with diabetic control and standards glibenclamide 10 mg/kg. Physiochemical parameters showed high rate in the nitrogen-free extract (69.6%), curd fiber (14.5%), crude proteins (8.15%), ether extract (3.75%), and both ash and moisture (2%), and high concentrations values were found in potassium (43 mg/l) followed by phosphorous (28.5 mg/l), calcium (15 mg/l), sodium (3.65 mg/l), and magnesium (0.145 mg/l). In this part, phytochemical compounds showed high amount of alkaloids, triterpene, flavonoids, tannins, sugars, and few amount of anthraquinone glycosides. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) studies different colored phytochemical constituted with different Rf values. All the spots are colored under UV light, but some are localized colorless after spaying. The ethyl acetate (EtAc) extract showed eight spots, and the methanol (MeOH) extract showed thirteen spots. The larvicidal activity showed that the ethyl acetate extract was safe against mosquito larvae with an LD50 value 1412.54 (), and the methanol extract had moderate larvicidal activity against mosquito larvae with an LD50 value 257.54 (), while the ethanolic extract of Senna occidentalis (L.) causes a favorable hypoglycemic activity when compared to control significant reduction by [53.15%, 32.87%, and 20.94%], respectively, as well as standard glibenclamide. Based on the various data of the physicochemical parameters, TLC spots, and phytochemical compounds of Senna occidentalis root, they could be used as references standards for manufacturing units of Senna occidentalis root larvicidal and antidiabetic drugs.
L. L. Jackson, “Establishing Tallgrass Prairie on Grazed Permanent Pasture in the Upper Midwest,” Restoration Ecology, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 127–138, 1999.
doi: 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72003.x.
The goal of the study was to learn whether native prairie grasses and, eventually, a diverse mixture of native forbs could be incorporated in permanent pastures by means of rotational grazing by cattle. An experiment was established on a farm in northeastern Iowa on a pasture that had never been plowed but had been grazed since the 1880s. One treatment was protected from grazing to test for the presence of remnant vegetation. Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, Panicum virgatum, and Desmanthus illinoensis were introduced in plots first treated with glyphosate; seeds were either drilled (DR) or hand-broadcast and incorporated by controlled cattle trampling (BT). Seedling establishment and aboveground biomass were followed over 3 years. There was no evidence for remnant native plants on uplands, but seven species of native forbs and four native graminoids flowered in exclosures erected within waterways. D. illinoensis initially established up to 12 seedlings/m2 but had disappeared from all but one plot by the third year. Variation in native grass establishment among replicate plots within treatments was very high, ranging initially from 0.2 to 9.9 plants/m2. In August of the second year, native grasses made up only 8% of the available forage in DR plots and 1% of BT plots. One year later, however, native grasses made up 56% of the available forage in DR plots and 37% of BT plots, and these differences were significant (p= 0.05). A pilot study seeded in late winter (frost seeding) suggested that seeds spread after cattle trampling produced five times more seedlings (2.5/m2) than seeds spread before cattle trampling (0.5/m2). Frost seeding had advantages because it did not require herbicide for sod suppression or tractor access to the site. New plantings could be safely grazed in early spring and late fall, before and after most native grass growth, to offset the negative economic impact of protecting new plantings from burning during the growing season. But this practice precluded subsequent prescribed burning. I propose a strategy for incorporating native wildflowers into the pasture over time with minimum cost.
J. P. Jacob, “Evaluation of Illinois Bundleflower (Desmanthus Illinoensis) for Broiler Chicks,” Journal of Applied Poultry Research, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 39–44, Mar. 2007.
doi: 10.1093/japr/16.1.39.
Illinois bundleflower (IBF; Desmanthus illinoensis) is a warm-season perennial legume native to the central plains of the United States and has potential as both a forage and grain crop. The objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of IBF seeds as a feed ingredient in broiler starter diets. One-day-old broiler chicks were fed 1 of 4 isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets containing 0, 5, 10, or 15% IBF seed. Illinois Bundleflower seed is a high-protein (31.5% CP) feed ingredient with a Lys:Met similar to that of soybean meal. The TME content of IBF seed depends on the form in which it is fed. When fed ground, the TMEn content was determined to be 1,974 kcal/kg. When fed whole, with supplemental grit, the TMEn content was 1,067 kcal/kg. Inclusion of IBF seed in broiler starter diets had adverse affects on both feed consumption and BW gain, even at a 5% inclusion level. Further studies are required to determine whether IBF seed could be included in diets for older broiler chicks or laying hens.
Being overweight or obese are major factors contributing to the increased morbidity and mortality due to non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The treatment of obesity with pharmaceutical drugs is plagued by side effects. Plants and their phytochemicals possess a number of beneficial health effects including anti-oxidant,anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and anti-cancer effects, mediated by activation of the adenosine monophosphate protein kinase (AMPK).AMPK controls many metabolic processes including glucose uptake and utilisation, and adipogenesis, and is often referred to as the master regulator establishing cellular homeostasis.Cyclopia maculata, commonly known as honeybush, is an indigenous South Africa plant possessing anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Recently, others in our laboratory have shown that a hot water extract of fermented C. maculata inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes, with some evidence of weight regulatory properties in a Wistar rat model of diet-induced obesity. In the rat study, 21 day old weanlings were fed a high fat, high sugar cafeteria diet for 3 months with (n=10) or without (n=10) C. maculata supplementation. This group of rats was referred to as the lean group (n=20). Another group of rats were fed a cafeteria diet for 4 months to induce obesity (obese group, n=20) and thereafter treated as described for the lean rats. The aim of this MSc study was to determine whether C. maculata induces AMPK activation.Proteins were extracted from the liver and muscle tissue of lean and obese Wistar rats using an optimized extraction method with a commercial lysis buffer and the TissueLyser.Treatment with the C. maculata extract had no effect on the protein yield in lean and obese rats. Interestingly, the protein yield in the liver of obese rats was significantly higher than that observed in lean rats. Although C. maculata treatment slightly increased AMPK activation (calculated as the ratio of phosphorylated AMPK to total AMPK) in the liver of lean and obese rats, the difference was not statistical significant. Conversely, C.maculata treatment decreased AMPK activity in muscle of lean and obese rats, with statistical significance observed in the lean group only (2.3-fold, p<0.05). Differences in AMPK activation between the groups were also noted, a 1.3-fold decreased activity observed in obese groups compared to their lean counterparts, although this was not statistically significant. Expression of PPARα, a downstream protein target affected by AMPK activation was reduced in the liver of lean and obese rats after C. maculata treatment. Moreover, PPARα expression was significantly higher in obese compared to lean rats (2.7-fold, p<0.001). PPARα is a transcription factor mediating fat metabolism (β-oxidation) and its expression is induced by circulating free fatty acids, which are increased in obese compared to lean rats. The expression of PPARα in muscle was too low for Western blot analysis and quantification.Cyclopia maculata treatment did not affect hepatic expression of UCP2, another protein important in establishing energy homeostasis. The expression of UCP2 was 2.9-fold higher in the liver of obese rats compared to their lean counterparts, although the difference was not statistically significant. The opposite results were observed in the muscle where C. maculata treatment decreased UCP2 expression in lean rats (2.8-fold,p<0.0001), and UCP2 expression was decreased 1.4-fold in obese rats compared to lean rats, although the difference was not statistically significant.ELISA results for AMPK activation revealed that C. maculata treatment increased AMPK activity, although not statistically significant. Histological analysis of retroperitoneal fat showed that C. maculata did not affect adipocyte size and number, although a slight decrease in adipocyte size was observed after treatment .This study has demonstrated that treatment of the cafeteria diet fed Wistar rats with 300 mg/kg of a hot water extract of fermented C. maculata does activate AMPK. This study revealed important differences between lean and obese rats. In particular, increased hepatic protein content, PPARα and UCP2 expression was observed in obese rats compared to the lean group. This suggests an adaptive response to the increased circulating free fatty acids during obesity and an increase in β-oxidation in these animals.
N. J. Jacques, M. I. M. Ibtissam, M. T. M. Tatien, N. Noël, H. François, and K. Ahmed, “Contribution to the Domestication of Indigenous Fabaceae Species of Burundi: Entada Abyssinica Seedling Production,” Revue Nature et Technologie, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 58–64, 2019.https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/82297.
E. abyssinica is a fastgrowing species that should be adopted in afforestation, reforestation and ecosystem restoration programs and further research should investigate field growth parameters of E. abyss inica. In Burundi, species used in reforestation are quasi-exclusively exotic. Indigenous species and their ecosystems are continuously being degraded due to demographic pressure. It is crucial to domesticate indigenous species particularly those with socio-economic role such as Fabaceae woody species. This study aims at (i) optimizing seed germination of E. abyssinica, (ii) evaluating the mechanical scarification effect on seedling growth and (iii) seedling growth parameters. We used mechanical and boiling water to scarify E. abyssinica seeds and imbibed at two duration times. Seeds were germinated at three different temperatures. The results reveal the effectiveness of the mechanical scarification up to 100 % germination compared to boiling water, 75 % (or non-scarified seeds, 4 %) and a quick germination (mean germination time and time to 50 % germination). Deep-scraping on seed hilum differs from a superficial one and produces excised seed radicles and seedlings with abundant and fasciculate root system. Growth parameters reveal fastness of E. abyssinica growth approaching one meter per year. The present study concludes that E. abyssinica is a fastgrowing species that should be adopted in afforestation, reforestation and ecosystem restoration programs. Further research should investigate field growth parameters of E. abyssinica and pursue domestication trials of other indigenous plant species with high socio-economic and ecological importance.
A. Javaid, H. Qudsia, and A. Shoaib, “Bioassays Guided Fractionation of Senna Occidentalis for Identification of Natural Antifungal Constituents Against Macrophomina Phaseolina,” Planta Daninha, vol. 35, p. e017163483, Mar. 2017.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-83582017350100002.
ABSTRACT Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the most destructive soil-borne fungal plant pathogens. In the present study, different aerial parts of Senna occidentalis were analyzed for their antifungal activity against M. phaseolina. In initial screening bioassays, 0.5-3.0% concentrations of methanolic extracts of fruit, leaf and stem were tested against M. phaseolina. The methanolic leaf extract showed the greatest activity causing up to 29% suppression in biomass production of M. phaseolina. Fractionation of leaf extract of S. occidentalis was carried out with four organic solvents. Bioassays with a range of concentrations (2.34-150 mg mL-1) of these sub-fractions revealed that the chloroform sub-fraction was the most effective, causing 93-98% reduction in the biomass of M. phaseolina, followed by 59-92% suppression in fungal biomass due to the n-hexane sub-fraction. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol sub-fractions were only effective at higher concentrations. GC-MS analysis of chloroform sub-fraction was performed to identify different compounds. Six compounds were identified in this fraction; 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester was the predominant compound (53.55%) followed by 9,10-dimethyltricyclo[4.2.1.1 (2,5)]decane-9,10-diol (22.68%), cyclohexanol, and 2-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)-5-methyl (9.87%).
Taking Acacia confusa as the test tree species of potted planting,the effects of water on photosynthesis rate was mainly analyzed through controlling soil water in the plastic shed and showed that net photosynthetic rate had close relations with soil water and it had conic polynomial relationship with soilWater. Taking Acacia confusa as the test tree species of potted planting,the effects of water on photosynthesis rate was mainly analyzed through controlling soil water in the plastic shed.The results showed that net photosynthesis rate had close relations with soil water and it had conic polynomial relationship with soil water.Through the water-controlling tests,the light-responding results under different SWC of plants showed that under different SWC,the responses of Pn to PAR were power function and the relationship was very obvious.The maximum of Pn was greatly differed in different SWC.The light compensation point basically had nothing with SWC.
This study reports the in vitro strategy for the rapid propagation and antimicrobial properties of Indigofera tinctoria. About 2.66 shoots per node developed on MS medium fortified with 4.44 µM BA, and NAA (5.37 µM ) accelerated shoot elongation. Profuse and friable calli developed on nodal, internodal and leaf explants. 2.32 µM Kn in combination with 2.26 µM 2, 4-D was superior for callus induction, while 2.22 µM BA was superior for callusing from node. Only callus derived from the basal cut ends of the nodal explants showed organogenesis upon subculture on half-strength MS medium enriched with 2.22 or 8.87 µM BA. MS basal medium alone or with 5.37 µM NAA supported in vitro rooting. 78% plantlets were established in the field conditions. I. tinctoria finds many applications in traditional medicine, especially to cure skin diseases. Methanolic extract of I. tinctoria leaves and two ayurvedic drugs, in which I. tinctoria is an important ingredient were tested for the antibacterial activity against three human pathogenic bacteria namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii. The respective Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for E. coli and A. baumani were 62.5µg/well, and 250 µg/well for S. aureus. NK and NKO showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus only with a MIC of 25 µl/well. Taken together, comparatively the compounds present in I. tinctoria exert a high degree of antimicrobial activity.
M. Joersbo, J. Marcussen, and J. Brunstedt, “In Vivo Modification of the Cell Wall Polysaccharide Galactomannan of Guar Transformed with a α-Galactosidase Gene Cloned from Senna,” Molecular Breeding, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 211–219, Sep. 2001.
doi: 10.1023/A:1011375605835.
Galactomannans are composed of a β 1to4 mannan backbone with varying degrees of α 1to6 galactose substitutions and are found in the cell walls of legume endosperm. Like other cell wall polysaccharides, many factors controlling the metabolism of galactomannans remain to be elucidated. In the endospermous legume senna (Senna occidentalis) increased α-galactosidase activity has previously been observed to coincide temporarily with a decrease of the galactose content of the galactomannan. To evaluate the potential role of α-galactosidase for the control of the final galactose content, a α-galactosidase gene expressed in immature senna seeds was cloned and transformed into the related high-yielding species guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). The isolated cDNA encoded a 406 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 44 313 Da. The amino acid sequence was 75% identical to the galactomannan hydrolysing α-galactosidases from germinating guar and coffee bean. The senna α-galactosidase gene was inserted behind a wheat high-molecular-weight glutenin promoter in the vector employed for transformation of guar by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. About 30% of the guar transformants produced endosperm with galactomannans where the galactose content was significantly reduced. After self-fertilization of primary transformants displaying the highest galactose reduction of the galactomannan, endosperms of R1 plants were analysed demonstrating that this property was inherited stably to the progeny and that it was 100% coupled to the presence of the senna α-galactosidase gene. This suggests that α-galactosidases can be involved in the determination of the final galactose content of endosperm galactomannans, demonstrating that cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis can be modified in vivo.
I. T. Johnson and G. R. Fenwick, Dietary Anticarcinogens and Antimutagens: Chemical and Biological Aspects. Elsevier, 2000.
Comprehensive and international in content, Dietary anticarcinogens and antimutagens: Chemical and biological aspects includes topics as diverse as the health benefits of tea, wine and beer, through the prevention of various cancers, to the development of effective communication for healthy eating. The book is organised in to sections covering: epidemiology of diet and cancer; mechanisms of DNA damage and repair; the body’s various protective mechanisms; and experimental approaches to the study of diet and cancer, with particular emphasis on humans as subjects.
A. Johnsson, V. K. Sharma, and W. Engelmann, “The Telegraph Plant: Codariocalyx Motorius (Formerly Also Desmodium Gyrans),” in Plant Electrophysiology: Signaling and Responses, A. G. Volkov, Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2012, pp. 85–123.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-29110-4_4.
The telegraph plant (Codariocalyx motorius) has drawn much interest among plant physiologists because of its peculiar movements of the leaflets. While the terminal leaflets move from a horizontal position during the day and downward during the night, the lateral leaflets display rhythmic up and down movements in the minute range. The period length of the lateral leaflets is temperature dependent, while that of the terminal leaflet is temperature compensated. The movements of both the leaflets are regulated in the pulvini, a flexible organ between the leaflets and the stalk. Electrophysiological recordings using microelectrodes have revealed the physiological mechanisms underlying the leaflet movements. Early experiments related to effect of mechanical load, light, electric and magnetic fields on the leaflet oscillations by the Indian physicist Bose, and followed up by others, are presented. Experimental approaches are discussed and indicate, that Ca2+, various membrane channels, electric and osmotic mechanisms participate in the oscillating system. Modelling the pulvinus tissue would certainly aid in understanding the signal transduction during the movements. New approaches of modelling the mechanisms could further help in understanding the oscillations in the leaflet movements. Such oscillations might be of much broader relevance than known so far, although not as conspicuous as in the leaflet movements.
H. P. G. Jorge, L. G. F. Dias, and C. C. Santos, “Custos E Rentabilidade Na Produção De Mudas De Anadenanthera peregrina (l.) Speg. Em Diferentes Substratos E Ambientes Luminosos,” in Empreendedorismo e Inovação na Engenharia Florestal, Atena Editora, 2019, p. 110.
doi: 10.22533/at.ed.925191911.
Seedlings of forest and/or native species can be used to recover degraded areas and integrated sustainable production systems. In addition, the seedling production activity becomes an income alternative for the rural producer, family farmer and/or nurseryman. However, their economic viability may vary depending on the substrate choice and the light environment for seedling formation. Among the native species of forest and agronomic interest is Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg, known as angico do Cerrado. On the other hand, there are few studies describing the economic analysis of seedling production of the species. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the costs and profitability of A. peregrina seedling production in different substrates and light environments. Sowing was performed at a depth of ± 1.0 cm in 290 polyethylene tubes filled with two substrates: S1) 100% Dystroferric Red Latosol (LVd) of clay texture and S2) Dystroferric Red Latosol + commercial substrate (1:1, v/v), being packaged under four shading levels: 0% (full sun), 30%, 50% and 70%. The production costs were estimated to obtain one thousand (1,000) seedlings of the species at 150 days after sowing, considering the average final survival percentage (65%). The highest costs for obtaining A. peregrina seedlings were those produced in Distroferric Red Latosol + commercial substrate under shaded environments. The difference between the highest cost (R 3.499,42) and the lowest (R 2.866,36) was R 633,06 when producing seedlings under full sun and in the Dystroferric Red Latosol when compared in shaded environment and LVd. + commercial substrate. Higher net income (R 3.133,64) was obtained by producing seedlings in full sun and Distroferric Red Latosol. The substrates and light environments directly influence the production costs and economic profitability of A. peregrina seedlings production.
B. Joseph, J. George, and J. Mohan, “Pharmacology and Traditional Uses of Mimosa Pudica,” vol. 5, no. 2, p. 4, 2013.
Mimosa belongs to the taxonomic group Magnoliopsida and family Mimosaseae. In Latin it is called as Mimosa pudica Linn. Ayurveda has declared that its root is bitter, acrid, cooling, vulnerary, alexipharmic. It is used in the treatment of leprosy, dysentery, vaginal and uterine complaints, and inflammations, burning sensation, asthma, leucoderma, fatigue and blood diseases. Decoction of root is used as gargle to reduce toothache. It is very useful in diarrhea (athisaara), amoebic dysentery (raktaatisaara), bleeding piles and urinary infections. This review gives a brief compilation of its phytochemical and pharmacological activities.
E. Joubert, D. de Beer, I. Hernández, and S. Munné-Bosch, “Accummulation of Mangiferin, Isomangiferin, Iriflophenone-3-C-β-Glucoside and Hesperidin in Honeybush Leaves (Cyclopia Genistoides Vent.) in Response to Harvest Time, Harvest Interval and Seed Source,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 56, pp. 74–82, May 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.02.030.
Cyclopia species, commonly known as honeybush, have been identified as good sources of the xanthones, mangiferin and isomangiferin, the benzophenone, iriflophenone-3-C-β-glucoside, and the flavanone, hesperidin. Cyclopia genistoides Vent., containing the highest levels of mangiferin of commercially cultivated Cyclopia species, was chosen to study the accumulation of these compounds in the leaves of the plant in response to harvest time, harvest interval and seed source. Mostly similar trends were observed for the xanthones and benzophenone. Seed source and harvest time strongly affected mangiferin, isomangiferin and iriflophenone-3-C-glucoside levels. Harvesting during summer (high solar radiation, high temperature, high growing degree days and water deficit) resulted in the highest levels of these compounds in the leaves, while hesperidin showed no clear seasonal variation. Moreover, seed source determined the plant response to environmental factors in terms of composition. In addition, selection of seeds sourced from the Cape Peninsula wild population and annual harvesting as opposed to a longer interval between harvests can additionally improve the xanthone content of the leaves.
E. Joubert, G. Fouche, I. Vermaak, N. Mulaudzi, and W. Chen, “Chapter 5 - Aspalathus Linearis,” in The South African Herbal Pharmacopoeia, A. Viljoen, M. Sandasi, G. Fouche, S. Combrinck, and I. Vermaak, Eds. Academic Press, 2023, pp. 107–152.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-99794-2.00001-5.
Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f) R.Dahlgren, commonly referred to as ‘rooibos tea’, is the best-known indigenous South African herbal tea. It is considered the success story of indigenous product development and marketing, and it is a prime export product, marketed globally. Rooibos is endemic to the Fynbos Biome and is found in the far southwestern part (Nieuwoudtville) of the Northern Cape Province, but chiefly in the Citrusdal and Clanwilliam regions (Cederberg area) of the Western Cape Province. Rooibos tea is anecdotally consumed to relieve colic, indigestion, heartburn and nausea. It also reduces nervous tension, promotes sound sleep and improves appetite. Rooibos extracts are included as anti-oxidant in a wide range of nutraceutical products. The use of rooibos extract in products for topical application for a range of dermatological issues and in a collection of skin-care products is well-established in South Africa. The ‘fermentation’ process is important for the development of the characteristic aroma, flavour and colour of the ‘traditional’ tea product, notable for its red–brown colour. The phytochemistry of rooibos tea has been extensively investigated, especially with regard to the aspalathin (dihydrochalcone) content and that of other major flavonoids, and the quantitative differences between unfermented (green) and fermented rooibos. Much has been documented concerning the anti-oxidant activity of rooibos tea and its role in alleviating oxidative stress. The potential of rooibos, in particular green rooibos extract and aspalathin, in the prevention of metabolic syndrome has been the focus of many studies. Other investigations include antispasmodic, anticancer, bone health and antistress activities. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) has been used extensively for the quantification of aspalathin, other major flavonoids and Z-2-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-phenylpropenoic acid in rooibos. Other techniques, such as semi-automated high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS), and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy, were used to determine the chemical profiles of rooibos tea.
E. Joubert, N. Mulaudzi, W. Chen, I. Vermaak, and S. Combrinck, “Chapter 7 - Cyclopia Genistoides,” in The South African Herbal Pharmacopoeia, A. Viljoen, M. Sandasi, G. Fouche, S. Combrinck, and I. Vermaak, Eds. Academic Press, 2023, pp. 171–197.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-99794-2.00020-9.
Cyclopia genistoides (L.) R.Br (Fabaceae), commonly referred to as ‘honeybush tea’, is one of 23 Cyclopia species endemic to South Africa. The natural habitat of this small fynbos shrub is restricted to very small areas in the Western Cape Province, spanning from the West Coast to Mossel Bay on the Southern Cape coast. Honeybush tea is mostly enjoyed as a hot beverage of the ‘fermented’ product. ‘Fermentation’ refers to the high-temperature oxidation process essential for the development of the sought-after sweet, floral aroma and flavour, and brown colour. Traditional medicinal uses include use as an expectorant in pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic catarrh, and a restorative with astringent properties. ‘Caspa Cyclopia Tea’ was the first branded product to appear on the market in the 1960s. The development of a formal industry in the 1990s gave rise to different branded honeybush products, and the production of extracts. Several studies investigating the anti-oxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities have been documented for different Cyclopia species (fermented and unfermented). Quality control protocols based on the chromatographic profiling of methanol extracts were developed using a semi-automated high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) system. The HPTLC profiles of the extracts viewed under 366nm radiation after derivatisation with vanillin-sulphuric acid reagent revealed the presence of mangiferin, isomangiferin and hesperidin in all samples, compounds ubiquitous to all Cyclopia species. Their presence in the methanol extracts was confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS).
M. E. Joubert, W. A. G. Kotzé, and J. Wooldridge, “Effect of Liming and Mineral Nutrition on Growth of Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) Plants,” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 161–165, Jan. 2007.
doi: 10.1080/02571862.2007.10634800.
A short-duration pot trial was carried out to determine the effects of liming and of mineral nutrients on Cyclopia spp., a newly commercially significant member of the fynbos flora, which habitually grows in acid, low phosphorus (P) sandy soils. Total dry mass production after four months by C. subternata increased where the soil pH was limed from 4.4 to 5.2 (1M KCl), and also benefited from the addition of 10 mg P kg−1 to the native soil P concentration of 11 mg kg−1. No response was observed to the addition of potassium (K), where the soil contained 25 mg K kg−1. Manganese (Mn) addition did not give a positive response, even though the soil Mn concentration in the unamended soil was low (1.3 mg kg−1). Treatment of the seed with molybdenum, to stimulate Rhizobium, promoted dry mass production in C. subternata, but did not do so consistently in C. maculata. The effects of nitrogen and magnesium on dry mass production in C. subternata and C. maculata were inconsistent.
E. Joubert, E. S. Richards, J. D. V. der Merwe, D. De Beer, M. Manley, and W. c.a. Gelderblom, “Effect of Species Variation and Processing on Phenolic Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Cyclopia Spp. (Honeybush Tea),” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 954–963, Feb. 2008.
doi: 10.1021/jf072904a.
The in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts prepared from four Cyclopia spp. (unfermented and fermented) was assessed using radical (ABTS•+) scavenging, ferric ion reduction, and inhibition of Fe2+-induced microsomal lipid peroxidation as criteria. Aqueous extracts of unfermented and fermented Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) and Camellia sinensis teas (green, oolong, and black) were included as reference samples. Qualitative and quantitative differences in phenolic composition were demonstrated for the Cyclopia spp. The xanthone glycoside, a.k.a. mangiferin, was the major monomeric polyphenol present in the Cyclopia extracts, with both unfermented and fermented C. genistoides extracts containing the highest quantities. Fermentation resulted in a significant reduction in extract yields and their total polyphenolic and individual polyphenol contents. Unfermented plant material should preferentially be used for preparation of extracts, as fermentation significantly (P < 0.05) lowered antioxidant activity of all species, except in the case of C. genistoides, where the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation was not affected. Unfermented plant material also retained the highest concentration of mangiferin. Overall, extracts of unfermented Cyclopia were either of similar or lower antioxidant activity as compared to the other teas. However, the presence of high levels of mangiferin merits the use of Cyclopia spp. and, in particular, C. genistoides, as an alternative herbal tea and potential dietary supplement.
E. Joubert, M. Manley, C. Maicu, and D. de Beer, “Effect of Pre-Drying Treatments and Storage on Color and Phenolic Composition of Green Honeybush (Cyclopia Subternata) Herbal Tea,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 338–344, Jan. 2010.
doi: 10.1021/jf902754b.
The effect of various pre-drying treatments and storage temperatures on the color (L*, a*, b*, chroma, and hue angle) and phenolic composition of green Cyclopia subternata was investigated. Pre-drying treatments, which included comminution + drying (T2), steaming (ca. 90−93 °C/60 s) + comminution + drying (T3), and comminution + steaming + drying (T4), had a detrimental effect (p < 0.05) on the color parameters relative to the control (T1) (drying of intact leaves). All drying took place at 40 °C and 30% relative humidity (RH). Of the pre-drying treatments (T2, T3, and T4), the best retention of the green leaf color was observed for T3 (p < 0.05). T2 reduced the SS and TP contents of the leaves (p < 0.05) as well as the content of individual phenolic compounds, including mangiferin, isomangiferin, and eriocitrin. Scolymoside did not follow the same trend as the other compounds, with the intact leaves having the lowest content. It is postulated that oxidation of eriocitrin (eriodictyol-7-O-rutinoside) to scolymoside (luteolin-7-O-rutinoside) occurred with comminution and steaming. The phenolic composition of samples, subjected to T1 and T3 and a 6 month storage period at 0 and 30 °C, remained stable. Storage at 30 °C resulted in detrimental color changes, leading to the loss of the green leaf color irrespective of the pre-drying treatment.
E. Joubert et al., “Enhancing Fruity and Sweet-Associated Aroma Attributes of Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia Spp.) by Ultra-High Temperature Oxidation,” Applied Food Research, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 100398, Jun. 2024.
doi: 10.1016/j.afres.2024.100398.
Ultra-high temperature oxidation (UHTO) was explored as an alternative to the standard oxidation of honeybush tea, aiming to shorten the processing time and enhance the fruity and sweet-associated sensory characteristics. Different UHTO temperature × time regimes were applied to Cyclopia subternata, C. genistoides, C. intermedia and C. longifolia. Descriptive sensory analysis showed that UHTO treatment, regardless of species, increased the intensities of fruity and sweet-associated aromas while decreasing the intensities of floral aromas. The optimal UHTO regime for each species was subsequently applied to a larger number of plant material batches (n = 10 per species) to introduce a wider range of intra-species variation and confirm broad trends for the sensory profile, as well as for the colour and phenolic composition, of the infusions over species. The effect of treatment conditions on the retention of the phenolic compounds varied, depending on the compound and species. The substantial decrease in the mangiferin and isomangiferin concentrations of C. genistoides infusions, which was not observed for the other species, was notable. The study highlights the potential of UHTO to reduce oxidation time while enhancing the fruity and sweet-associated aroma attributes of honeybush tea, changes that may be beneficial in attracting new consumers and expanding the honeybush tea market.
E. Joubert, M. Manley, and M. Botha, “Evaluation of Spectrophotometric Methods for Screening of Green Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) and Green Honeybush (Cyclopia Genistoides) Extracts for High Levels of Bio-Active Compounds,” Phytochemical Analysis, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 169–178, Mar. 2008.
doi: 10.1002/pca.1033.
The potential of UV spectrophotometry and an aluminium chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric method to determine the dihydrochalcone (DHC) and mangiferin contents of green rooibos and honeybush (C. genistoid...
M. E. Joubert, P. S. Botma, W. A. G. Kotzé, and J. Wooldridge, “Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) Response to Phosphorus Fertilisation and Mulching,” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 176–177, Jan. 2007.
doi: 10.1080/02571862.2007.10634803.
Honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) is endemic to the Western- and Eastern Cape where it grows naturally in sandy, acidic, low- phosphorus (P) soils. The effects of different rates of applied P, and of mulches, on the growth of four honeybush species were determined in a field trial. In soils containing around 6 mg P kg−1, the growth of plastic mulched Cyclopia subternata was significantly enhanced by the addition of sufficient P to increase the soil P concentration to 20 mg kg−1. At low (6 mg kg−1) soil P concentrations, mortality rates in honeybush species tended to be lower in sawdust mulched, relative to unmulched and plastic mulched treatments. Mortality was probably associated with a root nematode infestation.
E. Joubert, M. E. Joubert, C. Bester, D. de Beer, and J. H. De Lange, “Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.): From Local Cottage Industry to Global Markets — The Catalytic and Supporting Role of Research,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 887–907, Oct. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2011.05.014.
Honeybush tea (Cyclopia spp.), one of the traditional South African herbal teas with a long history of regional use, remained a cottage industry until the mid-1990s when researchers were instrumental in the development of a formal agricultural and agro-processing industry. It is one of the few indigenous South African plants that made the transition from the wild to a commercial product during the past 100years. Research activities during the past 20years included propagation, production, genetic improvement, processing, composition and the potential for value-adding. The present review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive record of the development of the South African honeybush industry, against the background of the historical highlights in the making of an industry. It provides a blueprint of the processes and actions involved in the development of a new agricultural and agro-processing industry from an herbal plant. Insight into challenges faced by the industry and future research needed to keep it competitive are provided.
D. F. Joubert, G. N. Smit, and M. T. Hoffman, “The Influence of Rainfall, Competition and Predation on Seed Production, Germination and Establishment of an Encroaching Acacia in an Arid Namibian Savanna,” Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 91, pp. 7–13, Apr. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.11.001.
Seed production and seedling survival are under-researched in savannas. We investigated these in a population of a major thickening species, Acacia mellifera, in an arid Namibian savanna over a nine year period (late 1998–early 2007) We asked the following questions: (i) How does viable seed production vary with rainfall and tree size, (ii) when does seed germination occur, (iii) is the seed bank of A. mellifera persistent, and (iv) how do competitive interactions with established trees influence recruitment of A. mellifera seedlings? Seed production was highly correlated with annual rainfall. In dry years, there was no viable seed production. En masse seed production only occurred in exceptionally high rainfall years, and was strongly correlated with size among trees >2 m tall. Seed predation was low. Seedlings only emerged directly after en masse seed production, suggesting ephemeral seed banks. Three times more seedlings emerged per m2, but seedling survival was five times less, under trees than away from trees, indicating strong competition for water with established trees. Seed production is a recruitment bottleneck in this species. Recruitment requires at least two consecutive seasons of favourable rainfall, and is highly episodic in arid savannas.
E. Joubert et al., “Pre-Oxidation Drying of Cyclopia Plant Material to Eliminate a Bottleneck in Conventional Manufacture of Traditional Honeybush Tea – Impact on Infusion Quality,” Applied Food Research, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 100182, Dec. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.afres.2022.100182.
During the conventional production of traditional honeybush tea, the lengthy high-temperature oxidation process creates a bottleneck due to constrained equipment capacity, resulting in a backlog in production during peak harvesting. A delay in processing could cause deterioration of the fresh plant material, and ultimately a poor-quality finished product. Cyclopia subternata, C. genistoides and C. intermedia were used to evaluate the viability of preserving the freshly harvested plant material by pre-oxidation drying until equipment capacity becomes available. The quality of their herbal teas, manufactured by using fresh and dried plant material as raw materials, was assessed in terms of sensory characteristics, colour, turbidity and phenolic composition of the infusions. Pre-oxidation drying did not affect the intensities of the aroma attributes, nor were sweetness and astringency affected (p ≥ 0.05). However, the bitter intensity of C. genistoides infusions was slightly increased (p < 0.05). Pre-oxidation drying also resulted in infusions that were slightly lighter, less red and less yellow. The change in individual and overall phenolic content of the infusions was not consistent between species. The overall phenolic content of the infusions increased for C. genistoides, but decreased for C. subternata and C. intermedia. With sensory properties being key to the quality of honeybush tea, pre-oxidation drying of the plant material may be an effective solution to alleviate the manufacturing bottleneck. Not only could it extend the operating period of factories beyond the harvest season, but processing demands could be levelled out.
E. Joubert, M. Botha, C. Maicu, D. De Beer, and M. Manley, “Rapid Screening Methods for Estimation of Mangiferin and Xanthone Contents of Cyclopia Subternata Plant Material,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 82, pp. 113–122, Sep. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.07.019.
Two rapid screening methods, i.e. a colorimetric method employing aluminium chloride complexation and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, were evaluated for prediction of the mangiferin and xanthone contents of unfermented Cyclopia subternata plant material. Optimum analytical extraction conditions in terms of solvent and time for mangiferin were determined to ensure accurate HPLC reference data. The AlCl3 colorimetric method gave moderate prediction of the mangiferin content (y=1.3x+0.87; R2=0.55). The NIR spectroscopy calibration models developed for prediction of mangiferin (SEP=0.21g/100g; R2=0.67) and xanthone (SEP=0.27g/100g; R2=0.66) contents are suitable for screening purposes. To improve the robustness of the NIR spectroscopy calibration the model data set were expanded to include data of unfermented Cyclopia genistoides, having higher xanthone content. This did not improve the NIR spectroscopy calibration for prediction of C. subternata samples, although the calibration was more robust for prediction of C. genistoides samples. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) it was possible to clearly differentiate between the two species.
E. Joubert, F. Otto, S. Grüner, and B. Weinreich, “Reversed-Phase HPLC Determination of Mangiferin, Isomangiferin and Hesperidin in Cyclopia and the Effect of Harvesting Date on the Phenolic Composition of C. Genistoides,” European Food Research and Technology, vol. 216, no. 3, pp. 270–273, Mar. 2003.
doi: 10.1007/s00217-002-0644-5.
A reversed-phase HPLC method for separation of polyphenols in honeybush tea (Cyclopia spp.) is presented. Separation of eriodictyol, luteolin, medicagol, formononetin, mangiferin, isomangiferin, hesperetin and hesperidin was investigated. A C12 stationary phase was required to separate mangiferin and isomangiferin. The method was used to quantify the three major polyphenols (mangiferin, isomangiferin and hesperidin) in C. genistoides, C. intermedia, C. maculata and C. sessiliflora and to study the effect of harvesting date on these compounds in two types of C. genistoides. The highest levels of the xanthones, mangiferin (3.61 g/100 g) and isomangiferin (0.54 g/100 g), and the flavanone, hesperidin (1.74 g/100 g), were found for C. genistoides (both xanthones) and C. intermedia, respectively. Cyclopia sessiliflora contained the lowest levels of mangiferin (1.04 g/100 g) and hesperidin (0.29 g/100 g). The mangiferin content of both the Overberg and West Coast types decreased with harvesting date (P <0.05). The Overberg type contained more mangiferin, but hesperidin was more prominent in the West Coast type.
E. Joubert and D. de Beer, “Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) beyond the Farm Gate: From Herbal Tea to Potential Phytopharmaceutical,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 869–886, Oct. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2011.07.004.
Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) Dahlg. (Fabaceae, Tribe Crotalarieae), an endemic South African fynbos species, is cultivated to produce the well-known herbal tea, rooibos. It is currently sold in more than 37 countries with Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Japan and the United States of America representing 86% of the export market in 2010. Its caffeine-free and comparatively low tannin status, combined with its potential health-promoting properties, most notably antioxidant activity, contributes to its popularity. First marketed in 1904 in its fermented (oxidised) form, green rooibos is a new product recently on the market. The utilisation of rooibos has also moved beyond a herbal tea to intermediate value-added products such as extracts for the beverage, food, nutraceutical and cosmetic markets. Its potential as a phytopharmaceutical, shown in recent scientific studies, has not yet been exploited. This review focuses on past and current research aimed at enhancing the value of rooibos herbal tea as a specialised, niche product and expanding its value-adding potential against the background of its traditional use and the current market. The focus falls specifically on aspects such as composition, processing, quality and rooibos as food and potential medicine.
E. Joubert, W. C. A. Gelderblom, A. Louw, and D. de Beer, “South African Herbal Teas: Aspalathus Linearis, Cyclopia Spp. and Athrixia Phylicoides—A Review,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 376–412, Oct. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.014.
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis (Brum.f) Dahlg.) and honeybush (Cyclopia Vent. species) are popular indigenous South African herbal teas enjoyed for their taste and aroma. Traditional medicinal uses of rooibos in South Africa include alleviation of infantile colic, allergies, asthma and dermatological problems, while a decoction of honeybush was used as a restorative and as an expectorant in chronic catarrh and pulmonary tuberculosis. Traditional medicinal uses of Athrixia phylicoides DC., or bush tea, another indigenous South African plant with very limited localised use as herbal tea, include treatment of boils, acne, infected wounds and infected throats. Currently rooibos and honeybush are produced for the herbal tea market, while bush tea has potential for commercialisation. A summary of the historical and modern uses, botany, distribution, industry and chemical composition of these herbal teas is presented. A comprehensive discussion of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo biological properties, required to expand their applications as nutraceutical and cosmeceutical products, is included, with the main emphasis on rooibos. Future research needs include more comprehensive chemical characterisation of extracts, identification of marker compounds for extract standardisation and quality control, bioavailability and identification of bio-markers of dietary exposure, investigation of possible herb–drug interactions and plant improvement with regards to composition and bioactivity.
E. Joubert, W. C. A. Gelderblom, A. Louw, and D. de Beer, “South African Herbal Teas: Aspalathus Linearis, Cyclopia Spp. and Athrixia Phylicoides—A Review,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 376–412, Oct. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.014.
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis (Brum.f) Dahlg.) and honeybush (Cyclopia Vent. species) are popular indigenous South African herbal teas enjoyed for their taste and aroma. Traditional medicinal uses of rooibos in South Africa include alleviation of infantile colic, allergies, asthma and dermatological problems, while a decoction of honeybush was used as a restorative and as an expectorant in chronic catarrh and pulmonary tuberculosis. Traditional medicinal uses of Athrixia phylicoides DC., or bush tea, another indigenous South African plant with very limited localised use as herbal tea, include treatment of boils, acne, infected wounds and infected throats. Currently rooibos and honeybush are produced for the herbal tea market, while bush tea has potential for commercialisation. A summary of the historical and modern uses, botany, distribution, industry and chemical composition of these herbal teas is presented. A comprehensive discussion of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo biological properties, required to expand their applications as nutraceutical and cosmeceutical products, is included, with the main emphasis on rooibos. Future research needs include more comprehensive chemical characterisation of extracts, identification of marker compounds for extract standardisation and quality control, bioavailability and identification of bio-markers of dietary exposure, investigation of possible herb–drug interactions and plant improvement with regards to composition and bioactivity.
M. E. Joubert, J. Wooldridge, and M. Booyse, “Tissue Element Concentrations and Mineral Removal Rates in Honeybush Tea Ii: Cyclopia Subternata,” Journal of Plant Nutrition, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1801–1810, Aug. 2010.
doi: 10.1080/01904167.2010.503828.
A survey of plantation-grown Cyclopia subternata showed that average concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the new top growth of mature seedlings and cuttings were 1.59, 0.09, 0.62, 0.32, and 0.17%, respectively. Respective removal rates of these elements at each harvest averaged 13.1, 0.7, 5.1, 2.6, and 1.4 g plant−1. These quantities were equivalent to. 28% to 45% of the total element in the plant. Concentrations in the top growth of sodium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc and boron averaged, respectively, 1459, 34, 143, 7, 9, and 30 mg kg−1. Old top growth dry mass and root dry mass increased with time. Peak new top growth yields from C. subternata plants derived from seedlings and cuttings differed by only 2.2%. At peak production, new growth constituted 15% of total seedling dry mass and 21% of total cutting dry mass.
E. Joubert, M. Manley, and M. Botha, “Use of NIRS for Quantification of Mangiferin and Hesperidin Contents of Dried Green Honeybush (Cyclopia Genistoides) Plant Material,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 54, no. 15, pp. 5279–5283, Jul. 2006.
doi: 10.1021/jf060617l.
Cyclopia genistoides, normally used for the preparation of an herbal tea, honeybush, is a good source of the bio-active compounds mangiferin and hesperidin and is in demand for the preparation of xanthone-enriched extracts. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to develop calibration models to predict the mangiferin and hesperidin contents of the dried green plant material. NIRS measurements of plant material and pure compounds were performed in diffuse reflectance mode. The calibration sets for mangiferin and hesperidin contents ranged from 0.7 to 7.21 and 0.64−4.80 g/100 g, respectively. Using independent validation, it was shown that the NIRS calibration models for the prediction of mangiferin (SEP = 0.46 g/100 g; R2 = 0.74; and RPD = 1.96) and hesperidin (SEP = 0.38 g/100 g; R2 = 0.72; and RDP = 1.90) contents of the dried plant material are adequate for screening purposes, based on RPD values. Keywords: Near-infrared spectroscopy; honeybush; Cyclopia genistoides; mangiferin; hesperidin; xanthone; flavanone
L. Jung-Tai, T. Sung-Ming, and L. Chung-Hung, “The Nitrogen-Fixing Bradyrhizobium Elkanii Significantly Stimulates Root Development and Pullout Resistance of Acacia Confusa,” 2017.
doi: 10.5897/AJB2017.15971.
The results demonstrate that B. elkanii is an effective nitrogen-fixing bacterium capable of enhancing growth, root development and pullout resistance of A. confusa. Reforestation of native Acacia confusa Merr. on landslide areas in Taiwan is important for agroforestry and soil conservation. To ensure high survival and growth vigor, A. confusa seedlings must develop a strong root system. Inoculating of acacia with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) may ameliorate the problems associated with soil nutrient deficiency on landslide sites. In this study, under plastic house condition, a NFB was isolated from the root nodules of native A. confusa and identified as Bradyrhizobium elkanii, and its effects on growth, root system morphology and pullout resistance of acacia seedlings were investigated. Our results revealed that the growth of inoculated seedlings is significantly more vigor than that of the noninoculated controls. The enhancements in height, tap root length, shoot biomass and root biomass were 40, 100, 140 and 130%, respectively. Also, inoculated seedlings had significantly longer total root length (150%), larger external root surface area (130%), larger root volume (70%), and more root tip number (60%) than the controls. Moreover, the inoculated seedlings developed significantly stronger root functional traits, that is, root density (130%), root length density (60%) and specific root length (60%), than the controls. Consistently, the root pullout resistance of inoculated seedlings was significantly higher than that of the noninoculated ones. These results demonstrate that B. elkanii is an effective nitrogen-fixing bacterium capable of enhancing growth, root development and pullout resistance of A. confusa. Key words: Fabaceae, inoculation, nodules, pullout resistance, root morphology.
J. M. Jungers, A. T. Clark, K. Betts, M. E. Mangan, C. C. Sheaffer, and D. L. Wyse, “Long-Term Biomass Yield and Species Composition in Native Perennial Bioenergy Cropping Systems,” Agronomy Journal, vol. 107, no. 5, pp. 1627–1640, 2015.
doi: 10.2134/agronj15.0014.
Biomass yield is an important factor when recommending native perennial plants and mixtures for bioenergy production. Our objective was to determine long-term biomass yields in fertilized and unfertilized native plant monocultures and mixtures that show promise for bioenergy across diverse environments in the Upper Midwest. We measured biomass yields, species composition, and diversity annually in monocultures and mixtures ranging from 4 to 24 planted species including grasses, legumes, and other forbs; each managed with and without 67 kg N ha−1 fertilizer applied annually at nine locations for 7 yr. Without N fertilization, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) monocultures and an eight-species mixture of grasses and legumes produced the most biomass over locations and years (5.1 Mg ha−1). With N fertilizer, switchgrass monocultures and a four-species mixture of grasses produced the highest yields (6.8 and 6.4 Mg ha−1). Over time, biomass yields increased for switchgrass, decreased for Canada wild rye (Elymus canadensis L.), and remained stable for the high diversity mixtures. Other mixtures had nonlinear changes in yield, likely related to changes in species composition. Although the relative abundance of individual species changed over time, Shannon diversity was constant except for the four-species legume mixture where it decreased. Contrary to other studies, N fertilization did not decrease species diversity through time. Diversity was positively related to biomass yield following establishment, but the strength of the relationship diminished with stand age. Native plant mixtures managed with and without N fertilizer can yield similar biomass compared with highly productive monocultures in the Upper Midwest.
B. Kabila, M. C. Sidhu, and A. S. Ahluwalia, “The Identification of Phytochemicals of Medicinal Important in Senna Occidentalis (l.) Link,” Plant Archives, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 4773–4781, 2020.http://plantarchives.org/20-2/4773-4781%20(6144).pdf.
Plants or plant based traditional medicines are used to take care of issues related to human health using since long time. The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemicals of aqueous, ethanol and hexane extracts of whole plant, leaves and seeds of Senna occidentalis. Phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, betaxanthin, coumarins, resin, steroids, terpenoids and tannins etc. have been reported in these extracts. GC-MS chromatogram of ethanol and hexane extracts of seeds has publicised eighteen and six compounds respectively. Some of the major compounds include eicosane 7-hexyl-, tricaproin, benzene, (ethoxymethyl)-, dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester), astaxanthin. FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence alcohols, alkynes, alkenes, aldehydes amines and esters in different parts. The reported compounds have curative potential for different human health problems. Significance of utilizing Senna occidentalis in traditional medicines gets supported through these findings.
A. B. Kadiri, O. M. Agboola, and F. O. Fashina, “Ethnobotanical Survey and Phyto-Anatomical Studies of Some Common Plants Used for the Treatment of Epilepsy in Some Rural Areas of South West Nigeria,” 2013.https://ir.unilag.edu.ng/handle/123456789/5671.
Aim: To survey some areas in the southwest Nigeria where epilepsy is treated with plant extracts and determine the commonest plant species that are used, for pharmacognostic analysis. Materials and Methods: Open-ended and semi-structured interviews were conducted for information from traditional medicine practitioners. Plant names given were authenticated in the herbarium and phytochemical and anatomical analyses were conducted on the plant parts that are used for treatment using standard approaches. Results: Fifty practitioners were interviewed and they gave 17 different plants; out of these, the 5 commonest ones were investigated. The plants are either used individually or in combination with other plant(s). Services may be rendered freely or by collecting a token which is supernaturally believed to have negative consequences. The practitioners engaged in out-patient and in-patient services and patients are usually totally cured. There are also some inexplicable practices such as oracle visitation, incantations etc. A total of 30 patients have been cured in the last decade by each practitioner. Saponin, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, phlobatannins and alkaloids were isolated using three different media (methanol, petroleum ether and water) and diagnostic anatomical characters of the leaf epidermis, fruit wall, bark and root of the plants are presented in a single account for the first time in the country. The plants studied were Newbouldia laevis, Securidaca longepedunculata, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Nicotiana tabacum and Senna occidentalis. Conclusion: The phytochemicals found are suggestive of the underlying medicinal potency of the plants and future work will help to establish the most active principles which will lead to development of drugs for treating the disease. The diagnostic anatomical characters can be employed in resolving doubts especially when the plant materials are in fragments. The least mentioned plant species can be saved from harvesting to conserve the rich flora diversity in the country.
A. Kalirajan and J. S. Michael, “A Preliminary Screening of the Medicinal Plant Desmodium Gyrans (Linn.f) Dc for Its Antimicrobial, Phytochemical and Wound Healing Properties,” vol. 3, p. 5.
R. Kamal and M. Mangla, “In Vivo Andin Vitro Investigations on Rotenoids fromIndigofera Tinctoria and Their Bioefficacy against the Larvae ofAnopheles Stephensi and Adults ofCallosobruchus Chinensis,” Journal of Biosciences, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 93–101, Mar. 1993.
doi: 10.1007/BF02703041.
Various plant parts ofIndigofera tinctoria L. were collected separately at different growth stages and analysed for their rotenoid content. The total rotenoid content decreased with age; among the plant parts, maximum content was in leaves and minimum in stem. The identity of different rotenoids was confirmed by melting point, mixed melting point, UV and infrared spectral studies, and gas-liquid chromatography. Six rotenoids (deguelin, dehydrodeguelin, rotenol, rotenone, tephrosin and sumatrol) were isolated, identified and quantified invivo.
B. I. Kamara, D. J. Brand, E. V. Brandt, and E. Joubert, “Phenolic Metabolites from Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia Subternata),” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 52, no. 17, pp. 5391–5395, Aug. 2004.
doi: 10.1021/jf040097z.
Cyclopia subternata is one of the 24 Cyclopia species that are used to brew honeybush tea, a unique South African herbal beverage with a pleasant taste and flavor. It contains various antioxidants, very low tannin content, and no caffeine. Many health properties are associated with regular consumption of the tea. Honeybush infusions have been noted as a tonic for colds and influenza, catarrh, and pulmonic tuberculosis and is becoming well-known for its effectiveness in alleviating menopausal symptoms in women. “Unfermented” leaves of C. subternata contain pinitol, shikimic acid, p-coumaric acid, 4-glucosyltyrosol, epigallocatechin gallate, the isoflavone orobol, the flavanones hesperedin, narirutin, and eriocitrin, a glycosylated flavan, the flavones luteolin, 5-deoxyluteolin, and scolymoside, the xanthone mangiferin, and the flavonol C-6-glucosylkaempferol. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis. Keywords: Cyclopia subternata; Fabaceae; honeybush tea; polyphenol; flavonoids; xanthone; glycosides; health beverage
B. I. Kamara, E. V. Brandt, D. Ferreira, and E. Joubert, “Polyphenols from Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia Intermedia),” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 13, pp. 3874–3879, Jun. 2003.
doi: 10.1021/jf0210730.
The fermented leaves and stems of Cyclopia intermedia are used to brew Honeybush tea, a herbal tea indigenous to South Africa. The plant is also used to manufacture a sweet herbal infusion used for restorative properties such as soothing coughs and alleviating bronchial complaints including tuberculosis, pneumonia, and catarrh. It is claimed to have a low tannin content and no caffeine and contains various antioxidants. Continued investigations into the phenolic content of the leaves and stems of C. intermedia yielded tyrosol and a methoxy analogue, 2-{4-[O-α-apiofuranosyl-(1‘\,‘→6‘)-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy]phenyl}ethanol, 4-[O-α-apiofuranosyl-(1‘\,‘→2‘)-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy]benzaldehyde, five glycosylated flavonols, two isoflavones, four flavanones, two isoflavones, and two flavones. Structure elucidation was done by NMR, CD, and MS methods. Because flavonoids are presumed to contribute significantly toward the scavenging effects of active oxygen species, our results indicate that the tentative claimed health-promoting properties may be attributed to the presence of these and other phenolics in C. intermedia. Keywords: Cyclopia intermedia; Fabaceae; honeybush tea; polyphenols; flavonoids; isoflavonoids; glycosides; health beverage
B. I. Kamara, “Structure and Synthesis of Polyphenols from Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia Intermedia) and the Potential of Flavonoids as Active Oxygen Scavengers,” PhD thesis, University of the Free State, 1999.http://hdl.handle.net/11660/8279.
Cyclopia intermedia E. Mey (Fabaceae), from which Honeybush tea is brewed, is one of approximately 24 Cyclopia species of woody legumes endemic to the Cape fynbos (Cape macchia) region of South Africa. Supported by results from our initial investigations on the plant, demonstrating the presence of phenolic compounds including coumestans, isoflavones, flavanones, xanthones, a flavone, pinnitol and p-coumaric acid, the tea is gaining popularity as a health beverage. Presence of these compounds that are claimed to have interesting pharmacological properties, supported by belief that the tea contains very little, if any, caffeine and a low tannin content, as well as its usage as a medicinal concoction by the people of the Western and Eastern Cape, prompted further investigations of the plant. A senes of enriched fractions of the methanol extracts of the fermented shoots of C. intermedia followed by chromatographic (column Sephadex LH-20 and preparative thin layer) separations afforded flavones and glycosylated flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones and C6.C2- and Cx.Cj-type compounds. Determination of the tannin content and the average degree of polymerisation was accomplished by cleavage of the crude tannin fraction in dilute acid with benzyl mercaptan and phloroglucinol as capture nucleophiles. Stuctures of the compounds were elucidated and characterised as their full acetate derivatives by high resolution (300 MHz) IH NMR speetometry (including COSY and NOESY experiments), Circular Dichroism and Electron Impact Mass spectrometry. Along with tyro sol and its 3-methyl ether analogue, two new C6.C2 and C6.CI monoaryls with the same , β-apiofuranosyl-4-0-,β-D-glucopyranosyl unit were isolated. These were accompanied by the known flavonoids, 3’,4’,7-trihydroxy- and 3’,5,7-trihydroxy-4’-methoxy flavones, 6-C-,β-D- and 5-0-a-D-glucopyranosylkaempferol, the flavanones 7-0-,β-Dglucopyranosylnaringenin and eriodictyol, 5-0-,β-D-glucopyranosyleriodictyol and the isoflavone, 7-0-,β-D-glucopyranosyl-4’ ,6-di-0-methylafrormosin. The new compounds isolated were 5-0-a-D-rutinosylnaringenin, 8-C-,β-D-glucopyranosyl- and 3-0-,6-C-di-,β-Dglucopyranosylkaempferol, 6" -0-, β -apiofuranosyl-7 -0-,β-D-glucopyranosyl-4’ -0- methylisoflavone and 6"-O-β -apiofuranosyl-6-0- β -D-glucopyranosyl-3’ -4’- methylenedioxyflavonol. While cleavage of the tannin fraction afforded three new 4-arylflavans, 4-(2,4,6- trihydroxyphenyl)-4’ ,5,7-trihydroxyflavan, its 5-0- β -D-glucopyranosyl analogue and 4-(2,4,6- trihydroxyphenyl)-3’,4’ ,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavan from the phloroglucinol reaction, 4-thiobenzyl- 4’,7 -dihydroxy-5-0- β -D-glw:opyranosylflavan and 4-thiobenzyl-4’, 7-dihydroxy-5-0- β -Drutinosylflavan were the new 4-thiobenzylflavans isolated the benzyl mercaptan reaction. Absence of the heterocyclic protons of the C-ring in the coumestan structure precluded structural elucidation by NMR alone and necessitated confirmation by synthesis. The three coumestans were, therefore, synthesized via a novel route by directly transforming the appropriate 2,2’ -dihydroxychalcones into coumestans. Since the flavonoids are presumed to contribute significantly towards the scavenging effects of the active oxygen species, flavonols (quercetin, myricetin, fisetin, and robinetin) and flavan-3- ols (catechin and epicatechin), with similar hydroxylation pattern were selected and reacted with super oxide. Besides expected products resulting from cleavage of the molecule, a unique deoxygenation of the 3’ -OH on B-ring occurred with some of the compounds. These results clearly indicate that the tentative claimed health promoting properties of Honeybush tea may at least, in part, be attributed to the presence of these and other phenolics in C.intermedia.
M. M. Kamel and W. R. Sakr, “Response of Senna Occidentalis, Link Plants to Fertilization as Well as Citric Acid and Their Role in Remediating Soil Polluted with Cu and Pb.,” World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 784–798, 2009.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103116089.
This study was carried out in polyethylene bags at the Experimental Nursery of the Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009, with the aim of investigating the response of Senna occidentalis plants, grown in sandy clay loam soil polluted with Cu and Pb, to citric acid (0, 10 and 20 mM),...
J.-H. Kang and K. B. Song, “Antimicrobial Activity of Honeybush (Cyclopia Intermedia) Ethanol Extract against Foodborne Pathogens and Its Application in Washing Fresh-Cut Swiss Chard,” Food Control, vol. 121, p. 107674, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107674.
This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activities of honeybush ethanol extract (HBE) against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7, and to define whether it could be used to wash fresh-cut Swiss chard. HPLC analysis showed that HBE contained the phenolic compounds, hesperidin, luteolin, kaempferol, mangiferin, and epicatechin, indicating potential antimicrobial activities. The results of disc diffusion tests, time-kill assays, and analyses of the released intracellular compounds revealed that HBE was more effective against L. monocytogenes than E. coli O157:H7. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy images showed that HBE damaged and shriveled the cells of both pathogens. Washing fresh-cut Swiss chard spiked with L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 with HBE (6 mg/mL) resulted in 2.31–2.67 log reductions in the populations of these bacteria compared with those in the controls. These results were similar to those of washing with sodium hypochlorite (2.20–2.58 log reduction). In addition, washing with HBE maintained the marketable qualities of fresh-cut Swiss chard, namely, color, texture, and electrolyte leakage rates that indicated tissue deterioration. In contrast, the electrolyte leakage rate of the samples washed with sodium hypochlorite increased. These results indicate that HBE could replace sodium hypochlorite and serve as a novel washing agent to ensure the safety and quality of fresh-cut leafy vegetables.
S.-H. Kang, S. Y. Won, and C.-K. Kim, “The Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Senna Tora (Fabales: Fabaceae),” Mitochondrial DNA Part B, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1283–1284, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1591227.
Cassia tora (Senna tora), known as an economically important plant, is medicinal in nature and belongs to the Fabaceae family. The complete mitochondrial genome sequences of S. tora were 566,589 bp in length with a 45.23% GC content. A total of 63 genes were annotated including 36 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 5 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic tree based on the mitochondrial genome demonstrated that S. tora was most closely related to the Senna occidentalis and Caesalpinioideae subfamily and is definitely separated from the Faboideae subfamily.
S.-H. Kang, H.-O. Lee, B.-O. Ahn, and C.-K. Kim, “The Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of Senna Occidentalis (Fabales: Fabaceae),” Mitochondrial DNA Part B, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 85–86, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1536472.
Senna occidentalis (family: Fabaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant native to the Americans. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of S. occidentalis is 447,106 bp long and contains 53 annotated genes, including 33 protein-coding genes, 17 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome confirmed divergence of S. occidentalis (subfamily: Caesalpinioideae) from the related subfamily Faboideae.
S.-H. Kang, H. O. Lee, C.-K. Kim, S. Chang, J.-N. Kang, and S.-M. Lee, “The Complete Chloroplast Genomes of the Medicinal Plants, Senna Tora and Senna Occidentalis Species,” Mitochondrial DNA Part B, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1673–1674, Apr. 2020.
doi: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1748546.
Senna tora and Senna occidentalis, members of Fabaceae, are medicinally important species for laxatives, diuretics, and anticancer those are native to tropical and subtropical areas and Americas, respectively. In this study, the two complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences in Senna genus were presented. The complete cp genomes of S. tora and S. occidentalis were 162,426 bp and 159,993 bp in size, respectively. Two cp genomes equally harbored 111 genes, including 77 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on protein-coding genes demonstrated that S. tora is mostly related with S. occidentalis.
S.-H. Kang et al., “De Novo Transcriptome Assembly of Senna Occidentalis Sheds Light on the Anthraquinone Biosynthesis Pathway,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 12, 2022.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.773553.
Senna occidentalis is an annual leguminous herb that is rich in anthraquinones, which have various pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the genetics of S. occidentalis, particularly its anthraquinone biosynthesis pathway. To broaden our understanding of the key genes and regulatory mechanisms involved in the anthraquinone biosynthesis pathway, we used short RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and long-read isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) to perform a spatial and temporal transcriptomic analysis of S. occidentalis. This generated 121,592 RNA-Seq unigenes and 38,440 Iso-Seq unigenes. Comprehensive functional annotation and classification of these datasets using public databases identified unigene sequences related to major secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways and critical transcription factor families (bHLH, WRKY, MYB, and bZIP). A tissue-specific differential expression analysis of S. occidentalis and measurement of the amount of anthraquinones revealed that anthraquinone accumulation was related to the gene expression levels in the different tissues. In addition, the amounts and types of anthraquinones produced differ between S. occidentalis and S. tora. In conclusion, these results provide a broader understanding of the anthraquinone metabolic pathway in S. occidentalis.
S. A. Kanu, J. O. Okonkwo, and F. D. Dakora, “Aspalathus Linearis (Rooibos Tea) as Potential Phytoremediation Agent: A Review on Tolerance Mechanisms for Aluminum Uptake,” Environmental Reviews, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 85–92, Jun. 2013.
doi: 10.1139/er-2012-0055.
Aspalathus linearis (Burm. F.) R. Dahlg., commonly referred to as Rooibos tea, grows naturally in nutrient-poor, sandy, acidic soils (pH 3–5.3) with high aluminum concentration ranging from 110 to 275 μg Al g−1 in the Cederberg’s mountainous areas in South Africa. Earlier studies found significant differences in Al concentration in organs of A. linearis, with roots having higher amounts (1262–4078 μg Al g−1), suggesting that the plant is capable of accumulating excess Al in acidic soils. Identification of the mineralogical constituents of organs of A. linearis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the presence of an Al–Si complex (aluminosilicate or hydroxyaluminosilicate (HAS) species) in the shoot and root, possibly to internally ameliorate Al toxicity. In addition, A. linearis has specialized cluster roots that exude Al-chelating organic acid ligands such as citric, malic, and malonic acids. Organic acids can bind strongly to Al in the plant and rhizosphere to reverse its phytotoxic effects to the plants. Field and glasshouse studies revealed significant differences in pH between rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils of A. linearis and also showed that roots of the plant release OH− and HCO3− anions to raise rhizosphere pH possibly to immobilize Al through complexation. Furthermore, A. linearis is easily infected by arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) fungi, but mycorrhizal associations are known to inhibit transport of metallic cations into plant roots. These features of A. linearis are perceived as good indicators for bioremediation; and the plant could, therefore, be a suitable candidate for phytoremediation technologies such as phytoaccumulation, phytostabilization, and phytodegradation. The environmental and economic implications of the potential of A. linearis to bioremediate Al-contaminated soils are briefly discussed. Furthermore, this review briefly highlights future studies investigating the utilization of the shoot of A. linearis as adsorbent for the removal of trace and (or) heavy metal from aqueous solutions.
\relax P. A. Karsen, L. Hoffman, A. Valentine, and C. Bester, “The Effect of Rhizobium Inoculation and Application of Bacillus and Used in Combination with a Nutrient Rich Substrate on the Root Percentage and Development in Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.).”
P. A. Karsen, E. Lötze, A. J. Valentine, and E. W. Hoffman, “Propagation and Cultivation Practices of Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) for the Sustainable Production of an Export Quality Indigenous South African Tea,” Crop Science, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 1702–1733, 2022.
doi: 10.1002/csc2.20752.
Honeybush (Cyclopia) species are endemic to the Fynbos Biome of the Cape Floral Kingdom in South Africa. Traditionally, honeybush foliage is cut, fermented, and sun-dried to make an antioxidant-rich herbal tea. Approximately 80% of honeybush is unsustainably harvested from the wild. All commercial species are indicated on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. Cultivation is thus required to ensure sufficient volumes of tea are produced. A major limitation to cultivation is the poor rooting responses of the species that regenerate from shoots, C. genistoides and C. intermedia, the latter being the most harvested from the wild. The establishment of clonally propagated material is a challenge for all six of the commercially important Cyclopia species. Research on honeybush has mainly focused on the unique properties contributing to flavor, medicinal value, as well as processing. Much less is known about propagation, nutrient requirements, harvesting procedures, plant improvement, and pest and disease management. This review considers management strategies for the sustainable harvesting of wild honeybush and the potential risks of introducing improved plant material. Cultivation practices and management strategies that promote longevity and enhance yield are defined. The inherent rooting ability of cuttings is discussed. Cultivated stands are mostly established by seedlings which results in diversity of vigor and tea quality. A sustainable market based on high-quality indigenous tea requires the use of clonal material which allows the selection of desired traits and rapid multiplication. Its use would enable improved yield and profitability without compromising tea quality.
P. A. Karsen, E. Lötze, A. J. Valentine, and E. W. Hoffman, “Rooting Potential of the ‘Vleitee’ Honeybush (Cyclopia Subternata) as Affected by Growth Season and the Manipulation of Stock Plant Characteristics,” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 179–186, May 2023.
doi: 10.1080/02571862.2023.2248056.
To ensure a high-quality, sustainable supply of South African indigenous honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) tea to domestic and international markets, a shift from wild harvesting practices to true-to-type clonal material is required. This study investigated the impact of stock plant rejuvenation period and seasonality, and the harvesting position of cutting material on stock plants, on the rooting success of four genotypes of Cyclopia subternata Vogel, the most widely cultivated honeybush species. Cutting rooting success varied between 65–94% in summer and 49–91% in autumn, whilst winter-rooted cuttings showed poor rooting success (0–7%). Cutting dry weight was positively correlated with rooting percentage (r = 0.647; p ≤ 0.001). The rooting success of cuttings was strongly impacted by internal stock plant factors, such as clonal effects, cutting position and rejuvenation period. The use of terminal, semi-hardwood cuttings collected in autumn, following 15 months of regrowth, is recommended to achieve acceptable-to-high rooting success. This study confirms that the clonal propagation of C. subternata via cuttings could be a viable option for the sustainable production of high-quality honeybush tea, provided the selection criteria of the stock plant material used as the cutting source is carefully considered.
P. A. Karsen, E. Lötze, A. J. Valentine, and E. W. Hoffman, “Rooting Dynamics of ‘Kustee’ Honeybush (Cyclopia Genistoides) as Affected by Seasonality and the Manipulation of Stock Plant Characteristics,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 163, pp. 45–56, Dec. 2023.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2023.10.014.
Honeybush (Cyclopia spp.), a legume endemic to the Fynbos biome of South Africa, has gained popularity as a herbal tea, particularly for its unique honey-like flavour, low tannin content and high antioxidant status. However, extensive wild-harvesting practices are a concern as this continued practice is placing pressure on natural stands. To ensure a sustainable supply of high-quality tea, a switch to clonal cultivation is required. In this study, the rooting potential of cuttings from four clonal types of Cyclopia genistoides was evaluated, following rejuvenation of stock plants over various regrowth periods, with cutting material collected over different seasons and phenological phases. The highest rooting success of >90 % was achieved following either six- or nine months of regrowth in winter and spring. Cutting dry weight positively correlated with rooting percentages in summer and autumn rooted cuttings. Extended periods of regrowth highlighted clonal differences in rooting success whilst no clonal differences occurred in shorter regrowth periods of less than a year. Cuttings (clones ‘GK3’ and ‘GK5’) made following regrowth of more than 12 months differed significantly, with ‘GK3’ rooting percentages that were lower in comparison to ‘GK5’ cutting material, when harvested in winter (30 %; 82 %) and the following autumn (37 %; 100 %), but were comparable when harvested in the preceding summer, autumn and spring. Stock plant phenology of C. genistoides at harvesting influenced rooting as low rooting percentages consistently coincided when the harvesting of cutting material coincided with the flowering period. The use of terminal cuttings collected from the current season’s growth during a vegetative phase, following a six- or nine-month regrowth period, is recommended for C. genistoides stock plants to achieve acceptable to high rooting success in cutting material.
P. Kaur, N. Kumar, T. N. Shivananda, and G. Kaur, “Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of the Plant Extracts of Mimosa Pudica L. against Selected Microbes.”
Mimosa pudica is the herb that shows sensation on touch. It has been identified as Lajjalu in Ayurveda and has been found to have antiasthmatic, aphrodisiac, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant activities. In the present study the active phytocomponents of M. pudica were revealed using phytochemical analysis. The antimicrobial activity of Mimosa was studied using disk diffusion method. The activity was tested against Straphyloccus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans at different concentrations of 25, 30 and 35 mg/ml and the results have been illustrated.
S. R. Kavita, V. Kumar, K. Sridhar, B. S. Vyakarnahal, and B. C. Chanappagoudar, “Effect of Physical and Chemical Treatments on Seed Dormancy and Storability of Hedge Lucerne [ Desmanthus Virgatus (L.) Willd.],” Legume Research - An International Journal, vol. 38, no. 1, p. 131, 2015.
doi: 10.5958/0976-0571.2015.00022.3.
“A Review on Bioactives and Pharmacological Activities of Senna Occidentalis L.,” in Bioactives and Pharmacology of Legumes, Apple Academic Press, 2023.
Senna occidentalis is an Ayurvedic medicinal plant that has been used in many traditional medicines to treat various diseases. This plant has been known to possess pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective activity, antitry-panosomal activity, wound healing and sun protective effects. Chemical compounds like achrosin, aloeemodin, emodin, anthraquinones, anthrones, apigenin, aurantiobtusin, campesterol, cassiollin, chryso-obtusin, chrysophanic acid, chrysarobin, chrysophanol, chrysoeriol etc. have been isolated from this plant. The present review summarizes the information related to the bioactive compounds and Pharmacognostical activities of Senna occidentalis plant extracts.
K. M. Kelly and J. Van Staden, “Effect of Acid Scarification on Seed Coat Structure, Germination and Seedling Vigour of Aspalathus Linearis,” Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 37–45, Sep. 1985.
doi: 10.1016/S0176-1617(85)80089-4.
Sulphuric acid scarification of Aspalathus linearis seed reduced their impermeability and increased their germination by 100%. Treatments of 120 minutes altered the seed coat structure, extensively damaging cuticle, macrosclereid, osteosclereid, hilar, strophiolar and cotyledon layers. Seedling vigour was adversely affected by scarification. This resulted in a decrease in seedling fresh mass and an increase in seedling abnormalities which increased their mortality.
K. M. Kelly and J. Van Staden, “The Influence of Impaction and Sulphuric Acid Scarification on Electrolyte and Carbohydrate Leakage in Aspalathus Linearis Seeds,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 392–393, Aug. 1988.
doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31310-2.
Die onnodige uitloog van verbindings vanuit Aspalathus linearissade kan verhoed word deur die keuse van behandeling wat die saadhuid deurdringbaar maak. Sade wat geskud (gestamp) is, het ’n minimum van elektroliet- en koolhidraatuitloging getoon. Uitloging van suurgeskarifiseerde sade het in twee fases geskied, met’n klaarblyklike periode van membraanherstel tussen die twee fases. Hierdie verskynsel is waargeneem ten opsigte van beide elektroliet- en koolhidraatuitloging.
K. M. Kelly and J. V. Staden, “The Lens as the Site of Permeability in the Papilionoid Seed, Aspalathus Linearis,” Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 128, no. 4, pp. 395–404, Jun. 1987.
doi: 10.1016/S0176-1617(87)80124-4.
An impaction treatment which involved shaking impermeable seeds of Aspalathus linearisvigorously, rendered seeds permeable at the lens. The macrosclereid cells at the lens separated and became raised. Impaction did not alter the structure of the hilum. Physiologically, imbibition of impacted seeds was controlled and 100 percent germination was recorded after seeds had been impacted for 12 hours. Seedling vigour in terms of fresh seedling mass and seedling morphology was not adversely affected by the impaction treatment. A “mild” dormancy-breaking treatment such as impaction is recommended for breaking dormancy in this case, in preference to the more commonly used concentrated sulphuric acid scarification.
R. W. Kelting, “Longevity of Illinois Bundle Flower (Desmanthus Illinoensis) Seeds,” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 212–213, 1994.
doi: 10.2307/3672256.
J. Kemp, D. Lotter, A. Meyer, A. Kleinert, M. Pérez-Fernández, and A. Valentine, “Variation in Rhizosphere Nutrient Cycling Affects the Source of Nitrogen Acquisition in Wild and Cultivated Aspalathus Linearis (N.L.Burm.) R.Dahlgren Plants,” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 130, pp. 26–33, Sep. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.05.018.
We investigated the different functional strategies of N nutrition of cultivated and wild varieties of the legume Aspalathus linearis (N.L.Burm.) R.Dahlgren during wet and dry seasons in the Cape Floristic Region. The study addressed differences in soil and plant N cycling in cultivated and wild varieties of A. linearis. The seasonal variation in biological N2 fixation (BNF), soil microbial activity, as well as N cycling strategies, were investigated in wild and cultivated varieties of the legume of A. linearis. Fresh leaf samples, leaf litter samples and soil samples were collected during dry and wet seasons for both cultivated and wild-growing A. linearis. Plant samples were analysed for δ15N and total N content. Percentage N resorption was calculated. Soil N, C, P, urease and β-glucosidase were determined directly at the rhizosphere and in bulk soil. During the wet seasons, wild plants had an increased reliance on biological N2 fixation (BNF). This was attributed to an increase in soil microbial activity, which can lead to competition between roots and soil microbes for mineralized soil N. No trade-off between N sources in plants was found and plants tend not to rely more on BNF when microbial activity is low. Wild and cultivated A. linearis plants use different N cycling strategies, where wild plants are more reliant on biological N2 fixation (BNF) whilst cultivated plants tend to retain N.
Z. R. Khan, J. A. Pickett, A. Hassanali, A. M. Hooper, and C. a O. Midega, “Desmodium Species and Associated Biochemical Traits for Controlling Striga Species: Present and Future Prospects,” Weed Research, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 302–306, 2008.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2008.00641.x.
We discovered serendipitously a new and highly effective intervention against Striga spp., including Striga hermonthica (African witchweed), in cereals, which involves intercropping with cattle fodder legumes, Desmodium spp., including D. uncinatum. Although soil shading and additional nitrogen made some contribution to the reduction of S. hermonthica infestation, an allelopathic mechanism associated with the intercrop was a major factor. Root exudates of D. uncinatum contain novel flavonoid compounds, some of which stimulate germination of S. hermonthica and others dramatically inhibit its subsequent development, including radicle growth. Desmodium spp. have been developed as intercrops for both maize and sorghum and are now being evaluated for millet. From the experience with Desmodium spp., there is now the possibility for producing edible legumes suitable for intercropping with maize and other cereals to respond to a broader profile of farmer practices. These legumes would incorporate the powerful S. hermonthica controlling properties of D. uncinatum through feasible breeding programmes, with appropriate contributions from analytical chemistry to plant molecular genetics and biotechnology. In the longer term, it may also be possible to transfer genes associated with the allelopathic attributes to cereals themselves by heterologous gene expression, creating a new generation of parasitic weed-free cereals.
A. Kheloufi, L. Mansouri, and F. Boukhatem, “Application and Use of Sulphuric Acid Pretreatment to Improve Seed Germination of Three Acacia Species,” 2017.
doi: 10.21750/REFOR.3.01.25.
Increasing the duration of sulphuric acid immersion (from 60 to 120 min) improved the germination percentages for A. cyanophylla and A. farnesiana seeds to (98% and 99%), respectively, but increasing this duration had a negative effect on A. decurrens seed germination. The experiments were led to study the effect of pretreatments and their duration on germination behavior of three Acacia species A. cyanophylla Lindl., A. farnesiana L. and A. decurrens Willd. by analyzing three parameters (GP: germination percentage; MGT: germination mean time (days) and GRI: germination rate index) for various times of incubation (5, 10 and 15 days) in Petri dishes. Pre-sowing treatment included immersion in concentrated sulphuric acid for 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The sowing in distilled water (Control) had no positive effect on the germination induction. Generally, the seed pretreatments were very useful to improve germination. Time of immersion significantly (P < 0.0001) affected GP, MGT and GRI in all species. Increasing the duration of sulphuric acid immersion (from 60 to 120 min) improved the germination percentages for A. cyanophylla and A. farnesiana seeds to (98% and 99%), respectively. However, increasing this duration had a negative effect on A. decurrens seed germination, reducing the final germination percentage from 97% at 60 minutes of immersion to 43% at 120 minutes.
A. Kheloufi, F. Boukhatem, and L. Mansouri, “Maximizing Seed Germination in Five Species of the Genus Acacia (Fabaceae),” REFORESTA, 2019.
doi: 10.21750/REFOR.7.02.64.
The aim of the present work was to determine the possibilities to improve the germination of five leguminous trees of the genus Acacia that have been recorded in the arid and the desert region of Algeria using sulphuric acid. Seeds of many tree-species possess a hard seed coat which is impervious to water. These seeds often take a long time to germinate, resulting in heterogeneity and a delay in seedlings development which is an inconvenience for reforestation success. The aim of the present work was to determine the possibilities to improve the germination of five leguminous trees of the genus Acacia that have been recorded in the arid and the desert region of Algeria using sulphuric acid. A duration of 30 min of immersion in sulphuric acid improved the seed germination up to 97.5% and 99% for A. albida and A. laeta, respectively. Increasing the time of immersion (from 30 to 90 min) improved the germination percentages for A. ehrenbergiana and A. seyal seeds to 92.5% and 93.7%, respectively. Increasing this duration to 120 min had a positive effect on A. tortilis seed germination, improving the final germination rate up to 97%. Understanding of seed Germination Requirements is very important for regeneration and successful tree establishment in forest nurseries as well as for direct plantation in arid and semi-arid lands.
P. Kies, “Revision of the Genus Cyclopia and Notes on Some Other Sources of Bush Tea.,” Bothalia, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 161–176, Nov. 1951.
doi: 10.4102/abc.v6i1.1685.
In recent years, the rhizobial taxonomy changed significantly with the discovery of novel symbiotic associations between legumes and nodulating bacteria. This was aided by the focus shift from studying only agricultural crops to legumes indigenous to certain regions, ultimately to discover new inoculant strains and to uncover the secrets of the rhizobium¬legume symbiosis. In previous studies on the diversity of South African rhizobia, it has become clear that our country has a wealth of rhizobia. Cyclopia is a legume genus, which belongs to the fynbos biome of South Africa. Honeybush tea is a herbal infusion manufactured from the leaves and stems of certain Cyclopia spp. Commercial cultivation of this potentially new agricultural crop is now developed to protect the natural Cyclopia spp. populations from harvesting and ultimately extinction. Superior inoculant strains are necessary for these commercial seedlings. The diversity of root-nodulating strains isolated from 14 Cyclopia spp. was determined using 16S-23S IGS-RFLP and partial 16S rDNA base sequencing. Based on 16S-23S IGS-RFLP and partial 16S rDNA base sequencing most of the isolates, with the exception of seven strains, were found to belong to the genus Burkholderia. More extensive phylogenetic, symbiotic and phenotypic studies of selected strains were performed using near full-length 168 rDNA base sequencing, nodA base sequencing and substrate utilisation analysis. In the genus Burkholderia, the isolates belonged to the novel root-nodulating species Burkholderia tuberum and several novel, undescribed Burkholderia genotypes. However, no new Burkholderia species could formally be proposed, since DNA-DNA hybridisation analysis, which is a prerequisite for the description of new species could not be performed in our laboratory. The seven strains not affiliated with the Burkholderia genus belonged to two Bradyrhizobium genospecies, R tropici and a possibly new genus in the a-Proteobacteria. The nodA sequences of all the Cyclopia isolates corresponded to a large extent, indicating that different chromosomal genotypes harbour the same symbiotic genotype. All the isolates of the Cyclopia genus appear to be acid-tolerant, which is in agreement with the acidic nature of the soil from which the strains were isolated.
J. Koen, M. M. Slabbert, C. Bester, and F. Bierman, “Germination Characteristics of Dimorphic Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) Seed,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 68–74, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.03.006.
Cyclopia is a genus of leguminous shrubs endemic to the fynbos biome of South Africa. Cyclopia spp. are used to make honeybush tea for which a high market demand has led to the overharvesting of Cyclopia species in the wild. Consequently, it has become important to study the cultivation requirements of honeybush in order to support farmers with the cultivation of this crop. Honeybush seeds are known to have either physical or combinational dormancy upon maturity, depending on the species. The plants also produce colour-dimorphic (green and brown), mature seeds in the same pod. A study of honeybush (Cyclopia maculata, Cyclopia genistoides and Cyclopia subternata) seed anatomy was carried out using light and dissection microscopy. It is hypothesized that seed physical dormancy is attributable to a relatively thick (3.5μm) cuticular layer of the integument, a layer of macrosclereid cells, and the presence of a hygroscopically activated hilar valve. There is an absence of other structural openings by which moisture may enter the seed. No consistent structural differences were found amongst the three species or their colour-dimorphic seed. Seeds of the same three honeybush species were divided by colour and their germination response to selected variables (scarification, stratification, seed age and germination temperature) was evaluated. Three dormancy-breaking treatments (wet heat, dry heat and microwave energy) were identified as potential alternatives to conventional sulphuric acid scarification. Highest germination percentage of scarified seed for the three species tested was obtained after 3weeks of cold stratification at 2°C and incubated at 15°C. Brown C. subternata seeds stored for three years gave a significantly higher germination percentage than seed stored for one year only. In non-treated seed, brown seeds had a higher germination percentage than green seeds. In treated seed (i.e. scarified and/or stratified), green seeds had a better germination percentage than brown seeds.
J. Koen, M. M. Slabbert, M. Booyse, and C. Bester, “Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) Pollen Viability and Surface Morphology,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 128, pp. 167–173, Jan. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.11.004.
Genotypes of Cyclopia, used to produce honeybush tea, are being improved through selective breeding for suitability in large-scale cultivation and consistent flavour/aroma qualities. Though high levels of natural fecundity have been reported in honeybush species, attempts at controlled crosses have hitherto resulted in virtually no seed set. While investigating this problem, it was found that many basic questions regarding the specific reproductive physiology of the genus have not been answered. Studies were undertaken to provide the necessary data about sexual reproduction in honeybush species, in support of existing breeding programmes. This paper presents data concerning pollen viability in relation to flower bud stage, storage and pollen surface morphology of C. longifolia, C. maculata and C. subternata. Pollen anthesis and viability (measured as in vitro pollen germination percentage - PGP11Pollen germination percentage) were linked to visual stages of flower bud development. Pollen samples, dried and stored for 540 days at -18 °C, were tested for PGP at intervals (7, 30, 90, 180, 365, 540 days) during the storage period. While there was an overall decrease in PGP over storage time, four genotypes did not have any significant decrease in PGP over time. The effect of media sucrose content (MSC22Media sucrose content) (0–25%) on in vitro PGP of honeybush pollen was tested and differences in response were observed between species. Pollen surface morphology was investigated using FE-SEM microscopy and no consistent differences in shape or surface ornamentation were observed between the species, though differences in grain size were observed.
J. Koen, M. M. Slabbert, M. Booyse, and C. Bester, “Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) Anther-Stigma Distance and Intraspecies Cross Compatibilities,” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 13–18, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.1080/02571862.2020.1815879.
Species of Cyclopia are used to produce honeybush tea, a uniquely South African beverage that is rapidly growing in popularity locally and abroad. In response to warnings about ecological sustainability, the honeybush industry is transitioning from a wild-harvested source model to one relying primarily on commercial farming. To this end, honeybush genotypes are needed with improved homogeneity, sensory qualities, productivity, vigour and resistance to such pest and disease conditions as may arise in massed plantings. In support of existing honeybush breeding programmes, studies have been undertaken to answer pressing questions about honeybush reproductive anatomy and sexual compatibility. Anther-stigma distance was measured within and between honeybush genotypes in order to rule out flower heteromorphism as a cause for low seed set following hand pollination. Continuous variation in anther-stigma distance was observed for the homomorphic, leguminous flowers, suggesting the existence of a mixed-mating system. Diallel crosses were then performed by hand pollination between genotypes within three honeybush species. All three species were found to be partially self-compatible, with large variations in self-incompatibility between genotypes within species. This study provides practical recommendations with regard to the sexual propagation of select honeybush species and expands the platform of scientific research available to honeybush breeders.
J. Koen, M. M. Slabbert, M. Booyse, and C. Bester, “Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) Mature Embryo Culture and the Influence of Pod Position on Seed Colour,” Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 50–58, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.36303/SATNT.2021.40.1.798.
Plants (different genotypes) of Cyclopia, used for production of South African honeybush tea (a herbal tisane product), are being improved through breeding for large-scale cultivation, but seed dimorphism and dormancy negatively affect germination percentage. In order to increase the percentage of plants that can be obtained from a batch of seed, mature embryo culture and the influence of pod position on seed colour were investigated for C. longifolia, C. maculata and C. subternata. Mature embryos were excised and cultured in vitro at 25 °C ± 1 °C, 24-hour photoperiod, with and without prior cold treatment. The culture of mature embryos proved to be very successful, consistently resulting in more plantlets than conventional sowing. Mature honeybush pods were also collected from the upper, middle and lower-third foliar portions of honeybush shrubs to determine the number of green/indeterminate/brown seeds produced in each position. However, the ratio of dimorphic seed colours produced could not be predicted by pod position.
A. Kokotkiewicz and M. Luczkiewicz, “Honeybush (Cyclopia Sp.) – A Rich Source of Compounds with High Antimutagenic Properties,” Fitoterapia, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 3–11, Jan. 2009.
doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2008.11.001.
The genus Cyclopia (Fabaceae family) includes a number of shrubs endemic to Cape Fynbos region of South Africa. The most common of these plants is Cyclopia intermedia E. Mey., used together with other Cyclopia species (mainly C. subternata and C. sessiliflora) to manufacture the honeybush herbal tea which has been produced in South Africa roughly since the beginning of the 19th century. Honeybush infusions are gaining popularity due to their characteristic honey-like flavour, low tannin content, absence of caffeine and potential health effects related to their antimutagenic and antioxidant properties. The presented review summarizes information concerning botany, chemistry, biological activity and application of Cyclopia plants.
A. Kokotkiewicz, M. Luczkiewicz, W. Kowalski, A. Badura, N. Piekus, and A. Bucinski, “Isoflavone Production in Cyclopia Subternata Vogel (Honeybush) Suspension Cultures Grown in Shake Flasks and Stirred-Tank Bioreactor,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 97, no. 19, pp. 8467–8477, Oct. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-5099-z.
Suspension cultures of the endemic South-African plant Cyclopia subternata were established for the first time and evaluated for the presence of isoflavones. The influence of light, as well as medium supplementation strategies with phenylalanine, casein hydrolysate and coconut water on biomass growth and isoflavone production were examined. The highest levels of 7-O-β-glucosides of calycosin, pseudobaptigenin and formononetin (275.57, 125.37 and 147.28 mg/100 g DW, respectively) were recorded for cultures grown in the absence of light, whereas coconut water substantially promoted biomass growth. Cell suspensions were subsequently grown in the 2-l stirred-tank bioreactor. Maximum productivity of 7-O-β-glucosides of calycosin, pseudobaptigenin and formononetin (0.96, 0.44 and 0.22 mg l−1 day−1, respectively) in bioreactor-cultivated cells was obtained for biomass grown in the dark and supplemented with coconut water. The results indicate that C. subternata suspension cultures can be utilised for the production of the specified isoflavone derivatives absent in the intact plant.
A. Kokotkiewicz, M. Luczkiewicz, P. Sowinski, D. Glod, K. Gorynski, and A. Bucinski, “Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Phenolic Compounds from Cyclopia Subternata Vogel (Honeybush) Intact Plant and in Vitro Cultures,” Food Chemistry, vol. 133, no. 4, pp. 1373–1382, Aug. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.114.
In the presented work, an insight was made into the polyphenolic composition of intact plant material and in vitro cultures of indigenous South African plant Cyclopia subternata Vogel (honeybush). Ethyl acetate fractions of methanol extracts were separated by means of gravity column chromatography and/or semipreparative HPLC on two serially connected monolithic RP-18 columns. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by means of 1D and 2D NMR techniques and additionally confirmed by LC-DAD-ESI-MS. Apart from the previously described honeybush components, that is mangiferin (1), scolymoside (2), hesperidin (3) and narirutin (4), three additional compounds: iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside (benzophenone) (5), phloretin 3′,5′-di-C-β-glucoside (dihydrochalcone) (6), and isorhoifolin (flavone) (7) were identified for the first time in the herb of C. subternata. Additionally, three isoflavone glucosides, namely calycosin 7-O-β-glucoside (8), rothindin (9) and ononin (10), which had not been previously reported in Cyclopia plants, were identified in the callus of the above species. As far as the authors are concerned, this is the first report on the presence of benzophenone and dihydrochalcone derivatives in Cyclopia genus.
A. Kokotkiewicz et al., “Isolation of Xanthone and Benzophenone Derivatives from Cyclopia Genistoides (L.) Vent. (Honeybush) and Their pro-Apoptotic Activity on Synoviocytes from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis,” Fitoterapia, vol. 90, pp. 199–208, Oct. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.07.020.
A fast and efficient method for the isolation of the C-glucosidated xanthones mangiferin and isomangiferin from the South-African plant Cyclopia genistoides was developed for the first time. The procedure involved extraction, liquid–liquid partitioning with ethyl acetate and subsequent precipitation of mangiferin and isomangiferin from methanol and acetonitrile–water fractions, respectively. Additionally, two benzophenone derivatives: 3-C-β-glucosides of maclurin and iriflophenone, were isolated from C. genistoides extracts using semi-preparative HPLC. Apart from the above, the isolation procedure also yielded hesperidin and small amounts of luteolin. The structures of the compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR experiments and/or LC-DAD-ESI–MS. The selected Cyclopia constituents were screened for pro-apoptotic activity on TNF-α-stimulated synovial cells isolated from rheumatoid arthritis patients. The strongest effect, measured as percent of apoptotic cells, was recorded for isomangiferin (75%), followed by iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside (71%), hesperidin (67%) and mangiferin (65%). The results are encouraging for further studies on the use of the above compounds in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
A. Kokotkiewicz, A. Bucinski, and M. Luczkiewicz, “Light and Temperature Conditions Affect Bioflavonoid Accumulation in Callus Cultures of Cyclopia Subternata Vogel (Honeybush),” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 589–593, Sep. 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-014-0502-8.
Callus cultures of the endemic South-African legume Cyclopia subternata were cultivated under varying light and temperature conditions to determine their influence on biomass growth and bioflavonoids accumulation. Experimental modifications of light included complete darkness, light of different spectral quality (white, red, blue and yellow) and ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation. The calli were also subjected to elevated temperature or cold stress. Among the tested light regimes, cultivation under blue light resulted in the highest levels of hesperidin (H)—118.00 mg 100 g−1 dry weight (DW) on 28 days of experiment, as well as isoflavones: 7-O-β-glucosides of calycosin (CG), pseudobaptigenin (PG) and formononetin (FG)—28.74, 19.26 and 10.32 mg 100 g−1 DW, respectively, in 14-days old calli. UVC irradiation applied on 20 days stimulated the accumulation of H (204.14 mg 100 g−1 DW), CG (31.84 mg 100 g−1 DW) and PG (18.09 mg 100 g−1 DW) in 28 days culture by 140, 46 and 165 %, respectively, without negatively influencing callus growth. Low temperature (13 °C) increased CG content by over 1,500 % (235.29 mg 100 g−1 DW) when applied during the whole 28-days growth cycle, at the same time causing 95 % decrease in culture growth in comparison to reference calli maintained at 24 °C. On the contrary, elevated temperature (29 °C) applied during the second half of the culture period resulted in over 300 and 500 % increase in CG and PG content (61.76 and 58.89 mg 100 g−1, respectively) while maintaining relatively high biomass yield.
A. Kokotkiewicz et al., “Micropropagation of Cyclopia Genistoides, an Endemic South African Plant of Economic Importance,” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, vol. 67, no. 1-2, pp. 65–76, Feb. 2012.
doi: 10.1515/znc-2012-1-209.
An efficient micropropagation protocol of Cyclopia genistoides (L.) Vent., an indigenous South African shrub of economic importance, was established. In vitro shoot cultures were obtained from shoot tip fragments of sterile seedlings cultured on solid Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium supplemented with 9.84 μM 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino)purine (2iP) and 1.0 μM thidiazuron (TDZ). Maximum shoot multiplication rate [(8.2 ± 1.3) microshoots/explant)] was observed on this medium composition. Prior to rooting, the multiplied shoots were elongated for 60 days (two 30-days passages) on SH medium with one-half sucrose concentration, supplemented with 4.92 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The rooting of explants was only possible in the case of the elongated shoots. The highest root induction rate (54.8%) was achieved on solid SH medium with one-half sucrose and one-half potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate concentration, respectively, supplemented with 28.54 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 260.25 μM citric acid. The plantlets were acclimatized for 30 days in the glasshouse, with the use of peat/gravel/perlite substrate (1:1:1). The highest acclimatization rate (80%) was obtained for explants rooted with the use of IAA-supplemented medium. The phytochemical profile of the regenerated plants was similar to that of the reference intact plant material. HPLC analyses showed that C. genistoides plantlets obtained by the micropropagation procedure kept the ability to produce xanthones (mangiferin and isomangiferin) and the fl avanone hesperidin, characteristic of wild-growing shrubs.
A. Kokotkiewicz, M. Wnuk, A. Bucinski, and M. Luczkiewicz, “In Vitro Cultures of Cyclopia Plants (Honeybush) as a Source of Bioactive Xanthones and Flavanones,” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, vol. 64, no. 7-8, pp. 533–540, Aug. 2009.
doi: 10.1515/znc-2009-7-812.
In vitro shoot and callus cultures of the endemic South-African shrubs: Cyclopia intermedia E. Mey., Cyclopia subternata Vogel, and Cyclopia genistoides (L.) Vent. (Fabaceae) were established and examined for the presence of polyphenolic compounds. The xanthones mangiferin and isomangiferin, as well as the flavanones hesperidin and eriocitrin were identified by LC-ESI-MS and LC-DAD, and analyzed quantitatively by HPLC. The respective intact plants were analyzed for comparison. From all in vitro cultures, the highest levels of mangiferin (1.55%) and isomangiferin (0.56%) were recorded in C. subternata microshoots, compared to 1.31% and 0.49% found in the intact plant. Callus cultures of all species synthesized only trace amounts of mangiferin and isomangiferin. Hesperidin and eriocitrin contents were significanly lower in all in vitro cultures, in comparison to the respective intact plants. Among the obtained in vitro biomasses, the highest hesperidin content was recorded in C. intermedia (0.9%) and C. subternata (0.87%) microshoots, whereas C. subternata callus was characterized by the best growth parameters and highest hesperidin content (0.69%) from all examined Cyclopia calli.
A. Kokotkiewicz, A. Bucinski, and M. Luczkiewicz, “Xanthone, Benzophenone and Bioflavonoid Accumulation in Cyclopia Genistoides (L.) Vent. (Honeybush) Shoot Cultures Grown on Membrane Rafts and in a Temporary Immersion System,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 373–378, Jan. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-014-0586-1.
In vitro shoots of the commercially important South-African legume Cyclopia genistoides were grown in different liquid culture systems [membrane rafts (MR) and a temporary immersion bioreactor (TIB)] and evaluated for the accumulation of phenolic secondary metabolites. The major constituents of the investigated cultures were medicinally relevant xanthones [mangiferin (M) and isomangiferin (IM)] and benzophenone derivatives [iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside (IG)]. The highest concentrations of M, IM and IG in MR-grown shoots were 1,843.59, 712.02 and 594.29 mg 100 g−1 dry wt, respectively. Bioreactor cultivation provided higher peak concentrations of M (2,622.70 mg 100 g−1 dry wt), IM (757.40 mg 100 g−1 dry wt) and IG (648.30 mg 100 g−1 dry wt) which corresponded to the respective productivities of 5.48, 1.58 and 3.04 mg l−1 d−1. The results indicate that TIB cultures of C. genistoides may be utilized as an alternative source of the above constituents, particularly IM and IG, which are relatively expensive and so far hardly available from commercial sources.
E. L. Kotina, A. V. Stepanova, P. M. Tilney, and B.-E. Van Wyk, “The Pharmacognostic Value of Leaf and Stem Anatomy in Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus Linearis),” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 82, pp. 129–133, Sep. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.07.002.
Aspalathus linearis (Fabaceae) is an exceptionally polymorphic species comprising seven distinct infraspecific forms, some reseeding and some resprouting after fire. We present, for the first time, anatomical data to describe the stems and leaves that are used to produce the well-known herbal product, rooibos tea. Comparisons between the commercial (cultivated) red tea type and selected wild types showed limited anatomical variation within the species. The cut and fermented leaves of the commercial form and various wild forms of the species show considerable variation, ranging from reddish brown to various shades of brown, grey and black. Infusions or decoctions are less variable and are bright reddish brown. Characters that may be useful for pharmacognostic purposes are the terete leaf segments, the similarity between leaf and stem sections, the thick cuticle, the bright yellowish brown colour of the epidermal cells (of leaves and young stems), the anomocytic stomata, the ring of small vascular bundles in the leaf and the highly sclerified main vascular bundle of the leaf.
M. S. Kpodar et al., “An Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used to Treat Liver Diseases in the Maritime Region of Togo,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 181, pp. 263–273, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.051.
Ethnopharmacological relevance In Togo, many persons still rely on plants for healing, however very little is known about the medicinal practices of the indigenous people. The present study aimed to document the medicinal plant utilization for the management of liver diseases in the Maritime region of the country. Methodology This was an ethnobotanical survey conducted in the Maritime region of Togo from June to August 2015. The data were gathered from 104 traditional healers (TH) by direct interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The calculated use values (UV) were used to analyze the importance of the cited plants. Results A total of 99 plant species belonging to 88 genera and 49 families were cited by the TH as curing the hepatic diseases. The most represented families were Caesalpiniaceae with 8 species, followed by Euphorbiaceae with 7 species, Apocynaceae and Asteraceae with 6 species each. The highest UV were recorded with Gomphrena celosioides (0.13), Xylopia ethiopica (0.12), Senna occidentalis (0.12), Bridelia ferruginea (0.12), Cymbopogon citratus (0.12), Kigellia Africana (0.09), Cassia sieberiana (0.08) and Sanseviera liberica (0.08), showing their importance in the management of liver dysfunction in the surveyed region. The main used parts were the leaves, followed by the roots, the whole plant, the rhizome and the bark, accounting for more than 10% each. The herbal medicines were mostly prepared in the form of decoction and administrated by oral route. Conclusion This study showed that Maritime region of Togo has an important plant biodiversity that is exploited by the indigenous TH. However, some plants cited by the TH have not been studied for their possible hepatoprotective effects. These plants are therefore a starting point for biological screenings.
N. S. R. Krishnayya and S. J. Bedi, “Effect of Automobile Lead Pollution on Cassia Tora L. and Cassia Occidentalis L.,” Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 221–226, Jan. 1986.
doi: 10.1016/0143-1471(86)90096-6.
The effect of car exhaust lead pollution on pollen germination and seed viability of two roadside weeds, Cassia tora L. and Cassia occidentalis L., was studied. A decrease in the percentage of pollen germination and seed viability was observed in plants growing near Highway No. 8. With increasing distance from the highway pollen germination and seed viability improved, and at a distance of 60 m from the road the percentage of pollen germination and seed viability became closer to normal. The decrease in pollen germination and reduction in viability were directly proportional to the amount of lead accumulated in the plants.
P. A. Kulakow, “Variation in Illinois Bundleflower (Desmanthus Illinoensis (Michaux) MacMillan): A Potential Perennial Grain Legume,” Euphytica, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 7–20, Oct. 1999.
doi: 10.1023/A:1003736521149.
Illinois bundleflower, Desmanthus illinoensis (Michaux) MacMillan, is an herbaceous perennial legume native to the central and southeastern USA. It has been identified as a potential perennial grain legume. To describe variation among natural populations for agriculturally desirable characteristics, 141 accessions of D. illinoensis and one of D. leptolobus were evaluated in common garden plantings established in 1988 and 1990. Characteristics showing diversity among populations included seed yield, plant height, growth habit, days to maturity, 100 seed weight, and shatter resistance. Eight characteristics were analyzed by principal components and cluster analysis. The resulting four clusters accounted for 56% of the variation among accessions. One cluster was distinctive in having plants with vigorous, prostrate first year growth, poor winter hardiness, and large seed. Three accessions also had indehiscent legumes useful for breeding shatter resistance. There appears to be sufficient variation to support genetic improvement of agricultural characteristics of Illinois bundleflower.
V. Kumar, “Phytochemical, Pharmacological Activities and Ayurvedic Significances of Magical Plant Mimosa Pudica Linn,” Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 296–312, May 2021.
doi: 10.2174/1570178617999200629155204.
Mimosa pudica Linn is an integrated part of the Traditional Medicines Systems of India, China, Africa, Korea and America. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicines to cure different diseases like fever, diabetes, constipation, jaundice, ulcers, biliousness, and dyspepsia. It is an essential ingredient of a wide class of herbal formulations. To assess the scientific evidence for therapeutic potential of Mimosa pudica Linn and to identify the gaps for future research, the available information on the ethno-medicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Mimosa pudica Linn was collected via a library and electronic searches in Sci-Finder, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar for the period, 1990 to 2020. In traditional medicinal systems, a variety of ethno- medicinal applications of Mimosa pudica Linn have been noticed. Phytochemical investigation has resulted in the identification of 40 well known chemical constituents, among which alkaloids, phenols and flavionoids are the predominant groups. The crude extracts and isolates have exhibited a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities including anti-cancer, antiinflammation, osteoporosis, neurological disorders, hypertension, etc. To quantify the Mimosa pudica Linn and its formulations, analytical techniques like HPLC and HPTLC have shown dominancy with a good range of recovery and detection limit. Mimosa pudica Linn is the well-known herb since ancient time. The pharmacological results supported some of the applications of Mimosa pudica Linn in traditional medicine systems. Perhaps, the predominance of alkaloids, phenols and flavionoids are responsible for the pharmacological activities the crude extracts and isolates of Mimosa pudica Linn. Further, there is a need to isolate and evaluate the active chemical constituents of Mimosa pudica Linn having significant medicinal values. In the future, it is important to study the exact mechanism associated with the phytochemicals of Mimosa pudica Linn especially on anti-cancer activities. Notably, toxicity studies on Mimosa pudica Linn are limited, which are to be explored in the future for the safe application of Mimosa pudica Linn and its formulations.
P. Kumar, “Plantation Science: Improving Natural Indigo in Colonial India, 1860–1913,” The British Journal for the History of Science, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 537–565, Dec. 2007.
doi: 10.1017/S0007087407000027.
This paper explores the transition to synthetic dyestuffs through a principal focus on developments within the last major holdout of the natural-dye industry, the blue colourant indigo. It starts by looking closely at existing practices of cultivation and manufacture of the natural dye in colonial India in the second half of the nineteenth century. It also develops a case study based on targeted efforts scientifically to improve plant-derived indigo in laboratories and experiment stations in colonial India and imperial England. Experts attempted to increase yields and enhance the purity of the natural dye to meet the competition of the cheaper and purer synthetic indigo launched on the international market in 1897 by two German firms, BASF and Hoechst. The paper explains the patronage of science by European planters, the colonial state and the metropolitan government and analyses the nature of science that emerged in the colonial–imperial nexus.
A. Kumar, V. Tripathi, and P. Pushpangadan, “Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA as Marker for Genetic Variation and Identification of Senna Surattensis Burm, f. and Senna Sulfurea DC. Ex Collad,” Current Science, vol. 93, no. 8, pp. 1146–1150, 2007.https://www.jstor.org/stable/24099177.
The taxonomy and nomenclature of various species of the genus Cassia L. are quite complex due to overlapping morphological characters. They are not easily differentiated from closely related species due to a great range of similarities. Senna surattensis Burm. f. is one of the important species of the Cassia group. Besides its medicinal importance, this species also has taxonomic importance. The taxonomy of S. surattensis is based primarily on morphology, which often makes identification difficult, because this species is separated on the basis of fine differences in morphological traits of closely related species, Senna sulfurea and others. These two species are so closely related that their status has been variously interpreted. RAPD analysis was carried out to assess the authentic identification as well as to solve the taxonomic problems between S. surattensis and S. sulfurea. Amplification with 10-mer primers was performed under pre-standardized condition of 38 accessions along with Senna occidentalis, Cassia fistula, Senna tora and Senna siamea collected from different mixed populations. Out of sixty primers utilized, fiftyfour were successful in amplification and among them one was species-specific. The results demonstrate the ability of RAPD markers to reliably differentiate between S. surattensis and S. sulfurea.
J. Kumar, A. Alok, J. Kumar, and R. Tuli, “Senna Leaf Curl Virus: A Novel Begomovirus Identified in Senna Occidentalis,” Archives of Virology, vol. 161, no. 9, pp. 2609–2612, Sep. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-2931-7.
Begomoviruses are whitefly-transmitted, single-stranded DNA viruses that infect a variety of cultivated (crop) and non-cultivated (weed) plants. The present study identified a novel begomovirus and satellites (alpha- and betasatellite) in Senna occidentalis (syn. Cassia occidentalis) showing leaf curl symptoms. The begomovirus shared a maximum sequence identity of 88.6 % with french bean leaf curl virus (JQ866297), whereas the alphasatellite and the betasatellite shared identities of 98 % and 90 % with ageratum yellow vein India alphasatellite (LK054802) and papaya leaf curl betasatellite (HM143906), respectively. No other begomovirus or satellites were detected in the suspected plants. We propose to name the virus “senna leaf curl virus” (SenLCuV).
J.-N. Labat and D. J. Du Puy, “New Species, a New Name, and Lectotypifications in Indigofera L. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) from Madagascar,” Novon, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 255–265, 1994.
doi: 10.2307/3391652.
Morphological characters support the description of six new species of Indigofera from Madagascar: I. bemarahaensis Du Puy & Labat from the Bemaraha Massif (western region), and I. blaiseae Du Puy & Labat, I. bosseri Du Puy & Labat, I. imerinensis Du Puy & Labat, I. itremoensis Du Puy & Labat, and I. zornioides Du Puy & Labat from various localities in the Central Plateaux. In addition, a new name, I. peltieri Du Puy & Labat, is given in place of I. tulearensis M. Peltier, a later homonym of I. tulearensis Baillon ex Drake, and the species I. ankaratrensis and I. mangokyensis are lectotypified. /// L’étude des caractères morphologiques permet la description de six nouvelles espèces d’Indigofera de Madagascar: I. bemarahaensis Du Puy & Labat du Massif du Bemaraha (region ouest), et I. blaiseae Du Puy & Labat, I. bosseri Du Puy & Labat, I. imerinensis Du Puy & Labat, I. itremoensis Du Puy & Labat, et I. zornioides Du Puy & Labat de différentes localités du Plateau Central. Egalement, un nouveau nom, I. peltieri Du Puy & Labat, est donné en remplacement de I. tulearensis M. Peltier, un homonyme plus récent de I. tulearensis Baillon ex Drake. Les espèces I. ankaratrensis et I. mangokyensis sont lectotypifiées.
M. Lachkar et al., “Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Psidium Guajava, Cassia Occidentalis, Euphorbia Hirta, and Todalia Asiatica Growing in Comoros Islands,” Arabian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 21–40, Feb. 2022.
doi: 10.48347/IMIST.PRSM/ajmap-v8i1.28820.
This work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical content and to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava, Cassia occidentalis, Euphorbia hirta, and Todalia asiatica extracts. The antioxidant capacities of organic solvent extracts were examined by three different methods, namely, free radical scavenging activity DPPH method, reducing power scavenging activity, and total antioxidant capacity. All tests showed significant dose-dependent antioxidant activity. For DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power assay, it is the E. hirta extract, which manifested the highest activity. However, for the total antioxidant capacity, the stronger activity was showed by P. guajava extract and ethyl acetate extract of T. asiatica. In vitro antimicrobial studies of methanol extracts were carried out against four medically important microbial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas using disc diffusion assay. The extracts showed a low effect on bacterial growth inhibition.
H. Lambers et al., “Phosphorus Nutrition of Proteaceae in Severely Phosphorus-Impoverished Soils: Are There Lessons To Be Learned for Future Crops?,” Plant Physiology, vol. 156, no. 3, pp. 1058–1066, Jul. 2011.
doi: 10.1104/pp.111.174318.
Australia harbors some of the most nutrient-impoverished soils on Earth. Southwestern Australian soils are especially phosphorus (P) impoverished, due to the age of this ancient landscape and it being unaffected by major geological disturbance for millions of years (Hopper, 2009; Lambers et al., 2010). We are only now beginning to understand how plants acquire and use P in such highly infertile landscapes. At the same time, we are running out of nonrenewable, global phosphate resources in an era when we need more P fertilizers to produce more food and fiber to sustain a growing global population (Vance et al., 2003; Cordell et al., 2009; Gilbert, 2009). Can we learn valuable lessons for crop selection, breeding, and engineering from a flora that has evolved to function in soils with an extremely low availability of P (Lambers et al., 2006, 2008b, 2010)? Or are the traits in this flora highly suitable for the most P-impoverished soils but disadvantageous on the more fertile soils in which our crops currently grow? These questions can only be answered by learning more about the mechanisms that underpin the high plant P-efficiency traits that enable survival in P-impoverished landscapes as found in southwestern Australia. This Update explores traits in Proteaceae from soils with extremely low P availability and assesses whether these traits would be desirable for crops.
Soils in the south-west of Western Australia and South Africa are among the most phosphorusimpoverished in the world, and at the same time both of these regions are Global Biodiversity Hotspots. This unique combination offers an excellent opportunity to study root adaptations that are significant in phosphorus (P) acquisition. A large proportion of species from these P-poor environments cannot produce an association with mycorrhizal fungi, but, instead, produce ‘root clusters’. In Western Australia, rootcluster- bearing Proteaceae occur on the most P-impoverished soils, whereas the mycorrhizal Myrtaceae tend to inhabit the less P-impoverished soils in this region. Root clusters are an adaptation both in structure and in functioning; characterized by high densities of short lateral roots that release large amounts of exudates, in particular carboxylates (anions of di- and tri-carboxylic acids). The functioning of root clusters in Proteaceae (’proteoid’ roots) and Fabaceae (‘cluster’ roots) has received considerable attention, but that of ‘dauciform’ root clusters developed by species in Cyperaceae has barely been explored. Research on the physiology of ‘capillaroid’ root clusters formed by species in Restionaceae has yet to be published. Root-cluster initiation and growth in species of the Cyperaceae, Fabaceae and Proteaceae are systemically stimulated when plants are grown at a very low P supply, and are suppressed as leaf P concentrations increase. Root clusters in Proteaceae, Fabaceae and Cyperaceae are short-lived structures, which release large amounts of carboxylates, briefly, at a particular stage of root development. The rates of carboxylate release are considerably faster than reported for non-specialized roots of a wide range of species. Root clusters play a pivotal role in mobilization of P from P-sorbing soil. Because the world P reserves are being depleted whilst vast amounts of P are stored in fertilized soils, there is a growing need for crops with a high efficiency of P acquisition. Some Australian and African native species as well as some existing crops have traits that would be highly desirable for future crops. The possibilities of introducing P-acquisition-efficient species in new cropping and pasture systems are explored. In addition, possible strategies to introduce traits associated with a high P-acquisition efficiency into future crop species are discussed
\relax H. A. N. S. LAMBERS, M. I. C. H. A. E. L. W. SHANE, M. I. C. H. A. E. L. D. CRAMER, S. T. U. A. R. T. J. PEARSE, and E. R. I. K. J. VENEKLAAS, “Root Structure and Functioning for Efficient Acquisition of Phosphorus: Matching Morphological and Physiological Traits,” Annals of Botany, vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 693–713, Oct. 2006.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcl114.
• Background Global phosphorus (P) reserves are being depleted, with half-depletion predicted to occur between 2040 and 2060. Most of the P applied in fertilizers may be sorbed by soil, and not be available for plants lacking specific adaptations. On the severely P-impoverished soils of south-western Australia and the Cape region in South Africa, non-mycorrhizal species exhibit highly effective adaptations to acquire P. A wide range of these non-mycorrhizal species, belonging to two monocotyledonous and eight dicotyledonous families, produce root clusters. Non-mycorrhizal species with root clusters appear to be particularly effective at accessing P when its availability is extremely low.• Scope There is a need to develop crops that are highly effective at acquiring inorganic P (Pi) from P-sorbing soils. Traits such as those found in non-mycorrhizal root-cluster-bearing species in Australia, South Africa and other P-impoverished environments are highly desirable for future crops. Root clusters combine a specialized structure with a specialized metabolism. Native species with such traits could be domesticated or crossed with existing crop species. An alternative approach would be to develop future crops with root clusters based on knowledge of the genes involved in development and functioning of root clusters.• Conclusions Root clusters offer enormous potential for future research of both a fundamental and a strategic nature. New discoveries of the development and functioning of root clusters in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous families are essential to produce new crops with superior P-acquisition traits.
J. Latting, “The Biology of Desmanthus Illinoensis,” Ecology, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 487–493, 1961.
doi: 10.2307/1932234.
C. L. Lauver, K. Kindscher, D. Faber-Langendoen, and R. Schneider, “A Classification of the Natural Vegetation of Kansas,” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 421–443, 1999.
doi: 10.2307/3672341.
We present the first hierarchical classification system of the existing natural vegetation of Kansas. Sixty vegetation community types are recognized in classes of forest, woodland, shrubland, and herbaceous vegetation, with most of the types classified as herbaceous plant communities. One community type, chalkflat mixed prairie, is unique to Kansas and 11 other types are known to occur in only one other state. The purpose of the vegetation classification system is to support the efforts of the Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory of the Kansas Biological Survey and the Kansas Gap Analysis Project to identify and describe current native plant communities. Its use is recommended for those working on land management and conservation efforts in Kansas and the central Great Plains. /// Presentamos el primer sistema jerárquico de clasificación de la vegetación natural actual en el estado de Kansas, USA. Son reconocidos sesenta tipos de comunidades de vegetación en clases de bosque, arboledo, matorral, y vegetación herbácea, con la mayoría de los tipos clasificados como comunidades de plantas herbáceas. Un tipo de comunidad, llanura mixta de piedra caliza, es único de Kansas y otros 11 tipos son conocidos solamente en otro estado. El propósito del sistema de clasificación de la vegetación es de apoyar los esfuerzos del "Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory," del "Kansas Biological Survey," y del "Kansas Gap Analysis Project" a identificar y describir comunidades de plantas nativas actuales. Su uso es recomendado para los que esté trabajando en el manejo de la tierra y los esfuerzos de conservación en Kansas y en las Grandes Planicies centrales.
P. Lavania and N. Kumar, “The Effect of Storage Containers, Temperatures and Periods on Seed Germination of Acacia Nilotica (L.): Factors Affecting on Germination of Acacia,” Journal of AgriSearch, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 236–240, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.21921/jas.v8i03.1668.
Acacia nilotica (L.) commonly known as babul is a multipurpose nitrogen fixing tree of tropical and subtropical regions. It provides timber, fuel, shade, food, fodder, dye and gum. Seed maturity indices were studied and seeds collected during 2nd week of June (5th collection) resulted maximum germination (85.2+0.46 %). At this stage, the colour of pod and seed was yellowish white and brownish black, respectively.In ordinary storage conditions, seeds get damaged due to insect pest attacks. Hence, a study was conducted to standardize the optimum seed storage conditions for getting maximum germination.The seeds were stored up to 600days in different containers at different temperaturesviz. poly bag at room temperature 15-400C (B1T1), poly bag at BOD250C (B1T2), poly bag at refrigerator 50C (B1T3), paper bag at room temperature 15-400 C (B2T1), paper bag at BOD 250C (B2T2),paper bag at refrigerator 50 C (B2T3), cloth bag at room temperature 15-400 C (B3T1), cloth bag at BOD 250C (B3T2) and cloth bag at refrigerator 50 C (B3T3). The results revealed that seeds stored for 15 days in poly bag at refrigerator 50C(B1T3) recorded the maximum germination of 85.2 % and 81.12 % in laboratoryand field conditions, respectively.The seed germination decreased with advancement of storage period in all the storage treatments. However, after 600 days of storage period, the maximum seed germination (59.1%) was recorded in B1T3in laboratory conditions.The seeds stored in poly bags as well as in cloth bags and stored in refrigerator gave maximum germination in laboratory and field conditions. Hence, it may be concluded that the seeds ofA. nilotica can be stored either in poly bag or in cloth bag in refrigerator at 50 C for long term storage to get maximum germination.
B. Lavanya, A. Maheswaran, N. Vimal, K. Vignesh, \relax K. Y. Uvarani, and R. Varsha, “An Overall View of Cassia Species Phytochemical Constituents and Its Pharmacological Uses,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 47–50, Jan. 2018.https://www.pharmacyjournal.net/archives/2018/vol3/issue1/3-1-19.
Aim: In this study we will see about the approved cassia species, and an important cassia species and the detailed study of some important cassia species (common name, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological effects). Cassia is a large genus of around 5000 species. Cassia is annual under shrub mainly present in tropical countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and WestChina. Cassia mainly contains Anthraquinone glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, proteins and gums. Many cassia species are mainly used for its antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity and laxative effect. Cassia species is mainly used by people against various skin diseases such as ringworm, eczemaand scabies and as a natural pesticide in organic farms.
H. N. Lavudi and K. Seshagirirao, “Seed Morphology, Protein Profiling and Taxonomic Relationships among Certain Legume-Mimosoid Taxa,” Legume Research, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 374–378, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.18805/LR-3878.
Seed morphology and protein profiles were done for nine taxa of Leguminosae subfamily Mimosoideae, namely Acacia farnesiana, Adenanthera pavonina, Albizia lebbeck, A. saman, Dichrostachys cinerea, Entada rheedii, Mimosa pudica, Parkia biglandulosa and Pithecellobium dulce, using Scanning Electron Microscope and SDS-PAGE analysis. The total protein profile (electrophorogram) revealed the presence or absence of protein bands of molecular weights ranging from 11 to 100 kDa. There were considerable variations in band patterns of the taxa investigated. The phenogram has the nine taxa forming four clusters, corresponding to the four tribes of Mimosoideae. The variations in the seed morphology and biochemical aspects of the taxa were of use in the proper identification, classification and to discuss relationships among the nine Mimosoid taxa.
J. Lawrence, L. Bell, and M. Breton, “Hard Seed Breakdown Rates of Six Tropical Ley Pasture Legumes,” 2012.
Maintaining a viable seed bank of tropical pasture legumes is important for ensuring legume persistence but also has implications for potential weed problems in crops following ley pastures. In particular the hard seed survival of Burgundy Bean (Macroptilium bracteatum) is unknown. This ongoing study examines the hard seed breakdown of six tropical pasture legume varieties since March 2010 and will continue for a further two years. Fresh hard seeds of the varieties were placed in replicated mesh bags at a field site near Toowoomba, Queensland and remaining hard seed was measured periodically. After the first year, 64% of seeds of Desmanthus cv. Marc (Desmanthus virgatus) and 46% of seeds of Desmanthus cv. Q 9153 remained hard; 18% of seeds of Burgundy Bean and 16% of seeds of Siratro cv. Aztec (Macroptilium atropurpureum) remained hard; only 2% of hard seeds of Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea) and 1% of hard seeds of Centrosema cv. Cardillo (Centrosema pubescens) remained. After the second year, little additional hard seed of the Desmanthus had softened, but remaining hard seed had reduced to 14% for Burgundy Bean and 12% for Siratro. The majority(>80%) of Burgundy Bean and Siratro seeds softened within the first two years showing that they are unlikely to cause residual weed problems after that time. However, both varieties of Desmanthus had a persistent soil seed bank which could cause weed problems in following crops.
J. R. Lazier and N. Ahmad, Eds., Tropical Forage Legumes: Harnessing the Potential of Desmanthus and Other Genera for Heavy Clay Soils, 1st ed. UK: CABI, 2016.
doi: 10.1079/9781780646282.0000.
M. Le Roux, J. C. Cronje, E. Joubert, and B. V. Burger, “Chemical Characterization of the Constituents of the Aroma of Honeybush, Cyclopia Genistoides,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 139–143, Jan. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2007.08.006.
A high-capacity headspace sample enrichment probe (SEP) was used in conjunction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to analyse the volatile organic compounds present in the aroma of dry or infused, unfermented (green) and fermented C. genistoides, one of the South African Cyclopia species from which a herbal tea, known as honeybush tea, is made. Seventy-seven compounds were identified in the volatile fraction of the aroma of dry, green C. genistoides, comprising, inter alia, a large number of saturated and unsaturated alcohols, aldehydes and methyl ketones. In the aroma of dry, as well as infused, fermented C. genistoides, 79 compounds were identified, 46 of which were terpenoids that were mostly present in much lower relative concentrations in the unfermented material. The methodology developed and the results obtained in the analysis of the aroma of C. genistoides provide a basis for ongoing comparative studies on the chemical composition of a series of prominent Cyclopia species with the view to developing a rapid screening device and protocol for honeybush tea evaluation.
J. J. Le Roux, J.-H. Keet, B. Mutiti, and A. G. Ellis, “Cultivation May Not Dramatically Alter Rhizobial Community Diversity or Structure Associated with Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus Linearis Burm.f.) in South Africa,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 87–96, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.01.014.
Rooibos tea, Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.), represents one of South Africa’s most important indigenous crops, and monotypic plantations are rapidly replacing wild populations. Dwindling wild rooibos populations may drastically reduce possible, but hitherto overlooked, natural resources to bolster commercial productivity and long-term sustainability. Here, using next generation sequencing data, we seek to determine whether cultivation impacts on the diversity and community structure of mutualistic nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobia) associated with rooibos plants. We do this by generating operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from nodulation (nodC) and nitrogenase (nifH) DNA sequence data from rhizobia within root nodules of rooibos plants from cultivated and wild populations. For these rhizobial communities we found significant differences for various OTU diversity metrics due to geography (site), the interaction between site and status (cultivated vs. wild), but not for status. We also sequenced nodC soil microbiomes and found evidence for compositional differences in soil rhizobial communities due to geography, status (cultivated vs. wild), and the interaction between geography and status. Our data adds to existing evidence suggesting that tea cultivation in South Africa may have limited impacts on soil microbial community diversity and structure, and that such changes are mainly driven by larger geographic processes rather than human-mediated disturbances such as cultivation.
J. J. Le Roux, N. A. C. Brown, and S. Leivers, “Micropropagation of Aspalathus Linearis through Bud Multiplication,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 225–227, Feb. 1992.
doi: 10.1007/BF00055521.
I. R. Leal, A. V. Lopes, I. C. Machado, and M. Tabarelli, “Plant–Animal Interactions in the Caatinga: Overview and Perspectives,” in Caatinga: The Largest Tropical Dry Forest Region in South America, J. M. C. da Silva, I. R. Leal, and M. Tabarelli, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017, pp. 255–278.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-68339-3_9.
Interactions between plants and animals are extremely diverse and operate as both evolutionary and ecological forces for angiosperms, insects, and many groups of vertebrates. In this chapter we present a brief overview of plant–animal interactions in the Caatinga, describe some interaction responses to human disturbances, and address future scientific agenda. Despite climatic restrictions, plant pollination in Caatinga is very specialized, involving 13 different systems and a high percentage of pollination by vertebrates. Abiotic seed dispersal prevails, but the Caatinga is a global hotspot for myrmecochory, with more than 100 woody species depending on ants for seed dispersal; saurochory is also a distinctive dispersal mode in the Caatinga. Extrafloral nectary-bearing plants also represent a conspicuous feature of the Caatinga flora (15% of woody species and 40% of individuals at the local scale), with protection against herbivores provided by a diverse ant community. Finally, leaf-cutting ants (LCAs) and exotic goats represent the most voracious herbivores (the LCA herbivory rate is 20% of leaves in their foraging areas). It has already been demonstrated that human disturbances can reduce the diversity of pollination systems and high-quality ant dispersal services in the Caatinga. On the other hand, LCA colony density usually increases along roads and other human-disturbed habitats, with increments in the herbivory rate due to the proliferation of palatable plants (e.g., native Euphorbiaceae and weeds). As climate and land use changes proceed, a substantial proportion of the Caatinga plant–animal interactions are likely to be disrupted or even become extinct, with unanticipated impacts on biodiversity persistence and sustainability in this biologically unique region.
A. T. K. Lee, G. McGregor, and A. Coetzee, “Correlates of Yield, Fecundity and Survival of a Wild Harvested Cyclopia Intermedia (Honeybush) Population,” Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 646–667, May 2023.
doi: 10.1080/21683565.2023.2174238.
Cyclopia intermedia (honeybush) is a plant species endemic to the fynbos biome. Wild harvested populations are used commercially to produce tea. The species is a resprouter, regrowing from underground rootstock after fires, and as such resprouts once it has been cut. However, there is concern that premature cutting may be compromising rootstock recovery. We report on an initial 400 wild plants measured and monitored under different harvest regimes, including control plants. Plants were harvested once in 2018 and regrowth and survival monitored until 2021. Here, an allometric calculation is provided based on height and stem number to estimate the harvest yield. Plants in valleys or with high surrounding vegetation had the highest yield values and potential fecundity. After harvest, an increase in mortality was correlated with plant size, being higher for smaller plants, but after two years of drought high mortality was not explained by any harvesting category nor any of the site variables, suggesting drought results in high plant mortality regardless of harvest history. The study clarifies several speculative components of harvest method, demonstrates that a complete cut rather than half cut results in better potential yield, and that an ash admixture post-harvest had no measurable impact on regrowth.
T.-H. Lee and C.-H. Chou, “Flavonoid Aglycones and Indole Alkaloids from the Roots of Acacia Confusa,” Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 1287–1290, 2000.
doi: 10.1002/jccs.200000178.
From the methanolic extract of the roots of Acacia confusa Merr. (Leguminosae), (-)-2,3-cis-3,4-cis-4′-methoxy-3,3′,4,7,8-pentahydroxyflavan (1), (-)-2,3-cis-3,4-cis-3,3′,4,4′,7,8-hexahydroxyflavan (2), (-)-2,3-trans-3′,4′,7,8-tetrahydroxydihydroflavonol (3), (+)-catechin (4), (-)-epicatechin (5), 3′,4′,7,8-tetrahydroxyflavonol (6) together with N-methyltryptamine (7) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (8) were isolated, and their structures were established by analysis of their spectroscopic data. Among them, compound 1 was a new flavonoid. Additionally, the results of chromatographic bioassay on lettuce seeds indicated that compounds 7 and 8 exhibited significant phytotoxicity at a concentration lower than 14 mM.
C. Leelahawonge, A. Nuntagij, N. Teaumroong, N. Boonkerd, and N. Pongsilp, “Characterization of Root-Nodule Bacteria Isolated from the Medicinal Legume Indigofera Tinctoria,” Annals of Microbiology, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 65–74, Mar. 2010.
doi: 10.1007/s13213-009-0005-8.
Fourteen root-nodule bacteria isolated from the medicinal legume Indigofera tinctoria were characterized for their phenotypic features including growth curves, utilization of carbon and nitrogen sources, antibiotic resistance, vitamin requirement and growth under different conditions. The partial sequences of the 16S rDNA of these strains were obtained and BLASTN analysis revealed that the microsymbionts of I. tinctoria were related to members of five distinct genera: Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Cupriavidus and Pseudoalteromonas. The partial nifH gene of Pseudoalteromonas-like strain DASA 57075 had 96% similarity with nifH genes of members of Bradyrhizobium. The partial nodC gene of Pseudoalteromonas-like strain DASA 57075 showed 88% similarity with the nodC gene of several rhizobia including Sinorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Mesorhizobium. We propose a bacterium that is related to Pseudoalteromonas from the gamma-class of Proteobacteria as a new legume symbiont. This is also the first report that the same species of legume can be nodulated by bacteria from up to five different genera in three distinct classes.
S. Lev-Yadun, “The Enigmatic Fast Leaflet Rotation in Desmodium Motorium,” Plant Signaling & Behavior, vol. 8, no. 6, p. e24473, Jun. 2013.
doi: 10.4161/psb.24473.
I propose that the enigmatic leaflet movements in elliptical circles every few minutes of the Indian telegraph (semaphore) plant Desmodium motorium ( = D. gyrans = Hedysarum gyrans = Codariocalyx motorius), which has intrigued scientists for centuries, is a new type of butterfly or general winged arthropod mimicry by this plant. Such leaflet movement may deceive a passing butterfly searching for an un-occupied site suitable to deposit its eggs, that the plant is already occupied. It may also attract insectivorous birds, reptiles or arthropods to the plant because it looks as if it is harboring a potential prey and while they patrol there, they can find insects or other invertebrates that indeed attack the plant. The possibility that diurnal mammalian herbivores may also be deterred by these movements should not be dismissed.
R. D. Lewis and H. Silyn‐Roberts, “Entrainaient of the Ultradian Leaf Movement Rhythm of Desmodium Gyrans by Temperature Cycles,” Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 193–203, Oct. 1987.
doi: 10.1080/09291018709359945.
The ultradian rhythm of movement of the lateral leaflet of Desmodium gyrans can be entrained by temperature cycles, provided that the entrained Zeitgeber period is less than that of the free‐running period. The rhythm is sensitive to single pulses; the phase response curves show times of large phase advances and of zero changes, but no phase delays. The rhythm is highly temperature dependent with temperature coefficients of around 2.5.
S.-J. Li, “aMorphology and Variation of Juvenile Leaves in Acacia Confusa Merr,” 1974.
doi: 10.6165/tai.1974.19.88.
The Juvenile leaves of Acacia confusa Merr. were investigated with regard to their structure, number, and developmental pattern. The morphology of the seedlings was redescribed and the evolutionary relationship of this species with other Acacias and the adaptability of A. confusa were discussed.
S. Li, A. B. Cunningham, R. Fan, and Y. Wang, “Identity Blues: The Ethnobotany of the Indigo Dyeing by Landian Yao (Iu Mien) in Yunnan, Southwest China,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 13, Feb. 2019.
doi: 10.1186/s13002-019-0289-0.
Indigo-dyed textiles have been central to the cultural identity of Landian Yao (literally “blue clothes Yao”) people in Southwest China for centuries, driving a significant local market for naturally dyed indigo cloth. In the past two decades, local indigo production for traditional textiles has declined for several reasons: Firstly, the younger generation of Landian Yao has shifted to using western style jeans and T-shirts. Secondly, due to its labor-intensive nature. In contrast, at a global scale, including in China, there has been a revival of interest in natural indigo use. This is due to a growing awareness in the fashion industry about human and environmental health issues related to synthetic dye production. Ironically, this new awareness comes at a time when traditional knowledge of indigo dyeing is being lost in many places in China, with weaving and use of natural dyes now limited to some remote areas. In this study, we recorded indigo dyeing processes used by Landian Yao people and documented the plant species used for indigo dyeing.
S. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Guo, L. Yang, and Y. Wang, “Monpa, Memory, and Change: An Ethnobotanical Study of Plant Use in Mêdog County, South-East Tibet, China,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 5, Jan. 2020.
doi: 10.1186/s13002-020-0355-7.
Due to their relative isolation, the previous studies of Monpa plant use were only conducted in north-east India. In October 2013, Mêdog County was no longer remote, thanks to completion of a highway into the county. This study of plant species used by the Monpa had three research objectives. These were (i) to identify and record local names and uses of plants in Mêdog County, (ii) to assess which of these were uses of endemic or near-endemic species within this part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, and (iii) to assess how plant uses reflect socio-economic change in Mêdog County?
S.-J. Li, “Seedling Variation of Open-Pollinated Seeds from a Single Tree of Acacia Confusa Merr.,” Kew Bulletin, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 537–539, 1978.
doi: 10.2307/4109655.
The seedling characters of Acacia confusa observed in this study were: (1) dwarf seedlings, (2) seedlings with green stem, (3) seedlings with pinnate second eophyll, (4) continuous variation in the length of the reduced second eophylls. The inheritance of these characters was assumed and discussed. The natural crossability of this species was also calculated.
G. Li, “The Unique Nutriceutical Components of the Ethnic Medicinal Plant-Codariocalyx Motorius,” Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, vol. 24, Jan. 2020.
doi: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004096.
J. Liang, J. Zhang, and M. Wong, “Stomatal Conductance in Relation to Xylem Sap Abscisic Acid Concentrations in Two Tropical Trees, Acacia Confusa and Litsea Glutinosa,” Plant, Cell & Environment, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 93–100, 1996.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00230.x.
Two tropical trees, Acacia confusa and Litsea glutinosa, were grown under controlled conditions with their roots subjected to soil drying and soil compaction treatments. In both species, a decline in stomatal conductance resulting from soil drying took place much earlier than the decline of leaf water potential. Soil compaction treatment also resulted in a substantial decrease in stomatal conductance but had little effect on leaf water potential. A rapid and substantial increase in xylem abscisic acid (ABA) concenation ([ABA]), rather than hulk leaf ABA, was closely related to soil drying and soil compaction. A significant relationship between stomatal conductance (gs) and xylem [ABA] was observed in both species. Artificially feeding ABA solutions to excised leaves of both species showed that the relationship bet ween gs and [ABA] was very similar to that obtained from the whole plant, i.e. the relationship between gs and xylem [ABA]. These results suggest that xylem ABA may act as a stress signal in the control of stomatal conductance.
Y.-kui Liao, W.-rong Jin, and M.-chun Huang, “Pharmacognostic studies on Desmodium gyrans,” Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 175–177, Feb. 2005.
ObjectiveTo study the characteristic features of Desmodium gyrans in order to provide a basis for rational exploitation and utilization of the herb.MethodSamples of the title plant were collected, the microscopic features of cross sections and powders were studied. TLC profiles and UV absorption of the plant extract were examined.ResultCalcium oxalate crystals were found in cells of transverse sections. Nonglandular hairs were observed on leaf surfaces. Characteristic peaks in the UV spectrum were identified.ConclusionThe distinct characteristic features revealed in this studies can serve as evidence for the identification of D. gyrans.
A. W. Lievens and L. E. Urbatsch, “Correct Author Citation for the Tribal Name Indigofereae (Fabaceae: Faboideae),” Taxon, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 335–337, 1990.
doi: 10.2307/1223066.
Several recent works which include the tribe Indigofereae have used author citations which are incorrect. The correct citation, Indigofereae Benth., is given and a summary of the relevant taxonomic history of the name for this taxon is presented.
A. T. Lima and M. V. Meiado, “Effect of Hydration and Dehydration Cycles on Mimosa Tenuiflora Seeds during Germination and Initial Development,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 116, pp. 164–167, May 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.03.017.
Discontinuity during the process of imbibition in seed germination in arid and semi-arid ecosystems produces cycles of hydration and dehydration (HD cycles). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HD cycles on germination and initial growth of Mimosa tenuiflora seedlings, testing the hypothesis that seeds that pass through HD cycles produce larger seedlings with greater accumulation of biomass. Seeds of M. tenuiflora were submitted to 0, 1, 2 and 3 HD cycles. We evaluated parameters of germination and initial seedling growth. Although seed germinability did not change, M. tenuiflora seeds that were submitted to HD cycles germinated in a shorter time than seeds with continuous hydration. In addition, seedlings produced from seeds that were submitted to HD cycles had longer stems, larger stem diameter and higher leaf, stem and root dry mass values. HD cycle produced the seed hydration memory phenomenon, which may have ecological implications for the species, since the seeds that underwent HD cycles produced more vigorous seedlings.
H.-Y. Lin, T.-C. Chang, and S.-T. Chang, “A Review of Antioxidant and Pharmacological Properties of Phenolic Compounds in Acacia Confusa,” Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 443–450, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2018.05.002.
In the present review article, the phytochemical, antioxidant and pharmacological studies are congregated and summarized concerning the current knowledge of the phenolic compounds of a traditional medical plant Acacia confusa in Taiwan. This plant is native to Taiwan and South-East Asia. It possesses major pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and radical scavenging activity, hepatoprotective effect, xanthine oxidase inhibition, semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase inhibition, angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition, antihyperuricemic effect and anti-inflammatory activity. Phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, flavonol glycoside and phenolic acid derivatives, are the main phytochemical compounds isolated from different plant parts of A. confusa. Recent interest in this species has focused on pharmacological investigations of the phytochemicals which exhibit potent antioxidant activity based on the multiple phenolic functionalities. The consequence of this review will further extend the potential applications of this plant and offer persuasive support to its future use in the fields of clinical medicine and health functional food., Image 1
E. L. Longui, K. Rajput, A. C. Melo, L. de A. Alves, and C. B. D. Nascimento, “Root to Branch Wood Anatomical Variation and Its Influence on Hydraulic Conductivity in Five Brazilian Cerrado Species,” 2017.
doi: 10.4067/S0717-92002017000100018.
It is concluded that the wood of the stem base of the species investigated shows mechanism to safeguard from air embolism by producing narrower vessels, which can protect the main stem from constant loss of conductivity. The wood anatomy of the root, stem (base, middle, top) and branch of Anadenanthera peregrina, Copaifera langsdorffii, Handroanthus ochraceus, Ocotea corymbosa and Xylopia aromatica growing naturally in the Brazilian Cerrado is investigated. The important findings are correlated with hydraulic architecture and mechanical requirements. The presence of hydraulic bottlenecks (also referred to as hydraulic constrictions) is evident in the transition from root to stem, but no such transition is observed from stem to branch in other four species except for Xylopia aromatica. Compared with solitary vessels, proportion of multiple vessels is higher in the roots of Anadenanthera peregrina and Copaifera langsdorffii, as well as in the roots and stem-base of Xylopia aromatica indicating a tendency toward higher safety of roots from embolism as compared to the stem. Dimensions of rays, fibers and dry biomass percentage did not clearly show variations in these cells to influence the mechanical strength. Besides reducing hydraulic conductivity, decrease in vessel diameter from the root to the stem base may also impact mechanical strength by reducing empty spaces (vessel lumen). We concluded that the wood of the stem base of the species investigated shows mechanism to safeguard from air embolism by producing narrower vessels, which can protect the main stem from constant loss of conductivity.
H. de F. S. Lopes, Z. Tu, H. Sumi, and I. Yumoto, “Analysis of Bacterial Flora of Indigo Fermentation Fluids Utilizing Composted Indigo Leaves (Sukumo) and Indigo Extracted from Plants (Ryukyu-Ai and Indian Indigo),” Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, vol. 132, no. 3, pp. 279–286, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.05.004.
Indigo is a fabric dye that requires reduction by microbial activity or chemical reagents to render it soluble in water. Sources of indigo for fermentation are primarily divided into composted indigo-containing plants and indigo extracted from plants. To elucidate the factors responsible for bacterial diversity, and for sustaining reduced state of indigo in different preparations, this study assessed fermentation-derived fluids using composted plant leaves, sukumo, and extracted indigo (Ryukyu-ai paste, and Indian indigo cake) prepared using different procedures. Regardless of the indigo source, obligate anaerobic bacteria, including the families Proteinivoraceae and Tissierellaceae, predominate (16.9–46.1%), suggesting their high affinity for this fermentation ecosystem (hyperalkaline and low redox potential). Moreover, bacterial communities in sukumo fermentations are more diverse than those from indigo extracts with the diversity tending to increase based on the fermentation period. Our results further suggest that the microbiota composition in sukumo fermentation is associated with the various bacterial nutrients derived from sukumo, including seed microorganisms. In addition, the debris derived from sukumo can reduce the pH stress experienced by the microorganisms. Further, regardless of 5.4 years difference in the fermentation age, the bacterial flora in two Ryukyu-ai batches exhibit similar features with low microbial diversities. The uniformity of the nutrient, along with the simple, yet strong, bacterial network in Ryukyu-ai fluids may be responsible for the stable bacterial flora composition. Taken together, these results indicate that the microbiota in indigo fermentation is highly influenced by the seed culture, the nutrient derived from raw materials, and the fermentation conditions.
D. Lötter and D. le Maitre, “Modelling the Distribution of Aspalathus Linearis (Rooibos Tea): Implications of Climate Change for Livelihoods Dependent on Both Cultivation and Harvesting from the Wild,” Ecology and Evolution, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 1209–1221, 2014.
doi: 10.1002/ece3.985.
Aspalathus linearis (Burm. f.) R. Dahlgren (rooibos) is endemic to the Fynbos Biome of South Africa, which is an internationally recognized biodiversity hot spot. Rooibos is both an invaluable wild resource and commercially cultivated crop in suitable areas. Climate change predictions for the region indicate a significant warming scenario coupled with a decline in winter rainfall. First estimates of possible consequences for biodiversity point to species extinctions of 23% in the long term in the Fynbos Biome. Bioclimatic modelling using the maximum entropy method was used to develop an estimate of the realized niche of wild rooibos and the current geographic distribution of areas suitable for commercially production. The distribution modelling provided a good match to the known distribution and production area of A. linearis. An ensemble of global climate models that assume the A2 emissions scenario of high energy requirements was applied to develop possible scenarios of range/suitability shift under future climate conditions. When these were extrapolated to a future climate (2041–2070) both wild and cultivated tea exhibited substantial range contraction with some range shifts southeastwards and upslope. Most of the areas where range expansion was indicated are located in existing conservation areas or include conservation worthy vegetation. These findings will be critical in directing conservation efforts as well as developing strategies for farmers to cope with and adapt to climate change.
D. Lotter, A. J. Valentine, E. Archer Van Garderen, and M. Tadross, “Physiological Responses of a Fynbos Legume, Aspalathus Linearis to Drought Stress,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 94, pp. 218–223, Sep. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2014.07.005.
Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) is a medicinally and economically useful shrub which is endemic to the Mediterranean west coast region of South Africa. Species distribution modelling indicates potentially severe consequences in range shift for rooibos tea under the changing climate conditions. However, they are based on several assumptions and simplifications which may compromise future predictions. In an effort to improve the accuracy of the species distribution model, results obtained from the modelling were used to further investigate the species’ climatic limits through experimental manipulation of drought. Water limitation was associated with significant decreases in net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration in A. linearis. The inhibitory effects of drought on photosynthetic parameters had a concomitant effect on biomass accumulation and nutrient allocation. Hence, the projected increase in aridity for the rooibos production region is expected to reduce productivity of commercially cultivated tea. However, rooibos demonstrated certain adaptation mechanisms to adverse conditions by increasing water use efficiency, developing a higher level of sclerophylly and altering the allocation of plant reserves by increasing the flow of assimilates to the roots. The ability of the species to partially offset the negative effects of water deficit stress may enable seedlings to survive and persist, albeit with reduced biomass.
D. Lötter, E. A. van Garderen, M. Tadross, and A. J. Valentine, “Seasonal Variation in the Nitrogen Nutrition and Carbon Assimilation in Wild and Cultivated Aspalathus Linearis (Rooibos Tea),” Australian Journal of Botany, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 65–73, Apr. 2014.
doi: 10.1071/BT13237.
The Fynbos Biome of southern Africa is a Mediterranean-climate ecosystem with highly infertile soil. It is home to the endemic leguminous shrub Aspalathus linearis (rooibos tea), which is both an invaluable wild resource and commercially cultivated plant. Wild rooibos has a narrow geographic range and is confined to mountain ranges of the Cederberg Region. Under projected climate change, warmer and more arid conditions may place additional pressure on these range-restricted plants to survive in an already resource-limited environment. To understand the adaptive strategies that may allow rooibos to persist in its habitat under future climate change, the present study evaluated changes in the photosynthetic activity and nutrient cycling of wild and cultivated A. linearis, at the temperature and rainfall extremes of summer and winter. Wild and cultivated rooibos tea had different methods of adapting to nitrogen (N) nutrition and carbon (C) assimilation during wet and dry seasons. In particular, the wild plants were better able to tolerate summer drought by increased water use efficiency and maintaining higher levels of biological N2 fixation than was the cultivated tea.
Currently no macronutrient fertiliser recommendations have been established for rooibos plants under field conditions. The aim of this study was to examine the interactive effect of NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) on young rooibos plants’ growth and survival, and soil chemistry and fertiliser leaching under Clanwilliam field conditions with an aim to establishing soil and foliar nutrient norms for optimum rooibos production. A field trial was established at Vaalkrans Farm, Clanwilliam district in June 2016. Rooibos seedlings were fertilised at planting as a completely randomised design in combinations of various levels of N (0, 20, 40, 60 mg/kg) as NBPT-coated urea, P (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 mg/kg) as triple superphosphate and K (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 mg/kg) as potassium chloride (KCl). The N and K applications were split, 50% at planting and the remainder top-dressed after 2 months. The fertilisers and application rates were selected based on previous seedling greenhouse trials. Parameters measured during the trial included: soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total carbon (C) and N, mineral N, Bray II P, exchangeable cations, micronutrients, soil enzyme activity, plant height, survival, biomass, and foliar nutrient content. The movement of the applied fertilizer was also determined on selected treatments, and a pot trial to determine the effect of lime application of rooibos seedling growth was performed. Initially, during the wet winter months, the application of P at 15 and 30 mg/kg stimulated biomass production. However, after the dry summer it was observed that all P applications suppressed plant growth and decreased plant survival, and this effect was more pronounced as P application rate increased. Foliar P and shoot biomass were negatively correlated (R2=0.5929). No interactive effect between N and P on biomass response was found, and N application could not help rooibos to overcome Ptoxicity, contrary to previous studies. The highest above-ground biomass yields were recorded at K application rates of 20 – 40 mg/kg. When yield was adjusted according to mortality, the 20 mg/kg K treatment had the largest yield (597 kg/ha), nearly double that of the unfertilised control. Due to the low intensity rainfall experienced in Clanwilliam during the field trial, the fertiliser had not leached significantly in the soil profile, and the majority remained where it was initially placed at planting (20 – 30 cm) and on surface (0 – 20 cm). Rooibos seedling biomass responded positively to lime application at all rates up to an equivalent of 1.29 t/ha in a greenhouse pot trial. Application rates of 1 – 1.3 t/ha nearly doubled the mass of rooibos seedlings after two months. The ideal pH for rooibos seedling growth in this study was found to be around pH (KCl) 7.4. This study highlights the importance of field trials, as opposed to short-term greenhouse trials, as the effect of nutrients combined with climate can have deleterious effects. It is recommended that young rooibos plants do not receive any P fertilisers at planting, but receive up to 20 mg/kg of N and between 20 – 60 mg/kg of K (applied as split application).
R. Louw, “Sustainable Harvesting of Wild Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) in the Suid Bokkeveld, Northen [i.e. Northern] Cape,” 2006.http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6122.
A study was conducted on the effect of harvest seasonality and harvest timing on post-harvest regrowth for wild A. linearis plants. Field data support the conventional practice of summer harvests that depend on a host of ecological and social factors. A January harvest (Summer) resulted in the highest vegetative and productive output compared with plants subjected to April (autumn) and July (winter) harvest treatments.
A. Lum Nde, C. I. Chukwuma, O. L. Erukainure, M. S. Chukwuma, and M. G. Matsabisa, “Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, Toxicology and Anti-Diabetic Potential of Senna Occidentalis (L.) Link; A Review,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 283, p. 114663, Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114663.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Senna occidentalis (L.) Link is a plant that has been used in medicine in some African countries, Asia and America. It is mainly used in Ayurvedic medicine in India. Several parts of this plant are used for preventing or treating diabetes, haematuria, rheumatism, typhoid, asthma, hepatotoxicity, disorders of haemoglobin and leprosy. Aim of the study This review outlines the pharmacological evidence supporting the potential of S. occidentalis to control or compensate for diabetes and associated complications, with intentions to sensitize the scientific community for future research on this promising plant. Materials and methods Information on the anti-diabetic pharmacological studies of Senna occidentalis was collected from various scientific databases including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. The studies were analyzed for the toxicological, phytochemical, anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia and antioxidative aspects of the different parts of S. occidentalis. Results Numerous phytochemical constituents (flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, terpenes and glycosides) are present in this plant and are responsible for their anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidative effects. The different plant parts appears to exert anti-diabetic effects by direct regulation of blood glucose, modulation of lipid profile and improving of antioxidant status and islet function. Conclusion Senna occidentalis is rich in phytochemicals. The crude extracts of the different parts have valuable bioactive properties with potential ethnopharmacological relevance for diabetes management and treatment. Further bioassay guided phytochemical analyses of this plant are recommended to explore its therapeutic bioactive principles.
V. da S. Luna, K. P. Randau, M. R. A. Ferreira, and L. A. L. Soares, “Development and Validation of Analytical Method by Spectrophotometry UV-Vis for Quantification of Flavonoids in Leaves of Senna Occidentalis Link,” Research, Society and Development, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. e14411118584–e14411118584, Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.33448/rsd-v11i1.18584.
Senna occidentalis Link (Fabaceae), known as “fedegoso”, is used in folk medicine due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, muscle relaxant and inhibiting lipid peroxidation imputed to flavonoids contained in its composition. The species is also a constituent of processed products are commercialized in various parts of the world including Brazil, although there are few reports in the literature about the development of an analytical method for quantification of flavonoids in it. The main purpose of this research was the evaluation of an analytical methodology to determinate the content of total flavonoids in leaves of S. occidentalis, for quality control. The parameters evaluated were: drug: solvent ratio, concentration of aluminum chloride and reaction time. The quantification of total flavonoids was obtained after reaction with aluminum chloride by UV/Vis spectrophotometry. The results revealed a maximum absorption peak (λ = 392 nm) was the amount of 0.5 g of a plant raw in 100 mL of solvent and there were no significant influences between the concentrations of aluminum chloride or hydroalcoholic solutions analyzed. The evaluation of reaction time allowed to characterize the kinetics as slow, stabilizing from 60 min, choosing this as reading time. The method was specific, linear, precise, accurate and robust, according to the specifications set in RDC n. 166/2017. Finally, the results of the study showed that the measured methodology is simple and accurate and can be applied for quality assessment of the species S. occidentalis.
E.-S. H. M., F. K. A., R. A. M., and D. M. Sayed, “Changes in Contents of Free Amino Acids in Germinating Seed Organs of Three Senna Species under Temperature, Osmotic Stress and Zinc Concentration,” Journal of Ecology of Health & Environment, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 37–45, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.18576/jehe/060105.
The present study deals with the effects of osmotic stress, Ψs, temperature (T) and zinc (Zn) concentrations (in the physiological range) on the germination processes of seeds in three plant species of different ecological affiliation, namely: Senna alexandrina, Senna italic (native to hot deserts) and Senna occidentalis (a wild mesophytic plant). Total content, specific and allocation of soluble and potentially free amino acids in the embryonic axis (radicle and hypocotyl) were determined. It was observed that, addition of zinc to the seed incubation medium improved the adjustment of radicles to water deficiency conditions through increasing the allocation of free amino acids into the radicles and hence increasing the osmotic potentials of radicles. Also, zinc induced additional adaptation of the plants to extreme temperatures through increasing total osmotically active amino acids in the radicle. While, glutamic was the dominant amino acid in radicles of S. alexandrina and S. italica (xerophytes), proline was the dominant in S. occidentalis (mesophyte). The statistical analysis indicated that the trifactorial interaction (ΨsxTxZn) had the major effect on the total free amino acids of the three plants.
E.-S. H. M., F. K. A., R. A. M., and D. M. Sayed, “Zn Induced Soluble Proteins in Germinating Senna Seeds under Temperature and Osmotic Water Potential,” Journal of Ecology of Health & Environment, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 25–35, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.18576/jehe/060104.
The present study aims to investigate the effects of osmotic water potential simulated by reduced osmotic water potential, Ψs, temperature (T) and zinc (Zn) addition to the seed incubation medium and to evaluate the effects of their interactions on soluble proteins in germinating seeds of three plant species of different ecological affiliation. The experimented species were namely: Senna alexandrina, Senna italic (native to hot deserts) and Senna occidentalis (a wild mesophytic plant). It was observed that, the presence of high Zn concentration yielded a high content of soluble proteins under low osmotic water potential and high temperature. Also, addition of zinc improved the adjustment of radicles to water deficiency conditions through increasing the allocation of water soluble proteins into the radicles. The germinating seeds in S. occidentalis (wild mesophyte) was characterized by the presence of high molecular weight protein bands, whereas radicles of xerophytes contain low molecular weight protein bands. The statistical analysis indicated that the trifactorial interaction (ΨsxTxZn) had the major effect on the soluble proteins in different organs of the three-plant species. Exceptionally, the effect of osmotic water potential was the dominant in storage tissue proteins of S. occidentalis.
X. Ma, C. Zheng, C. Hu, K. Rahman, and L. Qin, “The Genus Desmodium (Fabaceae)-Traditional Uses in Chinese Medicine, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 314–332, Nov. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.053.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Plants of the genus Desmodium (Fabaceae), such as Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr. and Desmodium gyrans (L. f.) DC., have a long history of medical use in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat various ailments including rheumatism, pyrexia, dysentery, wounds, cough, malaria, hepatitis, hemoptysis, etc. In the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, most species have the effect of relieving internal heat or fever, neutralizing toxins, inhibiting pain, invigorating blood circulation, suppressing cough and alleviating dyspnea. Materials and methods A bibliographic investigation was accomplished by analyzing secondary sources including Chinese Herbal Classics, and worldwide accepted scientific databases (Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science, SciFinder) were scrutinized for the available information on the ethnopharmacological uses in Chinese medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Desmodium species. Results The genus Desmodium is a large member of the Papilionaceae (Fabaceae) family. It contains about 350 plant species used for both feeding stuffs and herbal medicines, of which only about 30 species have been phytochemically or pharmacologically investigated. Desmodium plant extracts, as well as the active principles, have been experimentally studied for their anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antinephrolithic, antibacterial, and nootropic activities in vitro or in vivo. And so far, a total of 212 compounds have been isolated from 15 Desmodium species and characterized mainly as flavonoids and alkaloids, followed by terpenoids, steroids, phenols, phenylpropanoids, glycosides and a number of volatile oils. The remaining unrevealed species are recorded chiefly in Asia and Africa being used in empirical treatment for various diseases. Conclusions Desmodium species have long been used in TCM to treat various ailments. Available scientific references revealed that the traditional medical uses of some important Desmodium species in TCM have been evaluated by modern pharmacological studies. As literature demonstrated, flavonoids and alkaloids are perhaps responsible for most of the activities shown by the plants of this genus. Further studies are still required to reveal the structure–activity relationship of these active constituents.
G. S. Mabizela et al., “A Balancing Act – Optimising Harvest Season of Cyclopia Genistoides (Honeybush Tea) for Enhanced Phenolic Content and Acceptable Sensory Profile,” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 110, p. 104583, Jul. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104583.
It is challenging to meet the demand for plants with high bioactive content for functional food extract and herbal tea production, with the latter also having an acceptable sensory profile. The optimal harvest season for C. genistoides to maximise phenolic content without compromising sensory quality was determined. Summer produced leaves with higher levels of mangiferin and isomangiferin than winter (P < 0.05), but not autumn and spring (P ≥ 0.05). Despite moderate correlation of the mangiferin and isomangiferin content of the infusions with bitter intensity (R = 0.636 and R = 0.637 respectively, P < 0.05), the summer and autumn harvests produced herbal tea less bitter than the winter and spring harvests (P < 0.05), indicating the possible modulating role of other polyphenols. The autumn harvest delivered herbal tea with a better overall aroma profile, notably higher intensities of the characteristic honeybush aroma notes, ‘fynbos-floral’, ‘fynbos-sweet’ and ‘fruity-sweet’, than the other seasons (P < 0.05). The practical significance of the variation in the phenolic composition and sensory quality of the herbal tea caused by harvest season was limited. Summer or autumn is recommended, achieving high levels of phenolic constituents without detriment to the sensory quality of the herbal tea product.
G. S. Mabizela, M. M. Slabbert, and C. Bester, “The Effect of Rooting Media, Plant Growth Regulators and Clone on Rooting Potential of Honeybush (Cyclopia Subternata) Stem Cuttings at Different Planting Dates,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 75–79, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.02.200.
Cyclopia spp. are shrubs indigenous to the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa that are used for a herbal infusion known as honeybush tea. Currently, a large amount of honeybush is still wild harvested; this imposes a risk of biodiversity loss, shortage of plant material and extinction of natural resources due to unsustainable harvesting. Therefore, in order to improve the plant material and relieve pressure on wild populations, a study aimed at optimising propagation and adventitious rooting techniques of honeybush stem cuttings was conducted. In this study, four clones of Cyclopia subternata were set in three different rooting media, with three concentrations of IBA growth regulators at six planting dates according to a randomised complete block design, to determine the effect on rooting. The data recorded were analysed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). This study showed significant differences in the rooting potential of the four clones tested. The highest rooting and survival percentage, root number and root length were experienced when cuttings were propagated in rooting media Bark mix and 3mix, treated with growth regulators Seradix® B2 and Seradix® B3. Cuttings grown in rooting medium Peat mix and with growth regulator Dip & Root™ resulted in the lowest rooting and survival percentage. The ideal time to set cuttings was during March and November with clones SGD7 and SGD9 producing the highest rooting and survival percentages. The lowest rooting percentage was recorded during February. Clone selections SGD1 and SGD7 had the highest rooting success followed by SGD9, and clone SGD6 had the lowest rooting percentage. Cyclopia spp. may be successfully propagated vegetatively by stem cuttings at different planting dates in order to improve plant material and quality of honeybush.
G. S. Mabizela et al., “Effect of Genotype and Harvest Season on Quality Characteristics of Cyclopia Subternata: Phenolic Content and Sensory Profile,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 132, pp. 491–501, Aug. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2020.06.010.
Cultivation of selected Cyclopia species, including C. subternata, is the only viable option to ensure that the current growth trajectory of the honeybush industry is maintained. Gaps in honeybush production knowledge still exist, including the optimum harvest season for production of good quality honeybush, as defined by the phenolic content of the leaves, which is related to bioactivity of extracts, as well as the sensory profile of the herbal tea. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal harvest season for achieving the maximum accumulation of phenolic compounds in the leaves of six genotypes (SGD2, SGD3, SGD6, STB1, SHL2, SKB3) under evaluation by the honeybush breeding programme of the Agricultural Research Council. The major phenolic compounds were quantified by HPLC-DAD. Plants were harvested in summer, autumn, winter and spring. The plant material was also processed to determine whether genotype and harvest season affect the sensory profile of honeybush tea as determined by descriptive sensory analysis. Both genotype and harvest season affected the phenolic content of the leaves and the sensory profile of the herbal tea. Overall, the summer harvest delivered the better product. SGD3 emerged as the genotype with the highest total phenolic content of the leaves (p < 0.05), predominantly due to higher accumulation of the benzophenone, 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone, and xanthones, mangiferin and isomangiferin. However, herbal tea from SGD3 also had a higher intensity of the negative aroma attribute, ‘hay/dried grass’, although not significantly different from SGD2, SHL2 and STB1 (p ≥ 0.05). Considering the positive aroma attributes, STB1 had either the lowest or lower intensities (p < 0.05) of ‘fynbos-floral’, ‘apricot jam’, ‘fruity-sweet’ and ‘fynbos-sweet’ than the other genotypes. By identifying summer as optimum harvest time, a foundation is laid for screening of more genotypes to expand the genetic pool and to determine the effect of cultivation practices on quality.
G. S. Mabizela et al., “Response of Cyclopia Subternata to Drought Stress – Assessment of Leaf Composition, Proteomics and Product Quality,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 161, pp. 96–112, Oct. 2023.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2023.07.042.
Honeybush tea is made from the fynbos plant Cyclopia subternata, which is unique to South Africa. Cultivation takes place in its natural environment, which has a Mediterranean climate with dry summers and wet winters. During the summer, the plant is vulnerable to drought, an abiotic stress factor that is likely to affect its development and yield. This study investigated the effect of drought stress for a short duration on the leaf, as well as the quality of the herbal tea. Protein expression in the leaf was measured to gain insight into possible mechanisms used by the plant to cope with drought stress conditions. Fifteen-month-old C. subternata plants were subjected to three water treatments (control, moderately-stressed (MS), and severely-stressed (SS)) for ten days. Leaves were sampled at regular intervals throughout the treatment period to determine their relative water content (RWC). Leaves were also sampled on the 11th day for untargeted and targeted chemical composition and protein expression analyses. The remaining leaves and stems were processed to obtain the herbal tea. Descriptive sensory analysis of the herbal tea was performed to determine whether drought stress affected product quality. RWC was substantially higher (p < 0.05) in the control plants (100%) than in the MS and SS treated plants (83–90% and 47%, respectively). Untargeted analysis revealed that drought stress considerably altered leaf chemical composition. According to targeted analysis, the proline content of SS treated plants increased more than 40-fold when compared to the control, however, the treatments had no effect on the total carbohydrate and major phenolic compound content of the leaves, nor on the sensory quality of the herbal tea. Differences in the expression of 27 proteins, 24 of which were identified using proteomic analysis, were observed. During drought stress, 17 of these proteins increased, whereas seven decreased. Thirteen of the 24 identified proteins produced statistically significant results based on their Byonic scores. The findings laid the foundation for future research into the functions of drought response genes in Cyclopia species, as well as helping with the identification of stress-tolerant honeybush genotypes.
D. MacAlister et al., “Effect of Temperature on Plant Growth and Stress Tolerant Traits in Rooibos in the Western Cape, South Africa,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 263, p. 109137, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109137.
Mediterranean systems, such as in South Africa, are particularly vulnerable to the predicted increases in mean surface temperatures which will likely affect the growth and physiology of many plants and subsequently affect agricultural productivity. Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren (rooibos) is an important commercial, endemic crop that is produced in the Cederberg region, South Africa. This region experiences a Mediterranean-type ecosystem that is characterised by hot, dry summers (November – February) and cool, wet winters (May – August). This study assessed the effects of temperature on the growth and stress tolerant traits of A. linearis over two years. Crop biomass and selected physiological traits were determined in the field, along a temperature gradient, at four farm sites in the Cederberg during the summer and winter 2017 and summer 2018. Aspalathus linearis plants showed evidence of transpirational leaf cooling during summer and this, combined with lower chlorophyll and high phenolic content, could be considered acclimatized adaptive changes allowing the plants to mitigate the heating effects of elevated temperatures. Although changes in soil nutrients and increasing temperatures had a negative impact on crop biomass, the phenolic content, a measure of tea quality, did not vary with sites. This suggests that a shift in rooibos farming to cooler and wetter areas further south, for better growth and higher yields, would not compromise the quality of rooibos tea.
D. MacAlister et al., “Stress Tolerant Traits and Root Proliferation of Aspalathus Linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren Grown under Differing Moisture Regimes and Exposed to Drought,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 131, pp. 342–350, Jul. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2020.03.003.
In recent decades climate change has impacted ecosystems negatively globally with Mediterranean systems being particularly vulnerable. Changes in rainfall pattern and amounts have led to increases in flooding and droughts in certain areas of the world. Many important agricultural crops such as Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren, rooibos tea, rely on the Mediterranean-type seasonality in the Western Cape, South Africa. Aspalathus linearis plants, which occur naturally in the Cedarberg, grow in hot and dry summer conditions and have a root that penetrates the soil down to 2 m, yet no work has looked at the root response to drought under low rainfall environments. The objective of this study was to determine the physiological and morphological response of A. linearis plants grown at two different water regimes to drought. A potted glasshouse experiment was carried out where drought stress (withdrawing watering) was imposed on well-watered and low moisture supplied plants. The low moisture droughted plants exhibited drought tolerant mechanisms which included higher root/shoot ratios as well as thinner roots, both of which are effective for water and nutrient uptake. Overall, plants in the 30% FC treatment recorded lower Pmax, gs and E after three days in the drought conditions while 70% FC plants were only affected after five days. Furthermore, plants grown under low moisture conditions produced 50% lower biomass compared to plants grown under adequate moisture conditions. This implies that low rainfall and the occurrences of dry spells and drought, associated with climate change are likely to reduce the production of A. linearis in the Cederberg area.
The objective of this work was to determine the growth of trees after five years of planting to recompose a permanent water preservation area in an urban environment and to evaluate the ability of these species, classified into different ecological groups and deciduous patterns, to promote tree recovery. Seedlings of 15 tree species were planted with spacing of 2 x 3 m in a total area of 1.06 ha, in 2010. In 2014 and 2015, the diameter and height of the trees were determined. The average periodic increment in diameter (IPMD) and height (IPMA) per species was calculated, as well as the average annual increment in diameter and height (IMAD and IMAA). After five years of planting, the survival rate of the trees was 97.2%. Both the diameter and the height of the trees varied between species. Anadenanthera peregrina showed the highest IPMD (7.06 cm.year-1), followed by Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (6.02 cm.year-1) and Tabebuia sp. (5.09 cm.year-1). For IPMA, A. peregrina and Hymenaea courbaril (4 m.year-1) stood out. The IMAD ranged from 3.12 (A. peregrina) to 0.73 cm.year-1 (Cedrela fissillis), while the IMAA ranged from 1.87 to 0.60 m.year-1 for the same species. Deciduous and evergreen species had lower IPMD and IPMA when compared to semideciduous ones. The IPMD did not vary between pioneers and secondary companies, unlike what happened to IPMA. Allied to the attractiveness of the fauna, fruit production and high basal area (4.48 m2.ha-1), the growth of the trees verified after five years suggests the initial recomposition of the area.
T. U. Magcwebeba et al., “The Potential Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Skin Cell Viability by Aspalathus Linearis and Cyclopia Spp. Herbal Tea Extracts in Vitro,” Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol. 68, no. 11, pp. 1440–1453, Nov. 2016.
doi: 10.1111/jphp.12629.
The relationship between polyphenol constituents, antioxidant properties of aqueous and methanol extracts of green tea (Camellia sinensis), the herbal teas, rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia spp.), against skin cell viability was investigated in vitro.The effect of extracts, characterised in terms of polyphenol content and antioxidant properties, on cell viability of premalignant, normal and malignant skin cells was determined.Phenolic composition, particularly high levels of potent antioxidants, of rooibos and green tea methanol extracts was associated with a strong reduction in cell viability specifically targeting premalignant cells. In contrast, the aqueous extracts of Cyclopia spp. were more effective in reducing cell viability. This correlated with a relatively high flavanol/proanthocyanidin content and ABTS radical cation scavenging capacity. The major green tea flavanol (epigallocatechin gallate) and rooibos dihydrochalcone (aspalathin) exhibited differential effects against cell viability, while the major honeybush xanthone (mangiferin) and flavanone (hesperidin) lacked any effect presumably due to a cytoprotective effect. The underlying mechanisms against skin cell viability are likely to involve mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from polyphenol–iron interactions.The polyphenol constituents and antioxidant parameters of herbal tea extracts are useful tools to predict their activity against skin cell survival in vitro and potential chemopreventive effects in vivo.
M.-J. S. Mahlare, L. Husselmann, M. N. Lewu, C. Bester, F. B. Lewu, and O. J. Caleb, “Analysis of the Differentially Expressed Proteins and Metabolic Pathways of Honeybush (Cyclopia Subternata) in Response to Water Deficit Stress,” Plants, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 2181, Jan. 2023.
doi: 10.3390/plants12112181.
Honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) is a rich source of antioxidant properties and phenolic compounds. Water availability plays a crucial role in plant metabolic processes, and it contributes to overall quality. Thus, this study aimed to investigate changes in molecular functions, cellular components, and biological processes of Cyclopia subternata exposed to different water stress conditions, which include well-watered (as Control, T1), semi-water stressed (T2), and water-deprived (T3) potted plants. Samples were also collected from a well-watered commercial farm first cultivated in 2013 (T13) and then cultivated in 2017 (T17) and 2019 (T19). Differentially expressed proteins extracted from C. subternata leaves were identified using LC-MS/MS spectrometry. A total of 11 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified using Fisher’s exact test (p < 0.00100). Only α-glucan phosphorylase was found to be statistically common between T17 and T19 (p < 0.00100). Notably, α-glucan phosphorylase was upregulated in the older vegetation (T17) and downregulated in T19 by 1.41-fold. This result suggests that α-glucan phosphorylase was needed in T17 to support the metabolic pathway. In T19, five DEPs were upregulated, while the other six were downregulated. Based on gene ontology, the DEPs in the stressed plant were associated with cellular and metabolic processes, response to stimulus, binding, catalytic activity, and cellular anatomical entity. Differentially expressed proteins were clustered based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and sequences were linked to metabolic pathways via enzyme code and KEGG ortholog. Most proteins were involved in photosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, thiamine, and purine metabolism. This study revealed the presence of trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase, an intermediate for the biosynthesis of a large number of substances, such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids.
M. S. Mahlare, M. N. Lewu, F. B. Lewu, and C. Bester, “Cyclopia Subternata Growth, Yield, Proline and Relative Water Content in Response to Water Deficit Stress,” Water SA, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 64–72, Feb. 2023.https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/240874.
Cyclopia, generally known as honeybush, and belonging to the Fabaceae family, originates from the Cape Floristic Region of the Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces of South Africa. Currently, 6 honeybush species are commercially cultivated but, to date, there have been limited trials attempting to study their agronomic water demand. A pot trial was conducted where Cyclopia subternata plants were cultivated on different soil types (Stellenbosch granite, Stellenbosch shale and Stellenbosch clovelly) and subjected to three different water-deficit stress levels (well-watered, semi-stressed and stressed). Remarkably, irrigation treatments and soil types did not significantly affect the growth of the plants. However, the well-watered treatment consistently had higher yields compared to the other two treatments. The water-stressed (semi-stressed and stressed) treatments had lower relative water contents (RWC) with higher concentrations of proline, which signify water stress, compared to the control treatment. Higher proline and lower RWC contents found in this study are indications of water stress.
Water potential gradients have been largely ignored as a primary factor capable of influencing interplant transfer even though there was evidence of hydraulic conductivity across the biotrophic plant fungi interface. Using two fluorescence tracer molecules, phorwite and rhodamine, a direct transfer pathway was observed and direct transfer quantified between two Illinois Bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis) plant root systems linked by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) hyphae. Three water potential gradients were tested: (i) receiver plant water-stressed -0.25 ±.03 MPa, (ii) no water stress, and (iii) donor plant water-stressed. When the receiver plant was water-stressed, rapid (< 18 h) dye transfer occurred, obeying the source/sink paradigm often utilized in other interplant nutrient transfer studies.
S. K. Mairapetyan and A. H. Tadevosyan, “Optimisation of Lawsonia Inermis L. and Indigofera Articulata Gouan. Nutrient Solution in Open-Air Hydroponics,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 481, pp. 321–326, Jan. 1999.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1999.481.36.
Research was carried out to determine the effect of major nutrients, e.g., Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) ratio on the leaf productivity and the leaf dye content of Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) and Indigo (Indigofera articulata Gouan.). Trials were conducted under open-air soilless conditions and the mathematical relationships between these parameters were described by the regression equations: for Henna for indigo Y=4.54-0.037X; r=0.03(1) Y=0.52-0.0005X; r=0.0005(2) Y=3.82-0.028X; r=0.028(3) Y=1.24-0.011X; r=0.11(4) where Y (1,2) is the leaf productivity of plant (g/plant), Y (3,4) is the dye content in leaves (%), X is the difference between experimental N:P:K: and the optimal N:P:K: for each index of each plant (atom %). When X=0, experimental ratio us optimal and maximal leaf productivity for henna and indigo are 4.54 and 0.52 g/plant respectively, while the highest content of dye in leaves are 3.82 and 1.24% respectively. When N,P,K, ratio in nutrient solution declines from the optimal one on 1 atom % (X=1), the leaf productivity anf dye content decreased by 0.037 g/plant and 0.028% for Henna and 0.005 g/plant and 0.011% for Indigo. For N,P,K, ratio in nutrient solution the following data were obtained for Henna and Indigo respectively: 36:28:36, 43:23:34 atom% for leaf productivity and 37:33:30, 25:33:42 atom% for dye content in leaves.
P. M. Maistry, A. M. Muasya, A. J. Valentine, and S. B. M. Chimphango, “Increasing Nitrogen Supply Stimulates Phosphorus Acquisition Mechanisms in the Fynbos Species Aspalathus Linearis,” Functional Plant Biology, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 52–62, Aug. 2014.
doi: 10.1071/FP14100.
We investigated the physiological basis for tolerance of limiting P supply and for enhanced growth with simultaneous addition of N and P in Aspalathus linearis (Burm. f.) R. Dahlgren. It was hypothesised that increasing N supply would stimulate P acquisition mechanisms and enhance plant growth with high P supply. In sand, plants received 100 μM, 300 μM, 500 μM and 700 µM N at a low P level of 10 µM and a high P level of 100 µM. In solution, plants received 200 μM and 500 µM N at a low P level of 5 µM and a high P level of 15 µM. Cluster roots formed only in plants with low P supply. Roots showed greater citrate and malate production and phosphatase activity at 5 µM P than at 15 µM P. At 10 µM P, greater N supply enhanced cluster root formation to 60% of root biomass, and increased the phosphatase activity of noncluster roots and succinate release by both root types. At a high P supply of 15 µM, greater N supply stimulated phosphatase activity of roots by 50%, increasing P uptake and plant growth. With increased resource partitioning towards P acquisition due to greater P demand, A. linearis is tolerant of low P supply and highly responsive to combined addition of N and P.
R. R. Malgas et al., “Distribution, Quantitative Morphological Variation and Preliminary Molecular Analysis of Different Growth Forms of Wild Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) in the Northern Cederberg and on the Bokkeveld Plateau,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 72–81, Jan. 2010.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2009.07.004.
Aspalathus linearis (Fabaceae) is endemic to the Cape Floristic Region in the Western Cape and Northern Cape Provinces of South Africa. The reddish leaves and stems, primarily of one cultivar, are used to make a commercially important tea which is marketed locally and internationally as ‘rooibos’ or ‘redbush’ tea. In historical times rooibos was collected in the wild. In the twentieth century cultivation of a single cultivar increasingly replaced wild harvest to meet growing demand. Recently, tea from wild forms of the species, which vary significantly in growth form and reproductive strategy, has been marketed by small-scale farmers in Wupperthal and on the Suid Bokkeveld plateau in the northern part of the species’ distribution. Little information on the wild forms of this species has been published, although a rich body of knowledge exists amongst local harvesters and other land-users. In this study, we focus on the northern part of the species’ distribution area where wild rooibos is harvested for commercial sale to niche organic and fair-trade markets. We adopt a transdisciplinary approach to (1) document the different growth forms, (2) develop a bioclimatic model of the potential distribution of the species, (3) quantify the morphological variation that exists between growth forms relative to the established cultivar and (4) use molecular techniques to provide a preliminary insight into the infraspecific diversity of different wild A. linearis growth forms. Our results show that local land users in the region identify four main growth forms of wild A. linearis. These are an ‘erect form’ and a ‘prostrate form’ in the Wuppertal area, a ‘shrub form’ in the Suid Bokkeveld, and a ‘tree form’ that has been observed at specific sites at Wupperthal, Biedouw and the Suid Bokkeveld. The PCA analysis of seven morphological traits identified three growth forms, which support the land user descriptions except in the case of the ’tree’ and ’erect’ forms which co-occurred in coordinate space. Both shrub and prostrate forms are wider than they are taller and possess more stems closer to the ground than erect forms. While the stems of both shrub and prostrate forms lie relatively flat on the ground, stem thickness is significantly greater in shrub forms. The tree type, the erect form and the cultivar studied possess the highest harvestable biomass. Prostrate forms and shrub forms resprout after fire while erect and tree forms regenerate from seed only. Haplotypic variation was assessed using DNA sequences from a single chloroplast region and revealed strong genetic differences between the different growth forms. Although preliminary, there is some evidence that sprouting and nonsprouting forms of the species are genetically isolated. This has important taxonomic implications for the species. Additional chloroplast regions and a nuclear region were also identified as variable and potentially useful markers for a multi-locus molecular approach to studying taxonomic and ecological questions within the species.
A. C. M. Malhado and M. Petrere, “Behaviour of Dispersion Indices in Pattern Detection of a Population of Angico, Anadenanthera Peregrina (Leguminosae).,” Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia, 2004.
doi: 10.1590/S1519-69842004000200009.
It was concluded that the best index is the standardized Morisita index (Ip) which is completely independent of sample size. In this paper we calculate the values of eight pattern detection indices, using different quadrat sizes where individuals of angico above 1.5 m were located, in order to examine their statistical behaviour with increasing sample size. It was concluded that the best index is the standardized Morisita index (Ip) which is completely independent of sample size.
C. J. Malherbe, E. Willenburg, D. de Beer, S. L. Bonnet, J. H. van der Westhuizen, and E. Joubert, “Iriflophenone-3-C-Glucoside from Cyclopia Genistoides: Isolation and Quantitative Comparison of Antioxidant Capacity with Mangiferin and Isomangiferin Using on-Line HPLC Antioxidant Assays,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 951–952, pp. 164–171, Mar. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.038.
The benzophenone, iriflophenone-3-C-glucoside, was isolated from Cyclopia genistoides using a combination of fluid-fluid extraction, high performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC) and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The microplate oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, with fluorescein as probe, was adapted for use in an on-line HPLC configuration. The method was validated using a mixture of authentic standards including iriflophenone-3-C-glucoside, and the xanthones, mangiferin and isomangiferin. Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) was included in the mixture for calculation of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values. Using the on-line HPLC-ORAC assay, as well as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) on-line assays, the antioxidant activity of iriflophenone-3-C-glucoside and isomangiferin was demonstrated for the first time. Iriflophenone-3-C-glucoside presented no radical scavenging ability against DPPH, but scavenged ABTS+ and peroxyl radicals (TEACABTS of 1.04 and TEACORAC of 3.61). Isomangiferin showed slightly lower antioxidant capacity than mangiferin against DPPH (TEACDPPH of 0.57 vs. 0.62), but higher capacity against ABTS+ (TEACABTS of 1.82 vs. 1.67) and peroxyl radical (TEACORAC of 4.14 vs. 3.69) than mangiferin. The on-line HPLC-ORAC assay was shown to be more sensitive for radical scavengers, but at the same time less selective for rapid radical scavengers than the DPPH assay.
R. Malviya and R. Sharma, “Kasamarda (Senna Occidentalis Linn): Ayurvedic Approach.,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation (JPSI), vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 25–27, 2013.
doi: 10.7897/2277-4572.02214.
India has an ancient of the use of plants inthe indigenous system of medicine dating back to over 5000 years. It has been estimated that over 8000 plants are used in traditional, folk and herbal medicine, Senna occidentalis Linn (Caesalpiniaceae), a perennial plant of southern India, is an Ayurvedic plant which is used in several traditional medicine to cure various diseases. The parts of the...
L. T. Mankga, K. Yessoufou, A. M. Moteetee, B. H. Daru, and M. van der Bank, “Efficacy of the Core DNA Barcodes in Identifying Processed and Poorly Conserved Plant Materials Commonly Used in South African Traditional Medicine,” ZooKeys, no. 365, pp. 215–233, Dec. 2013.
doi: 10.3897/zookeys.365.5730.
Medicinal plants cover a broad range of taxa, which may be phylogenetically less related but morphologically very similar. Such morphological similarity between species may lead to misidentification and inappropriate use. Also the substitution of a medicinal plant by a cheaper alternative (e.g. other non-medicinal plant species), either due to misidentification, or deliberately to cheat consumers, is an issue of growing concern. In this study, we used DNA barcoding to identify commonly used medicinal plants in South Africa. Using the core plant barcodes, matK and rbcLa, obtained from processed and poorly conserved materials sold at the muthi traditional medicine market, we tested efficacy of the barcodes in species discrimination. Based on genetic divergence, PCR amplification efficiency and BLAST algorithm, we revealed varied discriminatory potentials for the DNA barcodes. In general, the barcodes exhibited high discriminatory power, indicating their effectiveness in verifying the identity of the most common plant species traded in South African medicinal markets. BLAST algorithm successfully matched 61% of the queries against a reference database, suggesting that most of the information supplied by sellers at traditional medicinal markets in South Africa is correct. Our findings reinforce the utility of DNA barcoding technique in limiting false identification that can harm public health.
M. Manley, E. Joubert, and M. Botha, “Monitoring of Bioactive Compounds in Honeybush (Cyclopia), An Indigenous South African Fynbos Plant,” NIR news, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 4–6, Mar. 2007.
doi: 10.1255/nirn.1009.
M. G. Manzione et al., “Desmodium Adscendens (Sw.) DC.: A Magnificent Plant with Biological and Pharmacological Properties,” Food Frontiers, vol. n/a, no. n/a.
doi: 10.1002/fft2.170.
Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. is a plant of the Fabaceae family especially rich in flavonoids but also in alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, phenylpropanoids, glycosides, and volatiles. This herb has been traditionally used in numerous countries all over the world for its pharmacological and biological properties (i.e., it has been used for the treatment of diarrheas, fever, epilepsy, asthma, leishmaniasis, gastroduodenal ulcer, diabetes, hepatic diseases, etc.). Given the wide uses of D. adscendens, this review summarizes all recent data on D. adscendens evaluating its phytochemistry as well as its ethno-traditional and pharmacological properties. In addition, an association between the phytocompounds of this plant and its potential mechanism of action in cell and animal models has been investigated, focusing with a special emphasis on human experiments.
R. Mao et al., “Identification of Seeds Based on Molecular Markers and Secondary Metabolites in Senna Obtusifolia and Senna Occidentalis,” Botanical Studies, vol. 58, no. 1, p. 43, Nov. 2017.
doi: 10.1186/s40529-017-0196-4.
Senna obtusifolia and Senna occidentalis (Leguminosae), whose seeds have similar appearance and chemical constituents, are easily confused in using their seeds. To elucidate the similarities and differences between S. obtusifolia seeds and S. occidentalis seeds, three molecular markers and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed to evaluate the seeds characteristics of these two medicinal herbs.
B. Marazzi, E. Conti, and P. K. Endress, “Diversity in Anthers and Stigmas in the Buzz‐Pollinated Genus Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae),” International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 168, no. 4, pp. 371–391, May 2007.
doi: 10.1086/512105.
The large genus Senna (Cassiinae, Leguminosae) is an outstanding example of floral structural specialization associated with buzz pollination. This specialization is expressed especially in the androecium (with a high diversity of anther elaborations) and gynoecium (with diversity in stigma shape). The floral structure of 69 species from all major clades of Senna was studied, focusing on heteranthery, anther dehiscence, pore position, extension of the lateral furrow of the thecae, cell wall thickening in the anther tip, and stigma diversity (especially position, form, size, and structure of the orifice and presence of a chamber). Filament union is reported for the first time in the genus; it involves the seven adaxial androecial organs, a pattern unique in legumes. Our investigations identified novel morphological characteristics that are congruent with the clades supported by the molecular phylogeny. Anthers of abaxial stamens with the least differentiated dehiscence pattern, i.e., two separate pores and separate thecae, are found in most major clades (I, III–V, VII). Anthers with apically confluent thecae, forming a shared chamber, and/or with a single pore by confluence of two pores, represent specialized patterns (clades II, IV, VI, VII). Diverse anther tips may reflect different strategies of pollen dispersal; anther pore position may influence pollen flow directions. Anther tip elongation in the abaxial stamens and constriction between the thecae and the anther tip may influence the speed and/or amount of the released pollen.
T. A. Marinho et al., “Phytochemical Characterization, and Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Hydroethanolic Extract of Anadenanthera Peregrina Stem Bark,” Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 82, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.1590/1519-6984.234476.
Abstract The Brazilian Cerrado biome consists of a great variety of endemic species with several bioactive compounds, and Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg is a promising species. In this study, we aimed to perform phytochemical characterization and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of the hydroethanolic extract of A. peregrina stem bark. The barks were collected in the Botanical Garden of Goiânia, Brazil. The hydroethanolic extract was obtained by percolation and subjected to physicochemical screening, total phenolic content estimation, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting, and antioxidant (IC50 values were calculated for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay - DPPH) and antibacterial activity determination. The pH of the extract was 5.21 and density was 0.956 g/cm3. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides, organic acids, reducing sugars, hemolytic saponins, phenols, coumarins, condensed tannins, flavonoids, catechins, depsides, and depsidones derived from benzoquinones. The extract showed intense hemolytic activity. The total phenolic content was 6.40 g GAE 100 g-1. The HPLC fingerprinting analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin. We confirmed the antioxidant activity of the extract. Furthermore, the extract did not inhibit the growth of E. coli colonies at any volume tested, but there were halos around S. aureus colonies at all three volumes tested. These results contribute to a better understanding of the chemical composition of A. peregrina stem bark and further support the medicinal applications of this species.
C. Marinho, C. Souza, T. Barros, and S. Teixeira, “Scent Glands in Legume Flowers,” Plant Biology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 215–226, 2014.
doi: 10.1111/plb.12000.
Scent glands, or osmophores, are predominantly floral secretory structures that secrete volatile substances during anthesis, and therefore act in interactions with pollinators. The Leguminosae family, despite being the third largest angiosperm family, with a wide geographical distribution and diversity of habits, morphology and pollinators, has been ignored with respect to these glands. Thus, we localised and characterised the sites of fragrance production and release in flowers of legumes, in which scent plays an important role in pollination, and also tested whether there are relationships between the structure of the scent gland and the pollinator habit: diurnal or nocturnal. Flowers in pre-anthesis and anthesis of 12 legume species were collected and analysed using immersion in neutral red, olfactory tests and anatomical studies (light and scanning electron microscopy). The main production site of floral scent is the perianth, especially the petals. The scent glands are distributed in a restricted way in Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Anadenanthera peregrina, Inga edulis and Parkia pendula, constituting mesophilic osmophores, and in a diffuse way in Bauhinia rufa, Hymenaea courbaril, Erythrostemon gilliesii, Poincianella pluviosa, Pterodon pubescens, Platycyamus regnellii, Mucuna urens and Tipuana tipu. The glands are comprised of cells of the epidermis and mesophyll that secrete mainly terpenes, nitrogen compounds and phenols. Relationships between the presence of osmophores and type of anthesis (diurnal and nocturnal) and the pollinator were not found. Our data on scent glands in Leguminosae are original and detail the type of diffuse release, which has been very poorly studied.
F. S. Marquiafável, M. D. S. Ferreira, and S. de Pádua Teixeira, “Novel Reports of Glands in Neotropical Species of Indigofera L. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae),” Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, vol. 204, no. 3, pp. 189–197, Jan. 2009.
doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2008.01.012.
By considering controversial discussions in the literature with regard to gland denomination in Indigofera species, as well as the taxonomic value of secretory structures in Leguminosae, we aim to morphologically detail glands that had been previously observed in I. microcarpa and I. sabulicola, and to investigate the occurrence of glands in vegetative and reproductive organs of other six Neotropical species that belong to the genus. Glands analyzed through scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) in combination with anatomic analyses correspond to secretory trichomes that are classified into seven types. Main variations in relation to types occurred with regard to head shape and peduncle size. Trichome heads were multicellular, with a thin cuticle. Hollow heads with conspicuous inner space characterized only one type (type 1); the other trichome types had massive heads. Peduncles, which varied from biseriate to multiseriate, had thick, pecto-cellulosic cell walls. Trichomes were found on stems, stipules, petioles, rachis, petiolules, leaflets, bracteoles, sepals, standards and fruits, more commonly along the margins. Each of the eight Indigofera species analyzed had at least two different trichome types out of the seven types that occurred in reproductive and vegetative organs of these taxa. Various types of secretory trichomes were found in I. campestris, I. lespedezioides, I. microcarpa, I. spicata, I. suffruticosa and I. truxillensis. Stems and rachis were the vegetative organs in which a greater variety of trichomes occurred, and sepals were parts of reproductive organs with the same status. Five out of the seven secretory trichome types occurred on both vegetative and reproductive organs. Distribution and gland types differed between species and these gland distribution patterns can be used as diagnostic characters. Reports of glands in Indigofera campestris, I. hirsuta, I. lepedezioides, I. suffruticosa, I. spicata and I. truxillensis, their recognition as secretory trichomes, and the morphological variety of types found for such trichomes are novel data for Indigofera.
C. Martínez-Garza, S. Saha, V. Torres, J. S. Brown, and H. F. Howe, “Planting Densities and Bird and Rodent Absence Affect Size Distributions of Four Dicots in Synthetic Tallgrass Communities,” Oecologia, vol. 139, no. 3, pp. 433–439, May 2004.
doi: 10.1007/s00442-004-1521-7.
Variability in the size distributions of populations is usually studied in monocultures or in mixed plantings of two species. Variability of size distributions of populations in more complex communities has been neglected. The effects of seeding density (35 or 350 seeds/species/m2) and presence of small vertebrates on the variability of size distributions were studied for a total of 1,920 individuals of 4 species in replicated synthetic communities of 18 species in northern Illinois. End-of season height and above-ground biomass were measured for prairie perennials Dalea purpurea (purple prairie clover), Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower), Desmanthus illinoensis (Illinois bundleflower) and Heliopsis helianthoides (early sunflower). Variability in biomass distribution of the four target species was twice as great at low than at high densities when small vertebrates were excluded. Our results suggest that inter- and intraspecific competition may affect all individuals more under high-density conditions, thereby reducing the variability in their biomass distributions within this community. This result, a consequence of plant-plant interaction, is obscured when small birds or mammals are present, presumably because either or both add variance that overwhelms the pattern.
D. J. Martins, “Effect of parasitoids, seed-predators and ant-mutualists on fruiting success and germination of Acacia drepanolobium in Kenya,” African Journal of Ecology, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 562–570, 2013.
doi: 10.1111/aje.12067.
Acacia drepanolobium is an obligate ant-plant that bears dehiscent pods exploited by predispersal seed-predators and parasitoids. Fruit set and seed germination in relation to ant-association, bruchid and parasitoid infestation were investigated in a large-scale multi-year study in Kenya. Ant-association had a significant impact on the overall numbers of fruiting trees. 94.8% of Crematogaster mimosae-occupied trees, 25.6% of C. nigriceps-occupied trees, and 82.2% of Tetraponera penzigi-occupied trees set fruit. Within each tree, ant-association had no significant impact on the amount of seed produced: C. mimosae-occupied trees produced 47.5 seeds per branch, C. nigriceps-occupied trees 44.9 seeds per branch and T. penzigi-occupied trees 38.3 seeds per branch. Ant-association did not limit seed-predators or vary significantly by ant. Seeds infested by bruchids germinated in significantly lower proportions (6.2%) compared to uninfested seed (78.6%). Bruchid-infested seed is also exploited by parasitoid wasps. Parasitoids appear to have a moderate but significant ‘rescue’ effect on bruchid-infested seed with 18.4% of parasitoid-infested seed germinating. Stable isotopes (δ15N) revealed the trophic structure of the seed-associated insects, showing clearly that bruchids are seed predators and the parasitoid wasp Dinarmus magnus exploits the dominant Bruchidius sp.
S. T. Maseko and F. D. Dakora, “Accumulation of Mineral Elements in the Rhizosphere and Shoots of Cyclopia and Aspalathus Species under Different Settings of the Cape Fynbos,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 103–109, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.09.007.
Several species of the genus Cyclopia are cultivated for the production of Honeybush tea, largely without mineral fertilization. However, very little is known about the effect of annual harvesting, plant age, and type of planting material (cuttings vs. seedlings) on the mineral nutrition of Cyclopia. The aim of this study was to evaluate mineral nutrition in Cyclopia genistoides, Cyclopia subternata, Aspalathus caledonensis, and Aspalathus aspalathoides in relation to (i) plant species, (ii) plant age, (iii) farmer’s practice, (iv) planting material, and (v) toposequence at Koksrivier, Kanetberg, and Kleinberg in the Cape fynbos. A comparison of mineral concentrations in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of 10-year-old C. genistoides at Koksrivier revealed significantly larger levels of P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Mn in the former relative to the latter. There were also significantly greater levels of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Mn in the rhizosphere of 10-year-old C. genistoides compared with 2-year-old plants at Koksrivier. The levels of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, and Mn were significantly greater in the rhizosphere than non-rhizosphere soil of 5- and 8-year-old C. subternata plants at Kanetberg. Rhizosphere concentration of minerals were also measured and compared for C. subternata plants raised from cuttings and seedlings at Kanetberg, and P, Ca, and Cu were greater in the rhizosphere of plants cultured from cuttings. The concentration of minerals in the rhizosphere of A. aspalathoides, A. caledonensis, and C. genistoides, which co-occurred within the same tea plantation at Koksrivier, were significantly different, with P, K, Cu, Zn, and Mn being markedly greater in the rhizosphere soil of C. genistoides than the two Aspalathus species. Mineral nutrition under farmers’ practice of annual harvesting was compared with unharvested material, and the levels of P, K, Na, Cu, Zn, and Mn were found to be significantly greater in shoots of the annually harvested plants.
S. T. Maseko and F. D. Dakora, “Accumulation of Mineral Elements in the Rhizosphere and Shoots of Cyclopia and Aspalathus Species under Different Settings of the Cape Fynbos,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 103–109, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.09.007.
Several species of the genus Cyclopia are cultivated for the production of Honeybush tea, largely without mineral fertilization. However, very little is known about the effect of annual harvesting, plant age, and type of planting material (cuttings vs. seedlings) on the mineral nutrition of Cyclopia. The aim of this study was to evaluate mineral nutrition in Cyclopia genistoides, Cyclopia subternata, Aspalathus caledonensis, and Aspalathus aspalathoides in relation to (i) plant species, (ii) plant age, (iii) farmer’s practice, (iv) planting material, and (v) toposequence at Koksrivier, Kanetberg, and Kleinberg in the Cape fynbos. A comparison of mineral concentrations in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of 10-year-old C. genistoides at Koksrivier revealed significantly larger levels of P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Mn in the former relative to the latter. There were also significantly greater levels of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Mn in the rhizosphere of 10-year-old C. genistoides compared with 2-year-old plants at Koksrivier. The levels of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, and Mn were significantly greater in the rhizosphere than non-rhizosphere soil of 5- and 8-year-old C. subternata plants at Kanetberg. Rhizosphere concentration of minerals were also measured and compared for C. subternata plants raised from cuttings and seedlings at Kanetberg, and P, Ca, and Cu were greater in the rhizosphere of plants cultured from cuttings. The concentration of minerals in the rhizosphere of A. aspalathoides, A. caledonensis, and C. genistoides, which co-occurred within the same tea plantation at Koksrivier, were significantly different, with P, K, Cu, Zn, and Mn being markedly greater in the rhizosphere soil of C. genistoides than the two Aspalathus species. Mineral nutrition under farmers’ practice of annual harvesting was compared with unharvested material, and the levels of P, K, Na, Cu, Zn, and Mn were found to be significantly greater in shoots of the annually harvested plants.
S. T. Maseko and F. D. Dakora, “Nitrogen Nutrition, Carbon Accumulation and δ 13 C of Cyclopia and Aspalathus Species in Different Settings of the Cape Fynbos, South Africa,” Journal of Plant Ecology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 586–595, Oct. 2016.
doi: 10.1093/jpe/rtv078.
Cyclopia and Aspalathus are legumes harvested for production of Honeybush and Rooibos tea, respectively. Farmers grow these species from either seeds or cuttings over several years with continuous annual harvesting. The aims of this study were to assess the effect of plant age, plant species, toposequence, planting material and farmer practice on nitrogen (N) nutrition and water-use efficiency of two Cyclopia and Aspalathus species in the Cape fynbos. The study was conducted using plants from Koksrivier farm located near Gansbaai (33° S 18° E, 39 m.a.s.l), and at Kanetberg farm near Barrydale (33° S 21° E, 830 m.a.s.l). The 15 N natural abundance technique was used to determine N 2 fixation, carbon (C) assimilation and δ 13 C in shoot of Cyclopia and Aspalathus species. Older tea plantations of C . genistoides and C . subternata derived more N from fixation and exhibited greater water-use efficiency than younger plants. At Koksrivier, Aspalathus caledonensis and A . aspalathoides showed greater water-use efficiency and derived more N from fixation than Cyclopia genistoides . Annual harvesting of C . genistoides decreased N 2 fixation. At Kanetberg, C . subternata plants on the upper and middle slopes derived more N from atmospheric fixation than those on the lower slope. C . subternata plants grown from seedlings recorded greater %Ndfa than cuttings. N 2 fixation and water-use efficiency of Cyclopia was affected by age, slope and planting material. Further, symbiotic N nutrition and water-use efficiency of Cyclopia and Aspalathus were related.
S. T. Maseko and F. D. Dakora, “Nitrogen Nutrition, Carbon Accumulation and δ 13 C of Cyclopia and Aspalathus Species in Different Settings of the Cape Fynbos, South Africa,” Journal of Plant Ecology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 586–595, Oct. 2016.
doi: 10.1093/jpe/rtv078.
Cyclopia and Aspalathus are legumes harvested for production of Honeybush and Rooibos tea, respectively. Farmers grow these species from either seeds or cuttings over several years with continuous annual harvesting. The aims of this study were to assess the effect of plant age, plant species, toposequence, planting material and farmer practice on nitrogen (N) nutrition and water-use efficiency of two Cyclopia and Aspalathus species in the Cape fynbos. The study was conducted using plants from Koksrivier farm located near Gansbaai (33° S 18° E, 39 m.a.s.l), and at Kanetberg farm near Barrydale (33° S 21° E, 830 m.a.s.l). The 15 N natural abundance technique was used to determine N 2 fixation, carbon (C) assimilation and δ 13 C in shoot of Cyclopia and Aspalathus species. Older tea plantations of C . genistoides and C . subternata derived more N from fixation and exhibited greater water-use efficiency than younger plants. At Koksrivier, Aspalathus caledonensis and A . aspalathoides showed greater water-use efficiency and derived more N from fixation than Cyclopia genistoides . Annual harvesting of C . genistoides decreased N 2 fixation. At Kanetberg, C . subternata plants on the upper and middle slopes derived more N from atmospheric fixation than those on the lower slope. C . subternata plants grown from seedlings recorded greater %Ndfa than cuttings. N 2 fixation and water-use efficiency of Cyclopia was affected by age, slope and planting material. Further, symbiotic N nutrition and water-use efficiency of Cyclopia and Aspalathus were related.
S. T. Maseko and F. D. Dakora, “Plant Enzymes, Root Exudates, Cluster Roots and Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Are the Drivers of P Nutrition in Native Legumes Growing in P Deficient Soil of the Cape Fynbos in South Africa.”
The Cape fynbos is characterised by highly leached, sandy, acidic soils with very low nutrient concentrations. Plant-available P levels range from 0.4 μg P g-1 to 3.7 μg P g-1 soil, and 1-2 mg N g-1 soil. Despite these low nutrient concentrations, the fynbos is home to 9,030 vascular plant species with 68.7% endemicity. How native plant species survive such low levels of available P is intriguing, and indeed the subject of this review. In the fynbos soils, P is easily precipitated with cations such as Fe and Al, forming Al-P and Fe-P in acidic soils, or Ca-P in neutral-to-alkaline soils. The mechanisms for promoting P availability and enhancing P nutrition include the development of mycorrhizal symbiosis (with 80%-90% of higher plants, e.g., Cyclopia, Aspalathus, Psoralea and Leucadendron etc.) which exhibits 3-5 times much greater P acquisition than non-mycorrhizal roots. Formation of cluster roots by the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) and their exudation of Kreb cycle intermediates (organic acids) for solubilizing P, secretion of root exudate compounds (organic acids, phenolics, amino acids, etc.) that mobilize P. The synthesis and release of acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme that catalyze the cleavage of mineral P from organic phosphate esters in acidic and alkaline soils, and the development of deep tap roots as well as massive secondary roots within the uppermost 15 cm of soil for capturing water and nutrients. Some fynbos legumes employ all these adaptive mechanisms for enhancing P nutrition and plant growth. Aspalathus and Cyclopia species typically form mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbiosis for improving P and N nutrition, produce cluster roots and acid phosphatases for increasing P supply, and release root exudates that enhance P solubilisation and uptake.
S. T. Maseko and F. D. Dakora, “Relationship between Acid Phosphatase Activity and P Concentration in Organs of Cyclopia and Aspalathus Species, and a Non-Legume of the Cape Floristic Region,” Journal of Plant Ecology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 387–392, Mar. 2019.
doi: 10.1093/jpe/rty032.
The role of tissue acid phosphatase (APase) activity of legumes and non-legumes in their P nutrition and adaptation to low-P soils is not well understood. To better understand this, a relationship between APase activity and P concentration in leaves, stems, roots and nodules of legumes, Cyclopia and Aspalathus and a non-legume, Leucadendron strictum, all native to the P-poor soils of the Cape fynbos biome, was assessed.Plants were collected and each separated into leaves, stems and roots. Phosphatase enzyme activity was assayed in soil using the p-nitrophenol method, while soil P and shoot P were measured using ICP-MS. To measure tissue APase activity, an acetate buffer was added into ground plant material and contents filtered. An acetate buffer and a p-nitrophenyl solution were added to the supernatant and contents incubated. After incubation, NaOH (0.5 M) was added and absorbance read at 405 nm.At Koksrivier, Cyclopia genistoides exhibited the highest leaf enzyme activity whilst Aspalathus aspalathoides showed the highest enzyme activity in the stems. At both Kleinberg and Kanetberg, Cyclopia subternata and Cyclopia longifolia showed the highest APase activity in leaves, followed by stems and lowest in roots. P concentration closely mirrored enzyme activity in organs of all test species from each site. APase activity positively correlated with P concentration in organs of all the test Cyclopia and Leucadendron species, indicating that intracellular APase activity is directly linked to P mobilization and translocation in these species. Percentage of N derived from fixation was positively correlated with tissue APase activity in C. genistoides (r = 0.911*), A. aspalathoides (r = 0.868*) and Aspalathus caledonensis (r = 0.957*), suggesting that APase activity could be directly or indirectly linked to symbiotic functioning in these fynbos legumes, possibly via increased P supply to sites of N2 fixation.
M. D. Massad, T. R. Dutra, R. L. R. Cardoso, T. B. Santos, and M. F. Q. Sarmento, “Produção de mudas de Anadenanthera peregrina em resposta a substratos alternativos com bagaço de cana,” Revista Ecologia e Nutrição Florestal - ENFLO, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 45–53, Dec. 2016.
doi: 10.5902/2316980X24308.
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different particle sizes of sugar cane bagasse for composition of alternative substrates made from a mixture of a commercial substrate, in the production of red angico seedlings (Anadenanthera peregrina). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications, in a factorial scheme (5 x 2), five substrates (100% Rohrbacher®, 75% Rohrbacher® + 25% sugar cane bagasse (75R + 25BC); 50% Rohrbacher® + 50% sugar cane bagasse (50R + 50BC), 25% Rohrbacher® + 75% sugar cane bagasse (25R + 75BC), 100% sugar cane bagasse) and two particle sizes (4 mm and 6 mm). We evaluated the shoot height (H); the Diameter Collect (DC); the Shoot Dry Mass (SDM); the Root Dry Mass (RDM) and Total Dry Mass (TDM), and the relationship H / DC, H / SDM, SDM / RDM and DQI (Dickson Quality Index). The substrates size of substrates 1 (past 4 mm sieve) provided higher germination rate of the seeds of red angico, height gain and H / DC seedlings of the species. Alternative substrates 75R + 25BC, 50R + 25R + 50BC and 75BC, besides the commercial substrate Rohrbacher®, showed potential for use in the production of red angico seedlings.
During 1969 a previously unrecorded disease of C. occidentalis characterised by mosaic symptoms interspersed with ring spots was collected in several localities near Kanpur. Virus preparations survived 10 min at 70 deg C but not at 80 deg , and storage at 28-35 deg for 18 h or 9-10 deg for 4-6 days. The dilution end point was between 10-5 and 10-6. The C. occidentalis virus belongs to the legume...
I. Matimati, G. Anthony Verboom, and M. D. Cramer, “Do Hydraulic Redistribution and Nocturnal Transpiration Facilitate Nutrient Acquisition in Aspalathus Linearis?,” Oecologia, vol. 175, no. 4, pp. 1129–1142, Aug. 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s00442-014-2987-6.
The significance of soil water redistribution by roots and nocturnal transpiration for nutrient acquisition were assessed for deep-rooted 3-year-old leguminous Aspalathus linearis shrubs of the Cape Floristic Region (South Africa). We hypothesised that hydraulic redistribution and nocturnal transpiration facilitate nutrient acquisition by releasing moisture in shallow soil to enable acquisition of shallow-soil nutrients during the summer drought periods and by driving water fluxes from deep to shallow soil powering mass-flow nutrient acquisition, respectively. A. linearis was supplied with sub-surface (1-m-deep) irrigation rates of 0, 2 or 4 L day−1 plant−1. Some plants were unfertilized, whilst others were surface- or deep-fertilized (1 m depth) with Na15NO3 and CaP/FePO4. We also supplied deuterium oxide (2H2O) at 1 m depth at dusk and measured its predawn redistribution to shallow soil and plant stems. Hydraulic redistribution of deep water was substantial across all treatments, accounting for 34–72 % of surface-soil predawn moisture. Fourteen days after fertilization, the surface-fertilized plants exhibited increased hydraulic redistribution and increased 15N and P acquisition with higher rates of deep-irrigation. Deep-fertilization also increased hydraulic redistribution to surface soils, although these plants additionally accumulated 2H2O in their stem tissue overnight, probably due to nocturnal transpiration. Plants engaged in nocturnal transpiration also increased 15N and P acquisition from deep fertilizer sources. Thus, both nocturnal transpiration and hydraulic redistribution increased acquisition of shallow soil N and P, possibly through a combination of increased nutrient availability and mobility.
P. P. Mattos et al., “Climate-Tree Growth Relationships of Mimosa Tenuiflora in Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest, Brazil,” CERNE, vol. 21, pp. 141–149, 2015-Jan-Mar.
doi: 10.1590/01047760201521011460.
Mimosa tenuiflora is a native pioneer tree from the Caatinga used commercially as firewood due to its high calorific value. It is deciduous, its trunk does not reach large diameters and it has good regrowth capacity. This study intended to determine the annual increment in diameter of M. tenuiflora and its correlation with rainfall, as basis for fuel wood management. Disks from the stem base of M. tenuiflora trees were collected in 2008 in Sertânia and Serra Talhada, Pernambuco State, from regrowth of trees coppiced in 2003 and in Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará State, from a plantation established in 2002. The trees have well-defined annual growth rings, highly correlated with annual precipitation and are well-suited for dendrochronological investigations. Forest managers must consider the influence of previous drier years in the wood production when predicting fuel wood harvesting. The high growth correlation with the previous year’s rainfall in regions where the rains start after photoperiodic stimulation indicate the necessity of understanding the growth dynamics of the species under dry forest conditions through additional ecophysiology studies.
K. M. Maud, O.-O. Hannington, A. Savina, N. Agnes, and B.-K. Anna-Karin, “Documentation and Consensus of Indigenous Knowledge on Medicinal Plants Used by the Local Communities of Western Uganda,” Apr. 2014.https://ir.bsu.ac.ug//handle/20.500.12284/401.
An ethnobotanical study was conducted to document the uses of medicinal plants among the local communities of western Uganda. The aim of the study was to identify and document plant species used for treatment of various ailments in the study areas, identify the commonly used plants, parts used, preparation and administration of herbal drugs. To find out the level of consensus or agreement between informants regarding the uses of plants for particular disease categories. Information on the plants was gathered between December 2010 and May 2011 from 124 informants using semi-structured interviews and discussions. For analysis of general use of plants, factor informant consensus (Fic) was used. The reported plants were collected and identified. The study revealed 231 plant species belonging to 72 families and 164 genera. These plants were used to treat various diseases and ailments grouped under 14 ailment categories, with the highest number of species (127) being used for gastrointestinal disorders followed by reproductive health disorders (75). The factor informant consensus highlighted low agreement in the use of plants. The highest Fic (0.61) was scored for the digestive problems, such as intestinal worms, stomachache and constipation. Aloe vera was used for malaria with the highest frequency of mention (26 mentions). Herbs (55%) were the main source of medicine followed by shrubs (18%). Leaves (65%) and roots (19%) were the main plant parts used in remedy preparation while decoction was the major form of preparation. Family Asteraceae accounted for 16% of the total species recorded. The majority of plants (53%) were harvested from wild habitats. The most important species according to their fidelity are Senna occidentalis (L.) Link for deworming, Aloe vera L. for malaria, Maytenus senegalensis (Lam) Exell for syphilis and Senecio hadiensis Forssk for miscarriages.The low consensus means the majority of informants do not agree or exchange information on the use of plant species and this may require bioactivity screening to justify the use for the reported ailments. The documented information regarding therapeutic uses provides basic data for further studies focused on pharmacological studies and conservation of the most important species.
C. E. Mayence, J. C. Stevens, P. Courtney, and K. W. Dixon, “Edaphic Constraints on Seed Germination and Emergence of Three Acacia Species for Dryland Restoration in Saudi Arabia,” Plant Ecology, vol. 218, no. 1, pp. 55–66, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s11258-016-0680-z.
In situ edaphic factors affecting seed germination and seedling emergence of three framework species of Acacia were investigated with the intent of developing fundamental and scalable restoration capacity for Arabian dryland restoration. Direct seeding represents the most efficient means to restore vegetation at the landscape scale and this study provides insight into edaphic and ecological limitations, as well as effective protocols governing the use of native seeds for restoration in hyper-arid environments. The study was conducted in extant Acacia woodland habitat on conserved land (Thumamah Nature Park) in close proximity to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Broad-scale direct seeding using un- and pretreated Acacia gerrardii, A. tortilis, and A. ehrenbergiana seed, and two seed burial depths were implemented across three sites with distinct soil surface characteristics. Eight weeks post-sowing, random samples for each species × seed treatment × burial depth combination were excavated, sieved, and categorized as follows: failed to germinate, germinated but died prior to emerging, or successfully emerged. We show that germination and emergence of Acacia gerrardii, A. tortilis, and A. ehrenbergiana were driven by a three-way interaction among species, site, and seed burial depth. Treating seed with the signaling compound Moddus did not have a definitive effect, positive or negative, on any of the species investigated. Acacia gerrardii was the only species that exhibited widespread emergence, though emergence was not consistent across sites or burial depths. Germination was highest in disturbed soil (up to 69% for A. gerrardii), but very few (<2%) successfully emerged; a greater proportion of germinants in sandy soil emerged (up to 44% for A. gerrardii) even though the overall germination was less. Though species-dependent, a 2-cm sowing depth was most effective in sand; while in disturbed soil, sowing depths of 1 and 2 cm were comparable; and no germination was observed in gravelly clay soil. Sandy soil exhibited rapid water infiltration (107.6 mm min−1), and post-sowing surface crusting was a non-factor (0.44 kg cm−2). Disturbed soil exhibited moderate water infiltration (1.46 mm min−1) and post-sowing surface crusting was double that of sand (0.88 kg cm−2) and restrictive on seedling emergence. Gravelly clay exhibited extremely poor water infiltration (0.12 mm min−1), and surface crusting was severe (4.49 kg cm−2) and an order of magnitude greater than sand. The medium-coarse sand fraction, a key driver of the observed soil surface processes, was greatest in sand (55%) and significantly less and uniform in the disturbed (22%) and gravelly clay (22%) soils. Our findings demonstrate that soil surface characteristics and associated processes can dictate ecological processes at depths as shallow as 1–2 cm, and that soil crusts that slow water infiltration and impede seedling emergence rapidly reconstitute after disturbance; both are important considerations for restoring dryland vegetation.
Honeybush (Cyclopia spp. Fabaceae) is indigenous to the fynbos botanical biome of the Eastern and Western Cape of South Africa. The increase in the international demand for honeybush tea for health benefits, concern over exploitation of wild populations and the lack of published agronomic information necessitated this study to evaluate different aspects of honeybush propagation. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of species and cutting position on rooting of cuttings of Cyclopia species using different rooting hormones, to evaluate the effect of an organic plant fertilizer and cutting position on growth and establishment of rooted cuttings and to study the influence of different seed pre-treatments on germination of Cyclopia species. Terminal and sub-terminal cuttings of C. intermedia and C. genistoides treated with different rooting hormones were rooted under day/night temperature controlled glasshouse conditions. Intermittent mist was used as means of moisture supply to the cuttings for 45-60 seconds daily every 30 minutes. C. genistoides rooted significantly better compared to C. intermedia as measured by rooting percentage, number of roots per cutting, length of longest root and mean root length during the summer season. The cutting position had a significant effect on rooting of the cuttings in summer compared to winter and spring season. The interactive effect of species, treatment and cutting position resulted into 86% of rooting in summer from the terminal cuttings of C. genistoides, while only 4% was recorded as the highest rooting percentage in both winter and spring seasons. The highest number of roots and the greatest root length per cutting were obtained with 2 and 4 g L-1 IBA from terminal cuttings of C. genistoides and these hormone concentrations were not significantly different to each other. To evaluate the effect of an organic plant fertilizer and cutting position on plant growth and establishment, rooted cuttings of two Cyclopia species (C. intermedia and C. genistoides) from two cutting positions (terminal and subterminal) were transferred to pots (576 cm3) and treated with Nitrosol® fertilizer at application rates of 3.33 ml.L-1, 1.67 ml.L-1 and 0 ml.L-1 (control). Cyclopia plantlets were uniformly inoculated once with a symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria to improve the formation of nodules. Nitrosol® at 3.33 ml.L-1 significantly affected fresh and dry plant weight, fresh and dry root weight, number of shoots and nodules per plant compared to either 1.67 ml.L-1 or the control. Relative to species, C. genistoides performed better in terms of fresh and dry plant weight, fresh and dry root weight, and number of shoots and nodules per plant compared to C. intermedia. The origin of the cutting position did not significantly affect the above mentioned parameters. Plant mineral analysis revealed that most of the essential elements increased with increasing Nitrosol® application rates, with C. genistoides having higher levels of mineral elements than C. intermedia. This could be an indication of the differences between the two species in terms of nutrient uptake, utilization and distribution within the plant tissues. In the germination studies, seeds obtained from different seed sources of Cyclopia species were subjected to different pre-sowing treatments. Seed treatments were sulphuric acid (95%), hot water (100°C), water with smoke paper disk, and demineralised water (control). The study revealed that all the treatments had a significant effect on germination with the exception of eight year old seeds obtained from C. subternata (seed source two). Although hot water treatment improved germination compared to smoked paper disk and the control, seeds treated with hot water degenerated rapidly. The highest overall germination (77.33%) was found with one year old seeds compared to other seed sources older than one year. Although smoked paper disks generally did not improve germination compared to the control, in one year old seeds from seed source one, this treatment greatly influenced germination, suggesting that seed age might have influenced germination of these seeds. In terms of germination rate, germination generally started after four days in most treatments.
M. M. Mbangcolo, E. Y. Reinten, and G. A. Agenbag, “Effect of Species, Cutting Position and Exogenous Rooting Substances on Rooting of Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) Cuttings,” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 53–55, Jan. 2013.
doi: 10.1080/02571862.2013.765045.
Effect of the cutting position, terminal and subterminal, and rooting substance on the rooting of cuttings of two Cyclopia species (Cyclopia genistoides and C. intermedia) taken in winter, spring or summer was studied under controlled glasshouse conditions. Cuttings taken in summer, irrespective of the species, rooted better than cuttings taken either in winter or spring. This poor rooting performance of cuttings in winter and spring resulted in no significant treatment effects and for this reason only results of cuttings taken in summer are discussed. Cyclopia genistoides rooted significantly better than C. intermedia as measured by rooting percentage, number of roots per cutting, length of longest root and mean root length. Terminal cuttings from C. genistoides also increased rooting percentage and number of roots compared to subterminal cuttings, but not so in C. intermedia. Longest roots were produced by terminal cuttings irrespective of species. Treatment with different exogenous rooting substances as a main factor did not have any significant effect on rooting in this study.
M. M. Mbangcolo, E. Y. Reinten, and G. A. Agenbag, “Effect of an Organic Plant Fertiliser on the Establishment of Rooted Cuttings of Two Species of Cyclopia (Honeybush),” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 57–60, Jan. 2013.
doi: 10.1080/02571862.2013.775368.
The effect of different application rates of an organic plant fertiliser (Nitrosol ® ) on the establishment and early growth of rooted cuttings of Cyclopia (Fabaceae) species was evaluated. Rooted terminal and subterminal cuttings of C. intermedia and C. genistoides were transplanted into pots (576 cm 3 ) and treated with Nitrosol ® fertiliser at application rates of 0 (control), 1.67 and 3.33 ml Nitrosol ® l -1 water. To enhance the formation of nodules the cuttings were inoculated with symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria. The different species differ in their response to the fertiliser treatment, with C. genistoides showing a larger response than C. intermedia, especially at the higher application rate of 3.33 ml Nitrosol ® l -1 water. This study therefore suggests that Nitrosol ® fertiliser applications can be recommended to enhance the establishment of rooted cuttings of Cyclopia species, but optimum application rates may differ between species. Although a significant specie cutting position interaction was shown with regard to plant height and number of shoots per plant, cutting position in general did not have an effect on the establishment of the species used in this study.
M. M. Mbangcolo, E. Y. Reinten, and G. A. Agenbag, “Effect of Different Seed Treatments on Germination of Cyclopia Spp. Seeds,” Agriprobe, vol. 2013, no. 3, pp. 22–24, Mar. 2013.
doi: 10.10520/EJC151852.
A study was conducted to determine the effect of various seed treatments on germination of one and eight year old seeds of Cyclopia subternata and seven year old seeds of C. intermedia. Seeds were subjected to 10 different presowing treatments including the control. All the treatments had a significant effect on germination with the exception of eight year old seeds of C. subternata after 18 days. A higher overall germination was obtained from one year old seeds of C. subternata compared to either eight year old seeds of the same species or seven year old seeds of C. intermedia. In terms of germination rate, germination generally started after four days in most treatments.
C. K. McDonald, “Germination Response to Temperature in Tropical and Subtropical Pasture Legumes. 2. Alternating Temperature,” Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 421–429, 2002.
doi: 10.1071/ea00189.
The germination response of 8 promising and commonly used tropical and subtropical legumes in northern Australia was tested at a range of alternating temperatures. Except at temperatures <20°C or >36°C, total germination was largely unaffected by different alternating temperatures. Although there were statistically significant differences between constant and alternating temperatures, overall, these differences were <2% and hence of no biological importance. Increasing amplitude of fluctuation in temperature decreased the rate of germination for some species. At 8°C amplitude Glycine latifolia, Macroptilium atropurpureum and Lablab purpureus showed no difference in the time taken to reach 50% of germination while Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Stylosanthes scabra and Desmanthus virgatus took 1.5-2 times as long as at constant temperature. Predicted germination against real time, using 2 different models, fitted the observed data poorly. In particular, prediction of the commencement of germination was poor for C. rotundifolia and S. scabra. This failure at more extreme or highly fluctuating temperatures indicates that further development is required before the models would be sufficiently reliable for inclusion in simulation models of legume persistence. In particular, the rate of death of seeds at temperatures distant from the optimum range needs to be included. The ability to germinate at a broad range of temperatures indicates that the species are well adapted to northern Australia. Some species may be susceptible to large fluctuations in temperature during germination, and this should be considered in criteria for selecting future species.
R. L. McGraw, F. W. Shockley, and T. K. Elam, “Effects of Temperature on Germination of 10 Native Legume Species,” Native Plants Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 5–9, Mar. 2003.
doi: 10.3368/npj.4.1.5.
Seeds of 10 species of legumes native to Missouri germinated poorly when the temperature was lower than 15 °C (59 °F). The fastest time to first germinated seed occurred at 20 °C (68 °F) for all species except purple and white prairie clover, which germinated first at 25 °C (77 °F). The fastest germination rate was first reached at 20 °C (68 °F) for hoary tick clover, sessile tick clover, and slender lespedeza, at 25 °C (77 °F) for white prairie clover, purple prairie clover, panicled tick clover, hairy lespedeza, and tall lespedeza, and at 30 °C (86 °F) for Illinois bundleflower and roundhead lespedeza. Maximum total germination percentage also varied among species. For both the prairie clovers and roundhead lespedeza, hairy lespedeza, and slender lespedeza, the lowest temperature at which maximum total germination percentage occurred was 15 °C (59 °F). For Illinois bundleflower and the 3 tick clovers, the lowest temperature at which maximum total germination percentage occurred was 20 °C (68 °F). For most species, the fastest germination rate occurred at a higher temperature than the maximum germination percentage. Many species attained maximum germination percentage and fastest germination rate across a range of temperatures rather than at a single optimal temperature. Species that rapidly and completely germinate across a wide range of temperatures should germinate more reliably under variable soil conditions than species that exhibit a narrow range.
R. L. McGraw, F. W. Shockley, J. F. Thompson, and C. A. Roberts, “Evaluation of Native Legume Species for Forage Yield, Quality, and Seed Production,” Native Plants Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 152–159, Sep. 2004.
doi: 10.2979/NPJ.2004.5.2.152.
Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis (Michaux) MacMillan ex Robinson & Fern.) appears to have the greatest potential as a forage species among 15 species of native legumes (Fabaceae) evaluated for forage yield, quality, and seed production. It ranked among the top five for all agronomic characteristics measured. Hoary tick clover (Desmodium canescens [L.] DC.), panicled tick clover (Desmodium paniculatum [L.] DC.), and roundhead lespedeza (Lespedeza capitata Michaux), ranked among the top five for grams per plant of forage and seed. All of the native legumes contained greater concentrations of crude protein and lower concentrations of neutral detergent fiber than typically found in the native warm-season grasses commonly sown for pasture, suggesting that these native legumes should improve forage quality in mixed pastures. Only white prairie clover (Dalea candida Michaux ex Willd.), purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.), and Illinois bundleflower had lower concentrations of acid detergent fiber than that typically found in native warm-season grasses.
G. McGregor, “Ecological Review: The Implications of Fynbos Ecology for Cyclopia Species,” Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, 2017.
G. McGregor, “Guidelines for the Sustainable Harvesting of Wild Honeybush,” Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, Cape Town, Mar. 2017.
D. L. McKay and J. B. Blumberg, “A Review of the Bioactivity of South African Herbal Teas: Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) and Honeybush (Cyclopia Intermedia),” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2007.
doi: 10.1002/ptr.1992.
K. K. Mehal, A. Kaur, H. P. Singh, and D. R. Batish, “Investigating the Phytotoxic Potential of Verbesina Encelioides: Effect on Growth and Performance of Co-Occurring Weed Species,” Protoplasma, vol. 260, no. 1, pp. 77–87, Jan. 2023.
doi: 10.1007/s00709-022-01761-2.
Allelopathy has been proposed as an efficient mechanism of invasion by plant species via growth inhibition and suppression of the resident plant community. Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex A. Gray (golden crownbeard; Asteraceae), a native of south-western USA and Mexican Plateau, is an emerging troublesome invasive weed species of north-western states of India. We investigated the allelopathic potential of the aqueous extracts prepared from the fresh foliage and leaf litter of V. encelioides on its co-occurring species, Amaranthus viridis and Senna occidentalis. Phytotoxicity bioassay showed concentration-dependent (control\,< 0.5%\,< 1%\,< 2%\,< 4% extract) inhibition of growth and photosynthetic parameters in the test plants. Both the extracts induced\,~ 50% inhibition of germination compared to control at 4% concentration. The maximum synthesis effect (collective effect on seedling length and dry weight) was observed to be\,− 0.69 and\,− 0.62 in A. viridis and\,− 0.68 and\,− 0.57 in S. occidentalis for the fresh leaf and leaf litter extracts, respectively, at 4% concentration. Also, an antagonistic concentration-dependent impact was observed on the photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a content) and photosynthetic efficiency. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay of leaf extracts revealed the presence of 15 allelochemicals including phenolic acids, flavonoids, phytosterols, phytophenols, dicarboxylic acid, guanidine, and triterpenes. Of these, 14 compounds were present in both fresh and leaf litter materials. However, a guanidine derivative, galegine, was only found in the fresh leaf material of the plant. The findings support the novel weapon hypothesis and suggest that V. encelioides competitively excludes its neighboring plants by virtue of allelopathic interference.
P. A. F. R. Melo et al., “Morphological Analysis of Fruits, Seeds, and Seedling Germination Acacia Farnesiana (L.) Willd,” 2016.
doi: 10.5897/AJAR2016.11284.
The work describes and illustrates morphological characteristics of fruits, seeds, germination stages, and seedlings of Acasia farnesiana, considering the characteristics of easy recognition, standardization, rapid achievement, and high probability of establishment in the field. The understanding of the morphology of fruits, seeds and seedlings is very important on the identification and the preservation of species. The work describes and illustrates morphological characteristics of fruits, seeds, germination, and seedlings of Acasia farnesiana. The fruits were collected manually from parent trees selected at random, in the municipality of Sousa State of Paraiba. After collection, they were packed in polyethylene bags and taken to the Seed Analysis Laboratory, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia-PB. Subsequently, evaluations were made of the morphological and morphometric characteristics of fruit, seed germination stages, and seedling. The fruit is of type nucule vegetable, plain, dry, polysemy, glabrous, linear-format wavy and late dehiscence. The seeds are stenospermics, format obovoid, apex rounded, and base slightly rounded. The germination is epigeal - phanerocotyledonal, starting on the third day and may be terminated on the seventh day after sowing. It was possible to describe and illustrate in detail the morphology of fruit, seeds, germination stages, and seedling of the species, considering the characteristics of easy recognition, standardization, rapid achievement, and high probability of establishment in the field. Key words: Vachellia farnesiana, biometry, native species, forest seeds.
L. J. Mendes et al., “Nitrogen Accumulated and Biologically Fixed by Uninoculated Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg Trees under Monospecific Stands in the Atlantic Forest Biome,” Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 503–512, Jun. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s40415-021-00713-z.
Nitrogen-fixing legumes are widely used to improve ecosystems. However, N accumulation in biomass, N2 amounts biologically fixed, and the effects on soil N status are poorly understood for plantations with slow-growing N2-fixing legume trees in seasonally dry environments. In this study, we assessed these questions in monospecific stands of uninoculated Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) var. peregrina (angico) trees established in the Atlantic Forest biome. Nine experimental plots with a stand density of 1111 tree ha−1 were examined about five to six years after tree planting. N content in the leaves, branches, bark, and wood was estimated using allometric equations and N concentration in the tissues. To assess the N content, the topsoil layer was sampled in each plot and in one pasture area. The annual N2 fixation rate at the stand scale was estimated by the natural abundance of 15N, using leaves of angico and a mix of leaves of herbs and shrubs growing in the understory in each plot. N accumulation in aboveground biomass was estimated at 260 kg ha−1 and N allocated in the leaves and branches was four-fold that in the tree stem. N derived from biological N2 fixation was estimated at 50% on average, with an annual rate of N fixed in the aboveground biomass of 22 kg ha−1 year−1. Soil N storage was similar between A. peregrina stands and the pasture area at six years after planting. Long-term gains of N2 fixation may be greatly improved by the adoption of breeding programs for this slow-growing species and the use of an adequate rhizobium strain.
D. Meneckelli, O. M. Yamashita, M. A. C. de Carvalho, O. R. Campos, and P. S. Koga, “Desenvolvimento inicial de biótipos de fedegoso em função da acidez e cobertura vegetal do solo Initial development of biotopes of Senna occidentalis as a function of acidity and vegetation cover on soil,” AMBIÊNCIA, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 683–697, Aug. 2016.https://revistas.unicentro.br/index.php/ambiencia/article/view/2429.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a influência de diferentes saturações de base do solo e coberturas vegetais no desenvolvimento inicial da planta daninha fedegoso (Senna occidentalis), utilizando sementes de diferentes regiões do estado de Mato Grosso. Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos, sendo que no primeiro avaliou-se a germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de fedegoso proveniente das cidades de Alta Floresta, Juara e Nova Canaã do Norte, semeado em solo com quatro saturações de base do solo (32, 63, 77 e 94%). A elevação na saturação de base melhorou o desenvolvimento das plantas de fedegoso. No segundo experimento, estudou-se o desenvolvimento inicial de fedegoso em função da presença de palha sobre o substrato, utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 4, sendo duas localidades (Alta Floresta e Juara), três tipos de palhada (capim braquiária, arroz e milho) e quatro profundidades de semeadura (0, 2, 4, e 8 cm). A palha de arroz, assim como as maiores produndidades, reduziram a emergência de plântulas de fedegoso.Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the influence of different saturations of basis of soil and vegetation on the initial development of Senna occidentalis, using seeds of different regions of the state of Mato Grosso. Two experiments were carried out. In the first, it was assessed the germination and initial development of the Senna occidentalis weed from cities of Alta Floresta, Juara and Nova Canaã do Norte, sown in soil with four base saturations in soils of (32, 63, 77 and 94 %). The increase in base saturation has improved the development of Senna occidentalis. In the second experiment, it was studied the initial development of Senna occidentalis, based on the presence of straw on the substrate, using a completely randomized design in 2 x 3 x 4 factorial scheme in two locations (Alta Floresta and Juara), three types of mulch (brachiaria grass, rice and maize) and four sowing depths (0, 2, 4, and 8 cm). The rice straw as well as the greater depths, reduced the emergence of seedlings of Senna occidentalis.
Poor regeneration of Acacia jacquemontii in nature and its overexploitation for multifaceted uses (basket making, small poles, fuel, etc.) has necessitated standardization of nursery techniques for raising quality planting stock of this multipurpose species. A nursery trial using two seed sizes viz. large (>6.5 mm dia) and small «6.5 mm dia); and four sowing depths viz. OJ :0.5 cm, 02: 1.0 , cm, 03: 1.5 cm and 04:2.0 cm was conducted to assess effect of seed size and sowing depth on germination and growth of seedlings, The findings revealed that sowing depth as well as seed size influenced percentage gemlination significantly, Maximum germination (100%) was obtained when seed was sown at 0,5 cm depth, Large seeds gave higher germination than the small seeds, Seed size and sowing depths had significant effect on growth of seedlings; however, their effects were neutralized after 14 and 30 days .of sowing, respectively. The seed size and sowing depth had no significant bearing on number of leaves/plant of growing seedlings, Results suggest that for better seed germination and seedling growth, it is desirable to sow healthy large seed at 0.5 to 1,0 cm depth in nursery.
C. Mfenyana, D. DeBeer, E. Joubert, and A. Louw, “Selective Extraction of Cyclopia for Enhanced in Vitro Phytoestrogenicity and Benchmarking against Commercial Phytoestrogen Extracts,” The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 74–86, Nov. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.08.005.
Previous work established the phytoestrogenicity of “unfermented” Cyclopia (honeybush) extracts. The current study investigated the phytoestrogenicity of four Cyclopia harvestings (M6–9) for preparation of extracts with enhanced phytoestrogenicity for benchmarking against commercial preparations. Two extracts, from M6 (C. subternata) and M7 (C. genistoides), were identified as most phytoestrogenic using estrogen receptor binding, an estrogen receptor response element containing promoter reporter assay, alkaline phosphatase activity, and E-screen. M6 and M7 were sequentially and non-sequentially extracted with five solvents of differing polarities. Additionally, two extracts were prepared in the traditional way of preparing a cup of honeybush tea. The resultant 22 extracts were evaluated for estrogenicity. Select extracts were analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The sequentially extracted M6 methanol extract (SM6Met) had the highest potency and the sequentially extracted M6 ethyl acetate extract (SM6EAc) had the highest efficacy of all the extracts. The HPLC results suggested enrichment of luteolin in SM6EAc and enrichment of an unidentified polyphenol in SM6Met. Benchmarking against four commercial phytoestrogenic preparations suggest that in terms of the assays used, Cyclopia extracts have comparable potency and efficacy to the commercial extracts and thus have potential as marketable phytoestrogenic nutraceuticals.
J. U. Mgbechi-Ezeri, O. J. Alabi, R. A. Naidu, and P. L. Kumar, “First Report of the Occurrence of African Cassava Mosaic Virus in a Mosaic Disease of Soybean in Nigeria,” Plant Disease, vol. 92, no. 12, pp. 1709–1709, Dec. 2008.
doi: 10.1094/PDIS-92-12-1709B.
African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV; genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) is one of six viruses documented in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) plants showing cassava mosaic disease in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In addition to cassava, the natural host range of ACMV includes a few wild Manihot species, Jatropha multifida, and Ricinus communis L. in Euphorbiaceae, and Hewittia sublobata in Convolvulaceae. The experimental host range of ACMV includes Nicotiana sp. and Datura sp. in the Solanaceae (2). Recently, natural occurrence of ACMV was reported in Combretum confertum (Benth.), Leucana leucocephala (Lam.) De Witt, and Senna occidentalis (L.) Link belonging to Leguminasae from Nigeria (1,3). During reconnaissance studies conducted on soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in September and October of 2007 in the Ibadan (N = 19) and Benue (N = 23) regions and in February of 2008 in Ibadan (N = 16), we observed soybean showing yellow mosaic and mottling symptoms. Samples from these plants (N = 58) were tested by indirect ELISA and symptomatic leaves tested negative to Cucumber mosaic virus, Cowpea mottle virus, Southern bean mosaic virus, Tobacco ringspot virus, Soybean dwarf virus, Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus, Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus, Peanut mottle virus, and Broad bean mosaic virus, which have been documented in soybean in SSA. However, 8.6% of these samples (5 of 58) (one each from Ibadan and Benue in the 2007 survey and three from Ibadan in the 2008 survey) tested positive in triple-antibody sandwich-ELISA with a monoclonal antibody (SCR33) to ACMV. ELISA results were further confirmed by PCR with ACMV specific primers AL1/F and AR0/R that amplified a 987-bp DNA fragment corresponding to the intergenic region, AC-4 and AC-1 genes of DNA-A segment (4). The PCR product was cloned into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and three independent clones were sequenced in both orientations. Pairwise comparison of the derived consensus sequence (GenBank Accession No. EU367500) with corresponding ACMV sequence of ACMV isolate from Nigeria (GenBank Accession No. X17095) showed 98% identity at the nucleotide level. To further confirm the virus identity, complete nucleotide sequence of the DNA-A segment was determined by PCR amplification of viral DNA with four primers, cloning of overlapping products into pCR2.1 vector and sequencing. The derived sequence (2,781 nucleotides; GenBank Accession No. EU685385) was compared with the DNA sequences available at NCBI database using BLAST. This revealed 97% nucleotide sequence identity with ACMV-[NG:Ogo:90] (Accession No. AJ427910) and ACMV-[NG] (Accession No. X17095) from Nigeria. These results confirm the presence of ACMV in symptomatic soybean leaves. To our knowledge, this is the first report of soybean as a natural host of ACMV in SSA. On the basis of previous reports (1) and the results currently presented it seems that ACMV has a wide host range. References: (1) O. J. Alabi et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 97(suppl.):S3, 2007. (2) A. A. Brunt et al., eds. Plant viruses online: Descriptions and lists from the VIDE database. Version 20. Online publication, 1996. (3) F. O. Ogbe et al. Plant Dis. 90:548, 2006; (4) X. Zhou et al. J. Gen. Virol. 78:2101, 1997.
Y. Mgwatyu, A. A. Stander, S. Ferreira, W. Williams, and U. Hesse, “Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) Genome Size Estimation Using Flow Cytometry and K-Mer Analyses,” Plants, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 270, Feb. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/plants9020270.
Plant genomes provide information on biosynthetic pathways involved in the production of industrially relevant compounds. Genome size estimates are essential for the initiation of genome projects. The genome size of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis species complex) was estimated using DAPI flow cytometry and k-mer analyses. For flow cytometry, a suitable nuclei isolation buffer, plant tissue and a transport medium for rooibos ecotype samples collected from distant locations were identified. When using radicles from commercial rooibos seedlings, Woody Plant Buffer and Vicia faba as an internal standard, the flow cytometry-estimated genome size of rooibos was 1.24 ± 0.01 Gbp. The estimates for eight wild rooibos growth types did not deviate significantly from this value. K-mer analysis was performed using Illumina paired-end sequencing data from one commercial rooibos genotype. For biocomputational estimation of the genome size, four k-mer analysis methods were investigated: A standard formula and three popular programs (BBNorm, GenomeScope, and FindGSE). GenomeScope estimates were strongly affected by parameter settings, specifically CovMax. When using the complete k-mer frequency histogram (up to 9 × 105), the programs did not deviate significantly, estimating an average rooibos genome size of 1.03 ± 0.04 Gbp. Differences between the flow cytometry and biocomputational estimates are discussed.
N. Miller et al., “Heat Treatment Improves the Sensory Properties of the Ultrafiltration By-Product of Honeybush (Cyclopia Genistoides) Extract,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 1047–1055, 2022.
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.11440.
N. Miller, S. C. Bosman, C. J. Malherbe, D. De Beer, and E. Joubert, “Membrane Selection and Optimisation of Tangential Flow Ultrafiltration of Cyclopia Genistoides Extract for Benzophenone and Xanthone Enrichment,” Food Chemistry, vol. 292, pp. 121–128, Sep. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.047.
Ultrafiltration of Cyclopia genistoides extract was optimised to increase its benzophenone and xanthone content as quantified using HPLC-DAD. Regenerated cellulose (RC) and polyethersulphone membranes with molecular weight cut-offs of 10 and 30 kDa were evaluated in terms of compound enrichment, permeate flux and permeate yield, using dead-end ultrafiltration. Compound enrichment was subsequently optimised using the 10 kDa RC membrane and tangential flow ultrafiltration (TFU). The effect of extract composition on compound enrichment, due to natural variation in the source material, was assessed using extracts from different batches of plant material (n\,= 11). Transmembrane pressure and feed flow rate affected (p\,< 0.05) process efficiency (mean permeate flux, compound enrichment and membrane fouling). TFU achieved ≥20% enrichment of the target compounds, proving its suitability for preparation of a nutraceutical extract of C. genistoides.
N. Miller et al., “Physicochemical Stability of Enriched Phenolic Fractions of Cyclopia Genistoides and Ex Vivo Bi-Directional Permeability of Major Xanthones and Benzophenones,” Planta Medica, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 325–335, Apr. 2021.
doi: 10.1055/a-1265-1945.
Fractions of an ultrafiltered Cyclopia genistoides extract, respectively enriched in xanthones and benzophenones, were previously shown to inhibit mammalian α-glucosidase in vitro. The present study investigated ex vivo intestinal transport of these fractions, using excised porcine jejunal tissue, to determine whether the gut could be a predominant in vivo site of action. The major bioactive compounds, the xanthones (mangiferin, isomangiferin) and benzophenones (3-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone, 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone) exhibited poor permeation in the absorptive direction with a relatively high efflux ratio (efflux ratio > 1). The efflux ratio of 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone (3.05) was similar to rhodamine 123 (2.99), a known substrate of intestinal P-glycoprotein 1 efflux transporters. Low epithelial membrane transport rates, coupled with efflux mechanisms, would effectively concentrate these bioactive compounds at the target site (gut lumen). Storage stability testing and moisture sorption assays of the xanthone-enriched fraction, benzophenone-enriched fraction, and ultrafiltered Cyclopia genistoides extract were performed to determine their susceptibility to physical and chemical degradation during storage. Hygroscopicity of the powders, indicated by moisture uptake, decreased in the order: benzophenone-enriched fraction (22.7%) > ultrafiltered Cyclopia genistoides extract (14.0%) > xanthone-enriched fraction (10.7%). 3-β-D-Glucopyranosylmaclurin, a minor benzophenone, was the least stable of the compounds, degrading faster in the benzophenone-enriched fraction than in ultrafiltered Cyclopia genistoides extract, suggesting that the ultrafiltered extract matrix may provide a degree of protection against chemical degradation. Compound degradation during 12 wk of storage at 40 °C in moisture-impermeable containers was best explained by first order reaction kinetics.
N. Miller, C. J. Malherbe, and E. Joubert, “In Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibition by Honeybush (Cyclopia Genistoides) Food Ingredient Extract—Potential for Dose Reduction of Acarbose through Synergism,” Food & Function, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 6476–6486, Jul. 2020.
doi: 10.1039/D0FO01306D.
Extracts of Cyclopia species are used as food ingredients. In vitro α-glucosidase (AG) inhibition by ultrafiltered C. genistoides extract, fractions enriched in xanthones (XEF) and benzophenones (BEF), as well as mangiferin, isomangiferin, 3-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone (I3G) and 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone (IDG) was determined with acarbose as positive control. XEF was more potent than the extract and BEF (IC50 = 43.3, 95.5 and 205.7 μg mL−1, respectively). Compounds demonstrated potency in the descending order: acarbose (IC50 = 44.3 μM) > mangiferin (102.2 μM) > isomangiferin (119.8 μM) > I3G (237.5 μM) > IDG (299.4 μM). The combination index (CI) was used to determine synergism (CI < 0.7) as demonstrated for combinations of acarbose with XEF, BEF or the respective compounds at 50% and 75% effect levels. The greatest potential acarbose dose reductions (>six-fold) across all effect levels were calculated for combinations of acarbose with mangiferin or isomangiferin, explaining the greater acarbose dose reduction potential of XEF vs. BEF. The effect of batch-to-batch variation (n = 10) of raw plant material on AG inhibition was quantified at a fixed concentration (160 μg mL−1). XEFs (xanthone content = 223–481 g kg−1) achieved AG inhibition of 63–72%, whereas BEFs (benzophenone content = 114–251 g kg−1) achieved AG inhibition of 26–34%, with weak linear correlation (R2 < 0.43) between target compound content of the fractions and their achieved AG inhibition. Thus, extract fractions of C. genistoides, enriched in xanthones and benzophenones, show potential in reducing the effective dose of acarbose required to prevent postprandial hyperglycaemia.
N. Miller, C. J. Malherbe, and E. Joubert, “Xanthone- and Benzophenone-Enriched Nutraceutical: Development of a Scalable Fractionation Process and Effect of Batch-to-Batch Variation of the Raw Material (Cyclopia Genistoides),” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 237, p. 116465, Apr. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116465.
Extracts of honeybush (Cyclopia genistoides) containing glucosylated xanthones and benzophenones inhibit α-glucosidases, a group of key glycolytic enzymes and drug targets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ultrafiltered C. genistoides extract was used as the starting material for the development of an optimized protocol to produce xanthone- and benzophenone-enriched fractions (XEFs and BEFs, respectively) by macroporous adsorbent resin chromatography. Static sorption experiments were performed to determine resin loading capacity. Adsorption isotherm data were fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. A fractionation protocol using step-wise gradient elution with 0–30% EtOH-water mixtures was developed, based on the results of dynamic sorption experiments. All XEFs contained 3-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone due to co-elution with the xanthones, mangiferin and isomangiferin, whereas BEFs contained zero or trace amounts of xanthones. Phenolic variation between different batches of the raw material (n = 10) manifested as variation in the composition and degree of enrichment of BEFs and XEFs. This scalable, eco-friendly enrichment strategy should find application for the preparation of enriched fractions from other herbal plants containing the target compound.
The results indicated that mixed forest of A.confusa and Eucalyptus had good ecological dominance, and it would provide a reference for creating mixed forest in Guangxi at present. To discuss the soil fertility and ecological effects of artificial mixed forest land of Eucalyptus and Acacia confusa in southern Guangxi,the soil microorganism groups and distribution in two sets of pure and mixed forest of Euca-lyptus and Acacia forest of Qinlian Forest Farm in Guangxi were investigated. The results showed that in Qinlian Forest Farm,soil microorganism in artificial forest land were mainly concentrated in 0-20 cm of soil layer and their quantity rapidly decreased with the increase of soil depth. The order of the total number of soil microorganisms in different forest lands was:mixed forest A·confusa forest Eucalyptus forest. In different forest lands,among three kinds of microorganisms including bacteria,actinomyces and fungi,bacteria were the largest proportion of population,followed by fungi and actinomyces. These results indicated that mixed forest of A.confusa and Eucalyptus had good ecological dominance,and it would provide a reference for creating mixed forest of A.confusa and Eucalyptus in Guangxi at present.
C. do C. Miranda, D. M. dos S. Souza, P. R. Manhone, P. C. de Oliveira, and T. B. Breier, “Germinação de Sementes de Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. com Diferentes Substratos em Condições Laboratoriais,” Floresta e Ambiente, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 26–31, 2012.
doi: 10.4322/floram.2012.004.
In seeds of forest species, usually there is a great variation in the seed germination performance in relation to the substrate in laboratory, so it is necessary to determine the type of substrate which allows a better germination for each forest species. This study aimed at evaluating the behavior of seed germination (percentage of germination and index of germination speed - IVG) of the legume forest species Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. (Fabaceae - Mimosoideae), submitted to different substrates (sand, filter paper and vermiculite). The substrates that demonstrated higher values of IVG were vermiculite and filter paper, and vermiculite also allowed higher percentage of germination, indicating that this substrate is the most adequate for germination tests of seeds of A. peregrina.
B. M. M. P. Mndzebele and F. D. Dakora, “Effect of Trace Element Supply on Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Cyclopia Longifolia Vogel L. a Honeybush Tea Plant Growing on a Farmer’s Field in the Cape Fynbos, South Africa,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 161, pp. 428–433, Oct. 2023.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2023.07.011.
Cyclopia longifolia Vogel L. is endemic to the Cape fynbos, and cultivated for the production of Honeybush tea, a herbal beverage with health benefits and economic potential in the cosmetic and nutraceutical industries. In this study, field plants were supplemented with different levels of Cu, Mo, Mn and Zn using 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM solutions of Na2MoO4·2H2O and MnSO4·2H2O and 0, 1.0 and 1.5 mM solutions of ZnSO4·7H2O and CuSO4·5H2O in a split-application. Plant shoots were harvested at 300 days after fertilization for biomass determination and analysis of mineral nutrients. The results showed significantly increased shoot dry matter yield of C. longifolia in response to Mn, Cu, Zn and Mo supplementation under field conditions, and was highest at the 1.5 mM level of each applied micronutrient. These results suggest that field fertilization of Cyclopia plants can lead to increased plant growth and greater tea yield, in addition to overcoming nutrient mining from the annual harvests of plant shoots for making tea. Furthermore, supplying Mn, Zn, Cu and Mo to C. longifolia also significantly increased the concentrations and amounts of P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn and B in shoots relative to the zero controls, suggesting an increase in tea quality with trace element supplementation. However, the shoot concentrations of N and Fe were markedly reduced with increasing supply of Mn, Cu, Zn and Mo to C. longifolia plants, an indication of mineral-to-mineral antagonism in the plant rhizosphere.
B. M. M. P. Mndzebele and F. D. Dakora, “Plant Growth and N2 Fixation in Cyclopia Longifolia (Vogel L.) Supplied with Mineral Nutrients in Pot and Field Experiments,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 97–102, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.12.001.
Cyclopia longifolia Vogel L. is indigenous to the Cape fynbos, and widely grown for the production of Honeybush tea, a beverage with health benefits and economic potential in the cosmetic and nutraceutical industries. The aim of this study was to assess plant growth and symbiotic performance of Cyclopia longifolia in field and pot experiments. Field plants were supplemented with different levels of P, Mg and Ca at Kanetberg mountains using 0, 5, 25 and 50mM of K2HPO4, MgCl2·6H2O and CaCl2·2H2O in split application, while P, Ca and Mg were applied as Supergrow (20.3% P), CaMg·(CO3)2, and MgSO4·7H2O) at 0, 10, 20 and 50kg·ha−1 to potted plants. Shoots were harvested at 240 and 300days after last fertilisation for pot and field experiments respectively, and analyzed for nodulation and N2 fixation. The data revealed significantly increased nodule number, nodule dry weight, root and shoot biomass in the pot experiment with P, Ca and Mg supply. Shoot dry matter, N content, amount of N-fixed, soil N uptake and tea yield of C. longifolia was significantly increased with increasing supply of P, Mg and Ca to field plants, and was highest at 50mM level of each element. Applying different levels of Mn, Cu, Zn and Mo to field plants of C. longifolia also markedly increased shoot biomass, N content, δ15N, amount of N-fixed, soil N uptake and tea yield. The increase in δ15N values, and hence reduced %Ndfa, of Cyclopia longifolia plants supplied with P, Mg, Ca, Mn, Cu, Zn and Mo suggests that the endogenous soil concentration of these nutrients were more limiting for plant growth than for nodule functioning. As a result, supplying P, Mg, Ca, Mn, Cu, Zn and Mo increased plant growth and biomass, but not %N derived from fixation.
S. Mogaka et al., “Senna Occidentalis (L.) Link Root Extract Inhibits Plasmodium Growth in Vitro and in Mice,” BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 71, Mar. 2023.
doi: 10.1186/s12906-023-03854-8.
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link has been used worldwide in traditional treatment of many diseases and conditions including snakebite. In Kenya, a decoction from the plant roots taken orally, is used as a cure for malaria. Several studies have demonstrated that extracts from the plant possess antiplasmodial activity, in vitro. However, the safety and curative potency of the plant root against established malaria infection is yet to be scientifically validated, in vivo. On the other hand, there are reports on variation in bioactivity of extracts obtained from this plant species, depending on the plant part used and place of origin among other factors. In this study, we demonstrated the antiplasmodial activity of Senna occidentalis roots extract in vitro, and in mice.
The results indicate that all the pre-treatment using hormonal priming techniques, improved the post-emergent seedling growth for these two species and total seed germination depended on species and type of hormone used. Akasia (Acacia mangium Willd.) and kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) have great economic and environmental values. Poor germination of these crop species obstructs early and uniform seedling availability and supply. Plant growth hormones such as salicylic acid (SA), gibberellic acid (GA₃) and cytokinin (CK) are known to enhance seed germination of many crop species. Hence, hormonal priming pre-treatment of seeds was considered a viable option to solve the germination problem. This study is aimed to determine the effects of seed priming pre-treatments with different types of hormones on germination and post—emergent growth of these two crop species. In order to study the effects of hormonal priming on seed germination and seedling post-emergent growth, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was conducted. Seeds of A. mangium and H. cannabinus were soaked in three different concentrations (50, 100 and 150 ppm) of SA, GA₃ and CK for 5 hours. The results indicate that all the pre-treatment using hormonal priming techniques, improved the post-emergent seedling growth for these two species. No significant differences of shoot and root lengths were observed between control group and hormonal priming pre-treatments. However, the hormones affect the germination capacity of these two species. GA₃ and CK have significantly higher gennination than SA in term of total seed germination toward different species. Seeds primed with 150 ppm GA₃ and 50 ppm CK were more effective in reducing the time lag in germination and improved the seed germination percentage, energy, capacity and root and shoot length of the seedlings. The analysis of variance showed that there was a significantly interaction between species and hormone pre-treatments, but the interaction between species and concentration was not significant on the total seed gennination of A. mangium and H. cannabinus. This indicates that total seed germination depended on species and type of hormone used. The best germination was obtained by seeds of H. cannabinus primed with with GA₃ and CK.
Abstract— This study was carried out to evaluate the germination potential and growth performance of Acacia polycantha (Wild) subsp. campylacantha (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Brenan. The seeds were collected from two locations: South Kordofan and Blue Nile
M. Mohammed, M. A. Aboki, H. M. Saidu, O. Victor, A. Tawakalitu, and S. A. Maikano, “Phytochemical and Some Antmicrobial Activity of Cassia Occidentalis L. (Caesalpiniaceae),” vol. 2, 2012.
Cassia occidentalis L. (Caesalpiniaceae) was exhaustively extracted with n-hexane and subsequently with methanol. The methanol portion was subsequently partition with chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butannol. The phytochemical studies of the partition portion were done using standard protocols. The zone of inhibition (ZI), Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined. The antimicrobial screening revealed that the extract exhibited varying activity against different microbes. These activities observed could be attributed to the presence Active metabolites contained in the extract.
Four field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons (2001/2002 and 2002/2003) at Shambat Research Station (Sudan). The objectives of the study were to determine the management practices needed for crop establishment in the field. The main objectives were to determine the optimum cultural practices affecting yield and dye content of the Indigo plant (Hennat elgroud) including the effect of growing season on the performance of the plant, the effect of sowing date and plant spacing, effect of water management and cutting frequencies and the effect of fertilizer application and stage of harvest. The performance of the plants was measured in terms of leaves dry weight and dye content. In the first experiment, the seeds were sown in the winter season, in the summer and in the autumn season. The second experiment comprised four monthly sowmg dates, commencing in June as an early date up to September as the late sowing date. Three pl ant spacing were used 75cm, 100 cm or 120 cm between plants. The third experiment was designed to study the effect of three watering intervals (i.e. 7-10 or 15 days) and the effect of watering stoppage at 7-10 or 15 days before harvesting in combination with two cutting treatments. In the first treatment the plants were subjected to two cut, after one month from planting and a second cut after two months and in the second treatment, the plants were cut once after two months. The fourth experiment, the Indigo plants were harvested at four stages: after one month from planting, before flowering, at full flowering and at fruit setting stage. Four different treatments of fertilizer were also studied, control, (no fertilizer), composted chicken manure at the rate of 2.5 tons Ifed, nitrogen fertilizer in the form of urea "46% N," at the rate of 50kg/fed and 100 kg/fed. In the winter season, the seeds failed to germinate and the results of this season were excluded. The results of the combined analysis between the summer season and the autumn season showed the total yield obtained in the summer season was more than 12.8% of the autumn season. The total dye content obtained from the summer season out-yielded the dye content obtained from the autumn season by 9.5%. The results of the second experiment showed that in both seasons, the total yield and total dye content decreased progressively with delayed sowing. The highest yield and dye content were obtained from the closest plant spacing (75 cm). The results of water management in both seasons showed that the yield and dye content were increased with decreasing irrigation intervals. The effect of watering stoppage showed that yield and dye content were decreased by increasing time of watering stoppage before harvest. The results of the effects of cutting treatment on yield and dye content showed that the plants subjected to two cuts, out-yielded the plants subjected to one cut after two months from pla n ting. In the fourth experiment the results showed that harvesting at full flowering stage produced the highest total yield in both seasons. Similar results were obtained in the dye content. Addition of Nitrogen fertilizer at lOO kg/fed gave the highest yield and dye content, and the control gave lower yield and dye content than the rest of the treatments in both seasons. The extraction of dye content was investigated usmg different solvents. The results showed that the highest dye content was obtained by using ethanol (80%). The most suitable solvent systems for separation were Benzene: Petroleum ether at ratio of 20: 1 and Benzene: Ethyl acetate at ratio of 80:20. TLC technique showed that the dye content possesses more than three components according to Rf values and color of bands. The colors ranged between blue- violet and Rfranged between 0.24-0.83
P. K. Mohan, T. P. Adarsh Krishna, T. Senthil Kumar, and B. D. Ranjitha Kumari, “Pharmaco-Chemical Profiling of Desmodium Gangeticum (L.) DC. with Special Reference to Soil Chemistry,” Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 210, 2021.
doi: 10.1186/s43094-021-00356-7.
Background Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) (DG) is a perennial non-climbing herb or shrub and folklore medicine, widely shows a large number of medicinal properties, as well as contains divergent bioactive compounds. Many of the herbal formulations contain this medicinal plant, which is considered as master of medicinal plant in Ayurveda. This study is an attempt to establish this plant material based on its pharmaco-chemical profiles with special reference to soil chemistry. The pharmaco-chemical features such as organoleptic, DNA sequence, physicochemical, proximate, phytochemical, UV, and FTIR profiling were carried out using standard techniques. Moreover, the ADME-PK properties of the selected molecules were established. Results The pharmaco-chemical features like organoleptic, DNA sequence, physicochemical, proximate, phytochemical, UV, and FTIR profiling, ADME-PK properties, and soil chemistry of D. gangeticum revealed its unique and diagnostic peculiarities. DNA barcoding showed that the sequence was 99.77% similar to D. gangeticum (KP094638) having 100% query coverage. The soil analysis revealed the presence of moderately high content of NPK and sufficient amount of all essential macro- and micronutrients (S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B). The phytochemical profiling showed that the ethanolic extract of the aerial part contained glycoside, amino acid, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and coumarins, while the ethanolic root extract of the plant revealed the presence of glycoside, amino acid, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, and triterpenoids. FTIR results indicated that the plant extracts are mainly rich in phenolic derivatives. ADME-PK properties of pterocarpan such as gangetin (1a), gangetinin (1b), desmocarpin (1c), and desmodin (1d) were found to pass the Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, and Egan rules, supporting the drug-likeliness. Conclusion This is the first record of pharmaco-chemical profiling of D. gangeticum along with soil chemistry, and this information helps in the proper identification and future studies on this species. Graphic abstract
A. K. Mondal, S. Mondal, and S. Mandal, “Molecular Taxonomy of the Genus Cassia L. Based on Seed Protein and Mitochondrial DNA RFLP.,” Phytomorphology, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 15–25, 2000.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20001617308.
Interspecific variations among eight species of Cassia were evaluated on the basis of the free amino acid composition, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total seed protein, and mitochondrial (mt) DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) to understand their phylogenetic relationships. Similarities in seed protein banding patterns were detected for morphologically distinct...
S. A. Montaño-Arias, S. L. Camargo-Ricalde, R. Grether, and D. Díaz-Pontones, “Effect of Scarification and Temperature on Seed Germination of Two Mexican Species of Mimosa (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae),” Botanical Sciences, vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 649–659, 2015.
doi: 10.17129/botsci.185.
S. A. Montaño-Arias, H. A. Zavaleta-Mancera, S. L. Camargo-Ricalde, and R. Grether, “Effect of Seed Age on Germination, Seedling Survival and Growth of Mimosa Luisana (Leguminosae),” Trees, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 231–239, Feb. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s00468-020-02031-5.
Mimosa luisana seeds germinate after 7 years of storage, suggesting that they have a long span life; an interesting characteristic for environmental restoration of semi-arid zones.
J. F. Morales-Domínguez, D. C. S.-D. de León, C. Garcidueñas-Piña, and E. Pérez-Molphe-Balch, “Germination, in Vitro Propagation and Soil Acclimatization of Acacia Farnesiana and Prosopis Laevigata,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 124, pp. 345–349, Aug. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.05.034.
Acacia farnesiana (Huizache) and Prosopis laevigata (Mesquite) are plants used by rural populations of México to: feed livestock, wood is used to make fence posts, charcoal, furniture, handicrafts, construction material and medicinal purposes. The excessive use of these plants and indiscriminate deforestation for the settlement of houses and industrial buildings has led to a considerable decrease. For this reason, it is necessary to implement methods for mass propagation. In this study, seeds were collected from A. farnesiana and P. laevigata trees growing naturally in the University of Aguascalientes gardens. The seeds were germinated on 100% MS medium without plant growth regulators (PGR), in cotton saturated with sterile distilled water and in commercial soil, and showed a 100% germination at 2 days. Cotyledonary nodes were used as explants and cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of PGR. The highest number of multiple shoots was on MS medium with 4.4 μM BAP; for A. farnesiana there were 5.42\,± 0.98 shoots per explant and for P. laevigata 4. 17\,± 0.89. For rooting, the best treatment was MS with 17.12 μM IAA in both cases. In vitro plants were transferred to soil and acclimated in the greenhouse where 80% survived.
K. M. Moro et al., “Avaliação E Georeferenciamento De Árvores De Anadenanthera Peregrina (l.) Speg (fabaceae) Para Coleta De Sementes,” Revista Univap, vol. 22, no. 40, pp. 467–467, 2016.
doi: 10.18066/revistaunivap.v22i40.1652.
A Floresta Atlântica é um dos principais biomas brasileiros e, ao longo do desenvolvimento econômico do país vem sendo antropologicamente modificada, com consequências graves para a manutenção da biodiversidade. O desmatamento é um dos principais fatores que contribuem para a perda deste bioma. Assim sendo, medidas que venham a reverter esse quadro são fundamentais. O reflorestamento de áreas devastadas é uma técnica importante para reverter o esse quadro ambiental alarmante. O plantio de mudas nativas vem sendo utilizado com frequência em atividades de reflorestamento. Dentre as espécies com potencial de utilização Anadenanthera peregrina se destaca por ser pioneira e que também se mantém nas fases posteriores de sucessão ecológica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo localizar, avaliar dendrometricamente e georeferenciar árvores de A. peregrina com potencial de produção de sementes. Um total de trinta e cinco indivíduos foram localizados, avaliados e georeferenciados, sendo que todos apresentavam potencial para a produção de sementes.
K. M. Moro et al., “Diversidade Genética De Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg (Fabaceae) No Município De Guaçuí-es,” Revista Univap, vol. 22, no. 40, pp. 468–468, 2016.
doi: 10.18066/revistaunivap.v22i40.1655.
A Floresta Atlântica vem sendo afetada por ações antrópicas ao longo no tempo e ainda continua sofrendo com essas ameaças. A fragmentação florestal ocasionada pelo desmatamento e o corte seletivo de espécies arbóreas contribui significativamente para a perda de diversidade genética nas populações naturais. Anadenanthera peregrina é uma espécie arbórea de grande porte e está sob efeito da fragmentação e corte seletivo. Análises genéticas a nível populacional são importantes para direcionar estratégias conservacionistas. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a diversidade genética de uma amostra populacional de trinta e cinco indivíduos de A. peregrina utilizando marcadores SSR. As análises permitiram dizer que a população não é endogâmica, provavelmente pelo fato da espécie ser predominantemente auto incompatível predominando a fecundação cruzada. A diversidade genética foi inferior a outros trabalhos com a mesma espécie, possivelmente pelo histórico da área. As árvores amostradas podem servir como fonte de sementes para produção de mudas destinadas ao reflorestamento.
J. B. Morris and J. T. Walker, “Non-Traditional Legumes as Potential Soil Amendments for Nematode Control,” Journal of Nematology, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 358–361, Dec. 2002.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2620579/.
Dried ground plant tissues from 20 leguminous species were mixed with Meloidogyne incognita-infested soil at 1, 2 or 2.5, and 5% (w/w) and incubated for 1 week at room temperature (21 to 27°C). Tomato (’Rutgers’) seedlings were transplanted into infested soil to determine nematode viability. Most tissues reduced gall numbers below the non-amended controls. The tissue amendments that were most effective include: Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria retusa, Indigofera hirsuta, I. nummularifolia, I. spicata, I. suffruticosa, I. tinctoria, and Tephrosia adunca. Although certain tissues reduced the tomato dry weights, particularly at the higher amendment rates (5%), some tissues resulted in greater dry weights. These non-traditional legumes, known to contain bioactive phytochemicals, may offer considerable promise as soil amendments for control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Not only do these legumes reduce root-knot nematodes but some of them also enhance plant height and dry weight.
M. Mortimer, K. Visser, D. de Beer, E. Joubert, and A. Louw, “Divide and Conquer May Not Be the Optimal Approach to Retain the Desirable Estrogenic Attributes of the Cyclopia Nutraceutical Extract, SM6Met,” PLOS ONE, vol. 10, no. 7, p. e0132950, Jul. 2015.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132950.
The genus Cyclopia, an indigenous South African fynbos plant used to prepare honeybush tea, contains phytoestrogenic compounds. An extract from C. subternata, SM6Met, displays three desirable estrogenic attributes for future development of a phytoestrogenic nutraceutical, namely, ERα antagonism, ERβ agonism, and also antagonism of E2-induced breast cancer cell proliferation. Activity-guided fractionation of SM6Met was used in an attempt to isolate and identify compounds conferring the desirable estrogenic profile to SM6Met. Initial liquid-liquid fractionation of SM6Met yielded a polar fraction (PF) and a non-polar fraction (NPF), with the desirable estrogenic attributes retained in the NPF. Subsequent high performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC) fractionation of the NPF yielded three fractions (F1-F3). Interestingly, the fractions revealed separation of the previously demonstrated positive estrogenic attributes of the NPF into separate fractions, with F1 and F2 acting as ERα antagonists, only F2 inducing antagonism of E2-induced breast cancer cell proliferation and only F3 retaining robust ERβ agonist activity. In terms of major polyphenols, quantitative HPLC and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) indicated that HPCCC fractionation resulted in a divergence of polyphenolic classes, with F1 emerging as the dihydrochalcone-rich fraction and F2 as the flavanone- and benzophenone-rich fraction, while the xanthones, flavones and phenolic acids were retained in F3. F3 was re-engineered into F3R by reassembling the major polyphenols identified in the fraction. F3R could, however, not replicate the effect of F3. In conclusion, although activity-guided fractionation results suggest that retention of all the desirable estrogenic attributes of the original SM6Met in one fraction is not an attainable goal, fractionation is a useful tool to enhance specific desirable estrogenic attributes.
J. F. Morton, “Rooibos Tea,Aspalathus Linearis, a Caffeineless, Low-Tannin Beverage,” Economic Botany, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 164–173, Apr. 1983.
doi: 10.1007/BF02858780.
Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis , formerlyA. Contaminatus ), is a leguminous shrub with needlelike leaves native to mountain slopes of western Cape Province, South Africa. Its beverage use by the Hottentots was first reported by the botanist Carl Thunberg in 1772. About 1900, it began to be marketed and then domesticated on a small scale. Seed selection and improved cultivation and processing started in the 1920s. Important advances were made in 1930. Demand for the product jumped during World War II because of the shortage of Oriental tea, then declined. The industry was stabilized in 1954 and continued to expand, with exports to Australia, New Zealand, Europe, the United Kingdom, Canada and, to a very limited extent, the United States. A fungus disease, then drought, followed by floods temporarily reduced the supply in 1980. The tea is gaining recognition for its freedom from caffeine, low tannin and high ascorbic acid content.It contains the antispasmodic principle, quercetin, and is said to have enoughfluoride to inhibit caries. Consumer tests indicate that rooibos tea may be an acceptable alternative to tea, coffee, cocoa and high-caffeine soft drinks.
G. S. Mota, C. J. Sartori, I. Miranda, T. Quilhó, F. A. Mori, and H. Pereira, “Bark Anatomy, Chemical Composition and Ethanol-Water Extract Composition of Anadenanthera Peregrina and Anadenanthera Colubrina,” PLOS ONE, vol. 12, no. 12, p. e0189263, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189263.
The bark of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg and Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan were characterized in relation to anatomical and chemical features. The barks were similar and included a thin conducting phloem, a largely dilated and sclerified non-conducting phloem, and a rhyridome with periderms with thin phellem interspersed by cortical tissues. Only small differences between species were observed that cannot be used alone for taxonomic purposes. The summative chemical composition of A. peregrina and A. colubrina was respectively: 8.2% and 7.7% ash; 28.8% and 29.3% extractives; 2.4% and 2.6% suberin; and 18.9% lignin. The monosaccharide composition showed the predominance of glucose (on average 82% of total neutral sugars) and of xylose (9%). The ethanol-water extracts of A. peregrina and A. colubrina barks included a high content of phenolics, respectively: total phenolics 583 and 682 mg GAE/g extract; 148 and 445 mg CE/g extract; tannins 587 and 98 mg CE/g extract. The antioxidant activity was 238 and 269 mg Trolox/g extract. The barks of the Anadenanthera species are a potential source of polar extractives that will represent an important valorization and therefore contribute to improve the overall economic potential and sustainability of A. peregrina and A. colubrina
D. M. C. Mota, L. Oliveira, M. P. Henrique, N. Rocha, and A. C. Pereira, “Variação Radial Das Propriedades Físicas Da Madeira De Angico Preto (Anadenanthera Peregrina Var. Falcata) Jovem,” 2018.
doi: 10.31692/2526-7701.IIICOINTERPDVAGRO.2018.00692.
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "VARIAÇÃO RADIAL DAS PROPRIEDADES FÍSICAS DA MADEIRA DE ANGICO PRETO (Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata) JOVEM" by Docha Maria Cecília Mota et al.
M. M. Motsa, C. Bester, M. M. Slabbert, K. Hannweg, and M. Booyse, “Flow Cytometry: A Quick Method to Determine Ploidy Levels in Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.),” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 1711–1724, Aug. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s10722-018-0648-z.
Cyclopia (honeybush) species are widely-used in the production of a South African herbal tea and are endemic to the fynbos region of the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces. Honeybush is still one of the orphan agriculture crops and recent breeding efforts by researchers are hampered by the lack of basic genetic information e.g. basic chromosome numbers and ploidy levels. This study determined nuclear DNA content and ploidy level of various genotypes of three Cyclopia species using flow cytometry and cytological counting of chromosomes. Nuclei analysis of young leaves of C. genistoides, C. longifolia and C. subternata were done using a flow cytometer, while root tip squashes were carried out in order to correlate flow cytometry results. Flow cytometry analysis indicated differences in the nuclear DNA content among and within species whilst the DNA ploidy level only differed among species. Cyclopia genistoides had a higher DNA ploidy level (≥ 10C) and DNA content (10.63 pg) than C. longifolia (6.09 pg) and C. subternata (5.99 pg), with no differences observed between the ploidy level of the latter two species (6C). The inferred ploidy level from nuclear DNA content by flow cytometry was consistent in all 30 genotypes of C. longifolia, and 24 of the 25 C. subternata and in only four of the 15 C. genistoides studied genotypes. These findings are important in breeding new cultivars with desired horticultural traits, thus improving the commercial characteristics for the sustainable production of honeybush.
M. Motsa, C. Bester, M. Slabbert, M. Ngwenya, and M. Booyse, “Natural Fecundity and Germination Characteristics of Selected Cyclopia (Honeybush) Species: Preliminary Findings,” Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 9, no. 6, p. p154, May 2017.
doi: 10.5539/jas.v9n6p154.
Cyclopia Vent. (honeybush) is a South African herbal tea legume endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. At present, knowledge of reproductive fitness (fecundity) between cultivated and undomesticated Cyclopia species is scant. Cultivated genotypes of C. genistoides (L.) R.Br. and C. subternata Vogel were evaluated for their potential to produce fruit and seeds in different localities spanning two years. Fecundity and germination were also determined from natural environment of each species and compared to cultivated species in order to determine the variation between species and between cultivated and non-cultivated species. Seeds collected were weighed to determined seed mass and evaluated for germination rate and cumulative germination per individual site. A fifth of flowers developing into a pod, averaged more initiated and filled seeds per pod in C. subternata than C. genistoides. Germination percentage was directly proportional to rate of germination in both species. Cyclopia subternata had a higher fecundity and germination than C. genistoides in both cultivated and natural environments. The study results assist in the further improvement of the genus through breeding new cultivars for seed with desired qualities for improving commercial characteristics; planning of seed orchards for seed production, selecting of best sites, assisting in choosing progenies for seed production and rehabilitation of degraded sites for the sustainable production of honeybush.
M. M. Motsa, M. M. Slabbert, C. Bester, and M. Z. Ngwenya, “Phenology of Honeybush (Cyclopia Genistoides and C. Subternata) Genotypes,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 57–67, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.03.005.
No information is available on the phenological phases between and within genotypes of Cyclopia (honeybush). This information is important to understand the timing of plant development and growth, species co-existence, and growth dynamics of the genus. The study spanning 2years determined the monthly genotypic variation, the time of the start of a growth phase, and duration of budding, flowering, fruiting, and seed dispersal in C. subternata and C. genistoides. The results indicated differences in phenology between and within species and that initiation period among individuals of a phenological phase is inversely proportional to that duration of that phenophase. Budding, flowering, fruiting, and seed dispersal peaked in the months of July, September, October, and December, respectively. Compared to C. genistoides, C. subternata genotypes had a shorter time (days) from start of observation to start of flowering (25.9 versus 51.2), fruiting (46.1 versus 61.5), and seed dispersal (96.3 versus 110.0). However, the duration (days) of flowering (13.2 versus 24.3), fruiting (45.6 versus 52.2), and seed dispersal (4.3 versus 8.9) was shorter in C. genistoides. Using observational qualitative analysis, phenology of these Cyclopia species was categorised into three groups; early, intermediate, and late. The findings serve as a platform for investigating factors affecting the reproductive phases, morphology, and physiology in these and other Cyclopia species. It will assist farmers and researches to time crop requirements and management practices, thus having practical implications in the cultivation of the species.
M. M. Motsa, M. M. Slabbert, C. Bester, L. Mokwena, and M. Taylor, “Volatile Organic Compounds from Germinating Seeds of Cyclopia Species as Affected by Temperature,” Seed Science and Technology, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 43–55, Apr. 2017.
doi: 10.15258/sst.2017.45.1.22.
Metabolic changes in seeds during imbibition and germination liberate quantities of gaseous and volatile metabolites known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), related to the amount of organic substances present in the seeds. VOCs act by either inducing or inhibiting seed dormancy as a result of abiotic factors such as temperature (thermodormancy) that affect seed organic substances. Cyclopia (honeybush) species have great economic value but present horticultural problems; a lack of detailed information on seed physiology and germination characteristics hampers production and cultivation. This study determined VOCs from germinating C. genistoides and C. subternata seeds at different temperatures using headspace solid-phase-micro extraction (HS-SPME) and liquid adsorption followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). VOC emissions from Cyclopia seeds were temperature-, extraction method- and species-dependent, and varied quantitatively and qualitatively with these variables. There were more VOCs separated by GC-MS in C. subternata (15) than C. genistoides (13), possibly due to a higher metabolic rate of seed storage reserves.
Microbial inoculants (MI), a biofertilizer, composed of many different beneficial microorganisms in a solution; was applied to test its efficacy on seed germination and seedling growth of Acacia mangium in the nursery conditions. The seeds were sown in polybags filled with a mixture of forest soil and cow dung (3:1) and treated with 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 10% concentrations of MI. Proper control was maintained without MI inoculation. Most of the parameters studied (seed germination, shoot and root lengths, dry weights of shoot and root, collar diameter, phyllode number etc) were found maximum in 2% of MI. Although the highest vigor index, volume index and sturdiness (6308, 2425 and 70.1, respectively) were recorded in 2% of MI, the highest quality index (0.74) was recorded in 5% of MI. The nodule number was highest at a very low (0.5%) concentration of MI, but it normally decreased with the increase of concentrations. Total pigment content in phyllode was recorded highest (99.22 mg.L) in 2% of MI. Therefore, MI influences seed germination and seedling growth of A. mangium and the low concentration (2%) of the inoculant can be recommended for getting maximum seed germination and seedling growth of the species in the nursery conditions.
J. P. Muir and W. D. Pitman, “ESTABLISHING BUNDLEFLOWERS IN BERMUDA AND SWITCHGRASS.”
J. P. Muir and W. D. Pitman, “Establishment of Desmanthus Species in Existing Grass Stands,” Native Plants Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 5–13, Mar. 2004.
doi: 10.2979/NPJ.2004.5.1.5.
Seedling emergence of ‘Sabine’ Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis [Michx.] MacM. [Fabaceae]), velvet bundleflower (D. velutinus Scheele), and 2 accessions of rayado bundleflower (D. virgatus [L.] Willd.; synonym = D. bicornutus S. Watson) planted into tilled or defoliated strips in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) was generally low but greater in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Differences in years and sites reflected precipitation differences. Although the rayado bundleflowers had greater initial establishment, Illinois bundleflower was more winter-hardy and had greater second-year yields in both grass species following establishment seasons with adequate precipitation. Potential for interseeding Desmanthus at latitudes approaching or exceeding 31 °N appears greater for Illinois bundleflower.
N. Mulaudzi, S. Combrinck, I. Vermaak, E. Joubert, and A. Viljoen, “High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Fingerprinting of Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) and Honeybush (Cyclopia Genistoides, Cyclopia Intermedia and Cyclopia Subternata) Teas,” Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 30, p. 100378, Sep. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2022.100378.
High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) has been widely implemented for the rapid chemical fingerprinting of medicinal plant extracts for identification and authentication purposes. Despite herbal teas of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) being important local and export products of South Africa, characteristic and well-defined HPTLC chemical profiles for the species that could assist in identification and authentication, have not been established and reported. ‘Fermentation’, an oxidation processing step for flavour and colour development, is known to alter the chemical composition of these plant materials, with consequences for their therapeutic properties. In this study, HPTLC fingerprints were established that characterise these herbal teas in terms of phenolic constituents linked to their health benefits. Selected flavonoids present in rooibos were clearly distinguished from the extract matrix, and the marked depletion of aspalathin in the fermented samples was demonstrated. The analytical method developed for honeybush achieved partial separation of the major xanthone constituents, mangiferin and isomangiferin. Lower relative concentrations of the regio-isomers were evident in the fermented samples of C. genistoides compared to their unfermented counterparts. The chemical profile of fermented C. subternata was markedly different to those of C. genistoides and C. intermedia in that mangiferin/isomangiferin was detected in only one of the five samples of C. subternata. Cost-effective HPTLC methods are herein described that can be used for the rapid analysis of multiple samples in industrial environments, as a tool for quality control, in particular for the identification of these herbal teas of South African origin.
M. L. Muofhe and F. D. Dakora, “Modification of Rhizosphere pH by the Symbiotic Legume Aspalathus Linearis Growing in a Sandy Acidic Soil,” Functional Plant Biology, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 1169–1173, 2000.
doi: 10.1071/pp99198.
Aspalathus linearis is a N2-fixing legume used for tea production, and grows in highly acidic soils (pH 3–5.3) of the Cederberg mountains in South Africa. Field and glasshouse studies revealed significantly higher pH in rhizosphere than non-rhizosphere soils. However, when six non-legume species were studied in adjacent fields, there were no differences in pH between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The culture of A. linearis plants in sterile Leonard jars similarly showed a marked increase of 2.8 pH units in the nutrient solution bathing the roots of inoculated (nodulated) plants, compared to 1.5 pH units in uninoculated control. The uptake and reduction of NO3– by plants fed 2 mM NO3– also raised the rhizosphere pH by 3.5 units, a value comparable to that of the nodulated plants. The use of titrimetric methods showed that OH– and HCO3– were the components of alkalinity in the nutrient solution bathing roots of A. linearis, and were directly responsible for the increase in rhizosphere pH. These findings suggest that the ability to raise rhizosphere pH is an adaptative feature of this legume symbiosis that overcomes the adverse effects of low pH in enhancing nutrient acquisition and reducing trace element toxicity.
M. Muofhe and F. Dakora, “Nitrogen Nutrition in Nodulated Field Plants of the Shrub Tea Legume Aspalathus Linearis Assessed Using 15N Natural Abundance,” Plant and Soil, vol. 209, pp. 181–186, Feb. 1999.
doi: 10.1023/A:1004514303787.
Provision of N, P, and Ca to field plants of A. linearis markedly (P<0.05) increased growth and N nutrition in a very acidic nutrient-poor soil. Application of P and Ca promoted a significant increase in %N derived from fixation and amounts of N fixed compared to those receiving no nutrients. N2 fixation measured under field conditions ranged from 3.8 g N plant-1 in unfertilized control to 7.1 g N plant-1 in fertilized plants. Overall, about 85% increase in N2 fixation was observed with P supply. The high N2-fixing activity in P-treated plants was confirmed by their lower (more negative) ∂15N values. Age of plants also influenced growth and symbiotic activity as the ∂15N values, %N derived from fixation, and N fixed were lower in 1- and 2-year-old plants compared to 3-year-old. The contribution of symbiotic fixation in unfertilized A. linearis to the N economy of the ecosystem ranged from 105 kg N ha-1 in 1-year-old plants to 128 kg N ha-1 in 3-year-old plants, clearly indicating the remarkable adaptation of this symbiosis to the very nutrient-poor, low pH conditions of Cedarberg soils.
M. L. Muofhe and F. D. Dakora, “Symbiotic Response of the African Tea Legume Aspalathus Linearis (Rooibos Tea) to Nutrient Supply under Glasshouse Conditions,” Symbiosis, vol. 27, pp. 279–292, 1999.
Aspalathus linearis, a nodulating tea legume adapted to low pH conditions, showed significant (P<0.05) increase in plant growth and symbiotic performance with N and P supply. Parameters of nodule function, including percentage N derived from atmospheric N2 (%Ndfa), total N, and amounts of N fixed, were significantly (P<0.05) higher in P-fed compared to N- or Ca-treated plants, a finding consistent with the olSN values obtained. Plants receiving 1 mM P for six months fixed up to 200 mg N plant-I in an acidic Clanwilliam soil compared to 50 mg N plant-1 for 0 mM P control. This suggests P limitation of plant growth and tea production under field conditions. Supplying mineral N promoted plant growth, an indication of the inability of symbiotic fixation to meet the N requirements of the tea plant. However, prolonged exposure to 1.5 mM NH4N03 depressed nodulation and nodule functioning. Also, the application of 0.5-1.5 mM Ca to the legume did not promote growth or N2 fixation in the low pH Clanwilliam soil, as indicated by the relatively higher olSN values of Ca-fed plants. In sand culture, the legume fixed 250 mg N plant-1 when provided with 1 mM P, and increased (P<0.05) growth and nodulation when provided with B.
S. Murakami et al., “Cyclopia Extracts Enhance Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-Type T Cell Responses and Induce Foxp3+ Cells in Murine Cell Culture,” Planta Medica, vol. 84, no. 5, pp. 311–319, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.1055/s-0043-121270.
Cyclopia genistoides, one of the traditional South African medicinal plants, and other species of the same genus offer noteworthy phenolic profiles, in particular high levels of the anti-allergic xanthone mangiferin. Hot water and 40% ethanol-water (v/v) extracts, prepared from C. genistoides, Cyclopia subternata, and Cyclopia maculata, were tested for immune-regulating activity in vitro using murine splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells. The 40% ethanol-water extracts of C. genistoides and C. subternata significantly enhanced production of several types of cytokines, including IL-4, IL-17, and IFN-γ, by antigen-stimulated splenocytes. A concentration-dependent response was observed, noticeably for IFN-γ production. The activity of the extracts did not correlate with the content of any of the major phenolic compounds, indicative that other extract constituents also play a role in immunomodulation. Additionally, the increased ratio of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells to total CD4+ cells indicated induction of Foxp3+ cells when mesenteric lymph node cells were cultured in the presence of these two extracts. This study is the first reporting immunostimulatory activity for Cyclopia, which are widely consumed as the herbal tea known as honeybush, underpinning further investigations into the potential use of its extracts as adjuvants for mucosal immunotherapy.
D. J. Murphy, G. K. Brown, J. T. Miller, and P. Y. Ladiges, “Molecular Phylogeny of Acacia Mill. (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae): Evidence for Major Clades and Informal Classification,” TAXON, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 7–19, 2010.
doi: 10.1002/tax.591002.
Sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal (ITS) and external (ETS) transcribed spacers were used to generate a phylogeny of Acacia Mill. s.str. (synonyms: Acacia subg. Phyllodineae (DC.) Seringe; Racosperma Mart.). This study included 109 exemplar taxa from all seven sections recognised in previous classifications, and represents the largest sampling of diversity for molecular phylogenetics of Acacia s.str. undertaken so far. Four main clades were identified from the combined dataset of ITS and ETS using parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Two of these clades consist mostly of uninerved phyllodinous taxa assigned to sect. Phyllodineae. One clade includes taxa related to A. victoriae and A. pyrifolia, and the second comprises taxa in the A. murrayana species group. These taxa occur predominantly in semi-arid and arid regions. Relationships also resolve the previously identified Pulchelloidea clade, which includes members of sects. Pulchellae, Alatae, Phyllodineae and Lycopodiifoliae. A large clade with limited phylogenetic resolution was also identified (the ’p.u.b. clade’). This is an assemblage of plurinerved and uninerved phyllodinous taxa and also bi-pinnate taxa from sect. Botrycephalae. Clades are discussed with reference to morphological characters, and while some morphological states are correlated with clades, including seedling ontogeny, inflorescence and phyllode nerves, clear synapomorphies remain to be identified. Traditional classifications of Acacia s.str. are artificial and a preliminary informal classification based on phylogenetic relationships within Acacia s.str. is proposed.
Y. Musa, R. Sjahril, M. Nadir, P. I. Khaerani, and A. I. Sakinah, “Early Growth of Post-Gamma Irradiated Indigofera Zollingeriana,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 807, no. 3, p. 032026, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/807/3/032026.
This study aims to identify the effectiveness of gamma-ray irradiation to improve Indigofera seed viability. The study employed Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 5 irradiation dosage (treatment) and 4 replication. The treatment consisted of Irradiation Dosage (A) 0Gy 50Gy; 100Gy;150Gy 200Gy The observed parameter encompassed the germination percentage, mortality percentage, plumule and radicle length, and germination index. The results of ANOVA indicated that gamma-ray irradiated Indigofera seedling had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the parameters of plumule length, germination percentage, and mortality percentage. The significant effect was identified at the dosage range of 0-50 Gy. No significant difference was found at the dosage of 100-200 Gy.
D. D. Musa, K. A. Bashir, and K. Y. Hassan, “Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Leaves Extract of Senna Occidentalis (l.),” FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 59–65, 2018.https://fjs.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/fjs/article/view/1260.
Studies were carried out to determine the phytochemicals and the antibacterial activity of Senna occidentals, it is a shrub that grows between 5 to 8cm in height, it is an important member of the plant family Fabaceae and the subfamily Caesalpiniaceae and commonly found in the tropics. S. occidentalis leaves were collected in September, 2017 at flowering stage, the sample was air-dry at room temperature, the dried leaves were powdered and stored in an air-tight container for further use. The ethanolic, petroleum Ether and aqueous extracts were made by transferring 50g of the powder into 150ml of the solvents respectively and allowed to soak for four days; it was filtered using a filter paper. The results obtained from the research reveals that S.occidentalis contains certain phytochemicals such as anthraquinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and Tannins which are responsible for the antibacterial activity of the plant; suggesting its potential use in the production of a new brand of antibiotic
T. G. Mushore, C. A. Coombes, and M. Hill, “Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Cultivated Honeybush, Cyclopia Spp., in South Africa and Their Pathogenicity towards a Leafhopper Pest, Molopopterus Sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae),” African Entomology, vol. 31, pp. 1–7, 2023.
doi: 10.17159/2254-8854/2023/a14183.
V. Muthukumar et al., “Non-Cultivated Plants of the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve of Northeastern Oklahoma Frequently Contain Virus-like Sequences in Particulate Fractions,” Virus Research, vol. 141, no. 2, pp. 169–173, May 2009.
doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.06.016.
The diversity of viruses associated with non-cultivated plants was assessed from plant samples collected in the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve of northeastern Oklahoma, USA. The samples were processed to determine the sequences of nucleic acids extracted from the virus-like particle fraction of plant homogenates. Sequences from 95 specimens of 52 plant species included those of probable origin from the genomes of plants (including retroelements), bacteria, fungi, other organisms, and viruses. Virus-like sequences were identified in sequences from 25% of the specimens, coming from 19% of the plant species. Evidence of a member of the genus Tymovirus was found in 16 specimens of 6 plant species, making it the most predominant virus associated with the sampled plants. There was evidence of the presence of more than one virus in each of six specimens.
M. Nadir, I. Ansyar, P. I. Khaerani, and Syamsuddin, “Effect of Various Polyethylene Glycol Concentrations on the Growth of Seedlings of Indigofera Zollingeriana,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 343, no. 1, p. 012040, Oct. 2019.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012040.
The use of dry land for the cultivation of Indigofera zollingeriana is an effort to develop forages in the dry season, especially on the land lacked of water. The study was aimed to determine the effect of various concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 stress on I. zollingeriana seeds by evaluation of drought tolerance test from germination to nursery phase. The study was compiled based on a randomized block design (RBD) with five treatments and three groups. The treatment groups were as follow: P1=water without PEG (control), P2= water+5% PEG (10 g/liter of water), P3=water+10% PEG (20 g/liter of water), P4=water+15% PEG (30 g/liter of water), and P5=water+20% PEG (40 g/liter of water). The parameters observed in this study were the root length, growth percentage, and leaf area index. Results showed that the seeds of I. zollingeriana were able to adapt to drought at the PEG concentration of 20%, despite the salt stress which affected the plant growth.
M. Nadir, M. J. Anugrah, and P. I. Khaerani, “Salt Salinity Tolerance on Nursery of Indigofera Zollingeriana,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 156, p. 012027, May 2018.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/156/1/012027.
Indigofera zollingeriana., is a legume plant that has a high protein content and is very potential to develop as one of the forage crops. This study was conducted to determine the tolerance level of Indigofera zollingeriana, concerning to the level of NaCl concentration in cultivation seedlings as an effort to develop these forages on a marginal land, especially on saline land, so that the potential of saline land can be utilized properly. This study used a randomized block design with 3 groups and 5 replications, maintained and observed intensively for 30 days. The first treatment (P1) was grown on soil and compost media (1:1) and given a water without NaCl concentration. The second treatment (P2) was grown on soil, sand and compost media (1:1:1) and given a water with a concentration NaCl of 50 mM/2.925 g/l, and the third treatment (P3) was grown on soil, sand and compost media (1:1:1) and given a water with a concentration NaCl 100 mM/5.85 g/l. The results showed that Indigofera zollingeriana growth and develop on medium on the salinity of 9.9 indicated that the plant’s tolerance high salinity levels despite the effect of salt stress affecting growth plant.
M. Naeem and M. M. A. Khan, “Phosphorus Ameliorates Crop Productivity, Photosynthesis, Nitrate Reductase Activity and Nutrient Accumulation in Coffee Senna (Senna Occidentalis L.) under Phosphorus-Deficient Soil,” Journal of Plant Interactions, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 145–153, Jun. 2009.
doi: 10.1080/17429140802193178.
Coffee senna (Senna occidentalis L.) plants were subjected to five phosphorus levels: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg P per kg soil (P0, P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively). A pot culture experiment was conducted in a net house, AMU, Aligarh, India, under phosphorus-deficient soil. The present data indicates that soil-applied phosphorus significantly ameliorates most of the attributes studied. Out of five phosphorus levels, 75 mg P per kg soil (P3) proved best and enhanced fresh and dry weights, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content, nitrate reductase activity and leaf-NPK and Ca content, analyzed at 120, 270 and 300 days after sowing (DAS). The number of pods, seed-yield per plant and seed-protein content (330 DAS) were significantly enhanced by the P3 level, except the number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and total anthraquinone glycosides content, respectively. Transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate were also enhanced by this treatment.
D. S. Nair and B. R. Reghunath, “Cryoconservation and Regeneration of Axillary Shoot Meristems of Indigofera Tinctoria (L.) by Encapsulation–Dehydration Technique,” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 45, no. 5, p. 565, Sep. 2009.
doi: 10.1007/s11627-009-9244-4.
In vitro axillary shoot proliferation was achieved from single-node explants of Indigofera tinctoria on a well-defined medium, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l−1N6-benzyl adenine (BA) and 0.1 mg l−1 indole-3-acetic acid. Axillary shoot meristems from cultures derived from up to three subcultures were used in the encapsulation–dehydration technique. Preconditioned, calcium alginate-encapsulated, and precultured axillary shoot meristems were subjected to different lengths of desiccation in a laminar flow cabinet. Maximum survival and regeneration rates of 56.7% and 62.2%, respectively, were obtained in half-strength (half the macro- and micronutrients and full-strength vitamins) MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l−1 gibberellic acid and 0.2 mg l−1 BA after 4 h of desiccation, during which the moisture content was reduced to 16.0%. According to the analysis of six random amplified polymorphic DNA markers, plantlets derived from cultures initiated with cryopreserved plant material were genetically identical to those derived from nonfrozen (control) tissues.
R. Nanjian, S. Chandrasekaran, D. Samidurai, A. Swaminathan, L. Balan, and P. Natarajan, “Micropropagation, Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Potential of Indigofera Aspalathoides Vahl. Ex. DC.,” Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 95, 2015.
doi: 10.5958/0975-6892.2015.00014.3.
Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl. ex. DC., which belongs to the family Fabaceae, is popularly known as “Wiry Indigo”. In the present study, effective tissue culture protocol of I. aspalathoides was performed by callus induction from different explants such as node and root. MS medium supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators was used. Interestingly, maximum callus induction from root (92%) and nodal explants (89%) was observed in MS medium amended with NAA (0.5 mg/L). Maximum shooting and rooting (95%) from nodal explants were observed on IBA (1.0 mg/L) + BAP (1.5 mg/L). MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg/L) showed maximum (91%) of multiple shoots from organogenic calli. Qualitative phytochemical analysis on methanolic extracts of both wild plant and calli indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, fixed oils, saponins, proteins and amino acids, phytosterols and phenols. The strong DPPH free radical scavenging activity of methanolic extract of callus showed IC50 value of 20.26 μg/mL followed by wild plant 67.23 μg/mL when compared with that of standard ascorbic acid (8.24 μg/mL).
The floristic composition of the site is described so as to provide a theoretical basis to assist future local management interventions and indicates that the local community has low species diversity. This study was conducted at the campus of the Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais state, in an area of 7.56 ha which in earlier times was planted with Anadenanthera peregrina . It aimed to describe the floristic composition of the site so as to provide a theoretical basis to assist future local management interventions. A total of 81 plots, each measuring 10x10m, were allocated and arranged in such way as to cover as much apparent variation in the physiognomic gradient of the vegetation as possible. All individuals with DBH (diameter at breast height) > 5.0 cm were recorded. Each individual had their DBH and height recorded. Diversity was assessed using Shannon, Pielou and Jentsen indices and compared to adjacent areas and to other areas with similar history of land use. The sampling procedure recorded 1,180 individuals, distributed among 25 families and 66 species. The family presenting the largest number of recorded species was Fabaceae, with 16 species (24.24%). The genera presenting the greatest floristic richness were Casearia, with four species, Machaerium and Rollinia, each with three species, and Anadenanthera, Tapirira, Cordia, Protium, Inga, Ocotea, Miconia, Cedrela and Myrcia, each with two species. The Shannon diversity index (H ) was 1.47 nats.ind -1 , indicating that the local community has low species diversity.
\relax M. O. H. A. M. E. D. NASSAR, \relax H. A. S. S. A. N. RAMADAN, and \relax H. E. N. D. IBRAHIM, “Anatomical Structures of Vegetative and Reproductive Organs of Senna Occidentalis (Caesalpiniaceae),” Turkish Journal of Botany, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 542–552, Jan. 2013.
doi: 10.3906/bot-1111-26.
M. A. A. Nassar, H. R. H. Ramadan, and H. M. S. Ibrahim, “Morphological Characteristics of Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Senna Occidentalis (L.) Link (Caesalpiniaceae),” 2011.
In this study, morphological information is produced as evidence for proper delimitation of Senna occidentalis (L.) Link taxonomy. The field work was carried out during the growing season of 2008 in order to follow up the morphology of vegetative and reproductive growth of studied species throughout the successive stages of its entire life span. Germination of seeds and yield components at harvest time were also taken in consideration. Such knowledge may fulfill information acquisition in this concern. The morphology of vegetative growth includes: plant height, length and diameter of the main stem, number of internodes of the main stem, number of primary branches developed on the main stem, lengths of primary branches at maturity, fresh weight of leafless shoot per plant, total number of leaves per plant, total leaf area per plant and fresh weight of leaves per plant. Moreover, keen observations and descriptive morphology of the root and the shoot were under consideration. The morphology of reproductive growth includes: flower bud differentiation, full blooming, fruit set and maturity. In addition, the yield characters at harvest time were investigated; i.e., number of matured dry pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, yield of matured dry seeds per plant and specific weight of seeds.
R. Naz, M. Anis, and A. A. Alatar, “ISSR Marker-Based Detection of Genomic Stability in Cassia Occidentalis L. Plantlets Derived from Somatic Embryogenesis,” Engineering in Life Sciences, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 17–24, 2016.
doi: 10.1002/elsc.201500050.
An efficient in vitro technology has been designed for mass multiplication of Cassia occidentalis (coffee senna) through somatic embryogenesis. Genetic stability of both regenerants and mother plant was evaluated. Embryogenic calli were produced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 20.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). Induction of somatic embryos occurred after transfer of calli to medium with reduced concentration of 2,4-D (10.0 μM) fortified with 1.0 μM abscisic acid (ABA). Subculturing of these embryos onto the maturation medium (1.5 μM 6-benzyladenine + 1.0 μM ABA + 0.3 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid) favored progression of the embryos through torpedo, heart-shaped, and cotyledonary stages; one-half MS medium was considered the best for conversion of cotyledonary stage embryos to young plantlets. The plantlets were acclimatized to autoclaved soil rite, after which they were transferred to the green house. Among the survived plantlets, 10 plants for each primer were randomly selected for inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. Of the 10 primers tested, 5 produced reproducible and monomorphic bands, 2 led to minor variation with the appearance of unique bands, and the remaining 3 did not show any banding pattern. The majority of the regenerants had similar characteristics to the donor plant, suggesting genetic homogeneity of in vitro raised plants.
R. Naz, M. Anis, and H. A. El Atta, “Micropropagation of Cassia Occidentalis L. and the Effect of Irradiance on Photosynthetic Pigments and Antioxidative Enzymes,” Biologia Plantarum, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 1–10, Jan. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s10535-014-0482-x.
The objective of the current study was to develop an efficient and reproducible protocol for plant regeneration using nodal (1.0–1.5 cm) explants excised from a field grown mature plant of Cassia occidentalis L. The highest shoot regeneration frequency (80 %) with a maximum number of shoots (11.66) and shoot length (3.83 cm) after eight weeks of culture were observed on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium amended with 5.0 μM 6-benzyladenine, 100 μM citric acid, and 1.0 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid. A half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.5 μM indole-3-butyric acid proved best for the induction of maximum roots (8.33) per shoot. Plantlets with well-developed shoots and roots were successfully acclimatized in plastic pots containing sterile Soilrite under two irradiances of 50 and 300 μmol m−2 s−1 (LI and HI, respectively) in a culture room, and after transfer to the field, the survival rate was 70 %. A significant increase in chlorophyll, carotenoid, and malondialdehyde content was found during acclimatization under both the irradiances but higher under HI. Similarly, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase increased more under HI. Plantlets acclimatized under HI exhibited a better growth than those under LI.
S. Ndwandwe, R. Juba, and M. Sephton, “Cultivation of Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) in Neo-Colonial and Multispecies Landscapes of South Africa,” Anthropology Southern Africa, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 197–215, Aug. 2024.
doi: 10.1080/23323256.2024.2333356.
The indigenous wild plants of Southern Africa are intertwined with human cultures, histories and livelihoods. By focusing on commercial cultivation of a wild plant, honeybush (Cyclopia spp.), an indigenous plant that is endemic to parts of South Africa, we discuss changing colonial relations of domination and alienation affecting its use by local communities. We draw from an interdisciplinary study of honeybush conducted in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa, which included archival research, life history interviews, participant observation and a review of honeybush cultivation science. Anna Tsing’s notion of non-scalability and a multispecies critique of plant domestication guides our analysis of the changing relations and approaches to honeybush use. We show the impact these changes exert on human and human-non-human relations. We conclude that the persistence of scalable projects in the commercial use of honeybush sustains and reconfigures relations that strengthen the alienation of (certain) humans from nature. Our interdisciplinary research highlights how historical violence continues to be subsumed in plant domestication and commercialisation.
Indian indigo (Indigofera tinctoria) is a dye yielding plant with medicinal properties. The seeds of the plant are very small and possess a hard seed coat. Different kinds of scarification treatments i.e. thermal, mechanical and chemical were carried out to break the dormancy of the seeds. Best result was obtained when the seeds were subjected to chemical scarification. About 76% of the seeds germinated when they were given a pre-sown treatment of quick dip in 100% concentrated sulfuric acid.
C. F. Nepomuceno, A. P. de S. Rios, S. R. de O. D. Queiroz, C. R. Pelacani, and J. R. F. de Santana, “Controle da abscisão foliar e morfogênese in vitro em culturas de Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb) Altschul,” Revista Árvore, vol. 31, pp. 967–975, Oct. 2007.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-67622007000500021.
O trabalho teve por objetivos controlar a abscisão foliar de plântulas de angico utilizando AgNO3 e CoCl2 e avaliar o efeito do paclobutrazol sobre o comportamento in vitro das plântulas. As sementes foram desinfestadas e inoculadas em placas de Petri contendo papel germtest, previamente esterilizado e umedecido com água estéril. As placas ficaram no escuro por dois dias até que ocorresse a germinação das sementes e, em seguida, foram transferidas para tubo de ensaio contendo meio WPM. Todo esse material foi mantido em sala de crescimento com temperatura de 25 ± 2 ºC. No primeiro experimento, o meio de cultura foi suplementado com dois tipos de inibidores de etileno (AgNO3 e CoCl2) em diferentes concentrações (0,0; 5,0; 10,0; 20,0; e 40,0 µM). No segundo, o meio foi suplementado com diferentes concentrações (1,7; 3,4; 6,8; e 13,6 µM) de paclobutrazol. Verificou-se que houve aumento no número de folhas e redução na abscisão foliar com a utilização de 10 e 20 µM (respectivamente), independentemente do inibidor de etileno utilizado. Tanto o AgNO3 quanto o CoCl2 contribuíram com acréscimos no número de gemas e no número de brotações. O aumento na concentração de paclobutrazol reduziu o crescimento das plântulas, obtendo-se menores médias das seguintes variáveis: comprimento da parte aérea, número de folhas, número de folhas senescentes e matéria seca da parte aérea na maior concentração (13,6 µM) de paclobutrazol. Esse inibidor de crescimento teve efeito também no sistema radicular, reduzindo o comprimento da raiz e o número de raízes secundárias, no entanto promoveu o engrossamento das raízes.
F. C. Nery, R. Paiva, A. C. A. L. Campos, G. F. Nogueira, V. C. Stein, and A. A. Alvarenga, “Cryopreservation of Anadenanthera Colubrine (Vell.) Brenan Embryonic Axes,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 908, pp. 227–231, Sep. 2011.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.908.28.
The ex situ preservation and rational use of Anadenanthera colubrine demand conclusive information related to seed storage. This study aimed determines a protocol for cryopreserving embryonic axes of A. colubrine seeds. Embryonic axes were treated with three concentrations (5, 10, and 15%) of DMSO and glycerol and maintained in liquid nitrogen (-196°C), ultra freezer (-80°C) and freezer (-20°C) for 15, 30, and 150 days. Moisture content of the embryonic axes was determined before and after each storage period. Embryonic axes immersed in chemical cryoprotectants and maintained at -196, -80, and -20°C, absorbed the solutions and had moisture contents higher than 65%. Under these conditions, no germination was observed. Embryonic axes that were stored in the absence of cryoprotectants presented viability around 100%, independently of the cryostorage period.
A espécie Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell). Brenan, angico-vermelho, é uma Mimosaceae, de porte arbóreo, utilizada na arborização de pastos, madeira, carvão e em curtumes, devido ao alto teor de tanino de sua casca. Os estudos de germinação e as técnicas de propagação de sementes de espécie nativas florestais assumem papel relevante nas pesquisas científicas, objetivando a preservação e a utilização das plantas potencialmente econômicas e de interesse diversificado. As técnicas de criopreservação têm sido utilizadas na conservação a longo prazo de sementes dessas espécies em bancos de germoplasma. Objetivou-se estudar os aspectos morfoanatômicos e fisiológicos da germinação de sementes, cultivo in vitro e tolerância ao congelamento de eixos embrionários de A. colubrina. Concluiu-se que a anatomia seminal de A. colubrina é típica das leguminosas, especialmente considerando-se a subfamília Mimosoideae. O número de sementes por fruto é, em média, de 10 e o peso de mil sementes de 118 g. A composição química das sementes se caracteriza pela presença de elevados teores de proteína, seguidos de extrato etéreo e baixo conteúdo de amido. As sementes não apresentam dormência tegumentar e a maior porcentagem de germinação ocorre a 30oC, 15°C-25oC e 20°C-30oC, sendo as sementes indiferentes à luz. Os substratos areia e Plantmax® são eficientes na avaliação do desenvolvimento de plântulas. O uso de paraformaldeído por 120 minutos é eficiente na desinfestação de eixos embrionários. Todos os meios de cultura testados são eficientes para a germinação in vitro de eixos embrionários e a formação de plântulas normais. No entanto, é observada baixa taxa de sobrevivência ex vitro. O uso de BAP promove resposta eficiente na indução de brotações em segmentos nodais. O AIB e a caseína hidrolisada, nas concentrações testadas, não induzem a rizogênese em brotações. Na ausência de 2,4-D, a calogênese é ausente, comprovando a necessidade da adição do mesmo no meio de cultura. Segmentos caulinares, foliares e embrionários são explantes ideiais para a indução de calogênese. Os eixos embrionários de A. colubrina apresentam comportamento ortodoxo quanto à tolerância ao congelamento, podendo ser conservados em temperaturas inferiores a zero, por longos períodos.
F. C. Nery, M. C. Nery, D. de O. Prudente, A. A. de Alvarenga, and R. Paiva, “Morphological and Physiological Germination Aspects of Anadenanthera Colubrina (Vell.) Brenan,” Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 593–600, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.15835/nbha46211094.
Anadenanthera colubrina is a species native to Brazil, from the Fabaceae family and has potential for use in the timber industry, in the reforestation of degraded areas, besides having medicinal properties. Its propagation is mainly by seeds, but basic subsidies regarding the requirements for optimal germination conditions are still lacking. Aiming to contribute to the expansion of its cultivation, rational use and conservation, the objective of this study was to investigate the morphology and anatomy of fruits and seeds, as well as the responses to factors as thermal regimes and substrates in seed germination. The 1000-seed weight and seeds per fruit were determined. To characterize the seed tissues, histochemical test with Sudan III and Lugol was used. The temperatures analyzed in the germination test were 15-25 °C; 25 °C; 20-30 °C and 30 °C. Different substrates for germination (paper rolls, paper sheet such as “germitest”, commercial substrate and sand) were also analyzed in the presence of light at 30 °C. The average number of seeds per fruit is 10 and the 1000-seed weight is 118 g. Germination is fast and high over a wide temperature range; however, the temperature of 25 °C contributes to a substantial increase in the percentage of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds, both in the absence and presence of light. A. colubrina seeds are indifferent to light and the highest vigor was verified at 30 °C. Sand and commercial substrates are efficient in initial seedling development.
A. S. Neto et al., “Sowing Depth and Soil Texture in Seedling Emergence of Senna Occidentalis,” HOLOS, vol. 8, pp. 1–13, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.15628/holos.2021.10428.
Senna occidentalis, popularly known as ‘fedegoso’ in Brazil and South American regions, is a very problematic weed species in pasture areas as well as in annual and perennial crops. Management strategies of this species range from the use of crates to the practice of cultural management with straw and the use of herbicides. Knowledge of the ability of this species to emerge from great depths is important for the adoption of preventive management strategies. The research aimed to verify how deep this species emerges in Amazonian soil. It was found that even at 10.0 cm depth the seedlings could emerge and form with the same height as those kept near the soil surface. For the species, the best depths were between 2.0 and 6.0 cm, indicating that these conditions favor its development.
N. K. Ngombe et al., “Cellular Antioxidant Activity and Peroxidase Inhibition of Infusions from Different Aerial Parts of Cassia Occidentalis,” Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 83–94, Mar. 2019.
doi: 10.4236/jbm.2019.74009.
Cassia occidentalis L. is widely used in the world in traditional medicine and especially in some African countries for the treatment of various diseases. The aim of this study was to report the microscopic features, the chromatographic fingerprints and the cellular antioxidant activity and the peroxidase inhibition of infusions from different parts of this plant. Microscopically, leaf can be characterized by cells of the spongy mesophyll and parenchyma numerous cluster crystals of calcium oxalate, paracytic stomata, isolated calcium oxalate cluster crystals, covering and glandular trichomes, scalariform vessels, polyedric starch granules, lignified fibers; flowers by abundant covering and glandular trichomes, spirally thickened vessels and associated parenchyma, abundant pollen grains. Seeds were characterized by pluricellular non-glandular trichomes, epidermis of the testa with underlying oil cells, parenchymatous layers of the testa, thicker-walled cells of the endosperm, pollen grain. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, iridoids, tannins and terpenes. TLC fingerprints of different parts were different and characteristic. They showed the presence of glycosylated flavonoids and phenolic acids as main phytochemicals for flowers, leaves and seedpods. ABTS and DPPH assays showed that infusion extracts have the ability to scavenge free radicals connected with their IC50 values ranging from 21.43 ± 1.25 to 566.24 ± 176.7 mg·mL-1. All extracts showed a weaker capacity to scavenge DPPH radical. Aqueous extracts displayed high cellular antioxidant activity at the concentrations range of 1 - 20 μg·mL-1 using LO-12 on monocytes HL 60. Flower and leave extracts showed more efficient effects on extracellular ROS production. Phenolic compounds could be major contributors to antioxidant activity of infusions of Cassia parts. In MPO (Myeloperoxidase) direct technique, all infusion extracts exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on MPO activity in the range concentrations of 1 to 20 μg·mL-1 with the leaves and flowers the most active. Obtained results support the potential therapeutic interest of all aerial parts of Cassia and could justify their use in traditional medicine and local nutraceutical resources.
Cassia occidentalis L., belonging to family Fabaceae, is a medicinal plant used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The present study was designed to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of leaves of Cassia occidentalis L. The specimen were collected from Banmaw Township, Kachin State. The morphological characters of this plant have been studied in detail and identified by the available literatures. The dried leaf powder of Cassia occidentalis L. was subjected to phytochemical analysis in order to find out the presence of phytochemical constituents. It contained many chemical groups included alkaloids, glycoside, reducing sugar, saponin, steroid, terpenoids, carbohydrate, tannin, phenolic compound, flavonoid, starch, protein and amino acid. For antimicrobial activity, the leaf powder of Cassia occidentalis L. was extracted with seven different solvents. The extracts were used to carryout antimicrobial screening in vitro on six different types of microorganisms by agar well diffusion method. It was found that the ethyl acetate extract showed most significant antimicrobial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phytochemical investigations and antimicrobial properties of leaves of Cassia occidentalis L. prove its importance as a valuable medicinal plant.
G. Nicollier and A. C. Thompson, “Flavonoids of Desmanthus Illinoensis,” ACS Publications. American Chemical Society, Jul-2004.
doi: 10.1021/np50025a011.
G. F. NICOLLIER, D. F. POPE, and A. C. THOMPSON, “Phytotoxic Compounds Isolated and Identified from Weeds,” in The Chemistry of Allelopathy, vol. 268, American Chemical Society, 1985, pp. 207–218.
doi: 10.1021/bk-1985-0268.ch014.
Water and methanol extracts of ninety weed and crop species were bioassayed at 3,30 and 300 ppm by weight for their effect on turnip (Brassica rapa L. ’Purple Top’) root growth. Eighteen species were significantly inhibitory and six species were significantly stimulatory to turnip root growth. Several species showing activity were chosen for further chemical and biological investigation. Coumarin, o-coumaric acid and melilotic acid were found to be the major active compounds in white sweet clover (Melilotus alba Desr.). Investigation of related compounds showed that activity was inhanced by increasing the side chain length and by inserting ortho-substituted hydroxyl groups, while blockage of the ortho-hydroxyls decreased activity. Rhizome exudates and pure compounds identified in johnsongrass (Sorghum halapense (L.) Pers.) were active against radish (Raphanus soliocus L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon asculentum Miller) root growth as well as growth of nine bacterial species. Leaf extracts and leachates of Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis (Michaux) MacM.) were active against radish and tomato root growth, bacterial growth and tobacco and tomato root growth, bacterial growth and tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens F.) larval growth. Leaf extract activity varied widely due to the physiological age of the plant.
M. Niemandt, R. Roodt-Wilding, K. R. Tobutt, and C. Bester, “Microsatellite Marker Applications in Cyclopia (Fabaceae) Species,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 116, pp. 52–60, May 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.02.408.
Cyclopia species, from which honeybush tea is made, are endemic to the Fynbos Biome of South Africa. Despite its commercial importance, no molecular resources are available to characterise this genus. The polyploid nature of the genus furthermore complicates the use of molecular markers. The Agricultural Research Council (ARC) maintains a field gene bank for several species. A set of six microsatellite markers was developed from C. subternata. These were used to characterise the accessions, thereby facilitating the management of the gene bank, such as keeping track of clones for seed orchards or commercial release and the avoidance of duplicates. In addition, the genetic diversity of three C. subternata wild populations was investigated and compared to the accessions. The C. subternata accessions were representative of the wild samples, excluding those from the genetically distinct Haarlem population. The microsatellite markers developed in this study can be used in the characterisation of wild populations of other species that could be included in the field gene bank and to detect, for example, gene flow between cultivated material and wild populations of Cyclopia. Further conservation strategies include the monitoring of wild harvesting as well as the inclusion of samples from the Haarlem population into the gene bank for the conservation of this genetically distinct population.
M. R. Nikbakhtzadeh, J. W. Terbot, and W. A. Foster, “Survival Value and Sugar Access of Four East African Plant Species Attractive to a Laboratory Strain of Sympatric Anopheles Gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae),” Journal of Medical Entomology, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1105–1111, Sep. 2016.
doi: 10.1093/jme/tjw067.
O. C. Nkumah, I. F. Chisom, O. U. Clement, and C. O. Maureen, “The Effect of Heat Treatment at Different Time Intervals on the In Vitro Germination of Mimosa Invisa,” vol. 2, no. 3, p. 6, May 2015.
Mimosa invisa (M. dipiotricha) is a small scrambling new tropical shrub that forms impenetrable spiny thickets that invade highly disturbed sites and extremely difficult to control. These plants were uncultivated and its seeds are dormant. This poses an obvious challenge in efforts aimed at its control. Different treatment time intervals have been tested for their efficiency to break the hard seed coat of M. invisa. The viable seeds of M. invisa collected were treated with an oven at temperature range of 55-600C for the time intervals of 10,20,30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes while the control was untreated. After seven days the result shows that the seed dormancy was successfully broken by heating the seeds at temperature range of 550C-600C Significant percentage germination differences observed between the treated and the control (untreated) revealed that the seed heated for 10minutes had total percentage germination of 76%, 20minutes (80%), 30minutes (88%), 40minutes (92%), 50minutes (92), and 60minuter 96% while the control had 4%. This study however, showed that heat had positive influence on the germination of M. invisa. Hence, it is therefore recommended to be applied in breaking the seed dormancy.
“Acacia Species,” in Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2020, pp. 16–23.
doi: 10.1002/9783527825578.c02-02.
Acacia arabica is used in treatment of various diseases including diabetes and skin diseases and is considered as an astringent, demulcent, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, and antimicrobial and antidiarrheal agent, with good nutritional value in traditional medicine of India, and an effective remedy for malaria, sore throat, and toothache. The quercetin 3-galactosyl and flavones are isolated from this plant species and showed antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Acacia ataxacantha showed significant antioxidative property that could be used in pharmaceutical and food preparations. The yield of gum was increased in tissue cultures of Acacia nubeculosus by feeding ferrous, calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen contents, but no significant enhancement was recorded by feeding of phosphorus and manganese contents. In the presence of indole-3-butyric acid, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Murashige and Skoog culture medium, the calli were formed by shoot explants.
“A Comparative Study on Protection of Cyclopia Spp. (Honeybush), Aspalathus Linearis (Rooibos) and Camellia Sinensis Teas against Aflatoxin B1 Induced Mutagenesis in the Salmonella Mutagenicity Assay : Possible Mechanisms Involved.” .https://scholar.sun.ac.za/items/564b3214-3493-45b4-b3ec-2098b38b7f6e.
Germination patterns of four species of Desmodium have been compared by taking into account a host of parameters. With the thickest seed coat, D. gyrans has the highest water uptake after 20-hr soaking. D. gangeticum seed, which has the thinnest coat, absorbs more water than D. cephaloles or D. pulc
Ecological studies of unploughed prairie suggested that an agricultural mimic should contain representatives of warm and cool season perennial grasses, perennial legumes and perennial members of the sunflower family.
“Effects of Seed Osmoconditioning with Polyvinyl Alcohol (Pva) on the Increase of Taiwan Acacia (Acacia Confusa Merr) Seed Vigour,” Journal of South China Agricultural University, vol. 1, pp. 87–92, 1992.
The seeds of Acocia canfusa Merr. were treated with 3% or 5% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aqueous solution. The effect was similar to that of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Germination rate and vigor index, as well as root vigor, respiration rate, cytochrome oxidase activity and ethylene release, preliminarily confirmed that the seed vigor index was closely related to root vigor, respiration rate, cytochrome oxidase activity and ethylene release. There is a clear correlation with the release amount. The results were significantly different according to the significance "t" determination of the correlation coefficient.
“[No Title Found],” in 35th JOHANNESBURG International Conference on “Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering” (ICCBEE-22) Nov. 28-29, 2022 Johannesburg (South Africa), 2022.
“Optimisation of Retention of Mangiferin in Cyclopia Subternata during Preparation for Drying and Storage of Green Honeybush and Development of Nir Spectroscopy Calibration Models for Rapid Quantification of Mangiferin and Xanthone Contents.” .https://scholar.sun.ac.za/items/e3f1b847-26e7-4b59-94f8-e51dd07a8d20.
Prospects for domesticating Illinois bundleflower as a perennial seed crop and the species’ nutritional value, nitrogen fixation capacity, and potential for genetic improvement.
“‘A Social-Ecological Systems Approach to Sustainable Production of Endemic Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) and Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) Species amongst Agrarian Communities in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR).’” .https://scholar.sun.ac.za/items/d59e0fba-57c7-496b-aad6-637c5c699933.
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Prospects for Enhanced Application in Tropical Agriculture. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 2004.
R. S. A. Nóbrega, A. M. de Paula, R. C. Vilas Boas, J. C. A. Nóbrega, and F. M. de S. Moreira, “Morphological Parameters of Sesbania Virgata (CAZ.) Pers and Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Seedlings Cultivated in Substrate Fertilized with Urban Waste Compost,” Revista Árvore, vol. 32, pp. 597–607, Jun. 2008.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-67622008000300020.
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do composto de lixo urbano nos parâmetros morfológicos de mudas de sesbânia e de angico. Os substratos de cultivo tiveram as seguintes proporções de composto e de amostras de subsolo de Neossolo Quartzarênico ou de Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (%): 0:100; 20:80; 40:60; 60:40 e 80:20, sem a utilização de fertilização mineral. As sementes de sesbânia foram inoculadas com a estirpe recomendada BR 5401. Os parâmetros morfológicos das mudas de sesbânia e angico, suas relações e índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD) foram determinados aos 56 e 120 dias após a semeadura, respectivamente para cada espécie. Os efeitos dos substratos nos parâmetros morfológicos das mudas de sesbânia e angico variaram de acordo com as proporções do substrato. Para o angico, a adição do composto proporcionou aumento na altura da parte aérea, razão entre massa seca de parte aérea por massa seca de raiz e IQD. Para sesbânia, a adição do composto de lixo ao substrato proporcionou aumento na altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do coleto, massa seca de raiz, da parte aérea e total, razão entre massa seca da parte aérea por massa seca de raiz, IQD e número de nódulos. A obtenção de máxima produção de matéria seca total, diâmetro do coleto e IQD foi de 57:43, sendo, portanto, esta a proporção composta de lixo:solo recomendada para a produção de mudas de sesbânia.
J. K. Norsworthy and M. J. Oliveira, “Coffee Senna (Cassia Occidentalis) Germination and Emergence Is Affected by Environmental Factors and Seeding Depth,” Weed Science, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 657–662, Oct. 2005.
doi: 10.1614/WS-04-209R.1.
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of light, temperature, moisture stress, solution pH, and burial depth on coffee senna germination and emergence. Seeds germinated equally with or without light, and pretreatment with red or far-red light did not affect germination. Optimum temperature for germination was 25 C, and a high germination percentage (> 70%) occurred from 12.5 to 30 C. The low temperature threshold for germination was between 10 and 12.5 C, whereas the upper threshold was near 45 C. Coffee senna germination in response to moisture stress and solution pH differed at 15 and 30 C. At −0.4 MPa, no germination occurred at 15 C, whereas 15% germination occurred at 30 C. Optimum germination was at pH 6, but further increases in pH had a more negative effect on germination at 15 C than at 30 C. Coffee senna germination ranged from 9 to 12% at pH 3, but was 0% at pH 10, which indicates that coffee senna germination was more tolerant of acidic than basic solutions. Depth-mediated emergence inhibition was sigmoidal, with greatest emergence on the soil surface. Emergence from 2- to 10-cm depths reached 95% of the total emergence 1 to 3 d earlier in a sandy loam than in a sand soil. Mean emergence depth was 1.7 cm in the sand and 2.4 cm in the sandy loam soil. Knowledge gained from this research will be instrumental in developing a better understanding of the requirements for coffee senna germination and emergence, allowing further development and improvement of integrated weed management strategies specific to this troublesome weed.
J. K. Norsworthy and M. J. Oliveira, “Sicklepod (Senna Obtusifolia) Germination and Emergence as Affected by Environmental Factors and Seeding Depth,” Weed Science, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 903–909, Oct. 2006.
doi: 10.1614/WS-06-070R2.1.
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of light, temperature, solution pH, solution osmotic potential, and oxygen concentration on sicklepod germination and radicle plus hypocotyl elongation and seeding depth on emergence. Scarified, nondormant sicklepod seeds were used for these experiments. Sicklepod germination was not influenced by red or far-red light nor was light required for germination, which averaged 81% over all light treatments. Sicklepod germinated over a range of constant temperatures from 15 to 50 C, with optimum germination between 15 and 30 C. Germination was optimal near pH 6 for temperatures of 15 and 30 C. Germination and radicle plus hypocotyl length decreased with decreasing solution osmotic potential, and no germination occurred at a solution osmotic potential of −0.75 MPa at 15 C during 7 d incubation. Germination was greater at 20% oxygen than at 2% oxygen. The mean emergence depth for sicklepod was 3.3 and 4.6 cm in a highly disturbed sand and sandy loam soil, respectively. Sicklepod emerged from a 10-cm depth in the sandy loam soil, but no emergence occurred in the sand soil at this depth.
M. S. North, E. Joubert, D. de Beer, K. de Kock, and M. E. Joubert, “Effect of Harvest Date on Growth, Production and Quality of Honeybush (Cyclopia Genistoides and C. Subternata),” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 132–137, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.08.002.
Cyclopia spp., used for production of honeybush herbal tea, is endemic to specific climatic zones in the Western and Eastern Cape of South Africa. Most of the plant material is harvested from wild plants in mountainous areas. Production and market development of this popular herbal tea is unsustainable without increased commercial production. Information on cultivation requirements, growth habit and production potential is essential to ensure a sustainable industry. The effect of harvest date on growth, production and tea quality was evaluated in non-irrigated commercial plantations of Cyclopia genistoides and Cyclopia subternata. Cyclopia genistoides bushes, harvested annually, did not recover the height of un-harvested bushes. Fastest C. genistoides bush regrowth and highest dry mass yield occurred after February harvests, with September harvests resulting in the highest sieve quality and mangiferin content (only the second annual harvest). For the “fermented” product, its hot water soluble solids (as indication of cup strength) and total polyphenol content, tended to increase with years of harvest. The mangiferin content of “unfermented” (green) C. genistoides plant material increased with years of harvest. Cyclopia subternata bushes harvested during August and September recovered the fastest in height. The August and May harvests delivered the highest fresh mass yield, while harvesting during August delivered significantly more of the finer processed tea (<1400μm) and less of the coarse fraction (>2800μm) than a September, February or May harvest. Annual harvesting is encouraged, but harvesting should not take place during flowering (August to September), because the flowers add very little to the final product yield. Based on 10,000 bushes/ha, an estimated annual production of 8.5 or 10.4 tons/ha of C. genistoides and C. subternata (fresh plant material), respectively, can be achieved.
E. Novriyanti, M. Watanabe, K. Makoto, T. Takeda, Y. Hashidoko, and T. Koike, “Photosynthetic Nitrogen and Water Use Efficiency of Acacia and Eucalypt Seedlings as Afforestation Species,” Photosynthetica, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 273–281, Jun. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s11099-012-0033-7.
The ecophysiological traits of acacia and eucalypt are important in assessing their suitability for afforestation. We measured the gas-exchange rate, the leaf dry mass per area (LMA) and the leaf nitrogen content of two acacia and four eucalypt species. Relative to the eucalypts, the acacias had lower leaf net photosynthetic rate (PN), lower photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE), higher water-use efficiency (WUE), higher LMA and higher leaf nitrogen per unit area (Narea). No clear differences were observed within or between genera in the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) or the maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax), although these parameters tended to be higher in eucalypts. PNUE and LMA were negatively correlated. We conclude that acacias with higher LMA do not allocate nitrogen efficiently to photosynthetic system, explaining why their PN and PNUE were lower than in eucalypts.
G. Ntlhokwe et al., “Analysis of Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia Spp.) Volatiles by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Using a Single-Stage Thermal Modulator,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 409, no. 17, pp. 4127–4138, Jul. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s00216-017-0360-4.
The applicability of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) using a single-stage thermal modulator was explored for the analysis of honeybush tea (Cyclopia spp.) volatile compounds. Headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) was used in combination with GC×GC separation on a non-polar × polar column set with flame ionisation (FID) detection for the analysis of fermented Cyclopia maculata, Cyclopia subternata and Cyclopia genistoides tea infusions of a single harvest season. Method optimisation entailed evaluation of the effects of several experimental parameters on the performance of the modulator, the choice of columns in both dimensions, as well as the HS-SPME extraction fibre. Eighty-four volatile compounds were identified by co-injection of reference standards. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear differentiation between the species based on their volatile profiles. Due to the highly reproducible separations obtained using the single-stage thermal modulator, multivariate data analysis was simplified. The results demonstrate both the complexity of honeybush volatile profiles and the potential of GC×GC separation in combination with suitable data analysis techniques for the investigation of the relationship between sensory properties and volatile composition of these products. The developed method therefore offers a fast and inexpensive methodology for the profiling of honeybush tea volatiles.
G. Ntlhokwe, M. Muller, E. Joubert, A. G. J. Tredoux, and A. de Villiers, “Detailed Qualitative Analysis of Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia Spp.) Volatiles by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled to Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Relation with Sensory Data,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 1536, pp. 137–150, Feb. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.054.
The volatile composition of honeybush (Cyclopia) species was studied by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF-MS). Headspace-solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) was used to extract the volatile compounds from tea infusions prepared from the three species C. genistoides, C. maculata and C. subternata. A total of 287 compounds were identified, 101 of which were confirmed using reference standards, while the remainder were tentatively identified using mass spectral and retention index (RI) data. The identification power of TOF-MS enabled the tentative identification of 147 compounds for the first time in honeybush tea. The majority of the compounds identified were common to all three Cyclopia species, although there were differences in their relative abundances, and some compounds were unique to each of the species. In C. genistoides, C. maculata and C. subternata 265, 257 and 238 compounds were identified, respectively. Noteworthy was the tentative identification of cinnamaldehyde in particular C. maculata samples, which points to the likely contribution of this compound to their distinct sensory profiles. This study emphasises the complexity of honeybush tea volatile composition and confirms the power of GC×GC combined with TOF-MS for the analysis of such complex samples.
I. Nwafor, C. Nwafor, and I. Manduna, “Constraints to Cultivation of Medicinal Plants by Smallholder Farmers in South Africa,” Horticulturae, vol. 7, no. 12, p. 531, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.3390/horticulturae7120531.
Growing demand for therapeutic products from indigenous medicinal plants has led to increased interest in its cultivation, which presents a viable option for improving smallholder farmers’ livelihoods, as well as sustaining the availability of these resources for future generations. Serious bottlenecks however exist for subsistent farmers in the cultivation of these valuable plants. It was pertinent to probe whether the cultivation of medicinal plants provides feasible solutions to rural poverty, while effectively conserving threatened indigenous biodiversity. The paper employed a comprehensive review of existing literature to explore issues constraining smallholder farmers from involvement in a potentially lucrative plant value chain. Findings indicate challenges such as inadequate domestication of valuable plants species, continued over-harvesting from wild populations, poor knowledge of required agronomic practices, low efficacy perception regarding derivatives from cultivated plants, among others. These constraints occur alongside the conservation-oriented strategy driven by international conservation agencies and wholly adopted by the South African government. Recommendations to improve smallholder involvement in the cultivation of medicinal plants include support to research and extension, targeted inducement to smallholders, contracting and off-take agreements, aimed at promoting an alternative poverty-alleviation-focused economic development strategy. The review adds to the conceptual discourse related to plant diversity, resource conservation, poverty alleviation, and economic development
L. K. Nzowa et al., “Rheediinosides A and B, Two Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Triterpene Saponins from Entada Rheedii,” Phytochemistry, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 254–261, Feb. 2010.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.10.004.
Two triterpenoid saponins have been isolated from the seed kernels of Entada rheedii. Their structures have been established using 1D- and 2D-NMR and mass spectrometry as 3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-2-acetylamino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosylentagenic acid 28-O-β-apiofuranosyl-(1→3)-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside (Rheediinoside A, 1) and 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)]-2-acetylamino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosylentagenic acid 28-O-β-apiofuranosyl-(1→3)-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside (Rheediinoside B, 2). Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for their antiproliferative activity against T98G, A431, PC3 and B16-F1 cell lines, and further for their antioxidant properties. Moderate cytotoxic potency and antioxidant properties were found for these compounds whereas Rheediinoside B was in all assays more active than Rheediinoside A.
L. K. Nzowa et al., “Two New Tryptophan Derivatives from the Seed Kernels of Entada Rheedei: Effects on Cell Viability and HIV Infectivity,” Fitoterapia, vol. 87, pp. 37–42, Jun. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.03.017.
Two new tryptophan derivatives, N-sulfonyl-L-tryptophan (tryptorheedei A) (1) and 3-(N-sulfonylindolyl)-D-lactic acid (tryptorheedei B) (2) together with the known 5-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3), 1-O-methylglucopyranoside, entadamide A, homogentisic acid and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-sitosterol, were isolated from the seed kernels of Entada rheedei (Mimosaceae). Their structures were established using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and by comparison with spectroscopic data reported in the literature. Compounds 1 and 2 showed no toxicity to TZM and Human PBMC cells. Both compounds 1 and 2 were found to promote early infection events in HIV, likely by inhibiting the enzyme indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and preventing tryptophan depletion. Inhibition of IDO acutely in HIV infection inhibits viral replication, but chronic activation of IDO leads to immune impairment in AIDS. IDO is also the gatekeeper enzyme for kynurenine metabolism, a pathway involved in serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis and the regulation of glutamate and dopamine levels in the brain. Therefore inhibition of IDO might explain both the reported medicinal and neuropsychiatric effects of E. rheedei.
T. F. O, A. D. A, A. O. A, O. S, and A. M. F, “The Biocidal and Phytochemical Properties of Leaf Extract of Cassia Occidentalis Linn.,” African Journal of Microbiology Research, vol. 7, no. 27, pp. 3435–3441, Jul. 2013.
doi: 10.5897/AJMR2013.5673.
The antibacterial potentials of Cassia occidentalis leaf extracts were investigated against eleven Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacterial isolates. The n-hexane and dichloromethane fractions of the plant extract exhibited appreciable antibacterial action against nine out of the fifteen bacterial isolates tested at a concentration of 20 mg/ml. The zones of inhibition exhibited by n-hexane fraction ranged between 16 and 27 mm while that of dichloromethane fraction ranged between 15 and 28 mm. On the other hand, the zones of inhibition observed for the standard antibiotic, streptomycin ranged between 13 and 30 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations exhibited by n-hexane and dichloromethane fractions against the susceptible test isolates ranged between 0.157 and 1.25 mg/ml, respectively. Overall, the two fractions compared favourably with the standard antibiotic, streptomycin used in this study. The phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of tannins, Saponins, anthraquinones and flavonoids. Key words: Cassia occidentalis, antibacterial activity, phytochemical compounds, National Collection for Industrial Bacteria (NCIB), locally isolated organism (LIO).
Odeja Oo, Obi G, Ogwuche CE, Elemike EE, and Oderinlo OO, “Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Senna Occidentalis (L.) Leaves,” International Journal of Herbal Medicine, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 26–30, 2014.https://www.florajournal.com/vol2issue4/dec2014/2-3-24.1.pdf.
Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the hexane, ethylacetate and methanol crude extracts of Senna occidentalis (L.) leaves were studied in this work. The preliminary screening of the various extracts revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, reducing sugar, phenols, anthraquinones, resins, saponins and glycosides. The antimicrobial screening was carried out using the following organisms; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum and Rhizopus stolonifer. The free radical scavenging capacity using hydrogen peroxide was equally determined to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the extracts. The results obtained showed that Senna occidentalis (L.) leaf extracts have interesting pharmacological active compounds with great radical scavenging and antimicrobial effects and as such could be used in ethno medicine for treatment of some infections and ailments.
B. Odhav, S. Beekrum, U. Akula, and H. Baijnath, “Preliminary Assessment of Nutritional Value of Traditional Leafy Vegetables in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa,” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 430–435, Aug. 2007.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.04.015.
In this report, we present preliminary nutritional data for traditional leafy vegetables collected in Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa, including their content of mineral elements (Ca, P, Na, Zn, Mg, Mn and Fe) and antioxidant levels. Twenty vegetables were studied: Amaranthus dubius, Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus spinosus, Asystasia gangetica, Bidens pilosa, Centella asiatica, Ceratotheca triloba, Chenopodium album, Cleome monophylla, Cucumis metuliferus, Emex australis, Galinsoga parviflora, Justicia flava, Momordica balsamina, Oxygonum sinuatum, Physalis viscosa, Portulaca oleracea, Senna occidentalis, Solanum nodiflorum and Wahlenbergia undulata. The results of this study provide evidence that these local traditional vegetables, which do not require formal cultivation, could be important contributors to improving the nutritional content of rural and urban people. From this study, it was determined that twelve leafy vegetables, namely A. dubius, A. gangetica, A. hybridus, A. spinosus, C. metuliferus, C. monophylla, C. triloba, G. parviflora, J. flava, M. balsamina, P. viscosa and W. undulata provide mineral concentrations exceeding 1% of plant dry weight and are much higher than typical mineral concentrations in conventional edible leafy vegetables; they are thus recommended for future commercial cultivation. High levels of antioxidant activity (96%) were noticed in J. flava and P. oleraceae.
F. O. Ogbe, A. G. O. Dixon, J. d’A. Hughes, O. J. Alabi, and R. Okechukwu, “Status of Cassava Begomoviruses and Their New Natural Hosts in Nigeria,” Plant Disease, vol. 90, no. 5, pp. 548–553, May 2006.
doi: 10.1094/PD-90-0548.
A diagnostic survey was conducted in 2002-03 to determine the status of cassava mosaic begomoviruses in Nigeria and to ascertain if the virulent Ugandan variant of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV-Ug2) was present. Of the 418 farms visited, 48% had cassava with moderately severe or severe symptoms, whereas 52% had cassava with mild symptoms. These distributions were at random. Of the 1,397 cassava leaf samples examined, 1,106 had symptoms. In polymerase chain reaction tests, 74.1% of the symptom-bearing samples tested positive for African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) alone, 0.3% for EACMV alone, 24.4% for mixed infections by the two viruses, and 1.2% did not react with any of the primers used. The two viruses also were detected in 32% of the 291 symptomless plants and in the whitefly vector samples. EACMV-Ug2, Indian cassava mosaic virus, and South African cassava mosaic virus were not detected in any of the whitefly or leaf samples. Most farms had ACMV in single infection as well as in mixed infections with EACMV. Most doubly infected plants showed severe symptoms. Two biological variants of ACMV were identified based on symptom expression on cassava in the field. ACMV and EACMV were detected in the leguminous plant Senna occidentalis (L.) Link and the weed Combretum confertum Lams.; these are new natural hosts of the viruses. Although the virulent EACMV-Ug2 was not detected, the occurrence of variants of ACMV and a high proportion of mixed infections by ACMV and EACMV, which could result in recombination events such as the one that produced EACMV-Ug2, demands appropriate measures to safeguard cassava production in Nigeria.
Ogbodo O Juliana, Wuana A Raymond, T. A Tor-Anyiin, and Targema Rosemary Dooshima, “Phytoremediation Potential of Senna Occidentalis to Remove Heavy Metals from Waste Soil in Makurdi, Nigeria,” Chemistry and Materials Research, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 30–36, Apr. 2019.
doi: 10.7176/CMR/11-4-05.
This paper is aim to investigate the capacity of plant (Senna occidentalis) to remove contaminant in waste soil polluted by various heavy metals. The phytoextraction of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn from waste dumpsite using Link plant (Senna occidentalis) was investigated under natural phytoextraction (NPE), chelant-assisted phytoextraction (CPE), Poultry manure-assisted phytoextraction (PMPE). Link plants were grown for 8 weeks in soils receiving: no treatment/amendments as NPE, citric acid (0.05 - 2.0 mmol) and EDTA (0.05 - 2.0 mmol) amendments as CPE, Poultry Manure (2.0 - 10.0 % w/w) as PMPE. Post-harvest roots and shoots biomass (g) were 51.29 and 93.33 for NPE, (EDTA) ranged from 23.58 - 39.36 and 66.78 - 83.14, MPE ranged from 49.95 87.75 and 95.14 - 170.18. The percentage metal extractability in the various scenario followed the order, NPE; Ni > Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb, CPE (EDTA): Zn > Pb> Cd> Ni > Cu, The BCF and TF was calculated for tissue metal concentrations, NPE showed that BCF for all metals were < 1, TF for Cd (1.10) and Ni (2.59) were > 1 while Cu, Pb and Zn were < 1. EDTA CPE showed that BCF for all metals at all level of treatments were < 1 while the TF were > 1 for Cd (1.23, 1.20, 1.54 and 1.11) Cd (1.30 and 1.07) and Zn( 2.33 and 1.91) while Ni and Pb were all <1. In general, S.occidentalis was capable of taking up all the Heavy metals under study, accumulating and adequately translocating them to the aboveground harvestable biomass provided the necessary soil amendment is done.
H. Ohashi and K. Ohashi, “(1994) Proposal to Conserve the Name Codariocalyx (Leguminosae/Fabaceae) with That Spelling,” TAXON, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 239–239, 2011.
doi: 10.1002/tax.601030.
H. Ohashi, T.-C. Huang, and K. Ohashi, “Entada (Leguminosae Subfam. Mimosoideae) of Taiwan,” Taiwania, vol. 55, pp. 43–53, Mar. 2010.
doi: 10.6165/tai.2010.55(1).43.
The genus Entada (Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae) in Taiwan is revised. Two species, Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. and E. rheedei Spreng. are recognized, of which the former is divided into subsp. phaseoloides and subsp. tonkinensis (Gagnep.) H. Ohashi (new combination). Entada phaseoloides subsp. phaseoloides corresponds to E. koshunensis Hayata & Kaneh. and E. parvifolia Merr. previously recognized in Taiwan, while E. phaseoloides subsp. tonkinensis is identical with E. phaseoloides as recorded from northern and central Taiwan. Entada formosana Kaneh. is referable to E. rheedei Spreng., which is the correct name for E. pursaetha DC. adopted in previous works in Taiwan. Entada koshunensis Hayata & Kaneh. is typified. Entada pursaetha var. formosana (Kanehira) F. C. Ho is an illegitimate name.
Entada rheediiSpreng. (Family Fabaceae) seeds are used in Egypt in folk medicine.Macro- and micro-morphological characters of E. rheedii Spreng.seeds imported from India together with that of roots, stems and leaves cultivated in Egypt were presented with the aim of their identification in entire and powdered forms. Cultivation in Egypt gave a climbing plant instead of the huge fruiting trees bordering the Indian Ocean. Plant materials were fixed, freehand sectioned and stained with Safranin. Leaves are compound, bipinnate; their blades exhibit rubiaceous and few ranunculaceous stomata, non-glandular trichomes and dorsiventral mesophyll. The stem upper part is cylindrical with six ridges. The stem has relatively wide pith surrounded by open collateral vascular bundles. Study of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprinting, total seed protein profiling, nutritional value and certain proximates was carried out in order to contribute to the identification of the plant material.A total of 53 different fragments have been recorded in DNA fingerprinting, produced mainly by (A-19) primer, showing 15 bands ranging from 1.337 Kbp to 0.356 Kbp,Eight bands were recorded in seed total protein banding profile of E. rheedii Spreng seed with molecular weights ranging from 52 to 9 KDa.High levels of Glutamic acid and Phenyl alanine amino acids were determined.Moisture, carbohydrates and ash percentages were 7.35, 16.47 and 2.83 respectively. Evaluation of macroelements (Ca, Na, K and P); and microelement (Fe) revealed that potassium (K) and phosphorous (P) occupied the highest positions (1264 and 1240 mg/100 g seeds respectively) among the macroelements, whereas the micro element Iron (Fe) level was 3.3 mg/100 g seeds.
M. M. Okba, S. A. W. El Awdan, M. F. Yousif, K. S. El Deeb, and F. M. Soliman, “Entada Rheedii Seeds Thioamides, Phenolics, and Saponins and Its Antiulcerogenic and Antimicrobial Activities,” Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 101–108, May 2018.
doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2018.8513.
Entada rheedii (Fabaceae) seeds are used against diarrhea and stomach aches. This study aims at scientifically validate its ethnomedicinal uses. Seeds ethanol (70%) extract (EE) was prepared by percolation. Antibacterial and antiviral activities of EE and isolated compounds were determined using agar well diffusion and MTT assays, respectively. Anti-ulcerogenic activity was evaluated using ethanol-induced ulcer model. Four phenolics: protocatechuic acid C1, protocatechuic acid methyl ester C2, 1,3,4-trihydroxybenzene glucoside C3, phaseoloidin C4, three thioamides: entadamide A C5, entadamide A-β-d-glucopyranoside C6, entadamide C C7, and two saponins: rheedeioside A C8 and rheedeioside B C9 were isolated from EE. EE, C4, C5, and C8 evidenced significant (p ˂ 0.05) antiulcerogenic activity. Strong antibacterial activity was reported for EE, C1, and C7. C4 exhibited moderate (35% inhibition) antiviral activity. This study provides scientific validation of the seed ethnomedicinal use in treating gastric ailments and as antimicrobial.
O. S. Oladeji, F. E. Adelowo, and A. P. Oluyori, “The Genus Senna (Fabaceae): A Review on Its Traditional Uses, Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 138, pp. 1–32, May 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2020.11.017.
Genus Senna belongs to the family of Fabaceae and comprises of about 250–300 accepted species extensively dispersed in tropical and subtropical regions. The Senna species is widely used in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America, some Senna species are well-known for their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities with basis in traditional medicine to treat diabetes, microbial infections, malaria fever and other ailments. This review was extensively prepared by a comprehensive assessment of available literature via major scientific catalogues. The genus contains important metabolites such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, saponins and volatile oils. The crude extracts and isolated metabolites from Senna displayed a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities such as antidiabetic, anti-gonorrhea, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antipyretic, antinociceptive, antidepressant and anti-inflammatory functions displayed by the genus Senna. The objective of this review is to critically explore the advances in the botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies of the genus Senna, which will provide a useful bibliography for further investigations and applications in medicines. The review reveals that Senna species have been widely used for therapeutic purpose and substantial traditional evidence of their applications exist. Further studies should be tailored towards targeting active metabolites responsible for the pharmacological activities, structural elucidation and toxicological appraisals.
A. A. Olapade and O. A. Ajayi, “Effect of Roasting Regime on Phytochemical Properties of Senna Occidentalis Seeds,” International Journal of Food Studies, vol. 5, no. 2, Oct. 2016.
doi: 10.7455/ijfs/5.2.2016.a8.
Senna occidentalis seeds were roasted at varying temperatures of 190, 210 and 230 oC each for 10, 15 and 20 min. Phytochemicals of the roasted seeds were determined using standard methods. The phytochemicals analysed were tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, oxalate and phenolics. Phytochemicals are compounds hypothesized for much of the disease-protection provided by diets high in fruits, vegetables, legumes, cereals and plant-based beverages. This study has clearly shown that roasting time and temperature have significant effects on the seed parameters analyzed. There was an increase in tannin, alkaloid, saponin and phenolic contents and a decrease in the contents of flavonoids and oxalates.
D. Olatunji and J. Maku, “Effect of Pre-Treatments on the Germination and Early Seedlings Growth of Acacia Auriculiformis Cunn. Ex. Benth,” 2012.
doi: 10.5897/AJPS11.255.
Investigation on the effect of pre - treatment on the germination and early seedlings growth of A. auriculiformis shows that pre - sowing treatments have positive influence on seed germination; seeds treated with Conc. Acacia auriculiformis Cunn. Ex. Benth is a multipurpose wattle tree with diverse environmental and ecological significance. However, seeds dormancy and low germination percentage are problems for its use in agro-forestry practices. Investigations were carried out on the effect of pre - treatment on the germination and early seedlings growth of A. auriculiformis. Germination were observed in seeds pre-treated with sulphuric acid at 7days after sowing (DAS) while seeds under the nitric acid and control treatment germinated at 8 and 9 DAS respectively. Results, shown that pre - sowing treatments have positive influence on seed germination; seeds treated with Conc. H2SO4 for 5 to 10 min had the highest percentage germination of 92 - 96% compared with 42% for the control treatment. The effect of different pre-treatment test, their interaction and time of exposure significantly (P < 0.05) influenced seedlings growth parameters. The highest mean shoot length and stem diameter values of 5.92 cm and 0.29 mm respectively were recorded among seedlings that originated from seeds pre - treated with sulphuric acid for 5 and 10 min. Hence, dormancy in A. auriculiformis seeds can be removed by pre - treatment with sulphuric acid (5 and10 min) with enhanced percentage germination and growth performances. Key words: A. auriculiformis, seeds, pre-treatment, germination, growth.
F. R. Olayoku, N. J. D. Verhoog, and A. Louw, “Cyclopia Extracts Act as Selective Estrogen Receptor Subtype Downregulators in Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer Cell Lines: Comparison to Standard of Care Breast Cancer Endocrine Therapies and a Selective Estrogen Receptor Agonist and Antagonist,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 14, Mar. 2023.
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122031.
Breast cancer is the most diagnosed type of cancer amongst women in economically developing countries and globally. Most breast cancers express estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and are categorized as positive (ER+) breast cancer. Endocrine therapies such as, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), aromatase inhibitors (AIs), and selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) are used to treat ER+ breast cancer. However, despite their effectiveness, severe side-effects and resistance are associated with these endocrine therapies. Thus, it would be highly beneficial to develop breast cancer drugs that are as effective as current therapies, but less toxic with fewer side effects, and less likely to induce resistance. Extracts of Cyclopia species, an indigenous South African fynbos plant, have been shown to possess phenolic compounds that exhibit phytoestrogenic and chemopreventive activities against breast cancer development and progression. In the current study, three well characterized Cyclopia extracts, SM6Met, cup of tea (CoT) and P104, were examined for their abilities to modulate the levels of the estrogen receptor subtypes, estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), which have been recognized as crucial to breast cancer prognosis and treatment. We showed that the Cyclopia subternata Vogel (C. subternata Vogel) extracts, SM6Met and cup of tea, but not the C. genistoides extract, P104, reduced estrogen receptor alpha protein levels while elevating estrogen receptor beta protein levels, thereby reducing the ERα:ERβ ratio in a similar manner as standard of care breast cancer endocrine therapies such as fulvestrant (selective estrogen receptor downregulator) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (elective estrogen receptor modulator). Estrogen receptor alpha expression enhances the proliferation of breast cancer cells while estrogen receptor beta inhibits the proliferative activities of estrogen receptor alpha. We also showed that in terms of the molecular mechanisms involved all the Cyclopia extracts regulated estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta protein levels through both transcriptional and translational, and proteasomal degradation mechanisms. Therefore, from our findings, we proffer that the C. subternata Vogel extracts, SM6Met and cup of tea, but not the C. genistoides extract, P104, selectively modulate estrogen receptor subtypes levels in a manner that generally supports inhibition of breast cancer proliferation, thereby demonstrating attributes that could be explored as potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer.
K. S. de Oliveira, K. S. de Oliveira, and M. A. I. Aloufa, “Influência de substratos na germinação de sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan em condições de casa de vegetação,” Revista Árvore, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1073–1078, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-67622012000600008.
Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.)Brenan), uma Leguminosae da sub-família Mimosoideae, popularmente conhecida como angico, é uma espécie nativa do bioma caatinga, bastante conhecida pelo teor de tanino encontrado em sua casca, por sua utilização na construção civil, na indústria de curtume e na recuperação de áreas degradadas. Considerando a importância da espécie, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de diferentes substratos na germinação de sementes de angico. Os estudos foram conduzidos na casa de vegetação do Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Conservação de Espécies Nativas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Para tanto, realizou-se experimento com quatro tratamentos incluindo quatro repetições com 100 sementes por tratamento e temperatura média de 26 ºC. Foram realizadas contagens diárias durante 30 dias. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T0-vermiculita, T1-húmus, T2-areia e T3-areia barrada. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: porcentagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas e tempo médio de germinação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Observou-se que, quanto à porcentagem de emergência, a vermiculita, o húmus e areia apresentaram diferença significativa, com melhor desempenho em relação à areia barrada; quanto ao índice de velocidade de emergência e ao tempo médio de germinação, estatisticamente, não houve diferença significativa entre os substratos. Portanto, diante dos resultados pôde-se observar que A. colubrina apresenta um bom potencial germinativo em qualquer um dos substratos avaliados, exceto em areia barrada. Contudo, para a germinação e emergência de plântulas de angico recomenda-se a utilização dos substratos vermiculita, areia ou húmus. , Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan, a Leguminosae, belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae, popularly known as angico, is a native species to Caatinga biome, known by its content of tannin in the bark, its utilization in construction, tanning industry and the recovery of degraded areas. Due to the importance of the species, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different substrates on the seeds germination. The study was carried out in the greenhouse of the Laboratory of Biotechnology of Native Species Conservation at the Rio Grande do Norte Federal University. It was set up an experiment with four treatments including four replicates with 100 seeds per treatment and at the average temperature of 26ºC. Observations were made daily for 30 days. The treatments used were: T0-vermiculite, T1-humus, T2-sand and T3-clay. The following variables were analyzed: percentage of seedling emergence, seedling emergence speed index and average time of germination. The experimental design was completely randomized and the means were compared by Tukey’s test at 5% of significance. It was found a significant difference for the percentage of seedling emergence for the vermiculite, humus and sand, with better performance in relation to clay; and for the emergence speed index and average time of germination, there was no statistically significant difference among the substrates. Concerning the results, we can observe that A. colubrina presents a good germinative potential in any of evaluated substrate with the exception of sand, clay. However, for the germination and emergence of angico, it is recommended the use of vermiculite, sand or humus.
J. C. de Oliveira and A. B. D. Novaes, “Morphological and Radical Parameters Associated with the Seedlings Quality of Anadenanthera Peregrina (l.) Speg. in Different Substrates,” 2020.
doi: 10.5380/rf.v50i3.61577.
Morphological and Radical Parameters Associated with the Seedlings Quality of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg .in Different Substrates . In this research, we evaluated the effects of different substrate formulations on the quality of angico-vermelho seedlings (Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg). The tested substrates corresponded to eight different formulations: Bioplant®, Carolina Soil, Coffee husk, Coconut fiber and Vermiculite. In the nursery phase, the following were evaluated: height of the aerial part (H); neck diameter (D); fresh and dry biomass of the aerial parts and radical system; dickson quality index (IQD); number of roots regenerated in tubes; and length of roots regenerated in boxes. In the field phase, the following were evaluated: survival; crown diameter; number of lateral roots; and length of the pivoting root. To produce seedlings, a completely randomized design with eight treatments and four replications was used, and for the evaluation of the root regeneration potential (P.R.R.), six replications were used. In the field, the experimental arrangement consisted of subdivided plots, arranged in randomized blocks with four replications. Seedlings with higher averages for most of the evaluated characteristics were produced in the formulation of substrate containing 50% Bioplant® + 30% coffee husk + 20% coconut fiber. The values related to the IQD were positively related to the substrate formulations containing Bioplant®, coffee husk and coconut fiber, which were also positively associated with P.R.R. The substrate formulations containing Bioplant®, coffee husk and coconut fiber resulted in seedlings with a higher P.R.R., evaluated in boxes. Substrates containing Bioplant®, Carolina Soil, coffee husk and coconut fiberfavored the production of seedlings with a better radical system and, consequently, better in the field.
I. S. da S. Oliveira, V. C. de Souza, R. L. S. de Medeiros, M. A. B. Neto, A. da S. Barbosa, and G. A. de Azeredo, “Regeneração Natural de Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan Fabaceae em Brejo de Altitude em Bananeiras, Paraíba,” Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 680–686, Oct. 2017.
doi: 10.18378/rvads.v12i4.4990.
The Atlantic Forest is currently the most threatened biome due to various anthropogenic pressures. The destruction of habitats linked to fragmentation causes serious consequences for any type of vegetation, especially in the Atlantic Forest in the Northeast of Brazil. The angico, Anadenanthera colubrina, Fabaceae, is an arboreal species with a height of 12-15 m. The study aimed to understand the natural regeneration and evaluate the recruitment of seedlings, occurring in a forest fragment of the Centro de Ciências Humanas, Sociais e Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. We selected a population of A. colubrina and 10 random plots (10x10m) were plotted, with a total sample area of 1,000m2, where all copies of angico less than or equal to 0.30 cm were marked. The study was conducted between the months of December 2014 and July 2015, It was evaluated, height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of individuals and mortality. The variables set to the linear, quadratic, and cubic regression model. Regarding the mortality rate was 85.45%. Some plots because of its location, or, less human action or competitive, showed an increase in the total number of individuals. The perpetuation of this species in the studied fragment depends mainly on appropriate conditions for seed germination as soon as dispersed and the presence of young plants that occur in the forest understory.
M. W. Olszewski, C. A. Young, and J. B. Sheffield, “Germination and Seedling Growth of Desmanthus Illinoensis and Desmodium Canadense in Response to Mechanical Scarification,” HortScience, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 1554–1558, Oct. 2010.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.45.10.1554.
Illinois bundleflower [Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald] and showy ticktrefoil [Desmodium canadense (L.) DC.] are legumes native to North America used during meadow restoration efforts. However, insufficient or slow germination or reduced emergence may result attributable to seedcoat-mediated reductions in permeability to water. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of a single-speed electric scarifier lined with 40-grit sandpaper for increasing germination and seedling growth of two native legumes. Seeds of Illinois bundleflower and showy ticktrefoil were mechanically scarified for 3, 6, or 12 s before they were subjected to germination and vigor testing. After scarification, final germination percentage (FGP), germination rate, and uniformity at multiple temperatures (15, 20, and/or 20 to 30 °C) were improved for Illinois bundleflower. However, FGP decreased for showy ticktrefoil, whereas germination rate and uniformity increased. For both species, there was a decline in FGP with longer scarification durations. Illinois bundleflower seed subjected to scarification and accelerated aging (AA) had higher FGP than non-scarified seed subjected to AA (59% and 6%, respectively), whereas both scarified and non-scarified seed of showy ticktrefoil subjected to AA had low FGP (11% and 18%, respectively). Mechanical scarification increased electrical conductivity (EC) of leachates for both species, but scarified showy ticktrefoil seed subjected to AA resulted in the highest EC compared with all other treatments, indicating a reduction of vigor. Evaluation of a seedling grow-out test 3 weeks after sowing confirmed that emergence was enhanced after 3 s of mechanical scarification of Illinois bundleflower seed but that scarification of showy ticktrefoil seed decreased emergence and increased the number of abnormal seedlings. Mechanical scarification resulted in peripheral damage and seed tissue obliteration of both species as indicated by viewing with a stereomicroscope. We conclude that scarifier limitations caused excessive physical damage of showy ticktrefoil. For Illinois bundleflower, however, mechanical scarification using an electric scarifier increased emergence from 18% (non-scarified seed) to 77% after 3 s of scarification and FGP from 32% (non-scarified seed) to 87% after 3 s of scarification. Compared with responses from non-scarified Illinois bundleflower seeds, scarification treatment also resulted in 24% faster germination and 37% more uniformity.
M. W. Olszewski, J. A. D’Agostino, A. F. Groch, and C. M. Vertenten, “Germination and Seed Coat Histology of Physically Dormant Desmanthus Illinoensis Seeds,” Seed Science and Technology, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 36–49, Apr. 2013.
doi: 10.15258/sst.2013.41.1.04.
Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis) is a legume used in meadow and prairie restoration seed mixes in the United States of America. An important constituent of grasslands, there is little information on the natural mechanisms of seed germination, the structure of the seed coat or the locations of impermeability within the seed coat. Germination and histological studies were conducted to examine the effect of various environmental factors on dormancy of Illinois bundleflower and to elucidate structures of the ’hard’ seed coat. Following mechanical scarification and incubation between blotters moistened with distilled water, final germination percentage (FGP) was 86-100% at three temperature regimes (11/23, 20/30 or 32°C); however, FGP declined and mean days to 50% germination (Dx, an inverse measure of germination rate) increased at 11/23°C and -0.4 MPa. Brief exposure of the funiculus and nearby lens to fire resulted in permeable seeds and increased FGP to 74% and decreased Dx to 2.1 days compared with control seeds (FGP = 9%; Dx = 5.8 days). Impermeability was caused by ’caps’ on outer palisade tangential walls, by inner palisade adjacent hour-glass cells within natural U-shaped fissures called the pleurogram, and by palisade radial/transverse walls within epidermal fractures. Physical dormancy was broken following brief exposure of the lens to fire that resulted in lens palisade lifting and palisade obliterations, which rendered seeds permeable. Dye tracking using 1% Azure II stain indicated that the lifted lens was the primary site of imbibition. We conclude that high temperatures resulting from fire is probably a significant environmental cue of physical dormancy break for seeds of Illinois bundleflower.
A. Olusola, E. SE, and S. Akomolafe, “Extraction of Indigo Dye (Powdered, Form) from the Leaf of Indigofera Tinctoria,” Mar. 2012.
Many plants have been identified as potentially rich in natural dye content and some of them have been used for natural dyeing for quite some time. Normally natural dyes are extracted from roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruit of various plant. In living Indigo plant, form, indigo exist as a colourless substance comprised of sugars and indoxyl. Indigo plants are harvested and soaked or compostled, and through bacteriological action (fermentation) which was replaced by the used of an alkali solution (sodium hydroxide solution of different concentration 2.0m,2,5m, 3.0m and 4.0m) and acidified hydrogen peroxide the airing, combined with oxygen (oxidation) to form indigo, the concentrated blue pigment (powdered form). Highest yield of indigo dye (powdered form) was obtained from using 2.0 sodium hydroxide solution.
H. O. Omoregie, A. C. Odigwe, M. S. Abdulla, S. K. Okwute, and J. I. Okogun, “Phytochemical Analysis and Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity of Cassia Occidentalis L. (Whole Plant),” New York Science Journal, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 74–81, 2010.http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork/ny0310/10_3455ny0310_74_81.pdf.
Cassia occidentalis L. whole plant was extracted successively with hexane, ethylacetate and methanol. Another crude extract of aqueous methanol was also carried out. The extracts were tested in vitro for activity against standard strains microbes and clinical isolates. The zones of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined. The in vitro antimicrobial screening revealed that the extract exhibited varying activity against different microbes with zones of inhibition ranging from 14-34mm, MIC ranging from 1.25 - 10mg/ml, and MBC/MFC of 2.5-20mg/ml for the sensitive organisms at the tested concentrations. The highest activity was an MIC of 1.25 mg/ml and MBC of 2.5mg/ml. The activities observed could be due to the presence of some of the secondary metabolites like, alkaloids, anthraquinones, sterols, glycosides, saponins, terpenes and flavonoids detected in the plant. [New York Science Journal 2010;3(10):74-81]. (ISSN: 1554-0200).
Orozco-Almanza Marı́a Socorro, de León-Garcı́a Leticia Ponce, R. Grether, and Garcı́a-Moya Edmundo, “Germination of Four Species of the Genus Mimosa (Leguminosae) in a Semi-Arid Zone of Central Mexico,” Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 75–92, Sep. 2003.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-1963(02)00265-3.
Mimosa depauperata, M. lacerata, M. similis, and M. texana var. texana are dominant leguminous shrubs in the semi-arid region of Queretaro, in central Mexico. These species grow and reproduce under conditions of disturbance; they are occasionally browsed by goats and used for firewood. The effect of temperature on germination, the longevity of the seeds in the field, and the germination potential of seeds parasitized by insects of the family Bruchidae were tested. It was found that the seeds require scarification to germination. The optimum temperature for seed germination of M. similis, M. lacerata, and M. depauperata was between 20°C and 35°C and for M. texana var. texana between 30°C and 35°C. The species germinated just as well beneath the canopy as in open areas in the field. The seeds of each species are parasitized by bruchids of the genus Acanthocelides spp., and seed infestation necessarily had a detrimental effect. The seeds in the seed bank lose their longevity at a rate of 20–73% per year. As with other legumes, Mimosa seeds have a tough seed coat, which influences germination, longevity, and susceptibility to predation by bruchids. The results form this study contribute to an understanding of the phases of germination and the longevity of the seeds of Mimosa in the seed bank in arid and semi-arid communities.
T. Otao, T. Kobayashi, and K. Uehara, “Development and Characterization of 14 Microsatellite Markers for Indigofera Pseudotinctoria (Fabaceae)1,” Applications in Plant Sciences, vol. 4, no. 4, p. apps.1500110, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.3732/apps.1500110.
Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers can be used to evaluate population structure and genetic diversity in native populations of Indigofera pseudotinctoria (Fabaceae) and assess genetic disturbance caused by nonnative plants of the same species. Methods and Results: We developed 14 markers for I. pseudotinctoria using next-generation sequencing and applied them to test two native populations, totaling 77 individuals, and a transplanted population, imported from a foreign country, of 17 individuals. The mean number of alleles was 3.310, observed heterozygosity was 0.242, and expected heterozygosity was 0.346. The fixation index in the transplanted population was 0.469, which was higher than in the native populations (0.154 and 0.158). In addition, the transplanted population contains one allele that is not shared by the native population. Conclusions: Microsatellite markers can be useful for evaluating genetic diversity within and between populations and for studying population genetics in I. pseudotinctoria and related species.
J. Ott, “Pharmahuasca: Human Pharmacology of Oral DMT Plus Harmine,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 171–177, Apr. 1999.
doi: 10.1080/02791072.1999.10471741.
A summary is presented of human self-experiments or psychonautic bioassays of pharmahuasca—capsules containing crystalline N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) plus harmine, as well as combinations of other psychoactive tryptamines with other β-carbolines. The 1967 Holmstedt–Lindgren hypothesis of the ayahuasca effect—oral psychoactivity of DMT consequent to monoamine-oxidase (MAO) inhibition from simultaneous ingestion of β-carbolines—has been confirmed by eight self-experimenters. Results of a total of some 70 bioassays are summarized and the literature on this subject is reviewed (with 66 references and one table).
J. Ott, “Pharmañopo—Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 273–281, Sep. 2001.
doi: 10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574.
Summarized are psychonautic bioassays (human self-experiments) of pharmañopo—crystalline bufotenine (5-HO-DMT; 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; dimethylserotonine), at times combined with harmaline or harmine—via intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal, pulmonary (inhaled vapor) and oral routes. This is done by way of pharmacological modeling of diverse South American shamanic inebriants, principally the snuffs ñopolyopo and cebíhatáj, prepared from seeds of Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina and A. colubrina var. Cebil, respectively. Psychoptic (visionary) activity of bufotenine has been established and the 1967 Holmstedt–Lindgren hypothesis of the paricá effect—intranasal potentiation of tryptamines by concomitant administration of monoamine-oxidase-inhibiting (MAOI) β-carbolines from stems of Banisteriopsis caapi admixed with the snuffs—has been confirmed by 25 psychonautic bioassays. Salient phytochemical and psychonautic literature is reviewed, and isolation of bufotenine from Anadenanthera seeds detailed (with one table and eight references).
THE ROOIBOS PROCESS 1. Rooibos seeds are collected in the rooibos fields by gathering all the leaves and fine sand under the bushes and sifting out the seeds. The seeds are about the same size as a grain of sand. The seeds can also be collected by breaking open old anthills. The rooibos seeds have an extremely hard shell, so when the ants collect the seeds, they cannot break open the hard outer shells to eat the seeds. In certain anthills there are large reserves of rooibos seeds that have been hoarded by the ants over the years. 2. The collected seeds are treated with a friction process, similar to sanding it, to break the hard outer shell. The seeds are sown in seedbeds during February of each year, to allow the seeds to germinate and the seedlings to start growing. The seedbeds are kept clean of any weeds with manual labour for optimal growth of the seedlings. 3. When the seedlings are about 20cm long, the root system is 3 times its length and the seedlings can be taken out for replanting. The roots are cut off at lengths of about 15cm long, to make it easier to handle and transplant the seedlings. The cutting of the roots does not damage the seedlings. 4. Seedlings are transplanted with a planter in the previously prepared rooibos fields during the rainy season which runs from June to August. The seedlings are left to grow until April of the following year, to give them enough opportunity for proper leaf growth before they are harvested for the first time. 5. The rooibos fields are cultivated with disc implements to keep the fields clear of weeds and invasive plants. PA (Pyrrolizidine-Alkaloid) plants are also pulled and removed from the fields through manual labour, to prevent the rooibos plants from absorbing any of the PA’s. 6. Rooibos plants bloom in the spring, with a beautiful, small yellow flower that produces a small pod with a single seed in, that can again be collected when it falls to the ground. 7. Rooibos plants are harvested, for the first time, in April of the year after planting. This first harvest is a small harvest and after the first harvest, the plants will begin to branch out and produce bigger yields for the coming years. After the first harvest in April, rooibos is harvested annually during the hottest time of the year, from January to April, which is the time when the rooibos plants have ripened sufficiently for harvesting. We know that the rooibos plants are ripe and ready for harvest when the tips of the rooibos plants’ branches have turned red. 8. Rooibos is harvested with sickles, bound in sheaves, weighed, and transported to the cutting plant at the drying court. 9. Here the rooibos is cut mechanically. 10. The rooibos is carved in different lengths, namely fine cut, short cut, or long cut, depending on the client's requirements. The rooibos sheaves are opened on sorting tables, ensuring that sand and small stones are removed and fall to the floor. Sand and small stones in the rooibos can damage the blades of the cutting machines. Any other plants that were harvested with the rooibos are also removed here by hand and manually inspected. 11. After the rooibos is cut into the required length, it is transported by a conveyor system to an off-load cart. This cart is used to deposit the cut rooibos into heaps of about 300mm high and 800mm wide. 12. In the late afternoon, the heap is prepared for oxidation by bruising and wetting the rooibos until it has the right moisture content to oxidise overnight. This heap of rooibos is commonly referred to as a sweat heap or oxidation heap. 13. Throughout the night, the heap’s temperature is monitored to ensure that the rooibos oxidises optimally at the correct temperature. When the oxidation heap's temperature reaches 38°C, the rooibos is rotated to lower the temperature and keep it in the optimal temperature range. 14. The next morning, when the sun bakes over the tea court and the oxidation heap's temperature is within the optimal temperature range again, the oxidised rooibos is spread over the drying court with a special spreader machine, to be dried by the sun and the wind. 15. The rooibos is agitated with an implement throughout the day to speed up the drying process and prevent over-oxidation. The rooibos is first spread into thin elongated strips, so that the sun can dry the drying court in-between, before being spread flat over the whole drying court to dry the rooibos evenly. 16. After midday, when the rooibos' moisture content is below 8%, the dried rooibos is collected in bulk bags in which it is finally stored. 17. When the rooibos is needed, it is packaged in the OUHUIS Rooibos branded packaging or in bulk bag for sales.
A. S. Oyelakin, W. O. Lamidi, D. O. Olabiyi, C. C. Amaogu, and A. O. Olabisi, “Pollen Morphological Studies of Selected Flowering Plants in Federal University Of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria,” Nigerian Journal of Botany, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 67–76, Jun. 2020.https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njbot/article/view/235779.
The taxonomic classifications of some flowering plants into families have been a subject of review in recent times. This is because many were classified in the early days of taxonomy using plant morphological characters alone. This study assessed pollen characters of ten flowering plants in Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria with a view to identifying valuable taxonomic characters which could be employed for resolving classification controversies associated with the use of morphological characters alone. Pollen study was conducted using acetolysis method. Means, standard deviations and coefficient of variations were calculated while photomicrographs of pollen grains were taken at X400 magnification. The result showed tricolporate, pantoporate, triporate, tricolpate and heterocolpate pollen types while exine patterns were granulate, reticulate, psilate and echinate. Results of pollen shape revealed oblate spheroidal, prolate and subprolate while there were variations in pollen characters among species of the same family in apertural type, sculpture, exine surface pattern, pollen shape and pollen fertility. This suggests that apertural type, sculpture, exine surface pattern, pollen shape and pollen fertility could be useful in resolving taxonomic issues related to classification associated with grouping of some flowering plants into the same family on the basis of morphological traits alone.
Ç. A. Özel and S. Maesaroh, “Önemli Bir Ekvator Yem Bitkisi Olan Indigofera Zollingerian Miq.’nın Çoklu Sürgün Rejenerasyonu,” Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 672–677, Oct. 2018.
doi: 10.18016/ksudobil.386167.
Indigofera zollingeriana is an important protein rich forage and dye plant species that grows widely in Indonesia. It is difficult to propagate the plant through seeds due to high dormancy. Therefore, there is need to develop both in vitro and ex vitro propagation techniques of I. zollingeriana. This study aimed to develop a protocol for multiple shoot regeneration of the plant under in vitro conditions using different combinations of BAP+0.01 mg/L NAA. The results showed that both epigeal and cotyledon node explants have high potential to regenerate with maximum number of regenerated shoots noted on the epigeal and the cotyledon node explants using MS medium containing 1.5 mg/L BAP + 0.01 mg/L of NAA and 1.0 mg/L BAP + 0.01 mg/L of NAA in the same order. The shoots regenerated on all combinations of BAP+NAA were rooted using 0.5 mg/L IBA that promoted rooting in effective manner. The rooted plants were easily acclimatized to external conditions in an environmental chamber. The results suggest that I. zollengriana plant species is no more difficult to regenerate under in vitro conditions. This research will aid in future studies related to breeding, propagation, biosynthesis and extraction of active compounds.
J. R. Pagán-Jiménez and L. A. Carlson, “Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrin A (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico,” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 101–116, Mar. 2014.
doi: 10.7183/1045-6635.25.1.101.
Archaeological starch grains consistent with those produced and stored in modern cojoba (Anadenanthera peregrina) seeds were identified, for the first time in the West Indies, in a coral milling base recovered in a small precolonial habitation site of Eastern Puerto Rico, in a context dated to A.D. 1150-1250. Ethnohistoric, ethnographic, and previous archaeological data on cojoba from the West Indies and South America were surveyed in order to form plausible sociocultural interpretations of the findings. After experimentally assessing some ethnographic protocols that possibly replicate various ancient ways of processing cojoba seeds for producing hallucinogenic powders related to the so-called ritual de la cojoba, this report proposes that cojoba seeds were processed and used here mainly as an hallucinogenic complement to the healer for the divination of illness., ResumenGranos de almidón arqueológicos que coinciden con aquellos producidos y almacenados en las semillas modernas de cojoba (Anadenanthera peregrina) fueron identificados, por primera vez en las Antillas, en una base de molino de coral recuperada en un pequeño sitio habitacional del oriente de Puerto Rico, en un contexto fechado entre 1150 y 1250 d.C. Parafigurar interpretaciones socioculturales plausibles de estos hallazagos, exploramos datos etnohistóricos, etnográficosy arqueólogicos previos acerca de la cojoba en las Antillas y en Suramèrica. Luego de evaluar experimentalmente algunos protocolos etnográficos que posiblemente replican varias formas antiguas del procesamiento de semillas de cojoba para producir polvos alucinógenosvinculados con el llamado ritual de la cojoba, este reporte propone que la cojoba fue procesada y utilizada aquí, principalmente, como un complemento alucinógeno de los curanderos para la adivinación de enfermedades.
M. C. Pagano, M. N. Cabello, A. F. Bellote, N. M. Sá, and M. R. Scotti, “Intercropping System of Tropical Leguminous Species and Eucalyptuscamaldulensis, Inoculated with Rhizobia and/or Mycorrhizal Fungi in Semiarid Brazil,” Agroforestry Systems, vol. 74, no. 3, p. 231, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s10457-008-9177-7.
For the purpose of reforestation and wood supply the leguminous tree Anadenanthera peregrina, a native species, was intercropped with Eucalyptus camaldulensis in a degraded semiarid area of Brazil. Single and mixed stands of these species were inoculated with Rhizobium and/or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The growth of all species in mixed stands did not differ from those cultivated in monoculture and land equivalent ratio (LER) exceeded unity in intercropped plots. Inoculated plants showed greater height and diameter growth and dry matter and nutrient concentration in plants of A. peregrina was higher in inoculated single plots. The distribution, composition and density of AMF species was related to the rhizosphere effect of plant species. The intercropped model where all the plants were inoculated achieved soil AMF diversity patterns similar to those of the preserved area and showed also higher soil organic matter, nutrient content as well as a reduction in soil macroporosity. This model of intercropping may be considered as an efficient system for reforestation under semiarid conditions.
M. C. Pagano, M. N. Cabello, and M. R. Scotti, “Phosphorus Response of Three Native Brazilian Trees to Inoculation with Four Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.”
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), phosphorus addition and their interaction, on the growth and phosphorus uptake of three facultative mycotrophic legume trees (Anadenanthera peregrina, Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Plathymenia reticulata) were investigated. The experimental design was factorial, with five treatments of inoculation (acontrol; b- Acaulospora spp.; c- Gigaspora margarita; d- Glomus sp. 1; e-Scutellospora heterogama) × three levels of soil P (32.5, 50 and 136 mgdm-3), each with three replicates. Plants were grown in pots for 5 months. Plant weight and shoot phosphorus concentration were measured at harvest. Phosphorus fertilization improved growth of all species. Phosphorus increased to enhance the positive effects of AMF on the three studied species. Tissue nutrient concentrations showed slight variation among species and were influenced by both AMF inoculation and Phosphorus. Plants inoculated, with higher doses of KH2PO4 showed more vigorous seedlings. Results suggest that in low fertility soils A. peregrina, E. contortisiliquum and P. reticulata seedlings should be inoculated with AMF to enhance plant growth.
E. R. Pagluanan, “Biomass Production of Malatayum (Indigofera Tinctoria) as Affected by Planting Distance,” in Journal of ISSAAS [International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences] (Philippines), 2010.https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/647369b72c1d629bc980a85f.
The study was conducted at ASIST [Abra State Inst. of Science and Technology, Lagangilang, Abra, Philippines] experimental area of the Research Department from April 2009 to April 2010 to determine the effect of planting distance of best rate of carbonated rice hull to Malatayum and to find out the interaction effect between planting distance and CRH application on biomass production. Based on the findings of the study, the different distance of planting evaluated has significant effects on the final height, canopy of the plants, number of branches, yield per plot and the computed yield per plot. Malatayum plants spaced at 1.0 m x 1.5 m registered the widest canopy, produced more number of branches, obtained the highest yield per plot and the computed yield/ha. With regards to the rate of carbonated rice hull applied to the plants, the application of 25 tons/ha of carbonated rice hull manifested the tallest height, widest canopy, produce more number of branches, highest yield per plot and the computed yield/ha. There was a significant interaction effect between the distance of planting and CRH application on the yield per plot.
S. Pal et al., “Extract and Fraction of Cassia Occidentalis L. (a Synonym of Senna Occidentalis) Have Osteogenic Effect and Prevent Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteopenia,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 235, pp. 8–18, May 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.029.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Cassia occidentalis L., a synonym of Senna occidentalis (belongs to Caesalpiniaceae family) is an annual plant. Pursuing a lead from a folk practice prevalent since the late nineteenth century in Andhra Pradesh, a Southern state of India, of use of Cassia occidentalis leaf and stem for treating patients with fracture and bone diseases, we have not only confirmed its fracture healing activity but also demonstrated efficacy in preventing glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO), the commonest form of medication-induced bone loss caused chiefly due to impairment of bone formation. Aim of the study In the present work, the effects of extract and fraction of leaf and stem of Cassia occidentalis was investigated in fracture healing and GIO models of rat. The study also aimed to identify osteogenic compounds from this plant. Materials and methods Ethanolic extracts from leaf and stem of Cassia occidentalis were prepared and their efficacy tested in rat femur osteotomy (fracture healing) model. Subsequently, a butanolic fraction was prepared and osteogenic efficacy compared with the ethanolic extract, and upon finding the former to be more potent, its osteogenic effect was studied in details in GIO model. Chemical finger-printing and isolation of ten pure compounds were done to assess their osteogenic effect in rat primary osteoblast cultures. Results Ethanolic extract of stem was more effective than the leaf extract in enhancing bone regeneration at the site of osteotomy. Further, butanolic fraction of the ethanolic extract of stem was more effective than the later in bone regeneration at the femur osteotomy site and in preventing bone loss in GIO model. The mechanism of skeletal preservation involved stimulation of new bone formation and inhibition of bone resorption. As many as six osteogenic compounds were isolated out of which apigenin-6C-glucopyranoside was most effective in vitro. Conclusion Our study found that a standardized extract of an ethanolic extract and its butanolic fraction from the stem of Cassia occidentalis has osteogenic as well as anti-resorptive effects, resulting in the protection against glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. Our results contribute towards validation of the traditional use of Cassia occidentalis in fracture healing and also suggest its beneficial use in GIO for which clinical trials are warranted.
P. Pandey, S. C. Kang, and D. K. Maheshwari, “Isolation of Endophytic Plant Growth Promoting Burkholderia Sp. MSSP from Root Nodules of Mimosa Pudica,” Current Science, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 177–180, 2005.https://www.jstor.org/stable/24110446.
Endophytic bacteria reside within plant tissues and have often been reported to promote plant growth. Rhizobia are particularly known for their symbiotic relationship with legumes. A bacterial strain MSSP was isolated from surface-sterilized root nodules of Mimosa pudica. MSSP was Gram-negative, capsulated, motile, non-endospore forming rod with free nitrogen (N) fixation ability. Unlike N-fixing bacteria forming symbiotic relationship with legumes that largely exist in α-subclass of proteobacteria, MSSP belongs to β-class of proteobacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of 16 S rDNA demonstrated that MSSP belongs to the genus Burkholderia. This isolate secretes phytohormone, ACC deaminase, solubilizes phosphate and is antagonistic against phytopathogens.
Pansa Monkheang, “Species Diversity, Usages, Molecular Markers and Barcode of Medicinal Senna Species (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) in Thailand,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 5, no. 26, Nov. 2011.
doi: 10.5897/JMPR11.1075.
The diversity of the Senna species found in Thailand and usages was investigated. Species identification was performed using morphological characters concurrently with DNA fragment sizes of the trnH-psbA spacer region. The fourteen Senna species in Thailand are Senna alata, Senna alexandrina, Senna fruticosa, Senna garrettiana, Senna hirsuta, Senna occidentalis, Senna pallida, Senna siamea, Senna sophera, Senna spectabilis, Senna sulfurea, Senna surattensis, Senna timoriensis, and Senna tora. Usage information in Thailand was recorded by observation, viewing, market surveys, literature reviews, and interviews with locals and traditional healers. Most of these species are widely used as foods, ornamentation, and medicine for Thai people. Using of primers from the trnH-psbA spacer region as barcode primer, the different DNA fragment sizes of the trnH-psbA spacer region were taken for a species-specific marker for further rapid, accurate and automatable species identification for a plant part namely leaf, chopped plant or powdered. Moreover, the DNA fragments were sequenced for the basis of barcode as nucleotide differences among species. These tag sequences have been submitted to the GenBank data base, with the accession numbers.
E. H. Park, “Effect of Pretreatments on Seed Germination of Acacia Species,” Flower Research Journal, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 147–155, 2020.
doi: 10.11623/frj.2020.28.3.06.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of boiling water, sulfuric acid, and KOH as a pretreatment to improve the germination of two Acacia Species, Acacia floribunda and Acacia retinodes. In the case of boiling water, the seeds were immersed at 80°C and 100°C for 30 minutes and 60 minutes, respectively. For sulfuric a cid, t he s eeds w ere immersed a t 50% a nd 98% concentrations for 10, 20, and 40 minutes, respectively. For KOH, the seeds were immersed in 15%, 20%, and 25% concentrations for 10, 20, and 30 minutes, respectively. Seed germination characteristics such as germination percentage, germination energy, germination rate, mean daily germination, and mean germination time were investigated. For A. floribunda, the boiling water showed higher germination percentages than the control (16.0%), with the highest germination percentage observed for 84.0% at 100°C for 5 minutes. This resulted in good germination energy, germination rate, and mean daily germination, but mean germination time was lower than the control. When exposed to sulfuric acid, the control showed a germination percentage of 30.0%, with the highest germination percentage measured at 76.0% in 98%sulfuric acid for 40 minutes. In the case of A. retinodes, boiling water at 80°C for 30 minutes showed the highest germination percentage of 68.0%, compared to the control (20.0%). The germination energy, germination rate, mean daily germination, and mean germination time were also better than the control. The highest germination percentage was 49.3% when exposed to a 98% sulfuric acid solution for 40 minutes. The germination percentages when exposed to KOH were found to be 36% in a 15% KOH solution for 10 minutes in A. floribunda, and 34.6% in A. retinodes in a 15% KOH solution and in a 25% KOH solution for 10 minutes, respectively, but there was no effect compared to the control. The results of this study suggest that boiling water pretreatments are the most suitable for enhancing the germination percentage of A. floribunda and A. retinodes.
L. Pattanaik, S. N. Naik, P. Hariprasad, and S. K. Padhi, “Influence of Various Oxidation Parameter(s) for Natural Indigo Dye Formation from Indigofera Tinctoria L. Biomass,” Environmental Challenges, vol. 4, p. 100157, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.envc.2021.100157.
Aeration or oxidation is one of the crucial steps during the plant-derived natural indigo dye production process. However, the lack of scientific information to determine adequate aeration conditions during natural indigo dye production is one of the significant limitations of the process. Therefore, the present study focuses on selecting suitable parameters to assess the optimum oxidation for indigo dye formation. Initially, the effect of direct oxidation parameters, such as dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), and pH on indigo dye formation, were evaluated. However, insignificant (p>0.05) co-relation was observed between the direct parameters on indigo dye formation. Alternatively, due to the agglomeration and water insolubility properties of indigo dye, particle size measurement was considered for real-time monitoring of indigo dye formation. It was established that the minimum indigo particle agglomeration size of ≥100 µm could be considered as a significant parameter to determine the indigo dye formation. It can act as an indirect indicator of adequate oxidation.
L. Pattanaik, S. K. Padhi, P. Hariprasad, and S. N. Naik, “Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Natural Indigo Dye Production from Indigofera Tinctoria L. Plant Biomass: A Case Study of India,” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 1639–1654, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s10098-020-01914-y.
The emerging demand of natural indigo dye due to the environmental and sociological concerns imparted by the synthetic dye helps in leveraging the conventional natural indigo dye production process in many developing countries, including India. Despite having remarkable global market potential, the high price of natural indigo dye impedes its extensive commercialization. Therefore, in the present study, the economics of natural indigo dye is evaluated through life cycle cost (LCC) analysis by considering the traditional indigo dye production process in India using the plant biomass Indigofera tinctoria L. The life cycle model includes cultivation of Indigofera biomass, as well as the production and processing of indigo dye and the cost involved in each step. Along with the detailed cost analysis, the present study also includes socio-economic analysis and possibilities of cost reduction based on the outcome of sensitivity analysis. From the LCC analysis, the life cycle cost of Indigofera biomass cultivation is \420.74 ha−1 year−1, whereas the indigo dye production cost is \113 ton−1 of Indigofera biomass. For an annual dye production of 1000 tons, the present study estimated the economic stabilization of rural farmers and labours by an annual employment generation of 196,250 man-days year−1 and 12,50,000 man-days year−1, respectively. By sensitivity analysis, the raw material price was identified as the major contributor in the total indigo dye production cost. As a cost reduction measure, the combination of biomass yield (70 tons) and reduction in the biomass production cost (50%) was found to be suitable. Utilization of by-product generated from the dye industry into value-added products could contribute towards a cost reduction of 22% in the Indigofera biomass cultivation and a cost saving of $37.4 ton−1 of biomass in the indigo dye production cost.
L. Pattanaik, S. N. Naik, and P. Hariprasad, “Valorization of Waste Indigofera Tinctoria L. Biomass Generated from Indigo Dye Extraction Process—Potential towards Biofuels and Compost,” Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 445–457, Jun. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s13399-018-0354-2.
The current study focuses on the valorization potential of Indigofera tinctoria L. waste biomass recovered from the indigo dye production process for biofuel and compost. In order to compare the potential of after dye extracted biomass (ADB) with before dye extracted biomass (BDB), different physical (proximate analysis, calorific value, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD)), chemical (ultimate analysis, inorganic elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)), and compositional characterization (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractive content) were performed. With C/N ratio of 19.66 and high mineral contents (P\,= 1513.47 and K\,= 5672.63 ppm), ADB showed favorable potential for compost. Additionally, the ultimate composition (C\,= 44.23%, H\,= 6.62%, N\,= 2.25%, and O\,= 37.94%) and lignocellulosic composition (cellulose\,= 41.15%, hemicellulose\,= 28.9%) of ADB indicated comparable methane (498.94 L/kg VS) and ethanol (281.9 L/Mg) potential. Considering the overall biomass potential, an integrated approach has been suggested to utilize ADB for biofuels (biogas and bioethanol) and compost production. This approach may enhance the eco-sustainability by substituting the current energy and fertilizer need in Indigofera biomass cultivation and indigo dye production processes with a predicted energy equivalent of 3709.68 MJ (from biogas) or 1131.56 MJ (from bioethanol) per 240 kg dry weight of ADB.
C. Pauck et al., “Inulin Suitable as Reduced-Kilojoule Carrier for Production of Microencapsulated Spray-Dried Green Cyclopia Subternata (Honeybush) Extract,” LWT, vol. 75, pp. 631–639, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.10.018.
Retention of phenolic compounds during spray-drying of an anti-diabetic C. subternata extract and physicochemical characteristics of spray-dried powders (pure extract and extract-carrier mixtures) were evaluated. Extract-carrier mixtures contained three levels (250, 500 and 750 g/kg) of the microencapsulating agents, namely corn syrup solids, commonly used by the food industry, and inulin, a low-kilojoule alternative. The amorphous spray-dried powders ranged from nearly free-flowing to cohesive. Their moisture content and water activity fell within the range of their monolayer moisture values. The moisture sorption isotherm of the pure extract showed very little hysteresis, contrary to the mixtures containing carriers. Similar values for calculated and experimental heat flow, determined by isothermal microcalorimetry, indicated the carriers to be compatible with the extract, except when used in a mixture containing 750 g/kg corn syrup solids per total solids. Spray-drying had no detrimental effect on the individual phenolic content, in particular the heat labile mangiferin, isomangiferin and 3-β-d-glucopyranosyliriflophenone, and the total antioxidant capacity of the extract. Microencapsulation of C. subternata extract with inulin by spray-drying thus provides a stable low-kilojoule powder, suitable for formulation of single-serve beverage mixtures that can be used by diabetics.
N. Paudel and P. D. Rai, “Germination Responses of Seeds of Desmodium Triflorum,” Feb. 2018.
Background: Germination of Desmodium triflorum is used for the scarification using the acid is valuable for the different light condition. Methods: The sample was collected as four month of interval of time and the seed is treated with acids with different time. Results: seeds scarified with sulfuric acids for 10 min before sowing had better germination than those scarified for 5 and 15 min. Among them light qualities, red and white light had slightly promoted effect whereas blue light and dark condition had slightly negative effect on seed germination. Conclusions: In comparison to blue light and dark condition, red light and white light were promoted to percentage germination indicating the role of phytochrome in seed germination of Desmodium triflorum. Keywords: Concentration, Desmodium triflorum, Light, Phytochrome, Scarification, Seed germination
L. Pedley, “Derivation and Dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae), with Particular Reference to Australia, and the Recognition of Senegalia and Racosperma,” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 219–254, 1986.
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x.
The morphology of seedlings, leaves, flowers and inflorescences, anatomy of the pod, the occurrence of extra-floral nectaries, free amino acids of the seeds, flavonoid compounds in heartwoods, cyanogenic compounds and porate, colporate and extraporate pollen, and susceptibility to rusts, all indicate that three genera, Acacia Miller, Senegalia Raf. and Racosperma Martius, should be recognized. These correspond to currently accepted subgenera of Acacia. The size of these more narrowly circumscribed genera is in keeping with the size of genera of other tribes of low diversity in Leguminosae. Acacia and Senegalia arose independently from the Ingeae, with Racosperma being derived from Senegalia. Section Filicinae is more advanced than section Senegalia of Senegalia, and sections Racosperma and Pukhella, both with at least some species with bipinnate foliage, are the most advanced of Racosperma, while the other sections Pleurinervia and Lycopodiifolia have only phyllodinous species. Long-range dispersal of Racosperma from the Australian region has occurred, but the broad pattern of distribution is interpreted in terms of plate tectonics. Racosperma was present in Australia in the late Cretaceous but did not become widespread until the general drying of the continent in the Miocene. The flora of SW Australia has been isolated from the rest of the continent by climatic barriers since the late Tertiary and has a high proportion of endemic species. Barriers to plant migration in the east have operated only intermittently and there is no area comparable in endemism to the southwest.
M. V. L. Pedone-Bonfim et al., “Mycorrhizal Inoculation as an Alternative for the Sustainable Production of Mimosa Tenuiflora Seedlings with Improved Growth and Secondary Compounds Content,” Fungal Biology, vol. 122, no. 9, pp. 918–927, Sep. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.05.009.
In this study, we report the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and increasing doses of phosphorus (P) on the growth and production of secondary metabolites in Mimosa tenuiflora, a medicinal species native to Brazil. We used a completely randomized design with four inoculation treatments: Control not inoculated (1); Claroideoglomus etunicatum (2); Gigaspora albida (3); and C. etunicatum + G. albida (4) and four doses of P; P0 – baseline dose, P8, P16 and P32. After 70 d in a greenhouse, growth, mycorrhizal variables, biochemical and phytochemical parameters were evaluated. Compared to non-mycorrhizal plants, mycorrhized M. tenuiflora seedlings showed greater: growth, greater photosynthetic performance and content of soluble carbohydrates and secondary metabolites, with the most significant benefits occurring in soil with low to moderate P content (up to 16 mg kg−1). The plant growth is severely restricted at low P levels, but the addition of AMF appears to remove this limiting factor. Although M. tenuiflora responds to levels of phosphate fertilization, it responds well to mycorrhizal inoculation, especially with G. albida, which promotes benefits for the initial growth and secondary metabolite content in this plant species of medical and potential commercial interest and may be used instead of phosphate fertilizer.
N. Pedrol, C. G. Puig, A. López-Nogueira, M. Pardo-Muras, L. González, and P. Souza-Alonso, “Optimal and Synchronized Germination of Robinia Pseudoacacia, Acacia Dealbata and Other Woody Fabaceae Using a Handheld Rotary Tool: Concomitant Reduction of Physical and Physiological Seed Dormancy,” Journal of Forestry Research, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 283–290, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s11676-017-0445-0.
The Fabaceae (legume family) is one of the largest families of plants with a worldwide distribution and a major role in agriculture and in agroforestry. A hard seed coat impermeable to water is a typical feature of several species. Physical dormancy delays and reduces germination so that mechanical, physical and chemical scarification methods have been classically used to break seed dormancy of many species. We evaluate the effectiveness of a methodology to scarify seeds of several woody Fabaceae of ecological and economical importance, including Robinia pseudoacacia and Acacia dealbata and the shrubs Cytisus scoparius, C. multiflorus and Ulex europaeus. We describe the optimized use of a handheld rotary tool (HRT), and compare its effectiveness with other scarification methods reported to break dormancy such as boiling or dry heating. Total germination and/or speed of germination were enhanced after the application of the HRT, with germination percentages significantly higher than those achieved by other methods of scarification. Based on a thorough literature review, a mode of action for the HRT is suggested which could operate by breaking the physical and physiological dormancy of treated seeds through the combined action of coat abrasion and moderate temperatures. Considering these results, we recommend the application of this rapid, effective, low-cost and highly reproducible HRT method to break seed dormancy and enhance germination of these species and others with similar dormancy constraints.
M. T. L. P. Peres, A. C. da S. Cândido, M. B. Bonilla, O. Faccenda, and S. C. Hess, “Phytotoxic Potential of Senna Occidentalis and Senna Obtusifolia,” 2010.
doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v32i3.5833.
This work aimed to investigate the phytotoxic potential of the aerial and underground parts of Senna occidentalis and S. obtusifolia on the germination and initial growth of lettuce and onion. Four concentrations were used of each ethanol extract (0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg L-1), with four replications of 50 seeds. From the investigated species, the aerial part of S. occidentalis interfered in onion germination and the aerial part of S. obtusifolia interfered in the germinations of lettuce and onion. The ethanol extract from the aerial and underground parts of the studied species inhibited the root growth of lettuce and onion. The hypocotyl/coleoptile growth in lettuce and onion was inhibited by the extract of S. obtusifolia aerial part and the underground part of S. occidentalis and S. obtusifolia. The results obtained make it possible to infer that the studied species contain substances that influence the germination and growth of the target seedlings.
L. B. Pérez et al., “Bioactive Constituents of Indigofera Spicata,” Journal of natural products, vol. 76, no. 8, pp. 1498–1504, Aug. 2013.
doi: 10.1021/np400567c.
Four new flavanones, designated as (+)−5″-deacetylpurpurin (1), (+)−5-methoxypurpurin (2), (2S)-2,3-dihydrotephroglabrin (3), and (2S)-2,3-dihydrotephroapollin C (4), together with two known flavanones (5 and 6), three known rotenoids (7–9), and one known chalcone (10) were isolated from a chloroform-soluble partition of a methanol extract from the combined flowers, fruits, leaves, and twigs of Indigofera spicata, collected in Vietnam. The compounds were obtained by bioactivity-guided isolation using HT-29 human colon cancer, 697 human acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and Raji human Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines. The structures of 1–4 were established by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments and the absolute configurations were determined by the measurement of specific rotations and CD spectra. The cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds were tested against the HT-29, 697, Raji and the CCD-112CoN human normal colon cells. Also, the quinone reductase induction activities of the isolates were determined using the Hepa 1c1c7 murine hepatoma cell line. In addition, cis-6aβ−12aβ-hydroxyrotenone (7) was evaluated in an in vivo hollow fiber bioassay using HT-29, MCF-7 human breast cancer, and MDA-MB-435 human melanoma cells.
F. M. Perkin, “The Indian Indigo Industry,” Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, vol. 63, no. 3241, pp. 117–129, 1915.https://www.jstor.org/stable/41341879.
G. Perumal, T. Rengasamy, and M. Dharmendira Kumar, “Production of Biodiesel by Transesterification of Senna Occidentalis Nonedible Oil,” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 39, no. 17, pp. 1855–1861, Sep. 2017.
doi: 10.1080/15567036.2017.1378776.
Biodiesel is an alternative to petro-diesel which is a fatty acid methyl ester of animal fats and vegetable oils. A technique to produce biodiesel from occidentalis oil having high free fatty acids (17% FFA) has been developed. The high FFA level of occidentalis oils was reduced to less than 1% by a two-step pretreatment process. The main objectives of the present work are to reduce the higher viscosity of occidentalis oil using esterification followed by transesterification and to assess the performance. Each step was carried out with 0.30 – 0.35 v/v methanol-to-oil ratio and with the presence of 1%v/v H2SO4as an acid catalyst during 1 h reaction. The mixture was allowed to settle for an hour and the methanol-water mixture was separated from the top of the mixture. The second step is transesterification of the bottom layer using 0.25% v/v methanol and 0.7% w/v KOH as an alkaline catalyst to produce biodiesel. The fuel properties of Senna occidentalis biodiesel were found to be comparable to that of American and European standard petro-diesel.
A. PERVEEN and M. QAISER, “Pollen Flora of Pakistan - X. Leguminosae(Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae),” Turkish Journal of Botany, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 145–150, Jan. 1998.
doi: -.
C. Pheiffer, Z. Dudhia, J. Louw, C. Muller, and E. Joubert, “Cyclopia Maculata (Honeybush Tea) Stimulates Lipolysis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes,” Phytomedicine, vol. 20, no. 13, pp. 1168–1171, Oct. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.06.016.
We have previously, for the first time, demonstrated that hot water extracts of Cyclopia maculata and Cyclopia subternata, endemic South African plants that are consumed as herbal teas, inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The aim of this study was to extend the anti-obesity investigations of these plants by quantifying lipolysis in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Glycerol concentration in culture supernatants was used as a marker of adipocyte lipolysis. Isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist and a known lipolytic agent, was used as a positive control in our assays. Lipolysis was stimulated by all extracts, although statistical significance was noted for fermented (oxidised) C. maculata only. A concentration of 80μg/ml of C. maculata extract induced maximal lipolysis (1.8-fold, p<0.001). The increased lipolysis was accompanied by an increase in the expression of hormone sensitive lipase (1.6-fold, p<0.05) and perilipin (1.6-fold, p<0.05). The plant extracts, at the concentration range assayed (0–100μg/ml), were not cytotoxic in terms of mitochondrial dehydrogenase and adenosine-5′-triphosphate activity. These results showed that C. maculata stimulates lipolysis in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, providing further support for the anti-obesity effects of Cyclopia spp.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of media, auxin, and stem diameter on rooting percentage and root number, and to provide preliminary observations towards developing efficient asexual propagation protocol for A. confusa. The Formosa Acacia (Acacia confusa) is a woody perennial species native to Southeast Asia. This tree has historically been used for teas, condiments, lumber, and traditional medicines. Seed propagation is common with A. confusa, but there is a lack of information regarding its potential for asexual propagation. Our investigation focused on the influence of media, hormones, and stem diameter of stem cutting rooting success. Cuttings were all selected from the same three-year old mother plant and randomly placed in four media treatments; 1) Pro-Mix BX commercial mix, 2) 1:1 ratio of Coir and Peat, 3) Perlite, and 4) 1:1 ratio of Peat and Perlite. In each media treatment, half of the cuttings were subjected to a 0.3% IBA (Indole-3-butyric Acid) treatment. All treatment combinations were placed on an automated misting bench with bottom heat in the greenhouse for eight weeks. This experiment was conducted twice, once in the fall and again in the spring. Upon data collection, cutting diameters were all measured directly above the second node. Each individual was assessed for the presence of rooting and the number of roots. The use of IBA significantly increased the presence of rooting and the number of roots per cutting in all media treatments. Media treatments containing perlite and peat produced fewer rooting individuals and reduced number of roots per cutting. Stem diameter influenced rooting success in the spring experiments but not in the fall. These data provide preliminary observations towards developing efficient asexual propagation protocol for A. confusa. INTRODUCTION: Introduction: The Formosa Acacia (Acacia confusa Merr) is a woody leguminous tree native to Taiwan. Historically, it has been used for feedstock, charcoal making, and lumber (Siao-Jong, 1978; Arumugam et al, 2009). Additionally, A. confusa is reputed to have medicinal properties and has been used in Taiwanese folk medicine for a variety of ailments (Siao-Jong, 1978; Arumugam et al, 2009). In recent years, research has demonstrated its utility as a soil stabilizer and nitrogen fixer in soil conservation efforts (Chan et al, 1999; Shangmiao, 1999) as well as its potential as grafting rootstock for a Hawaiian native Acacia (Nelson, 2006). Seed germination is the typical means of propagating A. confuse (Shengiong, 1992; Arumugam et al, 2009), but inherent seedling variation produces challenges related to the uniformity and quality of nursery stock (Siao-Jong, 1978; Arumugam et al, 2009). Tissue culture has been investigated as a means to propagate superior clones (Jinxiang et al, 2001). However, our extensive literature review revealed no studies on more widely applicable stem cutting propagation methods. Studies of other Acacia species demonstrate that cutting position on the stem, cutting maturity, and auxin application influenced rooting percentage, root number, and root length (Poupard et al, 1994). The objectives of our study were to investigate the effects of media, auxin, and stem diameter on rooting percentage and root number. We hypothesized that IBA treatments would significantly increase rooting percentage and the number of roots per cutting, that the Pro-Mix BX media would achieve the highest rooting success, and that increasing stem diameter would correlate with higher numbers of roots per cutting. RESULTS Media and Hormone •IBA increased rooting percentage in most media treatments (Fig. 4) •The 1:1 Coir/Perlite combined with IBA yielded the highest rooting % (Fig. 4) •The 1:1 Coir/Perlite combined with IBA produced the highest mean # of roots across both dates (Fig. 5) •No statistical difference in the # of roots per cutting when analyzing only the rooted cuttings at both dates (Fig. 6) Stem Cutting Diameter •No statistical correlation between stem diameter and root number in the fall cuttings (Table 1) •Stem diameter of cuttings taken in the spring had a positive effect on the number of roots per cutting (Table 1) Literature Cited: Arumugam, S. , Chu, F., Wang, S., and S. Chang, 2009. In Vitro Plant Regeneration from Immature Leaflets Derived Callus of Acacia confusa Merr via Organogenesis. Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Biotechnology. 18(2): 197-201. Chan, Y., Wong, M., and B. Whitton, 1999. Effects of Landfill Leachate on Growth and Nitrogen Fixation of two Leguminous Trees (Acacia Confusa, Leucaena Leucocephala. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 111(1-4): 29-40. Jixiang, W., Xiaorong, W., Ling, L., and P. Ruichi, 2001. Tissue Culture of Acacia confusa. Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science), 2001-03: 4548 Nelson, S. 2006. Grafting of Acacia koa Gray onto Young Acacia Seedlings. Native Plants Journal, 7(2): 137-140. Poupard, C., Chauviere, M., and O. Monteuuis, 1994. Rooting Acacia mangium Cuttings: Effects of Age, Within-Shoot Position, and Auxin Treatment. Silvae Genetica, 43(4): 226-231. Shangmiao, L., 1999. Effects of Planting Acacia confusa Forest for Water and Soil Conservation on the Soil Structure and Nutrient. Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology. 1999-02 Shengiong, L., 1992. Effects of Seed Osmoconditioning with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) on the Increase of Taiwan Acacia (Acacia confusa Merr.) Seed Vigour. Journal of South China Agricultural University, 1992-01. Siao-Jong, L., 1978. Seedling Variation of Open-Pollinated Seeds from a Single Tree of Acacia confusa Merr.. Kew Bulletin, 32(3):537-539. Nathan Phillips*1, Andrew Thomas1, Song Cui1, and Eric Limbird2, School of Agribusiness and Agriscience1, Department of Biology2, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132. *nate.phillips@mtsu.edu Table 1. Results of regression analysis investigating the relationship between cutting stem diameter and the number of roots that the cutting produced. Cutting stem diameters were measured above the second node. Significant P values are denoted with an asterisk(s). Figure 4. The percentage of Acacia confusa cuttings in each media*hormone treatment for both cutting harvest dates. Each treatment at each date consisted of between seven and nine cuttings. Standard error bars are shown. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a fair amount of research into the propagation of Acacia confusa by germination and tissue culture, our work represents the first apparent experiment investigating propagation by cuttings. A high degree of success was realized by using a balanced coir/perlite medium as the rooting substrate. Interestingly, substrates containing peat showed a markedly lower rate of rooting and decreased number of roots. More studies are needed to ascertain why coir and peat have seemingly different effects on rooting in this species, particularly since these two substrates share similar physical and chemical properties. Further research is needed to build upon our preliminary work towards developing efficient propagation protocal for A. confusa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Propagation Study •Cuttings harvested from 3yr old seedling mother plant •Yielded a total of 128 cuttings, each with 4 nodes •Fall 2014 – 59 cuttings •Spring 2014 – 69 cuttings •Phyllodes from bottom two nodes removed •Two hormone treatments •No hormone •IBA Hormodin 3 (0.3% IBA) •Four media treatments •PBX Pro-Mix BX commercial mix (Premiere Tech Horticulture) •C/P 1:1 ratio of Coir and Peat •P Perlite •P/P 1:1 ratio of Peat and Perlite •Cuttings randomly assigned to each hormone / media treatment •Cuttings placed on automated mist bench in greenhouse •Mist cycle – 7 seconds every 10 minutes Data Collection and Analysis •Data collected after 8 weeks on mist bench •Presence or absence of rooting •Number of roots •Stem diameter at second node •Data from each date analyzed separately •Rooting and root number analyzed using PROC MIXED; SAS v. 9.3 •Means separation testing via Tukey-Kramer (P<.05) ; SAS v. 9.3 •Separate simple regression analyses (PROC REG; SAS) 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 PBX PBX+IBA C/P C/P+IBA P P+IBA P/P P/P+IBA a. Mean # of Roots (rooted cuttings)
M. D. Pilar Nicasio, M. L. Villarreal, F. Ç. Gillet, L. Bensaddek, and M.-A. Fliniaux, “Variation in the Accumulation Levels of n,n-Dimethyltryptamine in Micro-Propagated Trees and in in Vitro Cultures of Mimosa Tenuiflora,” Natural Product Research, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 61–67, Jan. 2005.
doi: 10.1080/14786410410001658860.
The present article reports the accumulation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and its metabolic precursors (tryptophan, tryptamine) in different organs of micropropagated Mimosa tenuiflora trees (leaves, flowers and bark) subjected to seasonal variations (January and June), as well as in in vitro cultures (plantlets and calluses) of this plant species. The accumulation of all the tested compounds varied according to the organ, the month of collection, and age of the plant material. In all cases, the neurotoxic compound N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) was detected with the lowest concentration 0.01% dry weight (DW) in flowers, and the highest 0.33% DW in bark. For the in vitro cultures, DMT was present in high yields in plantlets (0.1–0.2% DW), while in calluses this compound was initially detected but its concentration decreased significantly in the subsequent subcultures.
D. T. Pinheiro, A. D. de Medeiros, T. F. S. N. Soares, N. P. Capobiango, and D. C. F. dos S. Dias, “Image Analysis Using X-Ray to Evaluate Seed Quality of Anadenanthera Peregrina (L) Speg,” Ciência Florestal, vol. 32, pp. 1309–1322, Nov. 2022.
doi: 10.5902/1980509863239.
Abstract Solutions based on image analysis are a growing trend towards improving the quality of forest seeds. This study aimed to associate the information obtained through the processing of radiographic images with the physiological potential of Anadenanthera peregrina seeds. Ten seed lots from different mother trees were submitted to automated X-ray analysis to obtain variables related to seed morphology and tissue integrity. Then, the seeds were evaluated for their physiological potential through the variables germination, normal seedlings, germination speed index (GSI), seedling length, uniformity index, and vigor index. The results showed that there was a relationship between the variables obtained with the X-ray analysis and those of the physiological potential of the seeds. Most of the lots with low physiological potential had lower tissue density, circularity, and a higher positive skewness value. The X-ray technique can be considered valid to establish a relationship between the physical and physiological quality of seeds, however, it seems to be more efficient to identify seeds with low physiological potential.
D. S. Pinho, E. E. de L. Borges, A. P. V. Carvalho, and V. B. Corte, “Adequação da metodologia do teste de tetrazólio para avaliação da viabilidade de sementes de angico,” Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira, vol. 31, no. 67, pp. 269–269, Aug. 2011.https://pfb.cnpf.embrapa.br/pfb/index.php/pfb/article/view/197.
The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the best concentration and the incubation time to test germination in seeds of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. The seeds were preconditioned at 25 ºC for 14 hours immersed in distilled water. The coat were removed and the embryos submerged in tetrazolium solution (pH 6.5) solution in the concentrations of 0.1%; 0.05% and 0.01%, being kept in dark at 25 ºC for three and five hours and at 30 ºC for 24 hours. It was evaluate the intensity and localization of the coloration, presence of milky areas, tissues aspect. The embryos were classified in nine classes of viability. The best treatment as substitute of the germination test was the 0.1% tetrazolium incubated at 30 ºC for 24 hours. Viable seeds of A. peregrine were classified in classes 1, 2 and 3.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.67.269
The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the accelerated aging in the vigor and viability of Anadenanthera peregrina seeds. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the accelerated aging in the vigor and viability of Anadenanthera peregrina seeds. For the accelerated aging test, the seeds were conditioned in “gerbox” boxes with an aluminum screen. Distilled water in the botton part of the box was added and, after that, the boxes were conditioned in aging chamber in the temperatures of 40, 50 and 60oC, during the periods of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. For the control seeds not
D. S. Pinho, E. E. de Lima e Borges, and C. A. Pontes, “Viability and Vigour Evaluation of the Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg. Seeds Submitted to the Accelerated Aging and Osmopriming,” Revista Árvore, vol. 34, pp. 425–434, Jun. 2010.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-67622010000300006.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o vigor e viabilidade de sementes de Anadenanthera peregina submetidas ao envelhecimento acelerado e ao osmocondicionamento. As sementes foram acondicionadas em caixas tipo "gerbox" com uma tela de alumínio separando-as do fundo do gerbox, onde se adicionou água destilada. As caixas foram mantidas em câmara de envelhecimento nas temperaturas de 40, 50 e 60 ºC, durante 24, 48, 72 e 96 h. Para o controle foram utilizadas sementes não submetidas ao envelhecimento. Após cada tempo, as sementes foram submetidas aos seguintes testes: teste de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, condutividade elétrica, teste de tetrazólio, osmocondicionamento e avaliação das plântulas. A 40 ºC, a porcentagem de germinação, o Índice de Velocidade de Germinação (IVG) e a porcentagem de sementes viáveis pelo teste de tetrazólio decresceram significativamente. Houve incremento significativo da curva de condutividade elétrica à medida que aumentou a permanência das sementes dentro da câmara de envelhecimento. A partir de 96 h de permanência na câmara de envelhecimento, as sementes perderam toda a viabilidade, assim como aquelas submetidas ao envelhecimento a 50 e 60 ºC. Na avaliação das plântulas, todos os parâmetros analisados decresceram à medida que as sementes permaneceram na câmara de envelhecimento por mais tempo, com exceção da porcentagem de plântulas anormais e do peso fresco da raiz, que tiveram incremento nos seus valores.
J. K. Piper, “Density of Anomoea Flavokansiensis on Desmanthus Illinoensis in Monoculture and Polyculture,” Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 105–111, 1996.
doi: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb02020.x.
The effect of plant species diversity on the density of the herbivore, Anomoea flavokansiensis Moldenke (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), on Desmanthus illinoensis (Michaux) MacMillan (Mimosaceae), a promising North American legume for exploring the principles of diverse, perennial grain agriculture was examined. From mid-June to early August A. flavokansiensis feeds on young leaves and inflorescences of D. llinoensis. At high density, A. flavokansiensis potentially reduces seed yield and is thus an important consideration for long-term stands that are to be grown without insecticides. The potential to manage this insect via intercropping its host species with other, non-host perennial species by monitoring A. flavokansiensis density on D. illinoensis within experimental monocultures, two-species mixtures with Tripsacum dactyloides, and three-species mixtures with T. dactyloides and Leymus racemosus was examined. Insects were censused 2–3 times weekly from mid-June to early August at two sites from 1991 to 1995. In the first three years, beetle density was generally low (<1 per plant), and did not differ among treatments. In the fourth year, however, beetle density peaked at 15 and 25 insects per plant at the two sites, and was highest within monoculture for most dates. In 1995, density was again low, but tended to remain higher in monoculture at one site. The results suggest that beetle density on D. illinoensis can be reduced in polyculture and may hold promise for the management of this insect herbivore within perennial grain polycultures.
J. K. Piper, “Growth and Seed Yield of Three Perennial Grains within Monocultures and Mixed Stands,” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 1–11, Mar. 1998.
doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00097-2.
This study examined growth and seed yield of three perennial species, Desmanthus illinoensis (Illinois bundleflower, a legume), Leymus racemosus (mammoth wildrye, a C3 grass), and Tripsacum dactyloides (eastern gamagrass, a C4 grass), in monoculture, biculture, and triculture treatments, on two soils differing in initial fertility, and over 5 yrs. There were significant effects of site, treatment, and year on both aboveground biomass and seed yield. On average, bundleflower monoculture produced the greatest aboveground biomass, although the three-species mixture produced the peak biomass (814 g/m2) in any given year. Among treatments, Illinois bundleflower monoculture yielded the most seed (maximum=122 g/m2). Overall, biomass and seed yield were higher at the more fertile Site 1, but species differed in their dependence on soil fertility. Among species, bundleflower performed fairly independently of soil fertility, wildrye grew poorly on the less fertile soil, and gamagrass persisted at both sites although it grew less well at Site 2. In most cases, mixtures produced as well as the best-yielding monoculture. In 26 of 30 instances, biomass relative yield totals (RYTs) were statistically >1.0 and, in 19 of 21 cases, RYT for seed yield was statistically >1.0. In general, the overyielding effect appeared stronger at Site 2 than at Site 1, with seed yield RYT appearing to increase with time at Site 2. The results show that the seed yield of perennials can be high, and that some species can persist in mixture for several years. The data for 5 yrs point to the need to follow long-term patterns of yield and interspecific interactions within perennial grain polycultures in order to maintain species diversity and to make reasonable predictions.
J. K. Piper, “Neighborhood Effects on Growth, Seed Yield, and Weed Biomass for Three Perennial Grains in Polyculture,” Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 11–31, Mar. 1994.
doi: 10.1300/J064v04n02_04.
Patterns of growth and seed yield of three perennials (wildrye, Leymus racemosus; eastern gamagrass, Tripsacum dactyloides; and Illinois bundleflower, Desmanthus illinoensis) were examined in a pilot polyculture for three years to quantify interspecific interactions and effects on weed growth. Wlldrye flowers and fruits in late spring, eastern gamagrass in mid-summer, and Illinois bundleflower during late summer. Illinois bundleflower produced its highest seed yield (147 g m-2) in the first year; wildrye (33.4 g m-2) and gamagrass (73.3 g m-2) yields were highest in the second and third years.
P. A. F. Pires Neto, V. C. M. Pires, C. B. Moraes, L. M. de Oliveira, A. C. F. Portella, and J. Nakagawa, “Physiological Ripening of Anadenanthera Colubrina (Vellozo) Brenan Seeds,” Journal of Seed Science, vol. 38, pp. 155–161, Jun. 2016.
doi: 10.1590/2317-1545v38n2153112.
Abstract: The seed physiological maturity knowledgment is critical determine its maximum production and physiological quality. The objective of this study was to determine the ideal time to harvest by evaluating seeds physiological maturity. Seventeen weekly harvests of fruits and seeds from matrices located in the Brazilian city of Botucatu, SP, were performed from May to September 2001. Fruits size and weight, seed water content and dry matter, and germination and emission of primary root were evaluated. Seeds showed maximum dimension in the thirteenth week of collection, while the highest fruit weight was obtained in the twelfth week of collection. Water content decreased over time. Seeds dry matter showed its highest value in the sixteenth week harvest, while germination percentage showed its highest value between the fourteenth and fifteenth week harvest. The percentage of primary root emission was observed with maximum value in the tenth week harvest. Based on the results, it is concluded that the best Anadenanthera colubrina harvest season occurs between the fourteenth and fifteenth weeks.
D. A. N. I. E. L. F. POPE, A. C. THOMPSON, and A. W. COLE, “Phytotoxicity of Root Exudates and Leaf Extracts of Nine Plant Species,” in The Chemistry of Allelopathy, vol. 268, American Chemical Society, 1985, pp. 219–234.
doi: 10.1021/bk-1985-0268.ch015.
Root exudates of common purslane [Portulaca oleracea L.], prickly sida [Sida spinosa L.], johnsongrass [ Sorghum halapense (L.) Pers.], bahiagrass [Paspalum notatum Flugge ’Pensacola’], cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L. ’Stoneville 213’], soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ’Bragg’], cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.], lantana [Lantana camara L.] and Illinois bundleflower [Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. Ex B. L. Robins] were tested for phytotoxicity in germination, root growth and height growth bioassays. Root exudates of common purslane, prickly sida, johnsongrass, bahiagrass and lantana significantly slowed soybean height increase. Prickly sida root exudate reduced radish (Raphanus sativus L. ’Champion’) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller ’Homestead 24’) root growth. Root exudates of soybean, johnsongrass, cogongrass and prickly sida reduced 24 hour beet (Beta vulgaris L. ’Asgrow Wonder’) germination. Bahiagrass, soybean, cotton, prickly sida and johnsongrass root exudates reduced 48, 72 and 96 hour okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. ’Clemson Spineless’) germination. Leaf extracts of cogongrass, soybean, johnsongrass and Illinois bundleflower reduced tomato root growth.
G. L. Posler, A. W. Lenssen, and G. L. Fine, “Forage Yield, Quality, Compatibility, and Persistence of Warm-Season Grass—Legume Mixtures,” Agronomy Journal, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 554–560, 1993.
doi: 10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030007x.
Development of compatible, persistent, warm-season grass-legume mixtures could increase forage yield and quality during summer months. We established a trial to determine forage yield, quality, species compatibility, and persistence of binary mixtures of warm-season grasses with selected legumes, five of which are native to the central USA. Grass entries were switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula Michx.), and indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash]. Legume entries were purple prairieclover [Dalea purpurea Vent.; syn. Petalostemon purpureum (Vent.) Rydb.], roundhead lespedeza (Lespedeza capitata Michx.), leadplant (Amorpha canescens Pursh), Illinois bundleflower [Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill., B. Robins. & Fern.], catclaw sensitive brier [Schrankia nuttallii (DC.) Standl.], and cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.), a cool-season species. Unfertilized grass plots without legumes also were included. The experiment was on a Haynie very fine sandy loam soil (coarse-silty, mixed, calcareous, mesic Typic Udifluvents). All mixtures containing purple prairieclover, roundhead lespedeza, Illinois bundleflower, or catclaw sensitive brier yielded more forage than did grasses grown alone or with leadplant, except for pure switchgrass in 1986. All legumes increased the crude protein concentration of forage compared to that of grass-alone plots, except for leadplant with switchgrass in 1986. Inclusion of catclaw sensitive brier and cicer milkvetch with grasses consistently improved in vitro digestible dry matter concentration (IVDDM), while inclusion of roundhead lespedeza, leadplant, and Illinois bundleflower generally resulted in decreased [VDDM concentration of forage. Purple prairieclover generally did not influence IVDMD of mixtures. Persistence of all legumes was good. Cicer milkvetch was not compatible with these grasses because it developed a thick, dense canopy prior to initiation of growth by these grasses.
A. Postma, E. Slabbert, F. Postma, and K. Jacobs, “Soil Bacterial Communities Associated with Natural and Commercial Cyclopia Spp.,” FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol. 92, no. 3, p. fiw016, Mar. 2016.
doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiw016.
The commercially important plants in the genus Cyclopia spp. are indigenous to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa and are used to manufacture an herbal tea known as honeybush tea. Growing in the low nutrient fynbos soils, these plants are highly dependent on symbiotic interactions with soil microorganisms for nutrient acquisition. The aim of this study was to investigate the soil bacterial communities associated with two commercially important Cyclopia species, namely C. subternata and C. longifolia. Specific interest was the differences between rhizosphere and bulk soil collected from natural sites and commercially grown plants. Samples were collected on two occasions to include a dry summer and wet winter season. Results showed that the dominant bacterial taxa associated with these plants included Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. Commercial and natural as well as rhizosphere and bulk soil samples were highly similar in bacterial diversity and species richness. Significant differences were detected in bacterial community structures and co-occurrence patterns between the wet and dry seasons. The results of this study improved our knowledge on what effect commercial Cyclopia plantations and seasonal changes can have on soil bacterial communities within the endemic fynbos biome.
A. J. Potts, “Genetic Risk and the Transition to Cultivation in Cape Endemic Crops—The Example of Honeybush (Cyclopia)?,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 52–56, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.09.004.
Many endemic Cape plant species are commercially valuable, but information required to manage the resources is often lacking. Here I consider the potential genetic risk that the transition to cultivation may pose for Cape endemic plants and use honeybush – which is based on the members of the Cape endemic genus Cyclopia – as an example. The honeybush industry is expanding, in part driven by the transition from wild harvesting to cultivation. This change offers substantial environmental and economic benefits but may pose risks to wild populations through genetic contamination. I discuss (1) the importance of maintaining genetic diversity and structure of wild populations, (2) the levels of genetic structuring we might expect within the members of the genus Cyclopia, (3) the potential threats to genetic diversity, (4) suggestions for minimising genetic contamination of wild populations by cultivated plantations, and (5) why these issues may be important for the honeybush industry.
L. M. Pound, P. J. Ainsley, J. M. Facelli, L. M. Pound, P. J. Ainsley, and J. M. Facelli, “Dormancy-Breaking and Germination Requirements for Seeds of Acacia Papyrocarpa, Acacia Oswaldii and Senna Artemisioides Ssp. × Coriacea, Three Australian Arid-Zone Fabaceae Species,” Australian Journal of Botany, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 546–557, Feb. 2015.
doi: 10.1071/BT14077.
Physical dormancy is common in seeds of arid-land legumes. Improved understanding of germination requirements of hard-seeded species will further our understanding of arid lands and aid restoration projects. We studied the germination responses of Acacia papyrocarpa (Benth.), A. oswaldii (F.Muell) and Senna artemisioides (Gaudich. ex DC.) Randell ssp. × coriacea (Benth.) Randell from a chenopod shrubland in South Australia. Imbibition testing indicated that all three species had physical dormancy, but the proportion of dormant seeds was lower in A. oswaldii. This corresponded to a thinner testa in this species. Mechanisms tested to scarify seeds included mechanical scarification and different durations of wet or dry heat. Mechanically scarified seeds germinated readily, reaching maximum numbers in 10–15 days, independently of incubation temperatures, with the exception of S. artemisioides seeds, which germinated at a slower rate in cooler temperatures. Overall, wet heat was more effective than dry heat to alleviate physical dormancy, whereas dry heat in some cases resulted in seed mortality. On the basis of these results, it is recommended that seeds of A. papyrocarpa and S. artemisoides be pretreated with wet heat in future restoration programs. No pre-treatment is required for dormancy loss in A. oswaldii seeds. The different responses of seeds of these species suggest that their populations have varying strategies for persistence in this unpredictable environment.
M. Prabhakar, B. K. Vijay Kumar, N. Ramayya, and P. Leelavathi, “Structure, Distribution and Taxonomic Significance of Trichomes in someIndigofera L. (Fabaceae),” Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences, vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 309–314, Dec. 1985.
doi: 10.1007/BF03053241.
Structure and distribution patterns of the trichomes occurring on the standard petals in 8 species ofIndigofera L. have been investigated. In all, 4 trichome types exhibiting 7 distribution patterns have been recognised. Their taxonomic significance has been shown by providing a key for the identification of the species studied.
P. N. Prasad, V. N. M. Devi, L. A. M. Syndia, M. Rajakohila, and V. N. Ariharan, “Ethnobotanical Studies on Thozhukanni and Azhukanni Among the Kanikkars of South India,” p. 4.
Ethnobotany deals with the uses of plants by the aboriginal tribes in the local area. In Western Ghats, the Pothigai region is one of the important hot spot where the Kani tribes are largely settled. In this region, the Thozhukanni (Desmodium gyrans L.,) is naturalized and the Azhukanni (Cressa cretica L.,) is cultivated and used as an important drug for various ailments. In the present study an attempt is made to bring out the ethnobotanical uses of Desmodium gyrans L., and Cressa cretica L., Ethnobotanical information about the plants were collected and discussed.
E. Pujiastuti and D. Sudrajat, “Vigour Test to Predict Seed Germination and Normal Seedling Emergence of Acacia mangium in Nursery,” 2017.
doi: 10.20886/BPTPTH.2017.5.2.81-94.
Standard germination does not always indicate seed lot potential performance, especially if field germination conditions are less than optimal. Seed vigour tests therefore have been proposed to detect more accurate differences in potential seed lot performance. This study is aimed to obtain more precise method to assess Acacia mangium seed vigour correlated to germination success in a greenhouse and normal seedling emergency in a nursery. Tests were conducted on 13 seed lots collected from some certified seed sources. Seed testing and nursery activities were carried out at the Seed Laboratory of Forest Tree Seed Technology Research & Development Centre, Bogor. Experimental designs were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications for laboratory tests (standard germination, germination index, number of normal seedling in the first count, radicle length, tetrazolium test, controlled deterioration test, accelerated aging, conductivity test), germination in a greenhouse and direct sowing in a nursery. Results showed that all tests were significantly different for ranking seed vigor in the different seed lots. Seed lot from Subanjeriji-2 provided the best germination performance in the greenhouse and direct sowingin the nursery, followed by seed lot from Parungpanjang, while seed lot from Kenangan had the lowest germination performance. The relationship between some laboratory tests, i.e. top paper test, germination index, and electrical conductivity test, and the greenhouse and nursery tests were significant. The electrical conductivity test had the highest accuracy with R 2 = 0,6278 for greenhouse test and R 2 = 0,4057 for nursery test. Overall, among all the laboratory tests, electrical conductivity test showed seeds well, so the usage of the electrical conductivity test for predicting normal seedling emergence could be suitable in A. mangium nursery programs.
C. S. Purohit and R. N. Kulloli, “Indigofera Jaisalmerica Sp. Nov. (Fabaceae): A New Species from Indian Desert,” Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 628–635, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.japb.2021.09.006.
A new species, Indigofera jaisalmerica C.S. Purohit et R.N. Kulloli. sp nov. from Indian desert (Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan, India) is described and illustrated. The new species is closely related with Indigofera cordifolia Roth, but differs in having a leaf more than 2 cm long with scattered hairs on both surfaces, trichomes antler shape on leaf surface, inflorescence axillary spicate with 14–17 flowers, calyx slightly longer than flower, fruit strictly one-seeded and enclosed by calyx lobes. Detailed taxonomic description along with colored photo plate, distribution map, SEM study of leaf and seeds, and associates are provided here for its easy identification.
K. Purushotham, P. Nandeeshwar, I. Srikanth, K. Ramanjaneyulu, and J. Himabindhu, “Phytochemical Screening and In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Senna Occidentalis,” Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 549, 2019.
doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00097.0.
P. G. Putri, E. Warsiki, and Sugiarto, “The Stability of Extract Indigofera Tinctoria for Color Indicator,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 347, no. 1, p. 012070, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/347/1/012070.
Color indicator was one of intelligent packaging that give information to the consumer based on color change. In the manufacture of color indicator.Indigoferatinctoria was used as a source of natural coloring agent.Indigoferatinctorialeafe contains indicanglucoside compound whith indigo color can be hydrolyzed with water to indoxyl which produce blue color. Natural dyes used as color indicator must have a certain stability that is influenced by certain factors such astemperature and pH. In the research extraction of indigo leaves was fermented for 24 hours. The extract was stored at different temperature levels at refrigerator (2 ± 2 °C), room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) and high temperature (40 °C). The effect of pH on the stability of indigo dye extract wascarried out by measuring the absorbance value at pH 1 to 14. The stability of the extract on temperature decreasewith the coefficient of determination of (R2= 0,99) by linear regression of y=0,026x+170 and the stability of extract to pH (R2=0,94) by the equator of y= 0,05x+0,016.
R.-X. Qin et al., “A new nor-sesquiterpene from Cassia occidentalis and its bioactivity,” Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, vol. 41, no. 23, pp. 4389–4392, Dec. 2016.
doi: 10.4268/cjcmm20162316.
The phytochemistry investigation on the Cassia occidentalis, a Dai Medicine, was carried out. The C. occidentalis was extracted with ethanol and then partitioned with EtOAc. The EtOAc soluble materials were subjected repeatedly to column chromatography on silica gel and preparative RP-HPLC, leading to isolation of a nor-sesquiterpene, 3-isopropyl-1,6-dimethoxy-5-methyl-naphthalen-7-ol (1), and a sesquiterpene, 2,7-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-6-methyl-naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde (2). Their structures were determined by means of spectroscopic studies. Compound 1 is a new compound. Compound 2 is also isolated from C. occidentalis for the first time. In addition, the cytotoxicity of compound 1 for NB4, A549, SHSY5Y, PC3, and MCF7 cells line was assayed by using the MTT method, and it displayed potential cytotoxicity for the tested cancer cell-line with IC₅₀ valves of (1.8±0.2), (1.2±0.2), (0.9±0.1), (2.2±0.3), (2.6±0.3) μmol•L⁻¹, respectively.
Z. QunYao, Z. Qian, C. Ping, S. XiuLan, and H. RuiHong, “Effects of different treatments on seed germination and seedling growth of Cassia occidentalis.,” Journal of Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 15–19, 2018.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20193077023.
The hard seed rate of untreated Cassia occidentalis Linn. is high and the germination rate is low due to its hard seed coat. To study the effects of different treatments on seed germination and seedling growth of C. occidentalis, concentrated sulfuric acid treatment, soaking treatment with hot water, and drying treatment in high temperature were used in this experiment. The results showed that...
H. M. Rabiu, “Vegetative Growth Responses of Castor (Ricinus Communis) and Senna (Senna Occidentalis) to Low Dose Zinc (Zn) Spiking of Agricultural Soil in Kano, Northern Nigeria,” UMYU Scientifica, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 268–273, Sep. 2022.
doi: 10.56919/usci.1122.034.
F. Rachmadita, E. Martati, S. N. A. S. Mohamad, and S. Z. M. So’ad, “Antimicrobial Study of Chloroform Fraction from the Leaves of Entada Spiralis Ridl.,” Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 45–53, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.31436/jop.v1i1.33.
Introduction: Entada Spiralis Ridl., or locally identified as Sintok, contains flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and glycoside, compounds that have antifungal and antibacterial activities. This research aims to identify bioactive compounds and determine the antimicrobial activity from crude and fraction of E. spiralis extract. Methods: The crude extract was prepared by macerating the leaves with chloroform, and then proceeded to fraction it by vacuum liquid chromatography with Dichloromethane (DCM)/Hexane (Hex) (1/9) and Dichloromethane (DCM)/Methanol (MeOH) (9/1) solvent system. Disk Diffusion Test and Microdilution Assay evaluated the extracts’ antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans. The determination of bioactive compounds was done by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Determination of Total Phenolic (TPC) and Flavonoid Content (TFC) were performed by Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 Colourimetric Assay Results: The greatest inhibition zone against C. albicans was obtained from fraction Chloroform (CHCl3) extract with an inhibition zone of 10.33 mm. DCM/MeOH (9/1) effectively killed S. aureus and E.coli with an inhibition zone of 11.67 and 12 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CHCl3 crude extract were 1.563 mg/mL for both E. coli and S. aureus, and 0.781 mg/mL for C. albicans. The TLC revealed the presence of tannins, saponin, glycosides, phenol, flavonoid, triterpenoid, and aromatic compound in CHCl3 crude extract. TPC of DCM/MeOH (9/1), CHCl3, and DCM/Hex (1/9) were 50.56 ± 0.188, 51.913± 0.089, 24.16 ± 0.175 mg GAE/g extract. Conclusion: In conclusion, E. spiralis leaves could be a source of active antifungal and antimicrobial agents used for food preservation by using a semipolar solvent for extraction.
M. Rahman, D. M. O. Rahman, and A. Hassan, “Seed Germination of Two Medicinal Plants: Desmodium Pulchellum (L.) Benth. and D. Triflorum (L.) DC,” Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy, vol. 19, pp. 209–212, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.3329/bjpt.v19i2.13138.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v19i2.13138 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 19(2): 209-212, 2012 (December)
P. R. Raj and A. V. B. Reddy, “Pollen Morphology Study of Leguminosae Family from Manchippa Reserve Forest, Nizamabad District, Telangana,” Journal of Tree Sciences, vol. 38, no. 2, p. 70, 2019.
doi: 10.5958/2455-7129.2019.00019.0.
Rajni, S. S. Gautam, and Navneet, “Antibacterial and Phytochemical Analysis of Cassia Occidentalis L. Seeds against Respiratory Tract Pathogens,” IJNPR Vol.5(1) [March 2014], Mar. 2014.http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/27477.
Medicinal properties of plants make them potent to prevent or cure diseases. In present study, antibacterial activity of various extracts of Cassia occidentalis L. seeds was evaluated against three respiratory tract pathogens i.e. Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 1144, Streptococcus pneumoniae MTCC 655 and Streptococcus pyogenes MTCC 442. The shade dried seeds of C. occidentalis were crushed and extracted in petroleum ether (PET), acetone (ACE), methanol (MeOH) and aqueous (H2O) by using Soxhlet apparatus. The antibacterial activity was examined by agar well diffusion method. Chromatographic separation was carried out on the active extract and efficacy of the resulting fractions was tested against the selected microorganisms. Amoxicillin was used as positive control to determine the sensitivity of the strains. The results showed that MeOH extract was more active than other extracts in its antibacterial activity. The zone of inhibition exhibited by MeOH extract against tested microorganisms ranged between 20.9±0.21 to 23.1±0.15 mm, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, amino acids, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids and steroids. The investigation corroborates the traditional uses of C. occidentalis in the treatment of respiratory tract diseases.
K. S. Rajput, N. K. Kushwaha, and R. Gupta, “Germination Profile of Babul ( Acacia Nilotica ) under Different Salinity Conditions,” International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 833, 2014.
doi: 10.5958/2230-732X.2014.01394.1.
P. V. Ramana, J. Swamy, and M. Ahmedullah, “A Striking New Unifoliolate and Polycarpellate Species of Senna (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae) from Andhra Pradesh, India,” Nordic Journal of Botany, vol. 37, no. 1, p. e02148, 2019.
doi: 10.1111/njb.02148.
Senna andhrica P.V. Ramana, J. Swamy and M. Ahmedullah, a new species from Andhra Pradesh, India, is described. The species is remarkable in having unifoliolate, oblong or ovate leaves, 2–3 carpellate gynoecium and reniform seeds. It is the second described species with unifoliolate leaves in the Cassiinae. In most other morphological characters, it is closely allied to Senna occidentalis (L.) Link.
J. Ramoneda, “Ecological Processes Governing the Assembly of Bacterial Root Nodule Communities in Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis),” Doctoral Thesis, ETH Zurich, 2020.
doi: 10.3929/ethz-b-000423576.
Rhizobia are bacteria specialized in making atmospheric nitrogen available to legumes, playing a key role in the support of legume growth and establishment in managed and natural ecosystems. The relationship between rhizobial diversity and plant performance is not yet clear. Many studies show lower rhizobial diversity is more beneficial to plant growth, but at the same time soils and legume roots contain large amounts of rhizobial and other root-associated bacterial diversity. This suggests we need to better understand the ecological factors that drive the diversity and composition of these microbes in space and time. Understanding the ecological processes driving the diversity of rhizobia and other root-associated bacteria is a prerequisite to potentially manage their beneficial functions to plants. This thesis explores the biogeography and ecological drivers of root nodule bacterial diversity across temporal and spatial scales in rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), a South African-endemic legume crop. The main goal is to understand which factors determine rhizobial diversity and composition at the plant, field, and regional scales, and in both cultivated and wild rooibos populations. Rooibos is adapted to acidic and sandy soils very poor in mineral nutrients and organic matter, and grows under low rainfall conditions (150-450 mm y-1. Rooibos has multiple adaptations to withstand mineral nutrient limitation, among which rhizobial symbioses play a central role. Rooibos associates to a diverse range of rhizobial genera, Mesorhizobium being the dominant group, but frequently interacting with Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium, and Burkholderia. The plant is particularly interesting to study ecological drivers of rhizobial diversity because 1) plantations lie adjacent to wild populations across the landscape; 2) the plant grows in a climatically and edaphically heterogeneous region with high speciation rates; and 3) the crop has been recently domesticated (~70 years), providing a good analog to study rhizobial diversity before and after crop domestication. This thesis is based on a dual marker approach, in which root nodule bacterial communities of rooibos were characterized using a functional and a taxonomic gene markers. We sequenced a 455 bp-long fragment of the rhizobial gene nodA (encoding an N-acyltransferase important to induce root nodulation), and a 817 bp-long fragment of the taxonomic marker gene gyrB (encoding a topoisomerase common to all bacterial taxa). This combination ensured a majority of the bacterial community of rooibos root nodules could be described. The thesis starts providing a framework to assess how root microbial symbioses differ between cultivated and the ancestral counterparts of legumes. Given the coexistence of cultivated and wild populations, rooibos appears as a good study case upon which the framework could be developed. This framework provided theoretical and experimental basis to assess the ability of different cultivars to associate to, and benefit from, rhizobia from their wild ancestors. This provided a baseline from which a pot experiment growing rooibos on soils from cultivated and uncultivated soils was conceived. The aim of this experiment was to address how geographical and soil abiotic factors drive the diversity of root nodule bacteria in rooibos seedlings. The addition of sheep dung in the experiment revealed the diversity of rhizobia colonizing root nodules was weakly dependant on the soil environment, and strongly related to stochastic assembly processes driven by root biomass and geographic isolation. Rhizobial community composition displayed a strong geographical pattern, whereby different farms contained distinct rhizobial communities, and these became more different with geographic distance. Instead, the communities from plants grown on cultivated and uncultivated soils had low levels of dissimilarity. In a field survey, root nodules from cultivated and wild rooibos plants were collected, and their diversity was related to rooibos foliar nutrient concentrations, plant genotype, geographical location, and soil nutrient concentrations. This revealed that rooibos is nodulated by a core of dominant and widespread Mesorhizobium strains, but whose dominance depends on the geographical location more than any other factor. Organic rooibos cultivation maintained high levels of root nodule diversity at the field level, but had a homogenizing effect at the regional scale. There were established weak but significant links between rooibos foliar nutrient concentrations and rhizobial community structure, suggesting different rooibos populations may harbour distinct root nodule communities. In the pot experiment soils from cultivated and wild rooibos populations were mixed, as a way to increase the available rhizobial pools in the soil. This so-called community coalescence events could introduce rhizobial diversity from wild rooibos populations to arable land after seedling transplantation. This revealed that fertilization, despite not changing the composition of rhizobial communities, promoted the dominance of a larger number of taxa. It had a synergistic effect with soil mixing, whereby a Mesorhizobium OTU that was rare in plants grown on soils from cultivated and wild rooibos populations became dominant only after combining soil mixing and fertilizer addition. Higher soil rhizobial diversity, however, had no influence on any plant response. In summary, through the description of the predominant root nodule bacterial groups, this thesis shows that rooibos root nodule diversity is geographically structured, and weakly affected by the measured environmental factors. Rooibos cultivation appears as a homogenizing force of rhizobial diversity at regional scales, while soil mixing appears as an alternative to associate rooibos seedlings to rhizobia from unmanaged populations locally. Overall, this thesis shows that the ecological drivers of root nodule diversity differ across scales: at the root level, diversity increases probabilistically with root biomass; at the population level, local soil abiotic factors and potentially plant ecotypes define the composition of root nodule communities; and regionally, barriers to dispersal seem to drive divergence between rooibos root nodule communities. Over time, some evidence suggests rhizobial diversity is filtered out as the post-fire succession proceeds in the progress of rooibos from seedling to maturity. Future research should address how agronomic practices in rooibos farming can promote potential benefits of rhizobial symbioses under changing climatic conditions.
The biome Brazilian Cerrado (Savannah) has a variety of plant species rich in organic chemicals of interest, especially alkaloids, found at different levels in the leaves, fruits, stems, roots and seeds. The current study focused on the phytochemistry of the Anadenanthera (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), a perennial tree widespread in the Brazilian Cerrado, popularly known as angico-do-cerrado, angico-cascudo, angico-do-campo and arapiraca. Special emphasis was intended for comparative investigation of the indole alkaloid bufotenine in seeds of different species of Anadenanthera and its potential utilization as raw-material for the preparation of serotonin analogous, which have shown to exhibit antimicrobiana, antitumoral and free radical scavenging activities as well as tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives which can be active in the central nervous system. Parts of the plants (leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds) of the genus Anadenanthera were collected around Brasilia from august to setember, 2006, vouchers were prepared and deposited in the University of Brasilia Herbarium. The species were identified as Anadenanthera peregrina (vars. peregrina and falcata) and Anadenanthera columbrina (var. cebil). Seeds were submited to different extraction metodologies. The seed ethanolic extract (Soxhlet) shown a less polar and abundant fraction that the main chemical components are triglycerides of fatty acids and a more polar fraction constituted only by the indole alkaloid bufotenin. The Stromberg methods shown to be a more efficient methodology for extraction, purification and quantification of the bufotenine. The presence of bufotenine in extracts of these varieties was confirmed for FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and GC-MS. The phytochemical study confirmed that these species are promising source of the bufotenine (about 2,9%) and the literature suggests that appropriate structural modifications on bufotenine may afford potential bioactive compounds.%%%%O bioma Cerrado Brasileiro tem uma grande variedade de especies vegetais ricas em substâncias quimicas orgânicas de interesse, especialmente alcaloides, encontradas em diferentes teores nas folhas, frutos, caules, raizes e sementes. O presente estudo incidiu sobre a fitoquimica da Anadenanthera (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae), uma arvore perene generalizada no Cerrado Brasileiro, conhecida popularmente como angico-do-cerrado, angico-cascudo, angico-do-campo e arapiraca. Uma atencao especial foi destinada ao estudo comparativo do alcaloide indolico bufotenina em sementes de diferentes especies de Anadenanthera e investigacao de seu potencial como materia-prima para preparacao de analogos da serotonina que exibem atividade antimicrobiana, antitumoral e capturadores de radicais livres, assim como derivados tetrahidro-β-carbolina capazes de atuar no sistema nervoso central. Partes das plantas (folhas, flores, caule e sementes) de especies do genero Anadenanthera foram coletadas de agosto a setembro de 2006, nos arredores de Brasilia. Exsicatas foram preparadas e depositadas no Herbario da…
J. H. de A. Rangel, “Agroecological Studies of Desmanthus: A Tropical Forage Legume,” PhD thesis, James Cook University, 2005.https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/17512/.
The use of forage legumes in tropical regions to improve the efficiency of animal production from grazing has been limited, largely because of the lack of economic incentives. There is a clear need, therefore, to investigate the existing gene pool of tropical forage plants to assess their potential for pasture improvement. Therefore, the present study evaluated the agronomic and ecological aspects of plant development in a set of genotypes of the genus Desmanthus and their relationships with the components of the surrounding environment, at different stages of growth, in a series of laboratory and field experiments. Accessions of the genus Desmanthus formed permanent soil seed banks that ranged from 281 to 1303 seeds/m2, with a large variation between genotypes, in experiments on a duplex soil on the Douglas Campus of James Cook University, Townsville. Genotypes originally collected in Argentina had larger seed banks than those of other tested genotypes, but a small number of surviving plants. Fire increased seedling recruitment in almost all observed genotypes. Temperatures observed during controlled grass-fires reached a maximum of 300 ºC at the soil surface, 80 ºC at 10 mm depth, and around 30 ºC at 30 mm depth suggesting that all seeds located at soil surface were killed, those at 10 mm depth were probably softened, and those at 30 mm or more in soil had no alteration in their seed-coat permeability. Changes in strophiolar structure and germination, in response to the variation of oven temperatures ranging from 25 ºC to 120 ºC were observed in seeds of nine genotypes of Desmanthus. There were two groups with different patterns of responses: genotypes in which strophiolar structures were not significantly affected by temperatures below 80 ºC; and genotypes with significant changes in the strophiolar structures when temperature rose to 60 ºC. Seedlings of 8 accessions of the Desmanthus complex, growing directly under trees in open savanna woodland had higher values of means for number of leaves/plant, height of plant, and number of plants surviving than seedlings growing between trees. Three years after sowing, all plants from the between-canopy environment had died, while many plants of accessions TQ88, CPI 79653, and CPI 91162 were thriving under the tree canopy. Plants of D. virgatus CPI 78382 and D. leptophyllus TQ 88 growing in soils collected from under and between canopies had significantly increased their seedling emergence, by increasing shade levels and watering frequency. A low number of seedlings died in both genotypes, growing in soil from under the canopy but, plant deaths drastically increased in seedlings grown in soil from between the canopy. Growing in soil collected from under-canopies, plants allocated most of their dry matter to the production of aerial, rather than the underground parts, however, when grown in soil from between-canopies environment the largest proportion of the total dry matter was diverted to the underground parts. This diversified behaviour of biomass allocation for shoot and root in the two soils is thought to be controlled by the contents of nutrients in soil. Seven accessions of the Desmanthus complex, sown into a pasture as seeds or seedlings, under two levels of competition with the natural vegetation, showed to have differentiated behaviour according the different treatments. Plant establishment and dry matter yields of plants sown by seed into unaltered vegetation were significantly reduced by competition. The effect on liveweight changes and wool growth of Merino sheep of 200 g hay of four different forms of the Desmanthus complex included as a supplement to a diet of 600 g Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) was compared with 200 g hay of Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano. Verano and D. virgatus CPI 79653 supplemented diets had the highest dry matter digestibility (46.52% and 44.94% respectively). All the legume supplemented diets produced significantly more wool than the control. Clean wool growth was significantly correlated with nutritional parameters. The levels of nitrogen and sulphur present in some Desmanthus genotypes shows the potential of these plants in promoting wool growth.
J. H. de A. Rangel, “Agroecological Studies of Desmanthus – a Tropical Forage Legume,” PhD thesis, James Cook University, Brazil, 2005.http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/17512.
J. H. de A. Rangel and C. P. Gardiner, “Effect of Fire and Heat on Seed Germination of Desmanthus Virgatus Accessions,” in The Future of Tropical Savannas: An Australian Perspective, Townsville, QLD, Australia, 1996.https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/40697/.
Desmanthus seed has a high degree of dormancy related to its hard seat coat. Some seeds germinate readily with adequate soil moisture while others may remain dormant for years. Fire has been observed to promote germination of these dormant seeds. The effect of heat on a range of accessions was studied. The results may assist in the management of Desmanthus recruitment in savanna landscapes particularly where fire can be used.
R. K. Ranjan, M. S. Kumar, I. Seethalakshmi, and M. R. K. Rao, “Phytochemical Analysis of Leaves and Roots of Mimosa Pudica Collected from Kalingavaram, Tamil Nadu,” 2013.
Mimosa pudica is used in disease related to blood and bile, bilious fever, piles, jaundice, leprosy, ulcer and smallpox. In the present study ethanolic extracts of Mimosa pudica leaves and roots sample were obtained using soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical studies for the presence of revealed that tannin and proteins are present in both the samples.
L. Rasebeka, T. Mathowa, and W. Mojeremane, “Effect of Seed Pre-Sowing Treatment on Germination of Three Acacia Species Indigenous to Botswana,” 2014.
doi: 10.9734/IJPSS/2014/5631.
Concentrated sulphuric acid and hot water are recommended as suitable seed pre -treatments for enhancing the germination of the three Acacia species. Effectiveness of selected immersion -based seed pre-sowing treatments (cold water, hot water and concentrated sulphuric acid) on the germination of three Acacia species (A. tortilis ,A. erioloba, andA. nigrescens)was studied between December 2012 and January 2013. For each species, four treatments (including the control) were replicated four times in a Completely Randomized Design. Percentage germination, germination mean time (GMT) and germination index (GRI) were calculated and the data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant differences in germination were observed across the treatments. Concentrated sulphuric acid significantly ( P < 0.01) increased the germination percentages ofA. erioloba(87%) and A. nigrescens(30%) while the control, cold water and hot water treatments significantly ( P < 0.01) reduced their germination percentages (5%). However, treatingA. tortilis with hot water for 9 min significantly ( P < 0.01) enhanced its germinati on percentage (30%) compared to the other treatments. As expected the control had the highest GMT, although this was not significant for A. tortilis . The GRI revealed similar trend as germination percentages across the treatments for the threeAcaciaspecies.Based on these results, we recommend concentrated sulphuric acid and hot water as suitable seed pre -treatments for enhancing the germination of the three OriginalResearch Article
The main objectives of the present study were to determine the growth behavior, germination percentage in petri dishes at different time duration and different field soil mediums, and to find that seeds soaked with cold/hot water had higher germination than the non-soaked seeds of the species. The main objectives of the present study were to determine the growth behavior, germination percentage in petri dishes at different time duration and different field soil mediums, collected from the depths of 0-0.5 m, 0.5-1.0 m and above >1.0 m at different time periods during the growing seasons of 2013 to 2014. Ripened pods of Acacia species were collected from the field and seeds were isolated from pods. Then such seeds were stored in sealed paper bags for one a week and were dried under normal room temperature. Growth parameters of the twigs were measured after every 15 days. In nursery conditions, seeds soaked with cold/hot water had higher germination (82-94%) in petri dishes than the non-soaked seeds of the species. Seeds sown in pots had 51-70% germination. Seedlings of the species had higher fresh/dry weights of their shoots than the roots. In contrast, the roots of the Acacia seedlings elongated at a higher rate than the shoots.
I. Rasooli, Phytochemicals: Bioactivities and Impact on Health. BoD – Books on Demand, 2011.
Among the thousands of naturally occurring constituents so far identified in plants and exhibiting a long history of safe use, there are none that pose - or reasonably might be expected to pose - a significant risk to human health at current low levels of intake when used as flavoring substances. Due to their natural origin, environmental and genetic factors will influence the chemical composition of the plant essential oils. Factors such as species and subspecies, geographical location, harvest time, plant part used and method of isolation all affect chemical composition of the crude material separated from the plant. The screening of plant extracts and natural products for antioxidative and antimicrobial activity has revealed the potential of higher plants as a source of new agents, to serve the processing of natural products.
S. Rastogi, M. M. Pandey, and A. K. S. Rawat, “An Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Desmodium Gangeticum (L.) DC. and Desmodium Adscendens (Sw.) DC,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 283–296, Jun. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.031.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. and Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. are two important and well explored species of genus Desmodium (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) subfamily: Faboideae). Desmodium gangeticum is used as a tonic, febrifuge, digestive, anticatarrhal, antiemitic, in inflammatory conditions of chest and in various other inflammatory conditions in the Ayurvedic System of Medicine while Desmodium adscendens is widely used for the treatment of asthma in Ghana, Africa. AIM OF THE REVIEW: The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological research and toxicology of Desmodium gangeticum and Desmodium adscendens to explore their therapeutic potential and future research opportunities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All the available information on Desmodium gangeticum and Desmodium adscendens was collected via electronic search (using Pubmed, SciFinder, Scirus, Google Scholar, JCCC@INSTIRC and Web of Science) and a library search for articles published in peer-reviewed journals. RESULTS: About 25 different species of Desmodium including Desmodium gangeticum and Desmodium adscendens are used ethnomedicinally all over the world. Phytochemical research on Desmodium gangeticum and Desmodium adscendens has led to the isolation of alkaloids, pterocarpans, phospholipids, sterols, flavones and flavonoid glycosides from Desmodium gangeticum and triterpenoid saponins, phenylethylamines and indole-3-alkyl amines from Desmodium adscendens. Crude extracts, fractions and isolated components of Desmodium gangeticum and Desmodium adscendens showed a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities like antileishmanial, immunomodulatory, antiasthmatic, smooth muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, cardio-protective, antidiabetic, antiamnesic, antiviral, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. CONCLUSIONS: Desmodium gangeticum and Desmodium adscendens have emerged as a good source of traditional medicine. Desmodium gangeticum possesses the ability to scavenge the free radicals generated during ischaemia and ischaemia reperfusion thereby preserving the mitochondrial respiratory enzymes that eventually lead to cardio-protection and has potential prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against Leishmania infection. Desmodium adscendens is useful against chronic bronchitis and asthma. However, there is a need to search for individual secondary metabolites responsible for these actions and study their mode of actions, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and physiological pathways in sufficient detail. The promising results should be further substantiated by clinical trials.
K. S. Rech et al., “Croton Argenteus Preparation Inhibits Initial Growth, Mitochondrial Respiration and Increase the Oxidative Stress from Senna Occidentalis Seedlings,” Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 87, pp. 753–763, Apr. 2015.
doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140238.
Senna ocidentalis is a weed, native to Brazil, considered to infest crops and plantations, and is responsible for yield losses of several crops, particularly soybean. The aim of this work was to evaluate if theCroton argenteus extract and fractions possess phytotoxic activity on S. ocidentalis. The crude ethanolic extract (CEE) and its hexanic (HF), chloroformic (CLF) and ethyl acetate (EAF) fractions were tested in germination, growth, oxidative stress increase, Adenosine triphosphate, L-malate and succinate synthesis. The crude extract and its fractions slowed down the germination of S. ocidentalis and decreased the final percentage of germination. Oxidative stress was also increased in the seedlings, by an increase of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and lipid peroxidation; and it became clear that the ethyl acetate fraction was more phytotoxic. The results indicate that the crude extract and fractions of C. argenteus compromise the mitochondrial energy metabolism, by the inhibition of mitochondrial ATP production, with a decrease in the production of L-malate and succinate. The ethyl acetate fraction of C. argenteus showed high activity on germination and growth, and these effects take place by means of mitochondrial metabolism alterations and increase the oxidative stress, leading the seedling death.
Planting of rooibos seedlings. Location Tanqua Rooibos tea Estate, Gifberg, South Africa
S. Reddy, K. Rashed, J. L. Marnewick, F. G. Rautenbach, T. Koekemoer, and M. van de Venter, “Cyclopia Intermedia E. Mey Protects against ROS-Induced Liver Injury in HepG2/C3A Cells.,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 162, pp. 794–803, Nov. 2023.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2023.09.048.
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) represents a significant clinical problem for which no standard treatment currently exists. Most DILI mechanisms center on oxidative stress resulting from glutathione depletion, excessive ROS production, and subsequent cell death. Flavonoid-rich Cyclopia intermedia E. Mey (honeybush) is a commercially important African herbal tea and is traditionally promoted as a restorative treatment. Cytotoxicity evaluation of a fermented C. intermedia extract in C3A hepatocytes confirmed the absence of toxicity up to 200 µg/mL using quantitative fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst 33342-PI dual-labeling. DPPH, NO scavenging, and ORAC assays established a strong antioxidant potential. Antioxidant bioavailability, assessed using the CAPe assay, indicated significant uptake at 100 µg/mL (p < 0.005). C. intermedia extract decreased TBHP-induced oxidative stress in C3A cells and attenuated TBHP-induced changes in thiol group levels at 200 µg/mL (p < 0.005) as confirmed by CellROX® Orange and ThiolTracker™ Violet staining, respectively. Apoptotic cell death was significantly reduced by the extract from 50 µg/mL (p < 0.005) as determined by Annexin-V FITC staining. These results suggest that C. intermedia can function as a hepatoprotectant and has potential as a treatment against DILI.
Heterogenous Cassia L. genus belongs to Caesalpinioideae of the family Leguminosae. Plants belong to this genus grow in wild and many of them have been used as ethnomedicine (2,54,55 ). In this work, we described the pollen morphology of 10 species of Cassia L. sensu lato, from Nalgonda district of Telangana state from South India, which are known for their medicinal value. This study is useful to identify them based on various pollen morphological features such as symmetry, shape, apertural pattern, exine morphology and also in delimitation of species to find the palynotaxonomical relationship. Pollen belong to these species is tricolporate and prolate to spheroidal in shape.
J. S. G. Reid, M. Edwards, M. J. Gidley, and A. H. Clark, “Enzyme Specificity in Galactomannan Biosynthesis,” Planta, vol. 195, no. 4, pp. 489–495, Feb. 1995.
doi: 10.1007/BF00195705.
Membrane-bound enzymes from developing legume-seed endosperms catalyse galactomannan biosynthesis in vitro from GDP-mannose and UDP-galactose. A mannosyltransferase [mannan synthase] catalyses the extension of the linear (1→4)-β-linked d-mannan backbone towards the non-reducing end. A specific α-galactosyltransferase brings about the galactosyl-substitution of the backbone by catalysing the transfer of a (1→6)-α-d-galactosyl residue to an acceptor mannosyl residue at or close to the non-reducing terminus of the growing backbone. Labelled galactomannans with a range of mannose/galactose (Man/Gal) ratios were formed in vitro from GDP-[14C]mannose and UDP-[14C]galactose using membrane-bound enzyme preparations from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) and senna (Senna occidentalis (L.) Link.), species which in vivo, form galactomannans with Man/Gal ratios of 1.1, 1.6 and 3.3 respectively. The labelled galactomannans were fragmented using a structure-sensitive endo-(1→4)-β-d-mannanase and the quantitative fragmentation data were processed using a computer algorithm which simulated the above model for galactomannan biosynthesis on the basis of a second-order Markov chain process, and also the subsequent action of the endo-mannanase. For each galactomannan data-set processed, the algorithm generated a set of four conditional probabilities required by the Markov model. The need for a second-order Markov chain description indicated that the galactomannan subsite recognition sequence of the galactosyltransferase must encompass at least three backbone mannose residues, i.e. the site of substitution and the two preceding ones towards the reducing end of the growing galactomannan chain. Data-sets from the three plant species generated three distinctly different sets of probabilities, and hence galactose-substitution rules. For each species, the maximum degree of galactose-substitution consistent with these rules was closely similar to that observed for the primary product of galactomannan biosynthesis in vivo. The data provide insight into the mechanism of action and the spatial organisation of membrane-bound polysaccharide synthases.
J. Q. Reimão, E. D. Drummond, M. de S. Terceti, J. P. Lyon, M. C. Franco, and A. M. De Siqueira, “Isolation of Cryptococcus Neoformans from Hollows of Living Trees in the City of Alfenas, MG, Brazil,” Mycoses, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 261–264, 2007.
doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01374.x.
Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast, aetiological agent of cryptococcosis, commonly associated with pigeon droppings and plant materials. The species has also been associated with tree hollows. The aim of the present work was to verify the presence of the yeast in hollows of living trees and identify the isolates obtained in varieties and serotypes. Three samples were collected from 18 trees of five different species totalling 54 samples. Wood samples were collected by scraping the surface of the trunks and the inner face of the hollows. Samples were inoculated on to agar Niger medium for fungal isolation. The serotypes were determined by PCR using specific primers. Among the 54 samples evaluated, two were positive for the presence of C. n. var. neoformans (serotype A and MATα). The trees belonged to Caesalpinia peltophoroides and Anadenanthera peregrina species. The results of this study suggest that decayed wood obtained from hollows of C. peltophoroides and A. peregrina can be used as natural habitat for C. n. var. neoformans.
J. Reino, J. Sanchez, B. Muñoz, Y. Gonzalez, and L. Montejo, “Combined Effect of Scarification and Temperature on the Germination of Herbaceous Legume Seeds,” Pastos y Forrajes, vol. 34, pp. 179–184, Jan. 2011.
Seeds from five herbaceous legumes with different collection times were used: Indigofera sp., Desmanthus virgatus, Clitoria ternatea, Crotalaria sp. and Centrosema pubescens, from the genebank of the Experimental Station of Pastures and Forages "Indio Hatuey", Matanzas, Cuba. A simple classification experiment with factorial arrangement and five replications (25 seeds per each) was designed, in order to evaluate the combination of four pregerminative treatments: intact seeds (control); water at 80°C for 2′ (Water 2′); 96% H 2SO 4 during 5′ (Acid 5′) and 96% H 2SO 4 for 10′ (Acid 10′), with temperature alternance (25/30°C, 25/35°C and 25/40°C). The highest germination percentages in all species were obtained at the alternate temperature 25/30°C, and the scarification treatments were adequate to eliminate the exogenous dormancy present in each of the species. The best combination was concluded to be the alternate temperature 25/30°C with the acid scarification in all species, except in Crotalaria sp., in which water at 80°C for 2′ combined with 25/30°C turned out to be better.
Angico (Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg.) is a forest species, Leguminoseae-Mimosoideae, occuring from the Amazon Region down to the Southeast of llrazil, mainly in the savannas. It is used in urban landscaping and tannage, due to the high tannin content (15-20%) of its bark. The purpose of this work was to study angico seed behavior under different moisture contents and storage conditions, aiming at the establishment of methods for germplasm preservation. Seeds were submitted to the following treatments: seeds with 5.56% initial moisture content (control); seeds hydrated until reach 8.24% moisture content; seeds hydrated (8.24 1/*) and dehydrated to 4.37%, and seeds hydrated (8.24%) and dehydrated to 3.51%. After these treatments, seeds were packed in sealed trifoliated bags and stored for 72 hours at environmental temperature, -20°C (freezer) and -196°C (liquid nitrogen). Seed parameters evaluated were germination, vigor and water uptake. Viability was maintained in each one of the storage methods, distinguishing, however, the better performance of hydrated seeds (8.24% moisture content) stored at liquid nitrogen. It was evident from Lhe results obtained that seeds of this species presented orthodox behaviour, as they were tolerant to drying and freezing at sub-zero temperatures.
J. A. M. Rezende, V. M. Camelo-García, S. C. S. Andrade, J. E. Buriolla, E. W. Kitajima, and L. M. L. Duarte, “Biological and Molecular Characterization of a Putative New Potexvirus Infecting Senna Occidentalis,” Archives of Virology, vol. 162, no. 2, pp. 529–533, Feb. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-3114-2.
In this work, we report the complete genome sequence of, production of polyclonal antibodies against, and development of biological assays for a putative new potexvirus, named senna mosaic virus (SenMV), found infecting Senna occidentalis in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The complete genome sequence of SenMV comprises 6775 nucleotides excluding the poly(A) tail. The genome organization is similar to those of other potexviruses, with five open reading frames coding for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the triple gene block (TGB 1, 2, and 3) proteins, and coat protein (CP). The virus was transmitted to S. occidentalis by mechanical inoculation and trimming scissors, but not by seeds.
R. Rhoda, C. Bester, M. Motsa, M. Joubert, G. Tshabalala, and C.-L. Lyons, “Efficacy and Profitability of Weed Management Systems for Honeybush in South Africa,” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 130–135, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.1080/02571862.2019.1703050.
Weeds reduce crop productivity through competion for nutrients, water, light and space, and impact negatively on commercial crops. Honeybush tea (Cyclopia spp.) is an industry mainly focused on the organic cultivation of tea, using mechanical weeding control methods. To date, no studies have investigated the impact of weeds in honeybush plantations This study quantified the impact weeds have on honeybush plant survival, growth, yield, and economic value in order to identify a cost-effective and efficient integrated weed management system. Impacts of different weeding treatments were assessed at harvest on Cyclopia subternata Vogel 18 months after planting. The use of a synthetic woven mulch in combination with inter-row weeding resulted in significantly higher yield, larger plants, best growth rate and reduced weed biomass. Crop survival under this treatment was also greatly improved.
G. A. Richard, J. M. Zabala, M. C. Cerino, L. del R. Marinoni, M. E. Beutel, and J. F. Pensiero, “Variability in Hardseededness and Seed Coat Thickness of Three Populations of Desmanthus Virgatus (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae),” Grass and Forage Science, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 938–946, 2018.
doi: 10.1111/gfs.12385.
Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd. has significant fodder potential, but its seeds have high and persistent levels of physical dormancy which interfere with its field establishment. The purpose of this study was to analyse the variability of physical dormancy in three populations of seeds from humid and arid regions of Argentina, grown and collected in different years and locations. The hardseededness and the percentage of seeds with intact lenses after a softening treatment and the seed coat thicknesses were compared. The variability observed in the obtained percentages of hardseededness, intact lenses and seed coat thicknesses was related to the origin and the environment in which these seeds had developed. Although further work is needed, arid environments seem to favour the development of thicker seminal layers, being an important factor that determines the impermeable nature of the seeds in this species. This information is required for future genetic improvement programs and for understanding the evolutionary process of the populations of this species in different environments.
D. H. Riskind, “Noteworthy Vascular Plant Records from Texas,” SIDA, Contributions to Botany, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 394–396, 1978.https://www.jstor.org/stable/23909569.
S. F. Riveiro, Ó. Cruz, M. Casal, and O. Reyes, “Fire and Seed Maturity Drive the Viability, Dormancy, and Germination of Two Invasive Species: Acacia Longifolia (Andrews) Willd. and Acacia Mearnsii De Wild,” Annals of Forest Science, vol. 77, no. 2, p. 60, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s13595-020-00965-x.
Acacia longifoliaandAcacia mearnsiiexhibit different reproductive behavior (viability, germination, and dormancy) in relation to fire and seed maturation. The potential of invasion ofA. longifoliais stronger than that ofA. mearnsii.A. longifoliagerminates abundantly between fires and after fires, whileA. mearnsiionly germinates after fire and needs higher thermal thresholds to break dormancy.
Q. L. Rocha, D. L. dos Santos, and L. S. de Castro, “Efeito Da Luz Na Germinação De Sementes De Angico – Vermelho (Anadenanthera peregrina Falcata),” SILVICULTURA E MANEJO FLORESTAL: TÉCNICAS DE UTILIZAÇÃO E CONSERVAÇÃO DA NATUREZA - VOLUME 1, no. 12, pp. 165–171, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.37885/210102751.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of light on seed germination of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. Var. -Benth falcata. Follow-up was carried out. daily seed germination kept in constant light and dark and later- The growth and survival of the seedlings was evaluated. 4 repetitions were used with 10 semesters in each treatment (constant light and dark) totaling 80 semes- tes. The Experiment was carried out at the Semi-Arid Biodiversity Laboratory (LABISA) of UESB and the seedlings were transferred to plastic bags and kept in the - Campus vegetation with daily watering. Red angico seeds are indifferent the light to germinate. There was a large seedling mortality after transfer. to the nursery.
R. Rodd, “Snuff Synergy: Preparation, Use and Pharmacology of Yopo and Banisteriopsis Caapi Among the Piaroa of Southern Venezuela,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 273–279, Sep. 2002.
doi: 10.1080/02791072.2002.10399963.
Current understanding of the preparation and use of yopo, a hallucinogenic snuff made from the ground seeds of the Anadenanthera peregrina tree, has departed little from the accounts of scientists and travelers made over a century ago. Schultes and others have made refinements to these early accounts. While several scholars have drawn attention to the fact that little ethnographic work has been conducted to assess the ethnobotanical diversity and cultural framework of the snuff hallucinogen complex, few subsequent studies deal with botanical variations in preparation and use. This article contrasts historical accounts of yopo preparation with ethnographic data I have recently collected among the Piaroa of southern Venezuela to demonstrate one way in which yopo preparation and use deviates from the basic model established by Humboldt, Spruce and Safford. Piaroa shamans include B. caapi cuttings in the preparation of yopo and consume doses of B. caapi prior to snuff inhalation concomitant with the strength of visions desired for particular tasks. I argue that the combined use of yopo and B. caapi by Piaroa shamans is pharmacologically and ethnobotanically significant, and substantiates claims of the use of admixtures in snuff; further ethnographic investigation of the snuff hallucinogen complex is necessary.
R. S. Rodrigues, “Are Seedlings Diagnostic in Neotropical Entada (Leguminosae)? Seedling Morphology Supports the Reinstatement of Entada Polyphylla,” Phytotaxa, vol. 220, no. 3, p. 287, Jul. 2015.
doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.220.3.7.
Entada (Leguminosae) is a pantropical genus encompassing four Neotropical species, E. gigas (E. sect. Entada), E. polyphylla, E. polystachya and E. simplicata (E. sect. Entadopsis). However, the taxonomic status of E. polyphylla is still disputed, being treated as a separate species or a variety of E. polystachya. This article aims to take a comprehensive view of seedlings of Neotropical Entada, addressing the question of whether seedling morphology provide diagnostic characters that support the recognition of E. polyphylla at the species level. Seedlings of E. polyphylla were described and illustrated, whilst seedling data for the remaining Neotropical species were based on the literature. Entada polyphylla has an exclusive set of seedling characters within E. sect. Entadopsis, including cryptocotylar, hypogeal, reserve seedlings, long cotyledonary petioles, short cotyledon lobes, cataphylls and alternate, bipinnate eophylls. Therefore, seedling morphology supports the recognition of E. polyphylla as a distinct species and its reinstatement is here proposed. In addition, each of the four New World species of Entada can be diagnosed by their seedlings, and an identification key is also provided.
R. Rodrigues, “Note on the seed morphology of Entada polyphylla (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) and its taxonomic significance in E. sect. Entadopsis,” Boletim do Museu Integrado de Roraima (Online), vol. 9, no. 01, pp. 08–11, 2015.
doi: 10.24979/bolmirr.v9i01.775.
Nota sobre a morfologia da semente de Entada polyphylla (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) e sua significância taxonômica em E. sect. Entadopsis. Entada sect. Entadopsis (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) abrange três espécies neotropicais, E. polyphylla, E. polystachya e E. simplicata. Esta nota descreve e ilustra a morfologia da semente de Entada polyphylla, procurando avaliar sua relevância taxonômica em E. sect. Entadopsis. Os resultados demonstram que as sementes são variáveis na seção, fornecendo ca- racteres taxonômicos úteis em nível específico. As sementes de Entada polyphylla podem ser distintas daquelas de E. polystachya e E. simplicata especialmente pelos caracteres do embrião.
E. Rodrigues, “Plants of Restricted Use Indicated by Three Cultures in Brazil (Caboclo-River Dweller, Indian and Quilombola),” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 295–302, May 2007.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.017.
A detailed record of plants cited during ethnopharmacological surveys, suspected of being toxic or of triggering adverse reactions, may be an auxiliary means to pharmacovigilance of phytomedicines, in that it provides greater knowledge of a “bad side” to plant resources in the Brazilian flora. This study describes 57 plant species of restricted use (abortive, contraceptive, contraindicated for pregnancy, prescribed in lesser doses for children and the elderly, to easy delivery, in addition to poisons to humans and animals) as indicated during ethnopharmacological surveys carried out among three cultures in Brazil (Caboclos-river dwellers, inhabitants of the Amazon forest; the Quilombolas, from the pantanal wetlands; the Krahô Indians, living in the cerrado savannahs). These groups of humans possess notions, to a remarkable extent, of the toxicity, contraindications, and interaction among plants. A bibliographical survey in the Pubmed, Web of Science and Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases has shown that 5 out of the 57 species have some toxic properties described up to the present time, they are: Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae), Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul (Moraceae), Senna alata (L.) Roxb. (Fabaceae), Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (Fabaceae), Strychnos pseudoquina A. St.-Hil. (Loganiaceae) and Vernonia brasiliana (L.) Druce (Asteraceae).
R. S. Rodrigues, G. V. Feitoza, and A. S. Flores, “Taxonomic Relevance of Seed and Seedling Morphology in Two Amazonian Species of Entada (Leguminosae),” Acta Amazonica, vol. 44, pp. 19–24, 2014.
doi: 10.1590/S0044-59672014000100003.
We carried out a comparative morphological study to evaluate the taxonomic value of seed and seedling traits of Entada polystachya and E. simplicata (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae, Mimoseae). Seeds of both species were collected from wild populations in Roraima State, Brazil. Our results show consistent quantitative and qualitative differences between these species regarding their seeds and seedlings. Testa fracture lines, funiculus impression, lens characters, radicle shape and length, and cotyledon lobes length, seedling morphology group, number of pinnae at first node, and hypocotyl length permit a straightforward distinction of E. polystachya from E. simplicata, supporting a recent treatment of the latter taxon as a distinct species, endemic to Roraima State, northern Amazonia, Brazil.
G. Rodríguez-Alvarado, “Identity of Powdery Mildew on Senna in Mexico,” Plant Pathology & Quarantine, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 37–42, 2012.
doi: 10.5943/ppq/2/1/6.
D. Roeswitawati, M. Huda, D. Indratmi, and M. Mel, “Effectiveness of the Use of Organic Waste as Fertilizer and Physical Scarification of Seeds on Growth of Seeds Nila Plants (Indigofera Sp.),” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 293, no. 1, p. 012011, Jun. 2019.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/293/1/012011.
Tilapia (Indigofera sp.) is used as animal feed because it has a crude protein content of 28.98 % and crude fiber content is 8.49 %, so it is considered as an energy source rich in nutrients. Tilapia plants are plants that are adaptable in a variety of diverse environmental conditions, such as acid soils and long dry climates. Utilization of tilapia as animal feed is very limited because farmers and breeders are reluctant to cultivate it. The limitation of providers of tilapia seedlings is one of the causes of the small number of tilapia cultivated by farmers and breeder so that the need for forage feeds of ruminants to meet protein needs is still lacking. During this time for the needs of ruminants, breeders only depend on natural grass and crop residues. The process of seed germination and tilapia growth after the germination period can be increased by scarifying seeds and using organic fertilizers. The study aimed to determine the effect of using organic waste and the length of physical seed scarification on the growth of tilapia seedlings. The study used factorial experiments (two factors) arranged randomly in groups. The first factor is the type of waste: M0 (without waste); M1 (banana [Musa sp.] hump waste); M2 (papaya fruit [Carica papaya L.] waste). The second factor is the duration of physical scarification (70 °C hot water immersion): S0 (without soaking); S1 (soaked for 7.5 min); S2 (soaked for 15 min). The results showed that there was an interaction between the types of organic waste and the length of seed scarification for tilapia growth. The best treatment is banana hump waste with physical scarification of 15 min of seed.
Ü. B. Rossa, A. Ângelo, D. J. Westphalen, F. E. M. de Oliveira, F. A. D. Silva, and J. C. de Araújo, “Fertilizante De Liberação Lenta No Desenvolvimento De Mudas De Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg. (Angico-Vermelho) E Schinus Terebinthifolius Raddi (Aroeira-Vermelha),” Ciência Florestal, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 841–852, 2015.
doi: 10.5902/1980509820582.
The results suggest that application of slow release fertilizer leads to significant gains in growth in both species, with the best doses from 6.68 to 5.54 kg m-3 for Anadenanthera peregrina species, and from 8.38 to 14,42 kg m -3 for Schinus terebinthifolius. In order to assess the development of two native species, Anadenanthera peregrina and Schinus terebinthifolius, submitted to doses of slow-release fertilizer formulation 13-06-16, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse using a mixture of raw materials with organic compost, vermiculite and plantmax to compose base substrate. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. The treatments were : T1-0 kg (control), T2-2 kg, 4 kg-T3 , T4-6 kg, T5-8 kg and T6 - 10 kg slow release fertilizer per cubic meter of base substrate . Was evaluated at 189 days after sowing the total height, stem diameter, fresh weight of shoot, dry shoot biomass, root dry biomass, total biomass, the relationship between height and stem diameter and quality index Dickson. The results suggest that application of slow release fertilizer leads to significant gains in growth in both species, with the best doses from 6.68 to 5.54 kg m-3 for Anadenanthera peregrina species, and from 8.38 to 14,42 kg m-3 for Schinus terebinthifolius.
P. P. Rotar and U. Urata, “Cytological Studies in the Genus Desmodium; Some Chromosome Counts,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 1–4, 1967.
doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1967.tb06886.x.
Chromosome counts for 30 collections representing 21 species examined by the authors are reported. Of these, eight species counts are a first report; the others are confirmation of earlier reports. The genus Desmodium is shown to be dibasic with base chromosome numbers of x = 10 and x = 11.
M. L. Roux, J. C. Cronje, B. V. Burger, and E. Joubert, “Characterization of Volatiles and Aroma-Active Compounds in Honeybush (Cyclopia Subternata) by GC-MS and GC-O Analysis,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 60, no. 10, pp. 2657–2664, Mar. 2012.
doi: 10.1021/jf2048383.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in fermented honeybush, Cyclopia subternata, were sampled by means of a high-capacity headspace sample enrichment probe (SEP) and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Stereochemistry was determined by means of enantioselective GC-MS with derivatized β-cyclodextrin columns as chiral selectors. A total of 183 compounds, the majority of which are terpenoids (103; 56%), were identified by comparing their mass spectra and retention indices with those of reference compounds or tentatively identified by comparison with spectral library or literature data. Of these compounds, 37 were determined by gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC-O), using detection frequency (DF) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), to be odor-active (FD ≥ 2). (E)-β-Damascenone, (R/S)-linalool, (E)-β-damascone, geraniol, (E)-β-ionone, and (7E)-megastigma-5,7,9-trien-4-one were identified with the highest FD factors (≥512). The odors of certain compounds, that is, (6E,8Z)-megastigma-4,6,8-trien-3-one, (6E,8E)-megastigma-4,6,8-trien-3-one, (7E)-megastigma-5,7,9-trien-4-one, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, epi-α-muurolol, and epi-α-cadinol, were perceived by GC-O assessors as typically honeybush-like.
J. I. Royani, S. Chotimah, R. N. Utami, W. S. Fatma, Susiyanti, and A. P. Fatmawaty, “Effect of Benzilaminopurine and Kinetin for Shoot Multiplication of Indigofera (Indigofera Zollingeriana Miq.) by in Vitro Culture,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 637, no. 1, p. 012053, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/637/1/012053.
Indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana Miq.) is one of legume trees that useful as forage and have advantages in production and quality of forage compared to other types of legumes. This forage contains high protein and mineral sources, good fiber structure and high digestibility value. Nutrient contents are crude protein (31%) with 76% of DMD and 83% of OMD. Indigofera has low germination due to thick seed coat and fungal invasion during germination. Propagation by in vitro culture promise to multiply superior seeds from Indigofera. The aim for this research was to determine the effect of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin for multiply of shoots of Indigofera. The research was designed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 2 factors (BAP and Kinetin concentration) and repeated 3 times. BAP concentration consists of four levels, 0, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 mg/L and Kinetin concentration consists of four levels 0, 1.0, 2 and 3 mg/L. Results showed that BAP gave the best results for number of shoots parameter at any concentration. Compact callus appears in basal of shoots at BAP (1.5 mg/L and 2 mg/L) media. Whereas media with Kinetin showed no significant effect on all parameters and there was no interaction between BAP and Kinetin.
J. I. Royani, Sudarsono, L. Abdullah, and S. I. Aisyah, “Radio-Sensitivity of Irradiated Seed, Plantlets, Callus, and in Vitro Leaves from Indigofera Zollingeriana Miq by Gamma Rays,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 913, no. 1, p. 012061, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/913/1/012061.
Test of radio-sensitivity is important to use as a recognizable effect of radiation. The optimal doses usually create maximum variability. Radio-sensitivity of each part of plants of Indigofera zollingeriana Miq to gamma rays had no report yet. This research aimed to know radio-sensitivity, optimal doses, and growth of M1 generation from each material of I. zollingeriana irradiated with gamma rays. Seed, plantlets, callus, and in vitro leaves were tested for radio sensitivity by gamma rays. Doses level used of Gamma rays were: 0 until 500 Gy. The value of LD50 of each material was evaluated using Curve-fit Analysis. Growth parameters from each material were observed for six weeks after planting and analyzed using IBM SPSS 22. Research showed that the sensitivity of each doses level was different for each source of the material plant. The seed had radio-sensitivity of gamma rays at dose 183.988 Gy, plantlet at dose 253.677 Gy, callus could not calculate, and in vitro leaves at dose 242.241 Gy.
J. I. Royani et al., “In Vitro Callus Initiation from Indigofera (Indigofera Zollingeriana Miq.),” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 457, p. 012066, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/457/1/012066.
The aimed of this research was to callus initiation of I. zollingeriana Miq using a various concentration of 2,4-D and source of explants. The source of explants was the first factor which consisted of 2 types of explants, leaf (A1) and stem (A2) and concentration of 2,4-D was the second factor with several levels D0 (MS0), D1 (0.0 mg/L), D2 (1.0 mg/L), D3 (2.0 mg/L), D4 (3.0 mg/L), and D5 (4.0 mg/L). The results showed that source of explants and plant growth regulator of 2,4-D afford give a significant effect on the time of callus induction and very significant effect for the weight of callus, but no interaction between source of explants and 2,4-D for a time of callus induction and weight of callus. The fastest of callus initiation on MS media added by 2,4-D with a concentration of 2.0 and 3.0 mg/L (3.55 weeks after planting). The largest callus diameter showed on MS media without 2,4-D. The biggest weight of callus showed on MS media added by 2,4-D with a concentration of 3.0 mg/L. Callus had friable textured and creamy white-colored. Ultimately, the fastest of callus initiation from the source of explants was stem with 3.51 weeks after planting.
O. Roza et al., “Bioactivity Guided Isolation of Phytoestrogenic Compounds from Cyclopia Genistoides by the pER8:GUS Reporter System,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 201–207, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.06.001.
The popular South African herbal tea, honeybush, is made from several Cyclopia species (family: Fabaceae), amongst them Cyclopia genistoides. Phytoestrogenic potential of C. genistoides. has been recently reported, however bioactivity-guided isolation of compounds with estrogenic activity has not yet been performed. A transgenic plant system, Arabidopsis thaliana pER8:GUS, was used to assay the estrogen-like activity of C. genistoides. The quantitative determination of the active compounds in the fermented and non-fermented plant material was performed by HPLC. Subsequent bioactivity-guided fractionation led to the isolation of genistein, naringenin, isoliquiritigenin, luteolin, helichrysin B and 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavanone, four of them first reported in the genus. Helichrysin B, naringenin and 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavanone differed in quantity in the fermented and unfermented herbs, the fermented plant material contained two compounds with substantial estrogenic-like activity in higher concentration (naringenin and 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavanone), whereas the less active helichrysin B was more abundant in the unfermented herb. The fractions as well as compounds inhibited the growth of human cancer cell lines A2780 and T47D. These results underline the phytoestrogenic activity of C. genistoides and support the rationale to the fermentation process.
O. Roza et al., “Flavonoids from Cyclopia Genistoides and Their Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity,” Planta Medica, vol. 82, no. 14, pp. 1274–1278, Sep. 2016.
doi: 10.1055/s-0042-110656.
The present paper reports the chemical analysis of the methanolic extracts of fermented and non-fermented Cyclopia genistoides herbs and an investigation of the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of the isolated constituents. Chemical analysis of the leaves and stems of C. genistoides yielded the isolation and identification of two benzophenone glucosides, iriflophenone 2-O-β-glucopyranoside (1) and iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucopyranoside (2), two pterocarpans, (6aR,11aR)-(−)-2-methoxymaackiain (5) and (6aR,11aR)-(−)-maackiain (6), along with the flavanones liquiritigenin (9) and hesperetin (10), the flavone diosmetin (11), the isoflavones afrormosin (7) and formononetin (8), piceol (3), and 4-hydroxybenzaldehid (4). Among the eleven compounds, nine are reported for the first time from this species, and six from the genus Cyclopia. These compounds, together with previously isolated secondary metabolites of this species, were tested for xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. The 5,7-dihydroxyflavones luteolin and diosmetin significantly inhibited the enzyme in vitro, while hesperetin (10) and 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavone exerted weak activity.
Tissue culture of Acacia confusa with the materials from the sterile seedlings as explants showed that cotyledon and hypocotyl were successful for callus induction, and that the optimum culture condition was MS basal medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BA and 3% sucrose. Tissue culture of Acacia confusa with the materials from the sterile seedlings as explants was studied. The results showed that cotyledon and hypocotyl were successful for callus induction, and that the optimum culture condition was MS basal medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BA, 0.2 mg/L 2,4- I) and 3% sucrose. The suitable medium for differentiation of buds irom the calli of cotyledon and hypoeotyl was MS medium added 4 mg/L BA and 0.2-0.4 mg/L NAA. Cotyledon cultured in the medium of MS + 4 - PU0.5 was the best for bud formation.The frequency of bud induction was 90% .The medium of MS + IBA2 + NAA1 was effective to induce root. Rooting percentage added up to 27.8 % .
I. S. Rusli, N. Salim, N. H. Faujan, N. K. Kassim, and M. B. Abd Rahman, “Phytochemical Investigation and Cytotoxicity Study of Indigofera Zollingeriana Crude Extract,” Materials Today: Proceedings, Feb. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.359.
This study aimed to identify the phytochemical constituents in Indigofera zollingeriana (I.zollingeriana) leaves crude extracts and their cytotoxicity activity against different cell lines. The I.zollingeriana leaves were extracted using the cold maceration method, where the leaves were macerated in the ethanol, acetonitrile, acetone, and chloroform separately at room temperature. The total phenolic content (TPC), total tannin content (TTC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the crude extract were determined spectrophotometrically. Ethanol extract gave a higher value of TPC, TTC, and TFC (71.38, 50.06, and 8.43 mg/g, respectively) compared to the other solvents. In GC–MS analysis, ethanol extract showed the presence of 59 compounds, while LC-MS analysis showed the abundant presence of triphenylphosphine oxide (95.00%). The cytotoxicity of the ethanol crude extract against different cell lines namely human lung fibroblast (MRC5), African green monkey kidney (Vero), human epithelium lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines were determined. The cytotoxicity results revealed that the IC50 for ethanol extract against cancer cells (A549 and MCF-7) were 49.26 and 75.70 µg/ml, respectively. The IC50 value for ethanol extract against Vero cells was 58.98 µg/ml, while for MRC5 cells was declared non-toxic with IC50 value was > 100.00 µg/ml.
J. M. Ruter and D. L. Ingram, “Germination and Morphology of Sophora Secundiflora Seeds Following Scarification,” HortScience, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 256–257, Mar. 1991.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.26.3.256.
Seeds of Sophora secundiflora (Ort.) Lag ex. DC. (mescal bean) were scarified with hot water or concentrated sulfuric acid to determine an optimal pretreatment for successful germination. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that the acid scarification treatment removed the seed cuticle. One-year-old seeds were successfully stored and germinated ≈2 days sooner than from the current year if both were given an acid pretreatment. Germination rate increased as acid pretreatment time increased from 30 to 120 minutes. Soaking seeds in water at room temperature or in hot water (initially 93C) for 24 hours had no effect on germination.
V. S. and K. Raju, “Ethnobotanical Study of Entada Pursaetha DC: And Endangered Gogantic Woody Climber of Fabaceae in Eastern Ghats of Kollihills, Tamil Nadu, India,” World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 7, no. 13, Jul. 2018.
doi: 10.20959/wjpr201813-12831.
The Fabaceae family has more than 18,000 species of flowering plants. Fabaceae are traditionally an important uses in day to day human diet, and also more number of essentially useful compounds in curing diseases. Tribals are using many species of Fabaceae in their lives. Most of the uses are still unknown to researchers than Tribals. Entada pursaetha is a large, woody climber of Fabaceae family, it has bipinnate leaves; leaflets are oblong-ovate, obtuse. Flower is pale yellow, in panicled spikes. Pods woody, large; seeds circular, compressed and is also considered an endangered species. Many uses for this plant were known as a result of the surveys conducted by the researchers at different localities in Eastern Ghats. These surveys helped to considerably sharpen our knowledge about this species. The tribals are selling the plant seeds to industry for many purpose like soap etc.
I. S. Sadiq, M. Shuaibu, and A. B. Bello, “Phytochemistry and Antimicrobial Activities of Cassia Occidentalis Used for Herbal Remedies,” JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012.
Leaves of Cassia occidentalis were extracted with ethanol and water. The extracts were used to carryout antimicrobial screening in vitro on staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, shigella spp. Chromatograhic separation was carried out on the active extracts, and the efficacy of the resulting fractions was tested against the susceptible organism. Some of the extracts indicated significant inhibitory activity against the tested organisms. General phytochemical screening was done on the ethanol, water extracts and fractions. Ethanol extract revealed the presence of Tannins, Saponins, Cardiac glycoside, Terpenoids and Anthraquinones while the fraction revealed the presence of Tannins, Terpenoid and Anthraquinones. This result might explain the ethnobotanical use of the plant for the treatment of dysentery, gastro internal disorder, constipation and Typhoid fever.
A. S. Saganuwan and M. L. Gulumbe, “Evaluation Of In-Vitro Antimicrobial Activities And Phytochemical Constituents Of Cassia Occidentalis,” Animal Research International, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 566–569, 2006.
doi: 10.4314/ari.v3i3.40793.
The research was carried out to evaluate the in-vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of Cassia occdentials. Cassia leaves were collected from Kacha town in Niger State and extracted using methano, hexane, chloroform and water extraction methods. Serial concentrations: 50 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 % methanol, hexane, chloroform and aqueous extracts were prepared and sterilized. The bacterial isolates used; E. coli, P. multocida, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae were authenticated using biochemical and serological methods. The suspenson (0.5) of each bacterial isolate was prepared in isotonic sodium chloride. The disc agar diffusion method was performed on 70 Mueller-Hinton agar pates, 10 per microorganism , using serial diffusion concentraton: 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 mg o hexane, methanol, chloroform and water. The results showed that all the extracts of Cassia occidentalis have antimicrobial activity on E col at concentrations between 900 – 1000 mg. E. coli was most susceptible to hexane extract at concentration ranges between 500 – 1000 mg, there was no antimicrobial activity exhibited against the other tested microorganisms Phytochemical analyses showed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, saponin, glycoside and flavonoid, steroid was absent. Keywords: Evaluation, In-vitro, Antimicrobial activity, Phytochemical properties, Cassia occidentalisAnimal Research International Vol. 3 (3) 2006 pp. 566-569
Environmental pollution from food or related industries via effluent discharge is a global threat to plants and animals and may ultimately threaten the quality of human. The present study aimed at evaluating the dangerous effect of industrial effluent on the toxicity and morpho-anatomical deformations of Corchorus olitorius and Senna occidentalis. The study was a split plot complete randomized design with two factors, each comprising of four treatments and three replicates which lasted for a period of three month. Treatment details include T0 = Tap water (control), T1= 25% pollutant + 75% tap water, T2= 50% pollutant + 50% tap water, T3= 75% pollutant + 25% tap water, T4= 100% pollutant. The result showed that a significant concentration of nickel, copper, lead, cadmium, chromium and iron were detected in the pharmaceutical effluent while copper, lead, cadmium, chromium, iron and mercury were detected in the soap and detergents effluent. A significant inhibition was observed at 100% concentration of the seedling growth parameters (stem length, leaf size, number of leaves and root length) in both Corchorus olitorius and Senna occidentalis while a significant reduction in leaf size was observed with increasing concentration of the industrial effluents. Anatomically, there was no difference in the epidermal cell size and the effluents increased some stomatal parameters such as stomatal density at 25% and 50% concentrations and decrease from 75% and 100% effluent concentration. It also increases the stomatal index and size at high or low concentrations. This study has shown that the two industrial effluents contained some harmful pollutants which are dangerous to life of the plants, adversely affected germination, growth and development at higher concentrations than lower concetrations, they also modified several anatomical structure in the leaf epidermis of Corchorus olitorius and Senna occidentalis.
D. E. Salazar, L. G. Santos, P. Wenzl, and F. R. Hay, “Effect of Dry Heat on Seed Germination of Desmodium and Stylosanthes Species,” Seed Science and Technology, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 419–437, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.15258/sst.2020.48.3.11.
Mechanical scarification with a scalpel is the best treatment to break physical dormancy and reach high germination percentages in many legumes. However, it is highly time-consuming. Given the ecological relationship between the presence of physical dormancy and high temperatures in tropical grasslands, dry heat treatment could also promote breaking of physical dormancy in Desmodium and Stylosanthes species. This study assessed seed germination of several accessions of nine species of Desmodium and Stylosanthes. Seeds were treated with dry heat (80°C for 30 minutes) and scarified with a scalpel to determine whether dry heat is a reliable alternative treatment to overcome physical dormancy. Mechanical scarification with a scalpel was effective and resulted in high germination for all species. In S. guianensis, both treatments had an equivalent effect, making dry heat a feasible alternative. Dry heat could also be a reliable alternative in D. heterocarpon, D. velutinum, S. hamata, and S. scabra, but tetrazolium tests may be necessary to confirm viability. For D. barbatum and D. scorpiurus, dry heat could be an alternative but further research is needed to confirm this, while in S. capitata and S. viscosa dry heat is not a reliable alternative.
S. Saminu and S. Na’ala, “Evaluation of Phytochemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic and Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Coffee Senna (Cassia Occidentalis L.),” Caliphate Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 160–164, Aug. 2022.
doi: 10.4314/cajost.v4i2.5.
Cassia occidentalis commonly known as Coffee senna is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the family fabaceae. The plant is called “Sanga-Sanga" in Hausa, “Ewe Oriesi” in Yoruba, and “Akidi Agbara” in Igbo. Coffee senna is a pan-tropical plant. This research was aimed at evaluating the phytochemicals and antibacterial activity of extracts of leaves of Coffee Senna. Plant leaf samples were collected behind Department of Biological Sciences Federal University Gusau. The samples were air dried and grounded into powder using mortar and pestle. The phytochemical analysis of both methalonic and aqueous leaf extracts revealed the presence of Cardiac glycosides, Steroids, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponin glycosides, Saponins glycosides, Tannins and Anthraquines. Volatile oils, Balsams and glycosides were absent in the extracts. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves of Cassia occidentalis were screened for their antimicrobial activity against two bacterial strains by disk diffusion assay. The pattern of inhibition varied with the solvent used for extraction and the microorganism tested. Among these extracts, methanol and aqueous extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against the tested microbes. The most susceptible microorganism was Salmonella typhi 22 mm zone of inhibition in both the extract (Methanol and aqueous extract), then, followed by Streptococcus epidermidis with 20 mm zone of inhibition in both the extract (Methanol and Aqueous). The study concludes that Senna occidentalis leaf extracts studied showed high inhibition of bacterial growth, therefore the plant can be used in ethno-medicine and the pharmaceutical industries.
S. Samodien et al., “Autophagy-Induced Cell Death by Aqueous and Polyphenol-Enriched Extracts of Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) in Liver and Colon Cancer Cells,” Food Science & Nutrition, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 5647–5662, 2024.
doi: 10.1002/fsn3.4214.
The anti-cancer potential of Cyclopia species (honeybush) has been demonstrated in several models. The present study investigated the effects of aqueous and polyphenol-enriched (PE) extracts of C. subternata and C. genistoides, as well as mangiferin and hesperidin, on different cell growth parameters in human liver (HepG2) and colon (HT-29) cancer cells. Mangiferin and hesperidin were most abundant in C. genistoides and C. subternata, respectively. Cyclopia subternata extracts had the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant capacity. Following exposure of the cells to the extracts and compounds, cell viability, proliferation, and death (apoptosis and autophagy) were determined. Cyclopia subternata extracts reduced cell viability and inhibited cell proliferation the most, associated with depletion of ATP. In HepG2 cells, the PE extracts were less effective than the aqueous extracts in reducing cell viability but more effective in inhibiting cell proliferation. Despite disrupting cell growth, none of the extracts induced apoptosis. The aqueous extracts affected autophagy in both cancer cells. Disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity by the different extracts, presumably via polyphenol/iron interactions, is postulated to be involved; however, mangiferin and hesperidin had no effect, suggesting that other polyphenols and/or complex interactions between compounds are likely responsible for the differential cytotoxic and/or cytoprotective effects of the extracts.
R. Sánchez-Cruz et al., “Isolation and Characterization of Endophytes from Nodules of Mimosa Pudica with Biotechnological Potential,” Microbiological Research, vol. 218, pp. 76–86, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.09.008.
Legumes establish symbiotic relationships with different microorganisms, which could function as plant growth promotion microorganisms (PGPM). The finding of new PGPM strains is important to increase plant production avoiding or diminishing the use of industrial fertilizers. Thus, in this work we evaluated the plant growth promotion traits of ten strains isolated from Mimosa pudica root nodules. According to the 16S rDNA sequence, the microorganisms were identified as Enterobacter sp. and Serratia sp. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report describing and endophytic interaction between Mimosa pudica and Enterobacter sp. These strains have some plant growth promoting traits such as phosphate solubilization, auxin production and cellulase and chitinase activity. Strains identified as Serratia sp. inhibited the growth of the phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium sp., and Alternaria solani and the oomycete Phytophthora capsici. According to their biochemical characteristics, three strains were selected to test their plant growth promoting activity in a medium with an insoluble phosphate source. These bacteria show low specificity for their hosts as endophytes, since they were able to colonize two very different legumes: Phaseolus vulgaris and M. pudica. Seedlings of P. vulgaris were inoculated and grown for fifteen days. Enterobacter sp. NOD1 and NOD10, promoted growth as reflected by an increase in shoot height as well as an increase in the size and emergence of the first two trifolia. We could localize NOD5 as an endophyte in roots in P. vulgaris by transforming the strain with a Green Fluorescent Protein carrying plasmid. Experiments of co-inoculation with different Rhizobium etli strains allowed us to discard that NOD5 can fix nitrogen in the nodules formed by a R. etli Fix− strain. The isolates described in this work show biotechnological potential for plant growth promoting activity and production of indoleacetic acid and siderophores.
I. Sani, “Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Potentials and Proximate Composition of Senna Occidentalis and Leptadenia Pyrotechnica Leaves Extracts,” Applied Science Reports, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 273–277, May 2016.
doi: 10.15192/PSCP.ASR.2016.14.3.273277.
This research work was aimed at revealing the medicinal and nutritional benefits of Senna occidentalis and Leptadenia pyrotechnica leaves. Preliminary phytochemical screening, In vitro antioxidant potentials as well as proximate analyses were conducted. Fresh leaves were used for the proximate analyses while their aqueous and ethanolic extracts were used for the screening of phytochemical compositions and antioxidant activities. All the analyses were conducted using reported standard methods. The phytochemical screening shows the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenols in both Senna occidentalis and Leptadenia pyrotechnica leaves. Glycosides and terphenoids were however found only in Senna occidentalis leaves, while, phlobatannins and anthraquinones were not detected in both leaves. The results of the antioxidant potentials of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Senna occidentalis were (30.00 ± 0.02%) and (44.00 ± 0.08%) respectively, while, those of Leptadenia pyrotechnica leaves were (50.00 ± 0.05%) and (33.00 ± 0.06%) respectively. The Proximate analyses revealed that the Senna occidentalis and Leptadenia pyrotechnica leaves have moisture content of 42.00 ± 0.19% and 31.33 ± 1.53%, protein content of 14.44 ± 0.20% and 23.33 ± 0.25%, ash content of 10.66 ± 0.05% and 8.33 ± 2.88%, lipid content of 2.14 ± 0.17% and 4.04 ± 0.15%, fibre 4.13 ± 0.19% and 4.50 ± 0.32%, then, carbohydrate content of 26.63 ± 2.95% and 28.47 ± 3.41% respectively. The two (2) plants leaves shown significant level of antioxidant activity in both aqueous and ethanolic extracts. The phytochemical, antioxidant and proximate analyses of these wild edible plants have shown that, both of them have medicinal and nutritional benefits.
The production of seedlings of the studied plants can be improved by mycorrhizal technology, but the benefits depend on the AMF species and soil conditions, as well as the application of both, AMF and fertilizer. The utilization of biofertilizer benefits plants and the edaphic environment, being suggested for seedlings production. In the Northeast semiarid region of Brazil the cultivation of medicinal plants from the Caatinga is an alternative for diversification of crops, benefiting the population, with the offering of phytotherapics. In this context, the effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in seedlings of Amburana cearensis, Myracrodruon urundeuva and Anadenanthera colubrina was investigated. Seedlings were cultivated in soil or soil + 10% of organic fertilizer after inoculation of Gigaspora albida or Acaulospora longula. The experimental design was entirely at random, with an assay for each plant species, using the following treatments of inoculation and fertilization: 1) G. albida in soil with and 2) without fertilizer; 3) A. longula in soil with and 4) without fertilizer; 5) control with and 6) without fertilizer, in four replicates. After 102 (A. cearensis), 126 (A. colubrine), and 129 days (M. arundeuva), height, leaf number, leaf area, shoot diameter, fresh and dry shoot and root biomass and mycorrhizal colonization were evaluated. Growth of A. cearensis was maximized when the seedlings were associated with A. longula, in soil without fertilizer. Seedlings of A. colubrine benefited from AMF inoculation only in non fertilized soil. In seedlings of M. arundeuva the application of both, AMF and fertilizer improved plant growth. The production of seedlings of the studied plants can be improved by mycorrhizal technology, but the benefits depend on the AMF species and soil conditions.
Cabe ainda salientar that o fogo causou um alto nivel de deterioracao nas sementes testadas, situacao esta that alem de nao permitir a germinacao durante o periodo de teste, provavelmente causaria uma destruicao consideravel do banco de sementses de uma area of cerrado pos-fogo. Ha ainda muitas discussoes e divergencias quanto a influencia malefica ou benefica nos bancos de sementes do bioma Cerrado. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do fogo em duas fisionomias do bioma Cerrado sobre a superacao de dormencia e estimulacao da germinacao das sementes de tres especies do Cerrado Byrsonimacrassifolia (L.) Kunth, Enterolobiumcontortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong e Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. As sementes das tres especies testadas foram expostas ao contato direto com o fogo em ambiente natural (cerrado sensu stricto) e (cerradao), numa parcela de 1m x 1m. Para cada tratamento foram utilizadas 40 sementes de cada especie, divididas em dois blocos, sob uso do fogo nas duas diferentes fisionomias do cerrado, alem do tratamento testemunha (sem influencia do fogo). As sementes tratadas sob o fogo e suas respectivas testemunhas foram colocadas em câmara de germinacao (B.O.D.), a 28°C, fotoperiodo de 12/12h. Foi observado que mesmo o fogo sendo um processo comum e sazonal no bioma Cerrado, este traz consequencias negativas na propagacao e germinacao de especies nativas. Uma vez que nao foi observado nas sementes submetidas ao fogo um nivel de germinacao significativo quando comparado as suas respectivas testemunhas. Cabe ainda salientar que o fogo causou um alto nivel de deterioracao nas sementes testadas, situacao esta que alem de nao permitir a germinacao durante o periodo de teste, provavelmente causaria uma destruicao consideravel do banco de sementes de uma area de cerrado pos-fogo.
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Avaliação da hipótese de desvio nutricional por galhas de anadenanthera peregrina (L) var, falcata (Benth), altschul (Mimosaceae)" by C. S. Santos et al.
C. S. Santos, A. T. Lima, and M. V. Meiado, “Discontinuous hydration in Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. (Fabaceae) seeds submitted to water stress during seed germination.,” Informativo ABRATES, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 71–75, 2018.http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rcaat/v33n2/1983-2125-rcaat-33-02-0555.pdf.
In arid and semi-arid environments such as the Caatinga, imbibition is not continuous, naturally occurring cycles of hydration and dehydration. Discontinuous hydration is related to the persistence and reproductive success of the plants that occur in this biome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of on seed germination of M. tenuiflora submitted to water stress. Seeds were submitted...
J. S. Santos et al., “Effects of Time and Extraction Temperature on Phenolic Composition and Functional Properties of Red Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis),” Food Research International, vol. 89, pp. 476–487, Nov. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.08.041.
This work was aimed at assessing the time-temperature effects on the phenolic compounds and in vitro functional properties of aqueous extracts from red rooibos (Aspalathus linearis). The major phenolic composition (tannins, flavonoids, flavonols, ortho-diphenols, total phenolic content), antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH) and reducing capacities (FRAP and total reducing capacity), antimicrobial effects and inhibition of α-amylase/α-glucosidase were measured. Phenolic compounds were also determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Aqueous extracts did not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans between 7.81 and 1000mgL−1. Rooibos extracted at 85°C for 10min showed a beneficial interaction with the human erythrocytes, reducing the hemolysis. The correlation analysis showed that the phenolic compounds responsible for the inhibition of α-amylase (IC50) were isohrmanetin, isoquercitrin, luteolin, salicylic acid, and syringaldehyde, whereas the inhibition of α-glucosidase was correlated to syringaldehyde, isoquercitrin, and luteolin. Overall, rooibos extracted at 85°C had the highest antioxidant activity measured by all assays, higher contents of phenolic compounds (spectrophotometric and LC-ESI-MS/MS data), and lower IC50 values for the digestive enzymes. On the other hand, rooibos extracted at 65°C had the opposite behavior, while rooibos extracted at 75°C presented mean intermediate values for the responses. This result clearly indicates that the extraction temperature is the main factor leading to a higher extraction of bioactive compounds from red rooibos.
C. C. Santos, H. P. G. Jorge, L. G. F. Dias, and M. C. Vieira, “Shading Levels and Substrates Affect Morphophysiological Responses and Quality of Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg Seedlings,” 2020.
doi: 10.1590/2179-8087.011919.
The A. peregrina seedlings in 100% of DRL and direct sunlight showed more viable morphophysiological and quality indicators for their production. It is essential to know the ecological tolerance of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg seedlings regarding the light and edaphic conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of substrates and shading levels on the emergence and quality of A. peregrina seedlings. The seeding was done in two substrates: 100% Dystroferric Red Latosol (DRL) and DRL + commercial substrate (1:1, v/v). The species were kept under four shading levels: 0% (direct sunlight), 30%, 50% and 70%. The highest speed and shortest emergence time of A. peregrina occurred in DRL. The highest growth characteristics of aerial part, xylopodium and roots occurred under direct sunlight and DRL. The productions of fresh and dried masses of different vegetative organs, physiological and Dickson quality index were higher in DRL and direct sunlight. The A. peregrina seedlings in 100% of DRL and direct sunlight showed more viable morphophysiological and quality indicators for their production.
J. F. B. São José et al., “Influence of Hot Water on Breaking Dormancy, Incubation Temperature and Rhizobial Inoculation on Germination of Acacia Mearnsii Seeds,” Australian Forestry, vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 157–161, Jul. 2019.
doi: 10.1080/00049158.2019.1636350.
Acacia mearnsii is a tree species commercially cultivated in Africa and South America. This species requires physical or chemical treatments to overcome physical seed dormancy. In this report, we assessed the effect of different treatments with hot water (40°C for 24 h; 60°C for 5 min; 80°C for 5 min; 90°C for 5 min and 100°C for 5 min) on seed dormancy, rhizobial inoculation (Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6164 = BR 3608) and two different incubation temperature (20°C and 25°C) on germination of A. mearnsii. The results indicated that the immersion of seeds in hot water at 80°C was the most optimum treatment as indicated by total germination (83.0%), germination index (187.5), germination speed (19.5) and accumulated germination speed (24.5). The elevation of incubation temperature from 20°C to 25°C enhanced the germination index by 7.4%. Inoculation of SEMIA 6164 also increased the speed and accumulated speed of germination by 8.7% and 10.1%, respectively. The present study revealed that the immersion of seeds in hot water at 80°C for 5 min, incubation at 25°C and inoculation with SEMIA 6164 offered the most favourable conditions for the maximum and quick recovery of uniform seedlings and can be recommended for raising the forestry nurseries of A. mearnsii.
B. K. Sarangi, Y. Minami, and S. T. Thul, “RNA-Seq Analysis for Indigo Biosynthesis Pathway Genes in Indigofera Tinctoria and Polygonum Tinctorium,” Genomics Data, vol. 6, pp. 212–213, Oct. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.gdata.2015.09.021.
Natural indigo is the most important blue dye for textile dyeing and valuable secondary metabolite biosynthesized in Indigofera tinctoria and Polygonum tinctorium plants. Present investigation is made to generation of gene resource for pathway enrichment and to understand possible gene expression involved in indigo biosynthesis. The data about raw reads and the transcriptome assembly project has been deposited at GenBank under the accessions SRA180766 and SRX692542 for I. tinctoria and P. tinctorium, respectively.
C. J. Sartori, “Avaliação Dos Teores De Compostos Fenólicos Nas Cascas De Anadenanthera Peregrina (angico-Vermelho),” 2012.
C. J. Sartori, F. A. Mori, M. L. A. Valle, L. Mendes, and T. Protásio, “Rendimento Gravimétrico Em Taninos Condensados Nas Cascas de Anadenanthera Peregrina Em Diferentes Classes Diamétricas,” 2014.
doi: 10.1590/01047760.201420021512.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o rendimento gravimetrico em taninos condensados nas cascas de Anadenanthera peregrina em diferentes classes diametricas. Coletaram-se amostras de cinquenta e nove arvores de Anadenanthera peregrina, a 1,30 m do solo (Diâmetro a altura do peito - DAP), distribuidas em sete classes diametricas. As cascas foram secas ao ar e trituradas em moinho de martelo. Foram realizadas amostragem composta para o preparo do extrato. A extracao foi feita em agua, na relacao 15:1 (v/p), adicionados 3% de sulfito de sodio (v/v) em banho-maria a 70oC por 4 horas. O material foi filtrado com emprego de coador de pano fino e concentrado em chapa de aquecimento a aproximadamente 150 g. Foi determinada a massa do extrato e retirados 10 g para a obtencao do teor de solidos e 20g para a para o indice de Stiasny. Os valores medios de teor de solidos totais, indice de Stiasny, teor de tanino condensado e teor de compostos nao tânicos foram de 11,34%; 75,79%; 12,76% e 4,07%, respectivamente. O teor de solidos, indice de Stiasny, teor de compostos nao tânicos tiveram diferencas significativas entre as classes diametricas. Ja para a producao de taninos condensados, o parâmetro classe diametrica nao influenciou.
C. J. Sartori, F. A. Mori, M. L. A. Valle, L. M. Mendes, and T. de P. Protásio, “Tannins Gravimetric Yield Condensed in Anadenanthera Peregrina Bark in Different Diameter Classes,” CERNE, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 239–244, 2014.http://cerne.ufla.br/site/index.php/CERNE/article/view/982.
This work aimed to determine the gravimetric yield of condensed tannins in the Anadenanthera peregrina bark in different diameter classes. Fifty-nine trees samples were collected of Anadenanthera peregrina, at 1.30m of the ground (diameter at breast height - DBH), distributed in seven diameter classes. The barks were dried and crushed in mill of hammer. Composite sample was made to prepare the extract. The extraction was done using water in the ratio 15:1 (v/w), added 3% sodium sulfite (w/w) in water-bath at 70°C for 4 hours. The material was filtered using fine cloth strainer and concentrated on a heating plate at approximately 150 g. It was determined the extract mass and removed 10 g for obtaining solids content and 20g for the Stiasny’s index. The average values of total solids content, Stiasny’s index, condensed tannin content and the compound content non-tannin were 11.34%; 75.79%; 12.76% and 4.07%, respectively. The content of solids, Stiasny’s index, compound content non-tannin show significant differences between diameter classes. For the condensed tannins production, the diameter class parameter there was no influence.
J. M. Satti, “Effect of Chemical Treatments on Germination Acacia Nilotica L. of Seeds,” p. 7.
H. M. Sayed, M. A. Ramadan, H. H. Salem, I. Ahmad, H. Patel, and M. A. A. Fayed, “Phytochemical Investigation, In Silico/In Vivo Analgesic, and Anti-Inflammatory Assessment of the Egyptian Cassia Occidentalis L.,” Steroids, vol. 196, p. 109245, Aug. 2023.
doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109245.
Cassia occidentalis L., from Fabaceae family phytochemical screening, revealed several biologically active principles mainly flavonoids and anthraquinones. GLC analysis of the lipoidal matter afforded 12 hydrocarbons: 9-dodecyl-tetradecahydro-anthracene (48.97 %), 9-dodecyl-tetradecahydro-phenanthrene (14.43 %), and 6 sterols/triterpenes: isojaspisterol (11.99%) and fatty acids were palmitic acid (50 %), and Linoleic acid (16.06%). Column chromatography led to the isolation of fifteen compounds (1–15), elucidated using spectroscopic evidence. First report of undecanoic acid (4) from the family Fabaceae, while p-dimethyl amino-benzaldehyde (15) was first time isolated from a natural origin. Eight compounds isolated for the first time from C. occidentalis L.; β-amyrin (1), β-sitosterol (2), stigmasterol (3), camphor (5), lupeol (6), chrysin (7), pectolinargenin (8), and 1, 2, 5-trihydroxy anthraquinone (14) besides five known compounds previously isolated; apigenin (9), kaempferol (10), chrysophanol (11), physcion (12), and aloe-emodin (13). In-vivo evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of C. occidentalis L. extracts where the n-butanol and total extracts showed the highest activities. The percentage of the inhibitory effect of the n-butanol extract was 29.7 at a dose of 400 mg/Kg. Furthermore, identified phytoconstituents were docked into the active sites of enzymes nAChRs, COX-1, and COX-2 to evaluate binding affinity. Phyto-compounds Physcion, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol were found to have a good affinity for targeted receptors compared to co-crystalized inhibitors, validating the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the phytochemicals.
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ANADENANTHERA PEREGRINA (L.) SPEG. VAR. FALCATA (BENTH.) ALTSCHUL (MIMOSACEAE) LEAF GALLS" by C. Scareli-Santos et al.
B. Schlautman, S. Barriball, C. Ciotir, S. Herron, and A. Miller, “Perennial Grain Legume Domestication Phase I: Criteria for Candidate Species Selection,” Sustainability, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 730, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.3390/su10030730.
Annual cereal and legume grain production is dependent on inorganic nitrogen (N) and other fertilizers inputs to resupply nutrients lost as harvested grain, via soil erosion/runoff, and by other natural or anthropogenic causes. Temperate-adapted perennial grain legumes, though currently non-existent, might be uniquely situated as crop plants able to provide relief from reliance on synthetic nitrogen while supplying stable yields of highly nutritious seeds in low-input agricultural ecosystems. As such, perennial grain legume breeding and domestication programs are being initiated at The Land Institute (Salina, KS, USA) and elsewhere. This review aims to facilitate the development of those programs by providing criteria for evaluating potential species and in choosing candidates most likely to be domesticated and adopted as herbaceous, perennial, temperate-adapted grain legumes. We outline specific morphological and ecophysiological traits that may influence each candidate’s agronomic potential, the quality of its seeds and the ecosystem services it can provide. Finally, we suggest that perennial grain legume breeders and domesticators should consider how a candidate’s reproductive biology, genome structure and availability of genetic resources will determine its ease of breeding and its domestication timeline.
Seed ecology of Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis) was studied by looking at several aspects of ecology. Germination at varying temperatures with six different scarifying techniques was assessed. Scarification, which included mechanical and chemical, was observed at 10C, 13C, 17C, and 24C. Germination rates varied from 2% to 99%, depending on treatment. Germination increased with all scarification treatments and suggests that germination is inhibited by an extremely hard seed coat. Heat treatments simulating fire were applied for eight seconds and thirty seconds at temperatures ranging from 100C to 500C at 50C intervals. Germination percentage of all heat-treated seeds was greater than the control. This indicates that Illinois bundleflower could be considered a fire species. The effect of moisture stress on Illinois bundleflower seed germination was determined using mannitol as the osmoticum. Mannitol solutions varying from -0.033 MPa to -2.5 MPa were used to germinate Illinois bundleflower seeds after a 10 minute scarification in concentrated sulfuric acid. Illinois bundleflower seeds germinated at water potentials as low as -1.0 MPa. This suggests that Illinois bundleflower seeds can germinate at relatively low soil water potentials. Xylem pressure potentials of Illinois bundleflower seedlings were measured to determine lethal water potentials reached before death. Scarified seeds (10 minutes in concentrated sulfuric acid) were germinated, then planted 50 to a pot and placed in the greenhouse. Plants were watered every other day until they were 6" high. Two pots were kept as watered controls and water was withheld from all other plants. Xylem pressure potentials of the plants were checked with a pressure chamber. After obtaining xylem pressure potentials, the plants were watered and observed to see if plants recovered or died. Illinois bundleflower seedlings withstood 15 days of drought conditions and a xylem pressure potential of -3.5 MPa. Any xylem pressure potential below -3.5 MPa resulted in death for the seedlings. The possibility for ley farming techniques was applied using Illinois bundleflower in an established wheat field. Plots were established and seeded at a rate of 10 lbs/a, or 171 seeds in a 9 ft2 plot. Seeds were scarified in concentrated sulfuric acid for 10 minutes before planting. Rows of Illinois bundleflower were planted between wheat rows and the plots were checked periodically for establishment. Plants were counted by row and plot. Biomass will be checked after this year’s wheat harvest (i.e. year 2).
B. D. Schrire, M. Lavin, N. P. Barker, and F. Forest, “Phylogeny of the Tribe Indigofereae (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae): Geographically Structured More in Succulent-Rich and Temperate Settings than in Grass-Rich Environments,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 816–852, 2009.https://www.jstor.org/stable/27793145.
This analysis goes beyond many phylogenies in exploring how phylogenetic structure imposed by morphology, ecology, and geography reveals useful evolutionary data. A comprehensive range of such diversity is evaluated within tribe Indigofereae and outgroups from sister tribes. A combined data set of 321 taxa (over one-third of the tribe) by 80 morphological characters, 833 aligned nuclear ribosomal ITS/5.8S sites, and an indel data set of 33 characters was subjected to parsimony analysis. Notable results include the Madagascan dry forest Disynstemon resolved as sister to tribe Indigofereae, and all species of the large genus Indigofera comprise just four main clades, each diagnosable by morphological synapomorphies and ecological and geographical predilections. These results suggest niche conservation (ecology) and dispersal limitation (geography) are important processes rendering signature shapes to the Indigofereae phylogeny in different biomes. Clades confined to temperate and succulent-rich biomes are more dispersal limited and have more geographical phylogenetic structure than those inhabiting tropical grass-rich vegetation. The African arid corridor, particularly the Namib center of endemism, harbors many of the oldest Indigofera lineages. A rates analysis of nucleotide substitutions confirms that the ages of the oldest crown clades are mostly younger than 16 Ma, implicating dispersal in explaining the worldwide distribution of the tribe.
B. Schrire, “A Review of Tribe Indigofereae (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae) in Southern Africa (Including South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland & Namibia; Excluding Botswana),” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 89, pp. 281–283, Nov. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.014.
A review is given of the legume tribe Indigofereae for the region of southern Africa including Namibia. The overall distribution, taxon statistics, phylogenetic relationships, uses, bibliography and a checklist of taxa in the tribe are provided covering the c. 340 taxa of Indigofereae within the region.
R. E. Schultes, B. Holmstedt, J.-E. Lindgren, and L. Rivier, “De Plantis Toxicariis E Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes Xviii: Phytochemical Examination of Spruce’s Ethnobotanical Collection of Anadenathera Peregrina,” Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 273–287, 1977.
doi: 10.5962/p.168628.
H. Schulz, E. Joubert, and W. Schütze, “Quantification of Quality Parameters for Reliable Evaluation of Green Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis),” European Food Research and Technology, vol. 216, no. 6, pp. 539–543, Jun. 2003.
doi: 10.1007/s00217-003-0696-1.
An LC-MS/UV-Vis method was developed for the reliable identification of the most relevant flavonoids occurring in rooibos. The amounts of the dihydrochalcones aspalathin, (2′,3,4,4′,6′-pentahydroxy-3-C-β-d-glucopyranosyldihydrochalcone), nothofagin (2′,3,4′,6′-tetrahydroxy-3-C-β-d-glucopyranosyldihydrochalcone) and other flavonoids were determined in unfermented and fermented samples, collected at different locations in South Africa. Generally, a substantial loss of both dihydrochalcones was observed after the fermentation process. An NIR spectroscopic method was developed to discriminate between unfermented and fermented rooibos and to predict the aspalathin content in unfermented rooibos. The total antioxidative activity, determined according to the ABTS·+ scavenging method, was found to correlate very good with the aspalathin content in the unfermented plant material (R2=0.812).
A. E. Schulze et al., “Assessing Similarity Analysis of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Cyclopia Subternata Extracts as Potential Screening Tool for in Vitro Glucose Utilisation,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 408, no. 2, pp. 639–649, Jan. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s00216-015-9147-7.
Similarity analysis of the phenolic fingerprints of a large number of aqueous extracts of Cyclopia subternata, obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), was evaluated as a potential tool to screen extracts for relative bioactivity. The assessment was based on the (dis)similarity of their fingerprints to that of a reference active extract of C. subternata, proven to enhance glucose uptake in vitro and in vivo. In vitro testing of extracts, selected as being most similar (n\,= 5; r\,≥ 0.962) and most dissimilar (n\,= 5; r\,≤ 0.688) to the reference active extract, showed that no clear pattern in terms of relative glucose uptake efficacy in C2C12 myocytes emerged, irrespective of the dose. Some of the most dissimilar extracts had higher glucose-lowering activity than the reference active extract. Principal component analysis revealed the major compounds responsible for the most variation within the chromatographic fingerprints, as mangiferin, isomangiferin, iriflophenone-3-C-β-d-glucoside-4-O-β-d-glucoside, iriflophenone-3-C-β-d-glucoside, scolymoside, and phloretin-3′,5′-di-C-β-d-glucoside. Quantitative analysis of the selected extracts showed that the most dissimilar extracts contained the highest mangiferin and isomangiferin levels, whilst the most similar extracts had the highest scolymoside content. These compounds demonstrated similar glucose uptake efficacy in C2C12 myocytes. It can be concluded that (dis)similarity of chromatographic fingerprints of extracts of unknown activity to that of a proven bioactive extract does not necessarily translate to lower or higher bioactivity.
A. E. Schulze, D. de Beer, A. de Villiers, M. Manley, and E. Joubert, “Chemometric Analysis of Chromatographic Fingerprints Shows Potential of Cyclopia Maculata (Andrews) Kies for Production of Standardized Extracts with High Xanthone Content,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 62, no. 43, pp. 10542–10551, Oct. 2014.
doi: 10.1021/jf5028735.
Cyclopia species are used for the production of honeybush tea and food ingredient extracts associated with many health benefits. A species-specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for Cyclopia maculata, developed and validated, allowed quantification of the major compounds in extracts from “unfermented” and fermented C. maculata. Two xanthones were tentatively identified for the first time in a Cyclopia species, whereas an additional four compounds were tentatively identified for the first time in C. maculata. “Fermentation” (oxidation) decreased the content of all compounds, with the exception of vicenin-2. Similarity analysis of the chromatographic fingerprints of unfermented C. maculata aqueous extracts showed extremely low variation (r ≥ 0.97) between samples. Some differences between wild-harvested and cultivated seedling plants were, however, demonstrated using principal component analysis. Quantitative data of selected compounds confirmed the low level of variation, making this Cyclopia species ideal for the production of standardized food ingredient extracts.
A. E. Schulze, T. Beelders, I. S. Koch, L. M. Erasmus, D. De Beer, and E. Joubert, “Honeybush Herbal Teas (Cyclopia Spp.) Contribute to High Levels of Dietary Exposure to Xanthones, Benzophenones, Dihydrochalcones and Other Bioactive Phenolics,” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 44, pp. 139–148, Dec. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.08.002.
Increasing evidence of the beneficial properties of polyphenols has led to a need for compositional data of foods and beverages to enable calculation of their dietary intake. The South African herbal tea, honeybush, produced from several Cyclopia species, has developed a global market during the past two decades. This herbal tea contributes to the dietary intake of compounds belonging to the xanthone, benzophenone, dihydrochalcone, flavanone and flavone sub-classes. The phenolic composition of C. genistoides, C. subternata, C. maculata and C. longifolia infusions at ‘cup-of-tea’ strength was determined using validated species-specific high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) methods. Major compounds present in one or more species included mangiferin, isomangiferin, vicenin-2, scolymoside, eriocitrin, hesperidin, iriflophenone-3-C-glucoside, iriflophenone-3-C-glucoside-4-O-glucoside, phloretin-3′,5′-di-C-glucoside and 3-hydroxyphloretin-3′,5′-di-C-hexoside. Phenolic content data showed large intra- and inter-species variation. Infusions of C. subternata, having the lowest levels of the xanthones, contained on average 0.3mg mangiferin and 0.4mg isomangiferin per 200mL serving. Infusions of C. genistoides, having the highest levels of the xanthones, contained on average 20.4 and 7.1mg (per serving) of mangiferin and isomangiferin, respectively. Consumption of C. genistoides infusions will also contribute the most to the dietary intake of benzophenones, with iriflophenone-3-C-glucoside-4-O-glucoside as its major benzophenone (6.4mg per serving).
E. Schunck, “V. On the Formation of Indigo-Blue–Part II,” The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, vol. 15, no. 97, pp. 29–45, Jan. 1858.
doi: 10.1080/14786445808642436.
E. Schunck, “X. On the Formation of Indigo-Blue.—Part I.,” The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, vol. 10, no. 64, pp. 73–95, Aug. 1855.
doi: 10.1080/14786445508641936.
A. L. Schutte, J. H. J. Vlok, and B.-E. Van Wyk, “Fire-Survival Strategy — a Character of Taxonomic, Ecological and Evolutionary Importance in Fynbos Legumes,” Plant Systematics and Evolution, vol. 195, no. 3, pp. 243–259, Sep. 1995.
doi: 10.1007/BF00989299.
Variation in the fire-survival strategy of the fynbos, legume tribesPodalyrieae andLiparieae was studied, since it is often the only conspicuous difference between morphologically similar taxa. Two main strategies are apparent: sprouters, taxa which are able to sprout from a woody rootstock after fire and non-sprouters, those which only recruit from seed after fire. In fynbos legumes sprouting and non-sprouting taxa differ in their habitat specificity, population densities, relative regional abundance, and in seed germination tempo. Speciation patterns, as inferred from an analysis of the geographical distribution and habitat specificity of the species, are discussed. Problems relating to the use of sprouting versus non-sprouting as a taxonomic character in fynbos legumes are addressed and possible solutions are given.
A. L. Schutte, “Systematics of the Genus Cyclopia Vent. (Fabaceae, Podalyrieae),” Edinburgh Journal of Botany, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 125–170, Jul. 1997.
doi: 10.1017/S0960428600004005.
Cyclopia is a papilionaceous genus endemic to the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. The 23 species recognized within the genus have rather subtle differences, but characters of the leaves, bracts and calyces, as well as the adaptations to survive recurrent fires, are useful to distinguish between the species. Variations in morphological, cytological and chemical characters are discussed. A phylogenetic analysis of 21 characters by means of cladistic methodology produced a cladogram with five distinct groups. These are described as sections in the taxonomic part of the paper. One new species, Cyclopia alopecuroides A.L. Schutte, is described. The nomenclature, synonymy and typification of the taxa are presented, as well as full descriptions, illustrations and distribution maps.
M. R. Scotti and E. J. A. Corr�a, “Growth and Litter Decomposition of Woody Species Inoculated with Rhizobia and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Semiarid Brazil,” Annals of Forest Science, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 87–95, Jan. 2004.
doi: 10.1051/forest:2003088.
Jaíba Project is an irrigation enterprise and its forest reserve is one of the largest protected areas of dry deciduous forest of Caatinga. However, two accidental fires burned about 90% of the area, resulting on the elimination of the trees. This study intended to evaluate the effects of dual inoculation with Rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi on growth of Anadenanthera peregrina and its contribution to intercropped native species (Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. Allem., Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. and Acacia sp.) and to increase the soil nutrients through litter decomposition as a strategy for the restoration of the reserve. The plants of Anadenanthera peregrina which were inoculated with rhizobia strain BHICB-A10 and associated with AM, showed a significant increase in height and total nitrogen content over that uninoculated plants. In plots where A. peregrina was inoculated, growth and survival of intercropped plants as Myracrodruon urundeuva, were favoured. This result may be explained by the faster decomposition rate of M. urundeuva litter and by the increase of soil nutrients which was related with its lowest lignocellulous content. The mixture of A. peregrina with M. urundeuva was the best model for restoration.
G. S. Seethapathy et al., “Assessing Product Adulteration in Natural Health Products for Laxative Yielding Plants, Cassia, Senna, and Chamaecrista, in Southern India Using DNA Barcoding,” International Journal of Legal Medicine, vol. 129, no. 4, pp. 693–700, Jul. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s00414-014-1120-z.
Medicinal plants such as Cassia, Senna, and Chamaecrista (belonging to the family Fabaceae) are well known for their laxative properties. They are extensively used within indigenous health care systems in India and several other countries. India exports over 5000 metric tonnes per year of these specific herbal products, and the demand for natural health product market is growing at approximately 10–15 % annually. The raw plant material used as active ingredients is almost exclusively sourced from wild populations. Consequently, it is widely suspected that the commercial herbal products claiming to contain these species may be adulterated or contaminated. In this study, we have attempted to assess product authentication and the extent of adulteration in the herbal trade of these species using DNA barcoding. Our method includes four common DNA barcode regions: ITS, matK, rbcL, and psbA-trnH. Analysis of market samples revealed considerable adulteration of herbal products: 50 % in the case of Senna auriculata, 37 % in Senna tora, and 8 % in Senna alexandrina. All herbal products containing Cassia fistula were authentic, while the species under the genus Chamaecrista were not in trade. Our results confirm the suspicion that there is rampant herbal product adulteration in Indian markets. DNA barcodes such as that demonstrated in this study could be effectively used as a regulatory tool to control the adulteration of herbal products and contribute to restoring quality assurance and consumer confidence in natural health products.
A. K. Sen, N. Banerjee, and M. I. H. Farooqi, “A Water-Soluble Galactomannan from the Seeds of Indigofera Tinctoria Linn.,” Carbohydrate Research, vol. 157, pp. 251–256, Dec. 1986.
doi: 10.1016/0008-6215(86)85073-X.
B. Šerá, V. Scholtz, J. Jirešová, J. Khun, J. Julák, and M. Šerý, “Effects of Non-Thermal Plasma Treatment on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Leguminous Plants—A Review,” Plants, vol. 10, no. 8, p. 1616, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.3390/plants10081616.
The legumes (Fabaceae family) are the second most important agricultural crop, both in terms of harvested area and total production. They are an important source of vegetable proteins and oils for human consumption. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment is a new and effective method in surface microbial inactivation and seed stimulation useable in the agricultural and food industries. This review summarizes current information about characteristics of legume seeds and adult plants after NTP treatment in relation to the seed germination and seedling initial growth, surface microbial decontamination, seed wettability and metabolic activity in different plant growth stages. The information about 19 plant species in relation to the NTP treatment is summarized. Some important plant species as soybean (Glycine max), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), mung bean (Vigna radiata), black gram (V. mungo), pea (Pisum sativum), lentil (Lens culinaris), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and chickpea (Cicer aruetinum) are discussed. Likevise, some less common plant species i.g. blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius), Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and mimosa (Mimosa pudica, M. caesalpiniafolia) are mentioned too. Possible promising trends in the use of plasma as a seed pre-packaging technique, a reduction in phytotoxic diseases transmitted by seeds and the effect on reducing dormancy of hard seeds are also pointed out.
D. Setyaningrum, S. Budiastuti, B. Pujiasmanto, D. Purnomo, and S. Supriyono, “Light Intensity and Biofertilizers Effect on Natural Indigo Production and Nutrient Uptake of Indigofera Tinctoria L.,” Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research, May 2020.
doi: 10.18805/IJARe.A-507.
This research investigated the effect of light intensity and biofertilizer on the yield, which includes the production of indigo compounds and plant nutrient uptake. The study used a randomized complete block design with a split plot design with 4 levels of light intensity as the main plots and 4 levels of biofertilizer as a sub plots with 3 replications. The combination of light intensity and biofertilizer affects fresh weight, biomass and tissue nitrogen. The highest fresh weight and biomass was found at 100% light intensity with double inoculation of mycorrhizae and rhizobium. Whereas the highest tissue nitrogen was at 10% light intensity with double inoculation of mycorrhizae and rhizobium. The production of indigo affected by light intensity, ie at 10% light intensity indicates the highest indigo. Mycorrhizae and rhizobium have a synergistic relationship as biofertilizer in increasing plant yields and nutrient uptakes in 100% light intensity.
D. Setyaningrum, M. Theresia Sri Budiastuti, B. Pujiasmanto, D. Purnomo, and S. Supriyono, “Morphological and Physiological Responses of Indigofera Tinctoria L. to Light Intensity,” E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 226, p. 00013, 2021.
doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202122600013.
Synthetic dyes can cause health and environmental impacts. Thus, there are opportunities to develop natural dyes, one of which is produced by Indigofera tinctoria plants. This plant is from Fabaceae that has the potential to produce a natural blue color. Natural dyes are extracted from the leaves of plants that contain indigo compounds. Indigo growth and precursors are very dependent on environmental conditions, one of which is light intensity. This study aimed to study the morphological and physiological plant responses in I. tinctoria to several levels of light intensity. The research was conducted in Puron Village, Sukoharjo, Indonesia with a complete randomized block design (RCBD) one factor, namely the level of light intensity (100 %, 50 %, and 25 %) with nine replications. Light intensity affected the morphology and physiology of I. tinctoria. Plants responded to low light intensity by increasing the leaf area index, specific leaf area and plant height. Leaf area, specific leaf area and plant height were highest at 25 % intensity. However, the number of leaves and nodes got greater at full light intensity. Higher light intensity increased the chlorophyll content a, b and total, thus, higher biomass yield which was 18.86 g at the age of 8 wk.
\relax M. Shafaat -Al- Mehedi, C. M. Hasan, and M. R. Haque, “Isolation of Flavonoids from the Bark of Entada Rheedii Spreng,” Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 347–351, Dec. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s13596-015-0201-y.
The methanol extract of the bark of Entada rheedii has been fractionated to afford petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous soluble fraction through modified Kupchan partitioning protocol and those fractions has been subjected to repeated-chromatographic separation by Sephadex size exclusion chromatography and purification processes to isolate the secondary metabolites. A total of seven compounds have been isolated from the bark of E. rheedii, which were identified as epicatechin (1), liquiritigenin (2), glabridin (3), 4′-O-methylglabridin (4), isoliquiritigenin (5), hispaglabridin A (6) and shinflavanone (7). This is the first report of isolation of these compounds from E. rheedii.
S. Shaheen et al., “Microscopic Techniques Used for the Identification of Medicinal Plants: A Case Study of Senna,” Microscopy Research and Technique, vol. 82, no. 10, pp. 1660–1667, 2019.
doi: 10.1002/jemt.23332.
Background The use of quality control tool for adulteration of Senna (Cassia aungustifolia) a pharmaceutically very important. They were used for multiple health disorders such as constipation, indigestion, epilepsy, asthma, piles, migraine, and heart problems. Two different species of same family or same genus used commercially in Indo-Pak using the same medicine name Senna. One named as Senna (C. aungustifolia) and its adulterant named as Sickle Senna (Cassia obtusifolia). Methodology These two plants were analyzed using classical microscopic techniques light microscopy and the modern chemotaxonomic traits scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence studies and phytochemical studies. Results The C. aungustifolia L. had found to be a perennial herb with trilobed pollen, diacytic, paracytic, and anisocytic stomata having smooth walled epidermal cells, whereas the C. obtusifolia stands out as a perennial shrub with spheroidal and circular pollen and paracytic type of stomata having irregular shaped epidermal cells. The powdered drug of C. aungustifolia is dark grayish green, whereas the powdered drug of C. obtusifolia is light green in color. Investigation and other techniques used in this project provided the basis for the authentication of this species.
Potential plus-trees have been classified in plantation of Acacia confusa in Xihuanshan Forest Park in Chaoyang district of Shantou city, based on the method of small sample plot, and the diameter in breast height,stem volume,tapering,stem straightness, crown width and lateral branches had greater contribution rate to the plus-tree selection than other factors. Potential plus-trees have been classified in plantation of Acacia confusa in Xihuanshan Forest Park in Chaoyang district of Shantou city,based on the method of small sample plot.The main 10 factors were determined in the survey including tree height,diameter in breast height,tree crown and so on.The results show that the suitable range of investigation was 15～20 meters,the diameter in breast height,stem volume,tapering,stem straightness,crown width and lateral branches had greater contribution rate to the plus-tree selection of Acacia confuse than other factors.The calculated results show that the lowest borderline of plus-trees selection was 63.1 points,of the five per-selected trees,four potential plus-trees were selected as plus-trees,and the selection rate was 0.7%.
V. Sharma, R. Singh, and S. Sharma, “Comparative Phytochemical Investigation with TLC Profiling of Indigofera Tinctoria Linn. Extracts,” National Academy Science Letters, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 337–341, Oct. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s40009-016-0480-y.
Present study deals with the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents in ethanol and hydroethanol extracts. TLC profiling of hydroethanol extract of Indigofera tinctoria was also performed. Detailed study was further explored by determining several physico-chemical parameters and microscopic study of plant powder. Results showed the presence of various phytoconstituents like saponins, steroids, polyphenols including phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins and anthroquinones in both extracts whereas cardiac glycosides and alkaloids were only present in ethanol extract. Coumarins, hydroxyl-anthroquinone and cyanogenetic glycosides were either completely absent or present in very little amount which were not detectable. TLC profiling also validated the presence of active phytoconstituents that would be helpful in further drug formulations.
V. K. Sharma, T. K. Bardal, and A. Johnsson, “Light-Dependent Changes in the Leaflet Movement Rhythm of the Plant Desmodium Gyrans,” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, vol. 58, no. 1-2, pp. 81–86, Feb. 2003.
doi: 10.1515/znc-2003-1-215.
The movements of the lateral leaflets of the Indian telegraph plant Desmodium gyrans (L. F.) DC, have earlier been studied in detail with regards to the effects of chemicals, DC currents, and static magnetic fields. In the present paper we have discussed the oscillation of the lateral leaflets under the influence of white light of various light levels (0-75 μmol · m -2 · s -1 ), produced by an array of LEDs (light emitting diodes). LEDs were used in contrast to fluorescense tubes as in earlier studies in order to minimize changes of wavelength when light intensity was decreased or increased. Furthermore, care was taken to ensure that the temperature in the experimental chamber was constant. When the oscillations were first monitored in bright light, the oscillations were found to be very rapid and with decreasing light intensity the oscillations slowed down. For light levels lower than about 20 μmol · m -2 · s -1 the period of the oscillation of the lateral leaflets was almost constant (or even decreased slightly towards complete darkness). We also show that the oscillations could completely stop under prolonged darkness (for longer than about 6 h) and that such halted oscillations could be restarted in most of the leaflets when he light was turned back on. Such stopping of the oscillation of the lateral leaflets in prolonged darkness suggests that these short period oscillations of the lateral leaflets could have a daily component and in natural environment these oscillations could serve the purpose of optimising the amount of light falling on the leaflets or/and facilitating transpiration of water through stomata. Such a finding could have an implication for the answer to the long standing question of adaptive significance of short period oscillation of the Indian telegraph plant Desmodium gyrans (L.F.) DC
V. Sharma and A. Agarwal, “Physicochemical and Antioxidant Assays of Methanol and Hydromethanol Extract of Ariel Parts of Indigofera Tinctoria Linn,” Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 729–734, 2015.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4778233/.
Free radicals or reactive oxygen indices give rise to oxidative injury, which is a fundamental mechanism underlying a number of disease like diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders. Deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species can be nullified by using different natural antioxidants derived from plants Indigofera tinctoria is such plant. This study was planned in order to trace and determine the antioxidant capability of Indigofera tinctoria. All the reagents and chemicals used in this study were obtained from reliable firms. The plant extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening, quantitative assays and antioxidant profiling. The results suggested that plant extracts contained all pharmacologically important phytoconstituents in appreciable amounts and having excellent antioxidant capabilities.
S. S. Shaukat and I. A. Siddiqui, “Comparative Population Ecology of Senna Occidentalis (L.) Link, a Monsoon Desert Annual, in Two Different Habitats,” Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 223–236, Jan. 2007.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.05.008.
A demographic study of Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, a circumtropical weed, was conducted at two habitats: an old-field (a moister site) and a waste ground (a drier site). The survivorship curves of both the populations closely corresponded to Deevy type I (greater age-specific mortality at higher age). Moisture stress appeared to be the major cause of mortality. Seed rain occurred essentially during October with the highest seed-fall in the second and third weeks. Seed predation by bruchids was greater for the waste ground population compared to that of the old-field. The extent of seed predation differed significantly among individuals between the populations. Seed densities in soil at both the sites declined remarkably in late August due to rainfall and consequent germination while the seed bank was elevated in November due to production and dispersal. The proportional allocation of biomass to roots was small for both the populations. Reproductive allocation of biomass and phosphorus varied considerably between populations. Reproductive allocation of biomass and particularly phosphorus was much greater for the old-field compared to the waste ground population.
K. Shaw-Bonner, G. Theron, O. Adedoja, C. Bester, and S. Geerts, “The Importance of Wild Pollinators for Indigenous Crop Pollination: The Case of Cyclopia (Honeybush),” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 161, pp. 281–292, Oct. 2023.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2023.08.015.
Pollination is an important ecosystem service. Animal-mediated pollination (mostly insects) increases the production of 35% of global crops. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are considered important crop pollinators globally, but are under pressure and therefore the value of wild pollinators for crop production is receiving more attention. The importance of pollinators (including non-Apis) has been extensively studied in the agricultural sector of South Africa, however little research is available on the pollination of indigenous crops. With the considerable value of the indigenous honeybush (Cyclopia Vent.) in the tea industry, it is important to determine the pollinators since Cyclopia is widespread across the fynbos biome and the pollinators are largely unknown. Here we ask whether carpenter bees (xylocopid bees) are the only pollinators of commercially important Cyclopia species, or if honey bees contribute to pollination. Floral observations and camera trapping confirmed that six species of xylocopid bees were the only pollinators of four commercially important Cyclopia species. Honey bees were observed to be ineffective pollinators of Cyclopia owing to their inability to trip Cyclopia flowers and gain access to the floral reproductive parts. Similarly, an additional seven species including Diptera, Apidae and Lema sp. were unable to gain access to Cyclopia flowers, although were observed visiting. Nectar measurements revealed the highest nectar volume in C. genistoides, while C. intermedia had the highest nectar sugar concentration (above 35% for all species). The value of native non-Apis insects for crop pollination in a changing world is highlighted in Cyclopia, an indigenous legume gaining traction in the global tea market and therefore in cultivation.
C. C. Sheaffer, D. L. Wyse, and N. J. Ehlke, “Palatability and Nutritive Value of Native Legumes,” Native Plants Journal, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 224–231, Sep. 2009.
doi: 10.3368/npj.10.3.224.
Native perennial legumes have potential for use as components of grazing systems. Palatability affects forage utilization by grazing livestock, but relative palatability of native legumes is unknown. We determined the palatability of these native legumes of the Fabaceae family based on relative leaf consumption: false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa L.), Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald), blue wild indigo (Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br.), wild senna (Senna hebecarpa (Fernald) Irwin & Barneby), and purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.); compared with temperate forage legumes (Fabaceae): alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Purple prairie clover and Illinois bundleflower were among the most palatable native legumes each year and were readily consumed by grazing sheep (Ovis aries L. [Bovidae]). False indigo, a shrub, was the least palatable native legume. The leafiness, plant maturity, and nutritive value of leaves varied among legumes but were not associated with palatability.
S. Shehu, I. Saleh, S. U. Otokpa, E. V. Madaki, and Z. A. Sambo, “Phytochemical and Antiemetic Studies on Aqueous Ethanol Extract of the Root of Senna Occidentalis (L.) Link,” Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 94–98, 2018.
doi: 10.4314/bajopas.v11i2.11.
Senna occidentalis (Caesalpiniaceae) is a pan tropical shrub plant widely distributed in warm regions of the world. The root infusion of the plant has been used for the treatment of gastro-intestinal disorders including emesis. The current research is aimed at evaluating the antiemetic property of the aqueous ethanol extract and solvent fractions of the root and also verifying the classes of phytochemicals in the extract and fractions. The LD50 of the extract and its solvent fractions was determined. The antiemetic property was evaluated using copper sulphate induced emesis in chicks while phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. The three doses of the extract (300, 150 and 75mg/kg) conferred dose-independent protection and inhibition against retching compared to the control group. At a dose of 150mg/kg, the extract completely (100%) prevented copper sulphate-induced emesis comparable to promethazine at 150mg/kg, the standard antiemetic used. Other doses of the extract 300 and 75mg/kg showed lower effect relatively. Two of the three fractions of the ethanol extract; Hexane and n-butanol fractions at 150mg/kg dose protected against retching in a similar degree (100%) demonstrated by the crude ethanol extract and the standard antiemetic promethazine at 150mg/kg, while ethyl acetate fraction exhibited its maximum protection (100%) at the lowest dose used (75mg/kg).The extract and all of its solvent fractions were found to be non-lethal at up a dose of 5000mg/kg via the oral route. Identified phytochemicals in the ethanol extract include; unsaturated steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and tannins. These phytochemicals were found to be distributed across different fractions of the extract in order of their polarity; Steroids and resins in the n-hexane fraction, Cardiac glycosides, unsaturated sterols, saponins and tannins in the Ethylacetate and N-butanol fractions. In addition to the ones mentioned, ethyl acetate fraction contains flavonoids. The observed antiemetic activity of the extract and fractions could be due to one or some of these phytochemicals present.Keywords: Antiemetic, Copper sulphate, Phytochemicals, Senna occidentalis
A. Shehu, T. M. Tahir, S. Y. Sule, I. A. Bashir, and A. M. Lawal, “Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Evaluation of Methanolic Extract of Senna Occidentalis and Guiera Senegalensis Leaves,” 2019.
In the present study, the research is concerned with the extraction using soxhlet extraction technique in solvent with increasing polarity. The phytochemical constituents of Senna occidentalis and Guiera senegalensis were identified using various test methods and evaluates the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of the plants leaves. The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of both Senna occidentalis and Guiera senegalensis leaves were determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine) free radical scavenging capacity with varying concetration. The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract for both plants showed significantly potential in the DPPH radical reaction system. The radical scavenging potential, expressed as percentage inhibition of Senna occidentalis (leaves) and Guiera senegalensis (leaves) with respect to DPPH radical was found to be between 43.468 – 72.564% and 47.748 – 66.154% respectively. The percentage scavenging activities of the samples were express in 50% minimum inhibitory concentration (IC50). The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Guiera senegalensis was found to be 58.550 µg/ml which was significantly lower than the IC50 in Senna occidentalis (77.565 µg/ml).
H. Shimbo et al., “Anti-Allergic Effect of Cyclopia (Honeybush) Extracts via Anti-Degranulation Activity in a Murine Allergy Model for Inhaled Antigen,” Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health, vol. advpub, 2024.
doi: 10.12938/bmfh.2023-105.
The anti-allergic effects of extracts prepared from two species of honeybush, Cyclopia genistoides and C. subternata, were demonstrated in vivo in a murine allergy model for inhaled antigen induced with ovalbumin (OVA) inhalation to mimic pollen allergy. Intake of the extracts increased the production of OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E (IgE), IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies in serum and significantly suppressed anaphylactic reaction-induced body temperature decline. Moreover, the extracts significantly inhibited antigen–antibody-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells. They also inhibited body temperature decline when the allergic mice were given them after antigen sensitization, indicating that anti-degranulation activity is the major mechanism underlying the anti-allergic effect of Cyclopia extracts. Despite their qualitative and quantitative differences in phenolic composition, the two extracts exhibited similar effects, suggesting that several active compounds might be involved in the activity. Therefore, oral administration of either Cyclopia extract potentially exerts a systemic anti-allergic effect, supporting the increased consumption of honeybush tea for general wellness and improved quality of life.
F. W. Shockley, R. L. McGraw, and H. E. Garrett, “Growth and Nutrient Concentration of Two Native Forage Legumes Inoculated with Rhizobium and Mycorrhiza in Missouri, USA,” Agroforestry Systems, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 137–142, Mar. 2004.
doi: 10.1023/B:AGFO.0000013269.19284.53.
The Center for Agroforestry at the University of Missouri has tested numerous native legumes for potential use in agroforestry and selected Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis (Michaux) MacMillan ex Robinson and Fern.) and panicled tick clover (Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC.) for further testing. Our objective was to document the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) (Glomus spp.) and Rhizobium on growth and nutrient concentration of these legumes. Seeds were planted in a greenhouse and inoculated with one of two species of AM and/or one of two strains of Rhizobium. Plants were harvested after 80 d and data taken on leaf and stem dry weight, root fresh weight, stem height, nodulation, AM colonization, and N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentration. Inoculation with Rhizobium did not affect plant growth in Illinois bundleflower, but colonization by Glomus intraradices increased all plant growth variables except stem height. Nutrient concentration was unaffected by the presence of either endophyte. In contrast, inoculation of panicled tick clover with Rhizobium str. 41Z10 increased leaf dry weight (32%) compared to the control and root fresh weight (41%) compared to str. 32Z3, and colonization by G. intraradices increased leaf dry weight (35%) and stem height (26%). Both species of AM increased P and K concentration (41% and 55%, respectively) in panicled tick clover. Our results suggest that the growth of these legumes can be improved by the use of proper AM species and/or Rhizobium strains. However, additional research to identify the best Rhizobium and AM inoculates for these plant species is important in developing strategies for their use in agroforestry.
A static life table of Acacia confusa was worked out, which showed that there was a marked regularity of periodic fluctuation in the process of natural regeneration of A.confusa. Based on the life table of population and the theory of survival analysis,the authors worked out a static life table of Acacia confusa,drew the curves of mortality rate,survival rate,killing value,survival rate function,mortality density function,cumulative mortality rate and hazard rate function,and analyzed the life process of population.The results showed that the population had one peaks of mortality,and the survival curve of the population trended to the type of Deevey-Ⅱ.Then spectral analysis of the population dynamics of A.confusa was made,which showed that there was a marked regularity of periodic fluctuation in the process of natural regeneration of A.confusa.
V. Shukla, S. Asthana, S. Singh, and Anurag Tripathi, “Role of Anthraquinones in Cassia Occidentalis Induced Hepato-Myo-Encephalopathy,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 267, p. 113431, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113431.
Ethnopharmacological relevance The different plant parts of Cassia occidentalis Linn, (CO) such as root, leaves, seeds and pods have traditionally been used in multifarious medicines for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, constipation, fever, eczema, cancer and venereal diseases. Materials and methods A systematic search of literature has been done in books and scientific databases like Science Direct, Pubmed, Google Scholar and Scopus etc. These sources were used to compile, analyze and review the information regarding the phytochemistry, toxicology and mechanism of toxicity of CO. The various references on this subject are cited in our review ranging from 1956 to 2019. Results Unintentional exposure of CO causes serious pathological condition in children, known as hepato-myo-encephalopathy (HME). The toxicity after CO consumption is associated with the presence of anthraquinones (AQs), a class of secondary plant metabolites. These AQs at high concentrations are known to cause detrimental effects on essential vital organs such as liver, kidney, spleen, brain, muscle and reproductive organs. The animal studies in rodent models as well as clinical investigations have clearly revealed that CO toxicity is associated with enhanced hepatotoxicity serum markers (ALT, AST, and LDH) and presence of necrotic lesions in liver. Furthermore, CO also causes vacuolization in muscle tissue and increases the level of CPK which is a prominent muscle damage marker. Apart from these target organs, CO consumption also causes neuronal damage via disturbing the levels of different proteins such as (GFAP and b-tubulin III). The mechanistic studies show that AQs present in CO have the potential to disturb the cellular homeostasis via binding to DNA, increasing the production ROS and showing inhibitory effects on essential enzymes etc. Therefore, AQs have been observed to be the primary culprit agents contributing to the toxicity of CO in children and animals. Conclusion Despite its therapeutic potential, CO consumption can be detrimental if consumed in high amounts. A thorough analysis of literature reveals that AQs are the primary factors contributing to toxicity of CO seeds. Exposure to CO seeds causes HME, which is a serious life threatening condition for the malnourished children from lower strata. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the CO induced HME in patients. Lack of appropriate diagnostic measures and a poor understanding of the CO toxicity mechanism in humans and animals complicate the clinical management of CO poisoning subjects. Therefore, development of point of care diagnostic kits shall help in early diagnosis & suitable management of CO poisoning.
H. A. Sifawa, K. A. Shagari, N. Modi, and H. Abubakar, “Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Analysis of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Coffee Senna (Cassia Occidentalis Linn),” vol. 12, no. 2, 2019.
Phytochemical screening and antibacterial analysis of aqueous leaf extract of Coffee sennawere carried out using standard biochemical procedures. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannis, steroids, volatile oils as well as saponin glycosides as the most abundant. Other phytochemicals identified in the extract were flavonoids, saponnins, and cardiac glycoside as moderately present. Balsam and terpenes were minutely present, while anthraquines was absent. Antibacterial screening of leaf extract of coffee senna(Cassia occidentalis) was carried out using agar well diffusion method for bacterial isolates(Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus). The result showed that the mean zones of inhibition were higher at 60 and 90 mg/ml against S. paratyphiand S.aureuswith 17.0 and 17.0 mm zones of inhibition respectively. The results showed that the extract of Cassia occidentaliscould be potent in inhibition of the studied microorganisms. Thus, the studied plant materials could be further investigated so as to validate their potent role in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by the tested microorganisms.
G. F. da Silva et al., “Allelopathic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Leaf and Root Sesame on Sicklepod and Brachiaria Seeds,” Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de Biossistemas, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 523–537, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.18011/bioeng2021v15n4p523-537.
Sicklepod is an important weed in Brazil pastures, but control measures are not yet effective. Thus, allelopathy can be an alternative, due to its ecological importance and for being able to provide new structures sources for agrochemicals production. This research aimed to verify the allelopathic potential of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) on germination and seedling development of sicklepod (Senna occidentalis L.) and brachiaria (Brachiaria brizantha). The treatments were root and leaf extract of sesame, and control (distilled water). Germination percentage, speed of germination, hypocotyl and radicle length were evaluated. Speed of germination, germination percentage and radicle length had no interference from the aqueous extracts. However, in brachiaria these traits had lower values than sicklepod. Hypocotyl length was not influenced by the extracts, however, the leaf extract showed lower growth of this feature. Allelopathy did not affect germination and speed of germination in both species, but interfered in brachiaria development.
T. R. da Silva, “Avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Anadenanthera falcata Benth por métodos indiretos de determinação da viabilidade,” PhD thesis, Universidade de Brasília, 2013.http://www.bibliotecaflorestal.ufv.br/handle/123456789/8082.
Over time seeds begin to suffer a continuous and irreversible process of deterioration or aging. Gathering information about this process is essential because through it research has developed methods for determining the physiological potential or seed vigor. During the aging or the deterioration process degradation or disruption in their cell membranes may occur, allowing nutrients to be leached from their tissue into the water in which they are immersed. Given the above, this study aimed to verify the relationship between the data obtained in the application of the method of analysis of leaching of potassium, magnesium and calcium with the state of deterioration of fresh seeds of Angico - red (Anadenanthera falcata Benth ) with the results obtained by the application of germination, tetrazolium and electrical conductivity tests. For testing electrical conductivity, potassium, magnesium and calcium in the seeds, they were subjected to a soaking period of 4 hours in 150 ml of MilliQ water at temperatures 20 ° C, 25 ° C, 30 ° C and 35 ° C. Its rates were read in AAS and ICP-AES and a conductivity bench. The study of the Angico - red (Anadenanthera falcata Benth) demonstrated a strong relationship between temperature rise and the increase of the electrical conductivity of the solution and the actual "loss" of nutrients for the seed proven relationship between temperature rise and increased leaching of potassium, magnesium and calcium. The germination rate of the species for this study was not influenced by the loss of compounds such as calcium, magnesium and potassium to the solution, but with new studies could try to relate the loss with possible anomalies in germination.
A. V. C. da Silva, I. M. R. do Nascimento, J. H. A. Rangel, C. S. A. Pereira, and E. N. Muniz, “Exchange of Germoplasm and Genetic Diversity to Enrichment the Desmanthus Genebank,” Revista Caatinga, vol. 36, pp. 33–40, Mar. 2023.
doi: 10.1590/1983-21252023v36n104rc.
ABSTRACT The genus Desmanthus presents wide ecogeographical distribution and complex taxonomy. Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thellung, popularly known in Brazil as Jureminha, is a leguminous species native to the Northeast region of Brazil, which stands out by its high protein content, resistance to droughts, and by presenting no toxicity to animals. The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity of 15 progenies from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO; Australia), through germplasm exchange for enrichment of the Desmanthus genebank of Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, in Nossa Senhora das Dores, SE, Brazil. Fifteen ISSR markers were used, from which 8 were selected. The progenies identified as 242, 245, 246, 255, and 268 were the most genetically distant, and the most recommended to be introduced to the genebank.
L. S. Silva, R. R. Simplício, S. R. Arruda, D. G. Pereira, M. M. S. Castro, and A. M. Waldschmidt, “Genetic Diversity in Mimosa Tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.: A Multipurpose Plant Genetic Resource of Semiarid Brazil,” Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 113, Apr. 2021.
doi: 10.5539/jas.v13n5p113.
Caatinga is the third largest biome in Brazil but little is known about the species diversity from this biotic community, despite of its social, economic and environmental importance for the semiarid region. Among the several typical plant species from Caatinga, Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. (black jurema) stands out because it plays a major role in the maintenance of this ecosystem, besides being widely used to recover degraded areas. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and structural analysis from 10 populations of M. tenuiflora from the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, using 10 ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. A total of 117 fragments were obtained from 218 individuals with a mean number of 11.8 bands per primer. The mean population polymorphism was 85.0%, while the values of genetic diversity (He) and the Shannon index (I) were equal to 0.295 and 0.442, respectively. Most of genetic variation was observed (87.0%) but high FST values were observed (0.132), indicating the populations are genetically differentiated. Bayesian inference using Structure divided the populations into two groups while Geneland indicated five clusters that could be related to the fragmentation of Caatinga and to constraints in the dispersal of pollen and seeds. In conclusion, M. tenuiflora presents high levels of genetic diversity and natural populations might serve as potential sources for management and reforestation of degraded areas in Caatinga.
D. L. S. da Silva, M. V. M. de Andrade, D. C. Braz, R. R. M. de Sousa, M. R. Silva, and R. M. Monção, “Germination, Wettability, and Imbibition of Dormant Seeds of Desmanthus Virgatus after Low-Pressure Plasma Treatment,” Acta Veterinaria Brasilica, vol. 16, no. 1, 2022.
doi: 10.21708/avb.2022.16.1.10425.
The use of an alternative technique to increase the germination of an legume species used in animal feed was investigated based on the effects of low-pressure plasma on the wettability, imbibition, and germination of seeds of Desmanthus virgatus. A conventional nitriding reactor with an argon atmosphere (Ar) and controlled temperature at 30º C was used to apply three different exposure times: 1, 3, and 5 minutes, with a set of intact seeds considered as the control. The experimental design was completely randomized, and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability to analyze the different experimental conditions tested. The statistical analyses were performed with the software Origin 8.0. The apparent contact angle indicated an increase in the wettable surface with the treatment time, verifying the hydrophilic character of the plasma on the seed. Seeds treated for 3 and 5 minutes showed higher germination than the 1-minute treatment and untreated seeds. In the imbibition test, the leached solution showed lower conductivity in the treated samples than in the untreated sample, indicating less nutrient loss to the solution. The pH remained within the neutral range among the treated samples. The superficial changes in the seeds caused significant gains in the germination parameters, promoting improvement in the indices and rate of germination and contributing to the uniformity of the seed lot with the use of low-pressure plasma as a tool for breaking dormancy.
O. L. da Silva, A. Goelzer, T. O. Carnevali, F. H. M. D. Santos, N. A. H. Zárate, and M. D. C. Vieira, “Produção e Qualidade de Mudas de Anadenanthera Peregrina Var. Falcata (Benth.) Altschul Sob Substratos e Bioestimulador,” Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB, 2020.
doi: 10.18265/1517-0306a2020v1n52p169-178.
The aim of this work is to evaluate the chemical attributes of substrate, emergence, survival and quality of Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (Benth.) Altschul (angico-do-cerrado) seedlings in different substrates and with or without biostimulator of soil microbiota. We evaluated three types of substrates – ‘Cerrado’ soil (restricted sense), commercial Tropstrato® substrate and native forest soil (‘Cerradão’) – with or without biostimulator application, arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, in randomized blocks, with four repetitions. Seedling emergence was low (38.05%), but the highest survival occurred with application of biostimulator (81.01%) and commercial substrate (87.61%). The highest height (8.60 cm), number of leaves (13.00/plant), stem diameter (1.86 mm) and leaf area (43.44 cm2/plant) of seedlings as well as highest dry masses, occurred in the native forest soil, the dry masses were also favored with the application of biostimulator. Results indicated that native forest substrate and biostimulator application provides greater growth and quality of ‘angico-docerrado’ seedlings.
Nao foi possivel identificar o indice de umidade mais adequado para germinacao e producao de mudas de Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. Resumo: A intensificacao do desmatamento e as alteracoes ocasionadas pelas atividades antropicas, sao as principais formas de perda da vegetacao do Cerrado. A especie Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. conhecida popularmente por angico-vermelho pertencente a familia Fabaceae, com ocorrencia em florestas semideciduais e no bioma Cerrado, tem poucos estudos sobre tecnicas de coleta de semente, substrato, recipientes, exigencias de luz e agua na emergencia, fertilizacao e outros, em que sao informacoes essenciais para a producao de mudas. Portanto o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influencia dos diferentes niveis de umidade do substrato areia no comportamento da emergencia da especie Anadenanthera peregrina (L) Speg. O experimento foi feito em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repeticoes de 25 sementes para cada tratamento, colocadas em tubetes plasticos de (280 cm³), contendo areia lavada e esterilizada a 160 oC por 24hs.Os tratamentos testados foram: T1- 25% da capacidade de retencao da areia, T2- 50% da capacidade de retencao da areia, T3- 75% da capacidade de retencao da areia e T4- 100% da capacidade de retencao da areia, mantidas em casa de vegetacao, em temperatura ambiente (36 ± 4 oC), com fotoperiodo de 12 horas e 50% de sombreamento. Os dados obtidos para a porcentagem de emergencia, nos tratamentos com concentracoes de umidade a 25%, 75% e 100% nao diferiram entre si, entretanto os dados do tratamento T2 com 50% de umidade diferiram dos demais tratamentos, constando-se 70% de emergencia, ja os tratamentos T1 e T4, obtiveram 36% e 37% de emergencia. Nao foi possivel identificar o indice de umidade mais adequado para germinacao e producao de mudas de Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. Palavras chave: Angico vermelho, Especie florestal, Producao de mudas.
F. A. O. Silveira and G. W. Fernandes, “Effect of Light, Temperature and Scarification on the Germination of Mimosa Foliolosa (Leguminosae) Seeds,” Seed Science and Technology, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 585–592, Oct. 2006.
doi: 10.15258/sst.2006.34.3.05.
Mimosa foliolosa Benth. subsp. pachycarpa (Benth.) Barneby var. pachycarpa (Leguminosae), an endemic shrub from the rupestrian fields of Serra do Cipó, southeastern Brazil, is a potential species for land rehabilitation. In this work we studied the effects of (i) light and temperature on seed germination and (ii) mechanical and chemical scarification (with sulfuric acid) on overcoming seed dormancy. Seeds were collected during April and May of 2001, placed in Petri dishes and incubated at 15, 20, 25, 30 or 35°C under either a 12h-photoperiod or total darkness for 30 consecutive days. Light had no significant effect on seed germination. M. foliolosa seeds have an impermeable seed coat (physical dormancy) and mechanical scarification was the most reliable method for breaking seed dormancy increasing germination to over 80% at all temperatures tested. Chemical scarification also increased seed germination at all temperatures, but only at 20°C germination did not differ from that of mechanically scarified seeds. Also, keeping non-scarified seeds at 35°C increased their germination. The results are discussed in regard to the natural factors accounting for dormancy break in nature.
P. V. Sindhu, M. T. Kanakamany, and C. Beena, “Effect of Organic Manures and Biofertilisers on Herbage Yield, Quality and Soil Nutrient Balance in Indigofera Tinctoria Cultivation,” Journal of Tropical Agriculture, vol. 54, no. 1, p. 16, Nov. 2016.http://www.jtropag.kau.in/index.php/ojs2/article/view/364.
Experiments were conducted to study the effect of combined application of organic manures and biofertilisers on herbage yield and quality of Indigofera tinctoria during September 2012 -13 and 2013-14 at All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Medicinal, Aromatic Plants and Betel Vine Centre, Kerala Agricultural University Thrissur, Kerala, India. The treatments included FYM 10 Mg ha-1, FYM 10 Mg ha-1 + Azospirillum (2 kg ha-1), FYM 10 Mg ha-1 + Azospirillum (2 kg ha-1) + VAM (2 kg ha-1), Vermicompost (3 Mg ha-1), Vermicompost (3 Mg ha-1) + Azospirillum (2 kg ha-1), Vermicompost (3 Mg ha-1) + Azospirillum (2 kg ha-1) + VAM (2 kg ha-1), Coirpith compost (4 Mg ha-1), Coirpith compost (4 Mg ha-1) + Azospirillum (2 kg ha-1) and Coirpith compost (4 Mg ha-1) + Azospirillum (2 kg ha-1) + VAM (2 kg ha-1). The pooled herbage yield was higher in plots with basal application of farm yard manure 10 Mg ha-1 and azospirillum 2 kg ha-1 (5691 kg ha-1). However, it was statistically on par with individual application of coirpith compost @ 4 Mg ha-1 (5542 kg ha-1) and combined application of vermicompost @ 3 Mg ha-1 along with Azospirillum 2 kg ha-1 (5304 kg ha-1). The quality as indicated by glycoside indican was more in plants which received basal application of FYM alone. The uptake of N and K were higher in treatments which recorded higher herbage yield. Due to combined application of organic manures and biofertilisers, N and K contents in the post experimental soil increased significantly, while the content of P decreased. The highest B: C ratio of 3.51 was in treatment with Farmyard manure 10 Mg ha-1 and Azospirillum 2 kg ha-1.
V. V. Singh, J. Jain, and A. K. Mishra, “Evaluation of Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant Activity of Senna Occidentalis Seeds Extracts,” Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 183–187, Mar. 2019.
doi: 10.22270/jddt.v9i2.2400.
Aim: The aim of present work was to determine the anticonvulsant and antioxidant activity of Senna occidentalis L. ethanolic seed extract by different models. Methods: For evaluation of anticonvulsant activity, Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) seizure model and Maximal electroshock (MES) seizure model were used. For antioxidant activity, (1, 1-diphenyl - 2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) method were used. Results: The finding suggested that the ethanolic extract (EAE) of Senna occidentalis in the dose 400 mg/kg body weight posses potent anticonvulsant activity. The EAE showed anticonvulsant action in dose dependent fashion. It was observed that upon increasing the concentration of extract, it showed reduced absorbance and increased free radical inhibition, and when comparison was made with Ascorbic acid, it showed marked antioxidant property in DPPH as well as H2O2 method. The IC50 of Ascorbic acid and EAE by DPPH method were found to be 14.56 and 14.8 respectively whereas the IC50 of Ascorbic acid and EAE by H2O2 method were found that 14.3and 14.8 respectively. Conclusion: The results of the present study concluded hat the EAE of Senna occidentalis L. possesses significant antioxidant and anticonvulsant activity. The activity was in dose dependent fashion. This study will assist in future research associated with formulation development of seeds of Senna occidentalis L. Keyword: Senna occidentalis L., Anticonvulsant, Antioxidant, DPPH model
H. Singh, P. Chahal, A. Mishra, and A. K. Mishra, “An Up-to-Date Review on Chemistry and Biological Activities of Senna Occidentalis (L.) Link Family: Leguminosae,” Advances in Traditional Medicine, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 263–278, Sep. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s13596-019-00391-z.
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Family: Leguminosae, one of the important Ayurvedic plants, to treat various ailments. The current review embarks on the detected secondary metabolites, biological properties and toxicological aspects of extracts of S. occidentalis (L.) Link. With an aim to encourage the recent and advanced research on extracts, the present review is presented. The traditional medicinal importance of S. occidentalis (L.) Link has been identified in tropical and subtropical regions to treat various ailments. All the available informations on S. occidentalis (L.) Link was collected via electronic search (using Pubmed, SciFinder, Scirus, Google Scholar, Agricola and Web of Science) and literature study done at library. About 38 phytocompounds have been isolated from S. occidentalis (L.) Link; the most important includes anthraquinones, flavonoid glycosides, xanthones, tetrahydro anthracenes, terpenes and phytosterol etc. In vivo biological studies of the extracts show that S. occidentalis (L.) Link possesses analgesic, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, anticonvulsant, antitrypanosomal, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, myeloprotective, wound healing, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and larvicidal activity. The extracts need to be further investigated to describe the extent of the biological effects, most advantageous dosage required, and mechanisms of action behind biological effects, safety profile and probable side effects. Moreover, clinical studies are required to support the curative potential of S. occidentalis (L.) Link.
K. R. Sini, M. Karpakavalli, and P. T. Sangeetha, “Analgesic and Antipyretic Activity of Cassia Occidentalis Linn,” 2010.
Cassia occidentalis Linn (Caesalpiniaceae), a perennial plant of Palakkad, Southern India, is an ayurvedic plant with huge medical importance. The ethanol and water extracts of Cassia occidentalis leaves were screened for antinociceptive activity using acetic acid induced writhing test, hot plate test and tail immersion test in mice. In a similar way a screening exercise was carried out to determine the antipyretic potential of the extract using yeast induced pyrexia method in rats. The results of the statistical analysis showed that ethanol and water extracts of Secamone emetica had significant (p<0.01) dose dependent antinociceptive and antipyretic properties at 150 and 300 mg/kg. ). The inhibition produced by the highest dose (300 mg/kg) of the extracts was significantly (P90.01) lower than that by acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg). Both the ethanolic and water extracts of Cassia occidentalis showed significant (P90.01) effect on pyrexia induced by yeast. Hence present investigation reveals the antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of the ethanolic and water extracts of the leaves of Cassia occidentalis. This seems to provide a rationale for the use of this plant in pain and inflammatory disorders.
R. Siva, “Status of Natural Dyes and Dye-Yielding Plants in India,” Current Science, vol. 92, no. 7, pp. 916–925, 2007.https://www.jstor.org/stable/24097672.
Indians have been considered as forerunners in the art of natural dyeing. Natural dyes find use in the colouring of textiles, drugs, cosmetics, etc. Owing to their nontoxic effects, they are also used for colouring various food products. In India, there are more than 450 plants that can yield dyes. In addition to their dye-yielding characteristics, some of these plants also possess medicinal value. Though there is a large plant resource base, little has been exploited so far. Due to lack of availability of precise technical knowledge on the extracting and dyeing technique, it has not commercially succeeded like the synthetic dyes. Although indigenous knowledge system has been practised over the years in the past, the use of natural dyes has diminished over generations due to lack of documentation. Also there is not much information available on databases of either dye-yielding plants or their products. In this article we review the availability of natural dyes, their extraction, applications, mordant types, advantages and disadvantages.
B. Sivasankari, M. Anandharaj, and P. Gunasekaran, “An Ethnobotanical Study of Indigenous Knowledge on Medicinal Plants Used by the Village Peoples of Thoppampatti, Dindigul District, Tamilnadu, India,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 408–423, Apr. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.040.
Ethnopharmacological relevance This study provides significant ethnopharmacological information, both qualitative and quantitative on medicinal plants in the Thoppampatti village, Dindigul district, Tamilnadu, India. There is urgency in recording such data to conserve the traditional medicinal plants. This is the first ethnobotanical study which records the traditional important medicinal plants of Thoppampatti village. To collect, analyze and evaluate the ethnopharmacologic knowledge in Thoppampatti village in order to protect it. This study reports the results of an ethnopharmacological survey on the uses of medicinal plants by inhabitants of the Thoppampatti. Materials and methods The field study was carried out in a period of about one year (April 2012–May 2013) in Thoppampatti village. The information was obtained through open and semi-structured interviews with 48 (27 males, 21 females) knowledgeable local people and traditional healers (THs). The collected data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. In addition, use value (UV), relative importance (RI) and Jaccard index (JI) was determined. Results A total of 139 species of plants, mostly trees and herbs, belonging to 54 families were identified in this study. This is used to treat 142 diseases and ailments. These ailments were categorized into 18 major categories. Leaves were the most frequently used parts, while decoction and juice are the most common method of preparation to treat various diseases. Based on IUCN Red data the identified medicinal plants include 11 least concerned species, 3 vulnerable species and one endangered species. The most important species according to their use value were Cynodon dactylon (0.79), Azadirachta indica (0.73), Ocimum tenuiflorum (0.71), Moringa oleifera (0.68), Coriandrum sativum (0.62), Abelmoschus esculentus (0.61), Acalypha indica (0.59) and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (0.59). Conclusion As a result of the present study, medicinal plants play an important role in the health care of Thoppampatti village inhabitants; they rely on medicinal plants to treat various ailments. In addition, the medicinal plants with high RI values might give some useful leads for further pharmacological investigations. Deforestation and overexploitation of a particular plant species leads to extinction so sustainable utilization of medicinal plants is recommended in the study area.
Entada scandens (E. scandens) (family. Mimosaceae) is a widely used medicinal plant has been traditionally used by the folklore medicinal practitioners of Bangladesh to treat pain, cancer, gastrointestinal disorders where antinociceptive, cytotoxic and anti-diarrheal medications are implicated. Therefore, phytochemical groups and antinociceptive, cytotoxic, and anti-diarrheal activities of ethanol extract of seed of E. scandens were investigated by using acetic acid induced writhing model in mice, brine shrimp lethality bioassay and castor oil induced diarrheal model in mice. Phytochemical study of the extract indicated the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. At the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, the extract showed a significant antinociceptive activity showing 60.61 and 72.73% inhibition respectively (P<0.001) comparable to that produced by Diclofenac Na (80.30%) used as standard drug. The extract showed significant toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay (LC50. 20µg/ml & LC90. 80µg/ml). While evaluating anti-diarrheal activity, the extract inhibited the mean number of defecation which were 13.21% (P<0.01) and 22.64 % (P<0.001) at the doses of 250 and 500mg/kg respectively. The latent period for the extract treated group was (p<0.01) increased as compared to control group. In addition, antimicrobial study was carried out by disc diffusion assay, but no significant inhibition was found against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aureus, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi, Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei, Proteus vulgaris, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes. The study tends to suggest the antinociceptive, cytotoxic and antidiarrheal activities of the crude ethanol extract of the seed of E. scandens and justify its use in folkloric remedies.
K. A. Skogen, L. Senack, and K. E. Holsinger, “Dormancy, Small Seed Size and Low Germination Rates Contribute to Low Recruitment in Desmodium Cuspidatum (Fabaceae),” The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, vol. 137, no. 4, pp. 355–365, 2010.https://www.jstor.org/stable/25790856.
Plant population growth and persistence are strongly influenced by germination and recruitment, which can be dramatically affected by seed dormancy, local site conditions, seed size and seed predation. Understanding factors that limit germination can help to explain low recruitment rates and is particularly important for species of conservation concern. Desmodium cuspidatum has declined dramatically in the northeastern United States and is currently listed as historic, threatened or endangered in all five New England states where it once occurred. Remaining populations exhibit low reproductive success and low recruitment rates, even though seed viability is nearly 100%. Requirements for optimal germination, including the breakdown of physical dormancy, effect of local site characteristics, and seed mass were largely unknown. In addition, while recruitment rates in co-occuring Desmodium species are reportedly higher than those of D. cuspidatum, germination rates in these species were unavailable for comparative purposes. Lastly, the effect of pre-dispersal seed predation, commonly observed in Desmodium species, was unknown. We performed a series of three controlled experiments to assess optimal conditions for germination (D. cuspidatum), the relationship between germination rate and seed size (mass, D. cuspidatum, D. glutinosum and D. paniculatum) and the effect of pre-dispersal seed predation on germination (D. canadense and D. paniculatum). Our results suggest that low recruitment rates observed in New England populations of D. cuspidatum are related to physical dormancy and local site conditions, whereby the highest germination rates are found when seeds are placed on bare soil, regardless of whether they are covered with leaf litter. Germination rates in D. cuspidatum were generally lower than those observed for two more common Desmodium species, D. glutinosum, and D. paniculatum and were positively correlated with seed mass in all three species. Seeds grown with field-collected soil had lower germination rates but higher nodulation rates than those grown in sterilized potting soil. Seed predation by weevils had no detectable difference on germination rates in D. paniculatum and D. canadense.
E. L. Slabbert, R. R. Malgas, R. Veldtman, and P. Addison, “Honeybush (Cyclopia Spp.) Phenology and Associated Arthropod Diversity in the Overberg Region, South Africa,” Bothalia - African Biodiversity & Conservation, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 1–13, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.4102/abc.v49i1.2430.
Background: Cyclopia is endemic to regions of the Cape Floristic Region across the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa and is commonly known as honeybush. Honeybush has historically been used as an herbal tea, and has proven medicinal properties. Honeybush biomass and extracts are used in the functional foods and cosmetics sectors, both locally and overseas. The growing demand for honeybush calls for increased agricultural production and a shift away from the predominantly wild harvested supply. Objectives: The current study aimed to address the lack of baseline knowledge on honeybush phenology and its associated arthropod community to advance sustainable production of commercially valued plants in the genus. Method: The study was conducted on wild and cultivated Cyclopia species (Cyclopia maculata and Cyclopia genistoides) at respective sites in the Overberg region. Sampling took place from April 2014 to April 2015 using qualitative methods for recording seasonal honeybush phenology and suction sampling for aboveground arthropods. Focal insect taxa (Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera) were sorted and identified to family level and classified into functional feeding guilds. Results: Qualitative phenology observations of wild C. maculata and cultivated C. genistoides indicated a high level of congruency in seasonality of phenophase stages. Associated arthropod assemblages contained a diversity of families per functional feeding group, namely phytophagous, zoophagous and omnivorous taxa, with high seasonal variability. Conclusion: Findings highlight the complexity of ecological elements to be taken into consideration for ecologically sound honeybush cultivation. Outcomes can be applied to land management practices and governance policies promoting sustainable agroecosystems in honeybush production areas.
P. Smit, M. Cullere, A. Dalle Zotte, S. Balzan, L. C. Hoffman, and E. Novelli, “Effects of Honeybush (Cyclopia Subternata) Extract on Physico-Chemical, Oxidative and Sensory Traits of Typical Italian Salami,” Food Science & Nutrition, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 2299–2306, 2020.
doi: 10.1002/fsn3.1509.
Honeybush (Cyclopia subternata Vogel) is an indigenous South African shrub enjoyed as hot brewed tea. “Unfermented” honeybush is also a potential antioxidant bioactive extract for foodstuffs due to its polyphenol content. The effect of “unfermented” honeybush extract (Hob; 0.5%) was evaluated in typical Italian salami and compared with nitrate (Nit; 100 mg/kg) and a control (Ctl; without nitrate or honeybush). After 35 days of ripening, Hob had a higher (p < .01) water activity (0.928), compared with Ctl (0.923) and Nit (0.924). Final pH (5.35–5.24) was not affected by treatments. Lower lipid oxidation was observed in Hob and Nit treatments (p < .001) compared with Ctl. Internal color and odor intensity were similar among treatments. Salami with honeybush extract had less spontaneous outer surface mold growth whereas the Ctl showed intermediate growth (p < .05). Honeybush extract seems a promising natural ingredient with antioxidant action.
D. L. Smith, “Cotyledon Anatomy in the Leguminosae,” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 325–355, 1983.
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00976.x.
Cotyledon anatomy has been investigated in approximately 900 species representing all the major tribes of the Leguminosae. Four main cotyledon forms are recognized on the basis of morphological, anatomical and functional criteria. The two modal forms are a leaf-like photosynthetic cotyledon, usually borne in an endospermic seed and occurring in about 60% of species; and a fleshy, storage cotyledon, borne in a non-endospermic seed and occurring in about 30% of species. Two intermediate forms combine the structural and functional characteristics of the modal forms in varying degree. The leaf-like cotyledon is considered to be the basic form from which the others have been derived. Cotyledon anatomy shows correlations with seed size and with taxonomic grouping at the tribal and generic levels and thus provides a set of minor characters of potential taxonomic or phylogenetic value or for use in seed and seedling classification and identification.
J. F. N. Smith and A. G. Hardie, “Determination of Foliar Nutrient Sufficiency Ranges in Cultivated Rooibos Tea Using the Boundary-Line Approach,” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 226–233, May 2022.
doi: 10.1080/02571862.2022.2078516.
Despite the global importance of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren) as a health-promoting crop, foliar nutrient sufficiency ranges have not yet been determined for commercially cultivated rooibos. Determination of these ranges is critical for assessing plant nutrient status and maximising productivity. The aim of this study was to determine optimal rooibos foliar macro- and micronutrient ranges using the boundary-line approach (BLA) method across the main rooibos production areas in South Africa. Foliar nutrient and yield data were collected from 120 different commercial rooibos plantations in the six main rooibos producing areas of the country: Nardouwsberg/ Agterpakhuys, Clanwilliam, Gifberg/ Vanrhynsdorp, Nieuwoudtville, Citrusdal and Sandveld. The BLA-derived optimum (late winter) rooibos foliar macronutrient and 90%-yield sufficiency range concentrations (%) were: 1.55 (1.30–1.80) for N, 0.12 (0.09–0.14) for P, 0.54 (0.34–0.75) for K, 0.20 (0.14–0.26) for Ca, 0.22 (0.19–0.25) for Mg, and 0.10 (0.08–0.11) for S. Optimum micronutrient contents and ranges (mg kg−1) were: 85.8 (57.6–114.1) for Fe, 58.2 (26.9–113.8) for Mn, 16.6 (12.7–20.5) for Zn, 2.8 (1.3–4.2) for Cu, and 26.9 (21.8–32.0) for B. Maintaining foliar nutrient concentrations within these ranges will support maximal yields (1 200\>kg ha−1). The foliar nutrient guidelines are of importance for enhancing sustainable rooibos production in South Africa.
J. F. N. Smith and A. G. Hardie, “Determination of Optimal Soil pH and Nutrient Concentrations for Cultivated Rooibos Tea Using the Boundary Line Approach,” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 40, no. 4-5, pp. 208–215, Aug. 2023.
doi: 10.1080/02571862.2023.2259860.
Optimal soil pH and nutrient conditions for rooibos cultivation in South Africa have not yet been established as limited field research has been conducted. Soil chemical (0–300 mm) and yield data were collected from 120 commercial rooibos plantations in the main (170 km wide) production region in the Western and Northern Cape Provinces. The optimum and 90%-yield sufficiency soil ranges were determined using the boundary line approach and quadratic regression. The optimum (sufficiency range) soil chemical properties were a pH (KCl) of 4.5 (4.2–4.7), electrical conductivity of 0.23 mS m−1 (0.16–0.30 mS m−1) and acid saturation of 27.5% (17.1–37.8%). The optimum (sufficiency range) soil available macro- and micronutrients (in mg kg−1) were: 16.9 (7.4–26.4) for P, 20.8 (11.5–30.0) for K, 140.3 (95.9–184.7) for Ca, 50.0 (32.3–63.7) for Mg, 8.3 (4.9–11.7) for S, 34.6 (17.2–52.1) for Fe, 5.5 (2.2–8.8) for Mn, 0.30 (0.16–0.45) for Zn, 0.11 (0.07–0.15) for Cu and 0.11 (0.06–0.16) for B. The resultant optimal values for soil pH and available P, K and Mg corresponded with previous published reports on cultivated fynbos species, while published values were not available for the other parameters. The findings of this study are important for sustainable soil fertility management in commercial rooibos tea production in South Africa.
“Horticultural Research in the National Botanical Institute of South Africa: Past Achievements and Future Directions,” South African Journal of Science, vol. 95, no. 8, pp. 344–348, Aug. 1999.
doi: 10.10520/AJA00382353_8357.
Southern Africa is blessed with the richest temperate flora in the world. Almost 10 % of all flowering plants occur here on about 2 % of the global land surface. This floral wealth includes almost half of all known succulents, over 1000 tree species, a wide range of important pasture grasses, and numerous other flowering plants, many of which have great worldwide horticultural potential. As part of its mandate, the National Botanical Institute (NBI) of South Africa develops living collections of indigenous plants in its eight National Botanical Gardens as a public resource. Programmes are conducted to ensure the maintenance of the quality of plant displays in the gardens, to study, cultivate and conserve threatened indigenous plants, and to facilitate selection and cultivation of improved horticultural strains. This article highlights some of the successes of the diverse and varied horticultural research programme of the NBI.
J. F. N. Smith, “Investigation of soil quality (health) in commercial production of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) in the Western Cape, South Africa,” PhD thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014.http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86737.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The global demand for rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) has steadily increased over the past five years thanks to the increased awareness of its health benefits, while rooibos tea production has decreased. If this trend continues, rooibos producers will be unable to meet the world demand. What makes rooibos a particularly challenging crop to grow is the fact that it is a sensitive fynbos species, adapted to low soil nutrient conditions, which can only be cultivated in a niche area of the Western and Northern Cape regions of South Africa. The farmers are under great pressure due to increasing production costs and environmental laws which restrict the establishment of new rooibos fields in fynbos areas. The only way for farmers to meet the demand will have to be by increasing their tea yields and quality while using the same area of land. To date, very little research has been conducted to help the producers. Rooibos farmers report that yields decline dramatically over time since the clearing of the natural fynbos vegetation. It was hypothesized that this decrease in production is most likely related to changes in soil quality (health) and ecology. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine soil (chemical, physical and microbiological properties) and plant quality parameters in cultivated rooibos fields of various ages and adjacent, rooibos stands in pristine fynbos. The results will be used to diagnose the decline in rooibos production and suggest amendment strategies to improve commercial rooibos production. Experimental sites were selected in the Clanwilliam district, at the two oldest (Nardouwsberg and Seekoeivlei) of the six main rooibos producing areas. Virgin fynbos, young rooibos fields (2 years) and older rooibos fields (20-60 years) were selected as sampling sites.
J. F. N. Smith and A. G. Hardie, “Long-Term Effects of Micro-Fine and Class A Calcitic Lime Application Rates on Soil Acidity and Rooibos Tea Yields under Clanwilliam Field Conditions,” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 270–277, Oct. 2022.
doi: 10.1080/02571862.2022.2107244.
Previous research on the effect of soil liming on rooibos tea growth was limited to short-term greenhouse trials. This is the first long-term field study to investigate the effect of lime application on rooibos tea production. Micro-fine and class A calcitic lime with similar levels of purity were applied at rates of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 tonnes ha−1 to a depth of 15 cm on an acid (pHKCl 4.4), sandy soil in Clanwilliam, prior to planting. Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC), rooibos mortality and yields were then measured over a period of 4 years. Foliar nutrients were determined in Year 4. Micro-fine lime resulted in significantly higher soil pH values (0.5 pH units) than class A lime. Both limes achieved maximum soil pH and EC values in Year 2, but these values declined significantly in Years 3 and 4. This is most likely due to leaching and exhaustion of the most soluble lime fractions. Although micro-fine lime had positive effects on foliar nitrogen and calcium concentrations and bush survival, liming appeared to have a negative effect on rooibos tea yields. Yields tended to decline with increasing lime application rate. Thus, it appears that under the Clanwilliam field conditions in the present study, liming is unnecessary.
J. F. N. Smith, A. Botha, and A. G. Hardie, “Role of Soil Quality in Declining Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) Tea Yields in the Clanwilliam Area, South Africa,” Soil Research, vol. 56, no. 3, p. 252, 2018.
doi: 10.1071/SR17029.
Global demand for rooibos tea is increasing whereas yields are decreasing in the primary production area of Clanwilliam, South Africa. Commercial rooibos producers report that tea yields decline over time following the initial clearing of the natural fynbos veld. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate soil and plant quality in cultivated rooibos plantations of various ages (1–60 years) and adjacent, wild rooibos stands in pristine fynbos in the Clanwilliam area. Soil chemical and physical properties, plant total biomass, tea yields, foliar elemental contents, extent of root nitrogen (N) nodulation and mycorrhizal colonisation were assessed. The most prominent soil quality changes at the oldest cultivated sites compared with pristine fynbos soils were an increase in soil phosphorus (P) from 1.3–1.7 mg kg–1 to 4.0–17.0 mg kg–1, a general decline in total carbon from 0.14–0.29% to 0.09–0.10% and decline in total exchangeable basic cations from 0.64–0.78 cmolc kg–1 to 0.34–0.51 cmolc kg–1, and a concomitant increase in exchangeable aluminium (Al) from 0.10–0.30 cmolc kg–1 to 1.03–1.83 cmolc kg–1. Foliar N\,: P ratios notably declined at the cultivated sites (12\,: 0 – 20\,: 1) compared with pristine fynbos sites (27\,: 1 – 33\,: 1), indicating foliar P accumulation and lack of N. Soil P was strongly negatively correlated with rooibos root mycorrhizal colonisation. The decline in soil organic matter and basic cations, especially potassium (K), was most strongly correlated with the decline in rooibos shoot biomass yields at cultivated sites. These findings highlight the significant role of soil quality in declining yields of rooibos tea in the Clanwilliam area. Management practices should be implemented that increase soil organic matter and essential basic cations such as K, and soil P and exchangeable Al levels should be monitored.
A. Sofea, A. Zerkout, A. Azwady, G. Rusea, and M. Muskhazli, “Assessment of Acacia Auriculiformis Cunn. Ex Benth. Seed Germination and Growth Resistance towards Arsenic Toxicity,” 2017.
doi: 10.9734/ARRB/2017/36490.
It can be concluded that A. auriculiformis is capable to resist As contamination during germination and growth, thus showing the potential of species to remove As from soil, as a phytoremediator. Aim: Assess the ability of A. auriculiformis to resist arsenic (As) toxicity during germination and growth. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Department of Biology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, between September 2016 and May 2017. Methodology: A. auriculiformis seeds were germinated in series of As solutions (50 ppm-100 ppm). Each As concentration contained three replicates and each replicate contained ten seeds. After 15 days, germination analysis such as germination percentage, seedling vigor index, relative injury rate and mean germination time were calculated. Meanwhile, another set of A. auriculiformis’s seeds were germinated using distilled water and planted in soil treated with different As concentration. After 60 days, the plant morphology, chlorophyll content and growth rate were also recorded. Results: The result revealed that, seed germination percentage, seedling vigor index and relative injury rate were significantly reduced at 80-100ppm As concentration, but the mean germination time showed no significant difference between controlled and treated seeds. The growth analysis showed that growth rate and chlorophyll content of treated plants decreased as much as 63.7% and 76.1% respectively. However, all the plants were able to survive up to 100 ppm exposure. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that A. auriculiformis is capable to resist As contamination during germination and growth, thus showing the potential of species to remove As from soil, as a phytoremediator.
Endogenous gibberellin in the young beans of Acacia confusa was identified using a bioassay technique and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and it was found that the beans contained gibBerelin A&1&. Endogenous gibberellin in the young beans of Acacia confusa was identified using a bioassay technique and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was found that the beans contained gibberelin A&1&. Giberelin endogenus daripada biji muda kekacang Acacia confusa telah dikenalpasti dengan menggunakan kaedah bioesei dan gabungan kromatografi gas-spektrometri jisim (GC-MS) Biji kekacang tersebut didapati mengandungi giberelin A 1 . Keywords: bioassay; Tan-ginbozu; Waito-C; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; gibberellin
Thirteen quantitative characters of the leaves, fruits, seeds and flowers were used in the study of eight Senna Mill. species. The characters include leaflet length, leaflet width, leaflet length/width, Number of leaflets, lamina length, petiole length, pedicel length, petal length, fruit length, fruit width, fruit length/width, seed length and seed width. These characters were measured with the aid of a line ruler and subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The results revealed that three out of the thirteen characters employed contributed significantly in differentiating each of the species from the other at 95% level of significance. The species have great similarities hence their grouping under the same genus. Results also showed that Senna hirsuta (Linn.) H. S. Irwin and Barneby and Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. are more closely related, Senna occidentalis (Linn.) Link, Senna siamea (Lam.) H. S. Irwin and Barneby and Senna spectabilis (DC.) Irwin and Barneby all share some resemblance while S. occidentalis is distantly related to S. sophera.
K. Son, Y. Shin, and D. I. Yoo, “Effect of pH Condition on Natural Indigo (Indigofera Tinctoria) Reduction by Yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae),” Fibers and Polymers, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 2570–2580, Dec. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s12221-019-9214-3.
Ultimate goal of this research is to develop an efficient microbial system for indigo reduction by using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). For this purpose, we investigated the effect of pH condition on natural indigo (Indigofera tinctoria) reduction by yeast. We also checked the viability of yeast at high pH condition by observing yeast cell in the indigo reduction bath with an optical microscope. The pH of indigo reduction bath was initially set from 10.2 to 12.0 with the buffer solution. The pH value dropped drastically up to 5.5–6.5 at the initial stage of reduction. After adjusting pH once within 1–2 days, we measured some parameters related to reducing power such as the color yield (K/S value) of ramie fabric dyed with the supernatant of bath, the oxidation/reduction potential (ORP), and the pH values changed. When the initial pH was set at lower than 11 (10.2, 10.7), the baths adjusted to pH 11 showed better reducing power than the baths of pH other than 11. And also, when the initial pH was set higher than 11 (11.3 and 12.0), the baths adjusted to pH 11 showed better reducing power than the baths of pH other than 11. It took 5–11 days to reach the maximum dye uptake after the initiation of reduction, and, during the corresponding time, the ORP was from -563 to -599 mV. All the initial and the adjusted pH values were not maintained but decreased continuously, and the maximum dye uptake reached at pH 9.17-9.43. The initial and the adjusted pH greatly affected the indigo reducing power, and the highest color yield was obtained with indigo reduction bath of initial pH 10.7. When the pH of the bath was adjusted to pH 11.0, the maximum reducing power was obtained most efficiently. Also, for the pH adjustment, use of sodium hydroxide showed higher reducing power than use of calcium hydroxide.
E. C. Sousa, D. V. Silva, D. M. M. Sousa, S. B. Torres, and R. R. T. Oliveira, “Physiological Changes in Mimosa Caesalpiniifolia Benth. Seeds from Different Sources and Submitted to Abiotic Stresses,” Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, vol. 22, pp. 383–389, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n6p383-389.
ABSTRACT Seed germination of species that develop in arid and semi-arid soils can be altered by water deficit and abundance of salts in the soil. Knowledge on tolerance limits is fundamental to understand the adaptive capacity of species under such conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological changes (germination and vigor) of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia seeds from different regions and submitted to water and saline stresses. To simulate water stress, the osmotic agent polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) was adjusted to the potentials of 0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa, whereas for the saline stress, NaCl solutions were adjusted to the potentials of 0, -0.1, -0.3, -0.5, -0.7; -0.9 and -1.1 MPa. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme for water stress and 3 x 7 factorial scheme for saline stress, with four replicates of 25 seeds. The variables analysed were: germination, germination speed index and seedling shoot length, root length, shoot dry matter and root dry matter. M. caesalpiniifolia seeds, coming from different geographic regions, showed similar physiological responses to water stress; with respect to salt stress, their tolerance varies according to the region of harvest, and those from Vazante, MG, Brazil were more tolerant during germination and initial growth of seedlings.
A. P. S. Souza Filho, S. M. Alves, F. J. C. Figueiredo, and S. Dutra, “Seed Germination of Weeds from Cultivated Pasture Areas: Mimosa Pudica and Ipomoea Asarifolia,” Planta Daninha, vol. 19, pp. 23–31, Apr. 2001.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-83582001000100003.
Malícia (Mimosa pudica) e salsa (Ipomoea asarifolia) são importantes plantas daninhas que infestam áreas de pastagens cultivadas da região amazônica brasileira. Neste trabalho foram analisados os efeitos de fatores relacionados ao solo e clima na variação da germinação (percentual e índice de velocidade de germinação - IVG) de sementes dessas espécies. A germinação foi monitorada em um período de 15 dias, com contagens diárias e eliminação das sementes germinadas. Os resultados mostraram que os fatores de solo alumínio, pH, cálcio e magnésio não influenciam a germinação das duas espécies de plantas daninhas. A germinação das sementes de malícia e salsa pode ocorrer tanto na presença como na ausência de luz. A temperatura ótima de germinação (percentual e IVG) para ambas as espécies foi de 30 ºC contínua e 25-35 ºC alternada, embora as sementes de malícia tenham germinado satisfatoriamente em temperaturas contínuas superiores e inferiores a 30 ºC e em todas as combinações de temperaturas alternadas. Comparativamente, o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) foi mais sensível aos efeitos da temperatura do que o percentual de germinação. Ambas as espécies responderam negativamente ao aumento da salinidade, sendo a espécie malícia mais tolerante ao sal do que a salsa.
P. B. Souza, A. L. Souza, W. da S. Costa, R. V. D. Peloso, and J. M. Lana, “Florística e Diversidade Das Espécies Arbustivo-Arbóreas Regeneradas No Sub-Bosque de Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg.,” 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S0104-77602012000300008.
A classificacao sucessional das especies amostradas nas classes I e II revelou maior riqueza de espe species iniciais na sucessao secundaria, com o grupo formado pelas secundarias iniciaIS e pioneiras totalizando 93,5% na classe I e 93% naClasse II. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se analisar a composicao floristica e a estrutura da vegetacao arbustivo-arborea em plantio de Anadenanthera peregrina (L) Speg., no municipio de Naque, MG, de, aproximadamente, 10 ha, de propriedade da empresa Celulose Nipo - Brasileira SA, (19o15’05"S e 42o20’30’W). Foram estabelecidas dez parcelas aleatorias de 20 x 50 m para amostrar os individuos com CAP igual ou maior que 15 cm (Classe I). No centro de cada parcela de 20 x 50 m, foi instalada uma sub-parcela de 10 x 10 m para amostrar os individuos com altura total igual ou maior que 1,30 m do solo ate CAP menor que 15 cm (Classe II). Os individuos das parcelas de 20 x 50 m foram classificados quanto as sindromes de dispersao e categorias sucessionais. Alem disso, foram realizadas a distribuicao diametrica dos individuos amostrados. Foram encontrados 510 individuos na classe I, pertencentes a 10 familias, 15 generos e 15 especies e na classe II, 47 individuos de 10 familias, 14 generos e 14 especies, com indice de similaridade de Sorensen igual a 48%. A classificacao sucessional das especies amostradas nas classes I e II revelou maior riqueza de especies iniciais na sucessao secundaria, com o grupo formado pelas secundarias iniciais e pioneiras, totalizando 93,5% na classe I e 93% na classe II. Considerando as sindromes de dispersao, classe I 60% das especies possuem dispersao anemocorica. Quanto a distribuicao diametrica por classe de diâmetro de Anadenanthera peregrina e das demais especies, respectivamente, distribuiram-se em "J"-invertido.
C. O. Souza, J. G. M. Silva, M. D. C. Arantes, G. B. Vidaurre, A. F. Dias Júnior, and M. P. Oliveira, “Pyrolysis of Anadenanthera Peregrina Wood Grown in Different Spacings from a Forest Plantation in Brazil Aiming at the Energy Production,” Environment, Development and Sustainability, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 5153–5168, Aug. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s10668-019-00418-0.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the Anadenanthera peregrina wood cultivated in five spacing and pyrolyzed in two different heating rates. Three trees were collected from each spacing (3\,× 2, 3\,× 3, 4\,× 3, 4\,× 4 and 5\,× 5 m), and samples were taken for the determination of the physical and chemical properties of the wood, the pyrolysis under the two heating rates (1.67 and 0.83 °C min−1) and the subsequent analysis of the charcoal produced. Planting spacing did not influence the properties of A. peregrina wood. The heating rate influenced the charcoal properties, interacting with the spacing for the ash content and apparent density, yields of pyroligneous liquid and non-condensable gases.
J. I. Sprent, D. W. Odee, and F. D. Dakora, “African Legumes: A Vital but under-Utilized Resource,” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 1257–1265, Mar. 2010.
doi: 10.1093/jxb/erp342.
Although nodulated legumes have been used by indigenous peoples in Africa for centuries, their full potential has never been realized. With modern technology there is scope for rapid improvement of both plant and microbial germplasm. This review gives examples of some recent developments in the form of case studies; these range from multipurpose human food crops, such as cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), through to beverages (teas) that are also income-generating such as rooibos (Aspalathus linearis (Burm. f.) R. Dahlgren, honeybush (Cyclopia Vent. spp.), and the widely used food additive gum arabic (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.). These and other potential crops are well-adapted to the many different soil and climatic conditions of Africa, in particular, drought and low nutrients. All can nodulate and fix nitrogen, with varying degrees of effectiveness and using a range of bacterial symbionts. The further development of these and other species is essential, not only for African use, but also to retain the agricultural diversity that is essential for a changing world that is being increasingly dominated by a few crops such as soybean.
A. C. Spriggs and F. D. Dakora, “Assessing the Suitability of Antibiotic Resistance Markers and the Indirect ELISA Technique for Studying the Competitive Ability of Selected Cyclopia Vent. Rhizobia under Glasshouse and Field Conditions in South Africa,” BMC Microbiology, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 142, Jul. 2009.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-142.
Symbiotic N2 fixation in legumes is constrained by many factors, including the paucity of suitable soil rhizobia To maximise growth of legume species therefore often requires the application of effective rhizobia as inoculants. But where native strains out-compete introduced rhizobia for nodule formation, it is important that the competitiveness of selected strains is tested in the field and glasshouse prior to their recommendation as commercial inoculants. However the methodology for strain identification inside nodules has often proved difficult and thus limited this field of research. In this study, the suitability of the antibiotic resistance technique (both intrinsic low-resistance fingerprinting and high-resistance marking) and the serological indirect ELISA method were assessed for their ability to detect selected Cyclopia rhizobia under glasshouse and field conditions. The four rhizobial strains that were used, namely PPRICI3, UCT40a, UCT44b and UCT61a, were isolated from wild Cyclopia species growing in the Western Cape fynbos of South Africa.
A. C. Spriggs and F. D. Dakora, “Competitive Ability of Selected Cyclopia Vent. Rhizobia under Glasshouse and Field Conditions,” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 58–67, Jan. 2007.
doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.06.009.
This study tested the competitive ability of three locally isolated Cyclopia rhizobia and strain PPRICI3, the strain currently recommended for the cultivation of Cyclopia, a tea-producing legume. Under sterile glasshouse conditions, the three locally isolated strains were equally competitive with strain PPRICI3. In field soils, the inoculant strains were largely outcompeted by native rhizobia present in the soil, although nodule occupancy was higher in nodules growing close to the root crown (the original inoculation area). In glasshouse experiments using field soil, the test strains again performed poorly, gaining less than 6% nodule occupancy in the one soil type. The presence of Cyclopia-compatible rhizobia in field soils, together with the poor competitive ability of inoculant strains, resulted in inoculation having no effect on Cyclopia yield, nodule number or nodule mass. The native rhizobial population did not only effectively nodulate uninoculated control plants, they also out-competed introduced strains for nodule occupancy in inoculated plants. Nonetheless, the Cyclopia produced high crop yields, possibly due to an adequate supply of soil N.
A. C. Spriggs and F. D. Dakora, “Field Assessment of Symbiotic N2 Fixation in Wild and Cultivated Cyclopia Species in the South African Fynbos by 15N Natural Abundance,” Tree Physiology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 239–247, Feb. 2009.
doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpn021.
Nitrogen (N) derived from symbiotic fixation of atmospheric N2 in wild and cultivated populations of Cyclopia, a woody endemic genus used to make honeybush tea in the Western Cape of South Africa, was quantified by the 15N natural abundance method. Because Cyclopia species are naturally mycorrhizal, non-N2-fixing arbuscular mycorrhizal shrubs of similar phenology to Cyclopia were chosen as reference plants to provide the δ15N value of soil-derived N. Isotopic analysis showed that wild populations of Cyclopia were highly dependent on N2 fixation for their N nutrition, ranging from 70 ± 4% to 100 ± 7% (mean ± SE) at all sites, except for one. Further evidence of the high dependency of wild Cyclopia populations on symbiotic N was provided by their significantly higher foliar N concentrations compared with the non-legume reference plants. However, cultivated Cyclopia exhibited variable amounts of N2 fixation, with Cyclopia genistoides (L.) R. Br., for example, showing low amounts of N2 fixation at Sites P2 and P3 (0 ± 51% and 8 ± 46%, respectively) as a result of low D values (D is defined as the difference between the mean δ15N value of the reference plants and the B value of the test Cyclopia species, where B is the δ15N of an inoculated test legume grown in an N-free growth medium), whereas at Sites P1, P2, P5 and P6, up to 89 ± 2%, 94 ± 13%, 85 ± 13% and 100 ± 18%, respectively, plant N was derived from atmospheric fixation. The high symbiotic N nutrition observed for wild populations of Cyclopia suggests that these populations are major contributors to the N economy of the nutrient-poor soils of the South African fynbos. These data indicate that by breeding for high N2 fixation rates in Cyclopia cultivars and selecting more efficient rhizobial strains, this legume has the potential to achieve higher N2 fixation rates under cultivation. The low variability in Cyclopia δ15N values within sites, however, suggests that genetic variability is not a major factor influencing N2 fixation rates in cultivated Cyclopia, and that more benefit may be gained from soil amelioration and the selection of improved rhizobial strains.
A. C. Spriggs, W. D. Stock, and F. D. Dakora, “Influence of Mycorrhizal Associations on Foliar δ15N Values of Legume and Non-Legume Shrubs and Trees in the Fynbos of South Africa: Implications for Estimating N2 Fixation Using the 15N Natural Abundance Method,” Plant and Soil, vol. 255, no. 2, pp. 495–502, Aug. 2003.
doi: 10.1023/A:1026044831178.
In this study, we examined the use of the 15N natural abundance method to quantify the percentage N derived from fixation of atmospheric N2 in honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) shrubs and trees in the fynbos, South Africa. Non-fixing shrubs and trees of similar phenology to the Cyclopia species were chosen as reference plants. These reference plants were selected to cover a range of mycorrhizal associations (ericoid mycorrhizal, arbuscular mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal). Isotopic analysis revealed a wide range of foliar δ15N values for the reference plants, including many very negative values. The marked differences in δ15N values were defined by the mycorrhizal status of the reference plant species, with the ericoid and arbuscular mycorrhizal plants showing lower foliar δ15N values relative to their non-mycorrhizal counterparts. In contrast, the δ15N values of the N2-fixing Cyclopia species were uniformly clustered around zero, from −0.11‰ to −1.43‰. These findings are consistent with the observation that mycorrhizal fungi discriminate against the heavier 15N isotope during transfer of N from the fungus to the host plant, leaving the latter depleted in 15N (i.e. with a more negative δ15N value). However, a major assumption of the 15N natural abundance method for estimating N2 fixation is that both legume and reference plant should have the same level of fractionation associated with N uptake. But, because mycorrhizal associations may strongly affect the level of fractionation during N uptake and transfer, the test legume should belong to the same mycorrhizal group as the chosen reference plant species. As shown in this study, if the mycorrhizal status of the legume and the reference plant differs, or cannot be assessed, then the 15N natural abundance technique cannot be used to quantitatively estimate N2 fixation.
T. L. Springer, “Vulnerability of Pasture and Range Legumes to Fungus Gnats,” Crop Science, vol. 35, no. 2, p. cropsci1995.0011183X003500020042x, 1995.
doi: 10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500020042x.
Fungus gnats, Bradysia spp., are best known as pests of greenhouse-grown ornamentals, and some data suggests that fungus gnats may be pests of forage legumes; however, information is largely lacking about their effects on forage crops. This study was conducted to determine adult fungus gnat oviposition preference and seedling mortality for 15 legume species. Replicated free-choice tests were conducted in the greenhouse in June 1992, and May and June 1994. Significant variation (P ≤ 0.05) in oviposition preference was attributed to differences among legume species, experiments, and experiment by species interactions. Species accounted for 44% of the total variation, experiment by species interactions (14%), and experiments (9%). Though experiment by species interactions occurred, live species were commonly preferred. These were hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth; cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp subsp. unguiculata; Illinois bundleflower, Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex Robinson & Fern.; woollypod vetch, Vicia villosa subsp. varia (Host) Corbiere; and yellow sweet-clover, Melilotus officinalis Lam. Significant variation in seedling mortality was attributed only to legume species. All species tested were susceptible to feeding damage and seedling stand reductions of greater than 90% were caused by as few as one larva per seedling. Based on observations made in the greenhouse and the fact that fungus gnats have been reared from soil samples collected from field stands of white clover, Trifolium repeus L., fungus gnats may pose a threat during the seedling establishment phase of some forage legumes. Field studies with naturally occurring populations of fungus gnats are needed to determine the importance of these insects in reducing establishment and persistence of pasture and range legumes.
G. Sreejith et al., “Anti-Allergic, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Lipidperoxidant Effects of Cassia Occidentalis Linn.,” INDIAN J EXP BIOL, 2010.
S. Srivastava, M. Srivastava, and K. Sunita, “Physio-Chemical Changes of Cassia Occidentalis under Drought Stress,” International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 339–344, 2021.
doi: 10.5958/0975-6892.2021.00039.3.
M. A. Stander, B.-E. Van Wyk, M. J. C. Taylor, and H. S. Long, “Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus Linearis) with a Comparison of Flavonoid-Based Compounds in Natural Populations of Plants from Different Regions,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 65, no. 47, pp. 10270–10281, Nov. 2017.
doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03942.
Tea samples from 17 populations of “wild tea” ecotypes Aspalathus linearis (rooibos tea) and 2 populations of Aspalathus pendula were analyzed. Recent advances in column technology together with high-resolution mass spectrometry were applied to improve resolution, facilitating the identification of several new compounds as well as grouping of the wild tea ecotypes according to their chemical composition. The collisional cross-section data obtained from ion mobility-mass spectrometry is reported for the flavonoids in rooibos for the first time. Enzyme pathways for the synthesis of the unique flavonoids found in rooibos tea are also proposed. A. linearis and A. pendula produce similar combinations of main phenolic compounds, with no diagnostically different discontinuities between populations or species. Northern resprouters (Gifberg and Nieuwoudtville) contain higher phenylpropenoic acid glucoside levels while teas from Wupperthal and surrounding areas were found to contain unique dihydrochalcones (phloridzin and a sieboldin analog), which are reported here for the first time.
M. A. Stander, H. Redelinghuys, K. Masike, H. Long, and B.-E. Van Wyk, “Patterns of Variation and Chemosystematic Significance of Phenolic Compounds in the Genus Cyclopia (Fabaceae, Podalyrieae),” Molecules, vol. 24, no. 13, p. 2352, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.3390/molecules24132352.
As a contribution towards a better understanding of phenolic variation in the genus Cyclopia (honeybush tea), a collection of 82 samples from 15 of the 23 known species was analysed using liquid-chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) in electrospray ionization (ESI) negative mode. Mangiferin and isomangiferin were found to be the main compounds detected in most samples, with the exception of C. bowiena and C. buxifolia where none of these compounds were detected. These xanthones were found to be absent from the seeds and also illustrated consistent differences between species and provenances. Results for contemporary samples agreed closely with those based on analysis of a collection of ca. 30-year-old samples. The use of multivariate tools allowed for graphical visualizations of the patterns of variation as well as the levels of the main phenolic compounds. Exclusion of mangiferin and citric acid from the data was found to give better visual separation between species. The use of UPLC-HRMS generated a large dataset that allowed for comparisons between species, provenances and plant parts (leaves, pods, flowers and seeds). Phenetic analyses resulted in groupings of samples that were partly congruent with species but not with morphological groupings within the genus. Although different provenances of the same species were sometimes found to be very variable, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that a combination of compounds have some (albeit limited) potential as diagnostic characters at species level. 74 Phenolic compounds are presented, many of which were identified for the first time in Cyclopia species, with nine of these being responsible for the separation between samples in the PCAs.
E. A. Stander et al., “Simple and Fast Detection of Aspalathin in Rooibos Plant and Tea Extracts,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 115, p. 329, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.02.193.
E. A. Stander et al., “Transcriptomics of the Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) Species Complex,” BioTech, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 19, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/biotech9040019.
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), widely known as a herbal tea, is endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa (SA). It produces a wide range of phenolic compounds that have been associated with diverse health promoting properties of the plant. The species comprises several growth forms that differ in their morphology and biochemical composition, only one of which is cultivated and used commercially. Here, we established methodologies for non-invasive transcriptome research of wild-growing South African plant species, including (1) harvesting and transport of plant material suitable for RNA sequencing; (2) inexpensive, high-throughput biochemical sample screening; (3) extraction of high-quality RNA from recalcitrant, polysaccharide- and polyphenol rich plant material; and (4) biocomputational analysis of Illumina sequencing data, together with the evaluation of programs for transcriptome assembly (Trinity, IDBA-Trans, SOAPdenovo-Trans, CLC), protein prediction, as well as functional and taxonomic transcript annotation. In the process, we established a biochemically characterized sample pool from 44 distinct rooibos ecotypes (1–5 harvests) and generated four in-depth annotated transcriptomes (each comprising on average ≈86,000 transcripts) from rooibos plants that represent distinct growth forms and differ in their biochemical profiles. These resources will serve future rooibos research and plant breeding endeavours.
A. V. Stepanova, E. L. Kotina, P. M. Tilney, and B.-E. Van Wyk, “Leaf and Stem Anatomy of Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia Species, Fabaceae),” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 82, pp. 123–128, Sep. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.07.001.
The leaf and stem microstructure of commercialised Cyclopia species (Cyclopia intermedia, Cyclopia subternata, Cyclopia maculata, Cyclopia genistoides) is described and illustrated for the first time. Leaflet characters of diagnostic value include the shape, margin (flat or revolute), bundle sheath extensions, crystals (aggregates, solitary crystals and crystal sand), relative size of the upper and lower epidermal cells and thickness of the cuticle. The study revealed an abundance of phenolic compounds, not only in the leaf epidermal cells and leaf bundle sheaths, but also in the secondary phloem, xylem rays, xylem parenchyma and pith, showing that the inclusion of older stems may be acceptable and does not necessarily lower the quality of the product.
V. L. Stiefel and D. C. Margolies, “Is Host Plant Choice by a Clytrine Leaf Beetle Mediated through Interactions with the Ant Crematogaster Lineolata?,” Oecologia, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 434–438, Jul. 1998.
doi: 10.1007/s004420050538.
In the grasslands of northeastern Kansas, adult populations of Anomoea flavokansiensis, an oligophagous leaf beetle (subfamily Clytrinae), specialize on Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis) even though other reported host species commonly occur and are simultaneously available. We performed choice feeding tests to examine whether A. flavokansiensis adults have a fixed feeding preference for bundleflower. In choice tests, beetles ate similar amounts of bundleflower and honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos). In addition, we measured fecundity and longevity of adults in no-choice tests to determine if adults were adapted solely to bundleflower. In no-choice tests, fecundity and longevity were no different for adults feeding on bundleflower and honey locust. We next examined the influence of host plant on the attractiveness of beetle eggs to ants. In northeastern Kansas, Crematogaster lineolata ants are attracted to A. flavokansiensis eggs and carry them into their nests where the larvae hatch and apparently reside as inquilines. C. lineolata exhibited a strong preference for eggs from female A. flavokansiensis that fed exclusively on bundleflower compared to eggs from females that fed exclusively on honey locust. Local populations of A. flavokansiensis in northeastern Kansas may specialize on bundleflower to increase the chances of their eggs being transported by C. lineolata ants into their nests. C. lineolata nests may serve as a predator-free and sheltered environment in which A. flavokansiensis eggs undergo embryogenesis.
S. Sugimoto, K. Matsunami, and H. Otsuka, “Biological Activity of Entada Phaseoloides and Entada Rheedei,” Journal of Natural Medicines, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 12–19, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s11418-017-1146-x.
The aim of our study is to find functional compounds from natural resources. We focus on plants grown in tropical areas, especially Madagascar and Thailand, because they have unique flora and are expected to contain interesting compounds. We review the functional compounds of the seed kernels of Entada phaseoloides and E. rheedei and their biological activities such as anti-proliferation and melanogenesis inhibitory properties, etc.
A. T. Sullivan and H. F. Howe, “Prairie Forb Response to Timing of Vole Herbivory,” Ecology, vol. 90, no. 5, pp. 1346–1355, 2009.
doi: 10.1890/08-0629.1.
The timing of herbivory can be an important factor in the strength and direction of plant response to herbivore damage. To determine the effect of vole herbivory timing within a growing season on tallgrass prairie forbs, we used individual plant enclosures to limit vole access to three species, Desmanthus illinoensis, Echinacea purpurea, and Heliopsis helianthoides, in an experimental restoration in northern Illinois, USA. As part of a long-term experiment, we implemented five vole access treatments in 2003: (1) vole access for the entire growing season, (2) early-season access, (3) mid-season access, (4) late-season access, and (5) no vole access. We protected all plants from herbivory in the following growing season (2004) to test whether the effects of herbivory in one growing season carried over to the next. We also tested how restoration planting design, including seeding time (June or December) and density (35 or 350 seeds/m2 of each species) affected patterns of herbivory and plant recovery. Vole access for the entire growing season was most detrimental for the growth and reproduction of all three species. In contrast, vole access for a portion of the growing season had different effects on the three species: Desmanthus growth and reproduction was negatively affected by early-season access, Echinacea reproductive output was reduced by late-season access, and Heliopsis was not affected by early-, mid-, or late-season vole access. Negative effects of continual vole access carried over to the following growing season for Desmanthus and Heliopsis, but not for Echinacea. Effects of herbivory did not carry over to the next season for Echinacea and Heliopsis when plants were accessible to voles for only part of the growing season. In contrast, Desmanthus plants exposed to early-season herbivory in one year continued to produce fewer seeds per plant after being protected from vole herbivory for a growing season. Planting density and planting season had mixed effects. Echinacea and Desmanthus were larger in plots planted in June, showing that restoration design continued to affect plant population dynamics seven years after seeding. However, there was no interaction between plant response to vole herbivory and restoration design.
Q. Sun, J. Leng, L. Tang, L. Wang, and C. Fu, “A Comprehensive Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology, Clinical Applications, Adverse Events, and Quality Control of Indigo Naturalis,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 12, 2021.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2021.664022.
Indigo naturalis (IN), which is derived from indigo plants such as Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze, Persicaria tinctoria (Aiton) Spach, and Isatis tinctoria L., has been traditionally used in the treatment of hemoptysis, epistaxis, chest pain, aphtha, and infantile convulsion in China for thousands of years. Clinical trials have shown that the curative effect of IN for psoriasis and ulcerative colitis (UC) is remarkable. A total of sixty-three compounds, including indole alkaloids, terpenoids, organic acids, steroids, and nucleosides, have been isolated from IN, of which indole alkaloids are the most important. Indirubin, isolated from IN, was used as a new agent to treat leukemia in China in the 1970s. Indirubin is also an active ingredient in the treatment of psoriasis. Pharmacological studies have confirmed that IN has inhibitory effects on inflammation, tumors, bacteria, and psoriasis. Indigo, indirubin, tryptanthrin, isorhamnetin, indigodole A, and indigodole C are responsible for these activities. This review provides up-to-date and comprehensive information on IN with regard to its chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, clinical applications, adverse events, and quality control. This review may also serve a reference for further research on IN.
S. K. Sundar, A. Palavesam, and B. Parthipan, “AM Fungal Diversity in Selected Medicinal Plants of Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India,” Indian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 259–265, Jul. 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s12088-011-0112-7.
The association of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) with three medicinally important plants viz., Eclipta prostrata, Indigofera aspalathoides, I. tinctoria collected from three different localities of Kanyakumari District, South India was examined. The study reports the colonization percentage, diversity and species richness of different AM fungi in the rhizosphere of the three medicinal plants and discusses the impact of soil physicochemical characteristics such as soil texture, pH and available macro- and micro nutrient content on AM fungal communities. A total 21 AM fungal species were identified in field conditions of the three plants from three sites. AM fungal species richness, colorization percentage and Shannon index were found to be high in the two Indigofera sp. growing in the hilly areas of Kanyakumari District and were low in E. prostrata collected from the damp regions in the foothills of the three study sites. Five species registered 100% frequency in all the study sites of the three medicinally important plants with Glomus as the dominant genera. The study states that the mean colonization and diversity patterns were dependant on edaphic factors and type of vegetation.
A. D. Suñé and L. B. Franke, “Overcoming Seed Dormancy and Methodology for the Germination Tests in Trifolium Riograndense Burkart and Desmanthus Depressus Humb. Seeds,” Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 28, pp. 29–36, Dec. 2006.
doi: 10.1590/S0101-31222006000300005.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar métodos para superação da dormência e condução do teste de germinação em sementes de Trifolium riograndense Burkart e Desmanthus depressus Humb., leguminosas nativas ainda não relacionadas nas Regras para Análise de Sementes vigentes. O experimento foi dividido em duas etapas: na primeira, objetivando a superação da dormência, foram testados os tratamentos imersão em água aquecida a 60°C, por cinco minutos; escarificação química com ácido sulfúrico concentrado por cinco minutos e escarificação manual com lixa n°180. Para a determinação das condições para o teste de germinação, avaliou-se os parâmetros luz (presença e ausência), substratos (papel e areia), posição da semente no substrato (sobre e entre) e diferentes temperaturas constantes (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30°C). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o completamente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes cada. A imersão em água aquecida e a escarificação manual do tegumento com lixa são os tratamentos mais eficientes para a superação da dormência em sementes de D. depressus e T. riograndense, respectivamente. As sementes de D. depressus apresentam maior germinação na presença de luz, sobre substrato papel, a 25°C, e as sementes de T. riograndense na ausência de luz, sobre substrato papel, a 30°C. A temperatura alternada de 20-30°C é considerada adequada para a condução do teste de germinação, para ambas as espécies.
Seed dormancy in Cyclopia spp. (Fabaceae) was investigated using seed from the seeder C. subternata and the resprouter C. intermedia obtained from the Southern Cape region. Seed of both species exhibited seed coat imposed dormancy which could be broken by scarification of the seed coat. . However, in addition to an impermeable seed coat, seeds from C. intermedia also exhibit an embryo imposed dormancy which could be broken by cold treatment. Treatment of the seeds with gibberellic acid (GA3 ) , cytokinin (BA) and ethylene could be substituted for the cold treatment. The ethylene sensitivity of the seeds could be enhanced with short-chain saturated fatty acids (octanoic acid) which further stimulated germination. The effect of plant-derived smoke was also investigated and it appears that, in combination, ethylene and short-chain saturated fatty acids present in the smoke stimulate germination of the seeds. Treatment of the seeds with norbornadiene (NBD) before the above treatments resulted in the inhibition of germination, indicating that germination of the seeds of Cyclopia spp. is primarily controlled by the action of ethylene. The interaction between cold treatment, GA3 , BA and ethylene during germination of the seeds will be discussed.
M. A. Sutcliffe and C. S. Whitehead, “Role of Ethylene and Short-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids in the Smoke-Stimulated Germination of Cyclopia Seed,” Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 145, no. 3, pp. 271–276, Feb. 1995.
doi: 10.1016/S0176-1617(11)81889-4.
The seeds of both Cyclopia intermedia and Cyclopia subternata exhibited a seed coat imposed dormancy. However, seeds of the former species also exhibited an embryo dormancy which could be broken by exposure to smoke or ethylene. This stimulating effect of smoke and ethylene was inhibited by exposure to NBD, indicating that ethylene in the smoke was responsible for the stimulation of germination. The involvement of ethylene in germination in both species was clearly demonstrated by the inhibition of germination after treatment with AOA. Differences in germination between the two species can not be ascribed to differences in ethylene production. Seeds of C. subternata, however, showed a much higher capacity to bind ethylene than seeds of C. intermedia. Pulse treatments with octanoic acid or smoke-saturated water stimulated germination in C. intermedia due to an increase in ethylene sensitivity, while longer treatments inhibited germination in both species. It appears that octanoic acid present in smokesaturated water was responsible for the reaction of the seeds to the water.
The development of drug resistance as well as appearance of undesirable side effects of certain antibiotics has lead to the search for new antimicrobial agents mainly from plant extracts with the goal to discover new chemical structures, to overcome these disadvantages. The research was therefore carried out to evaluate the in-vitro antibacterial activity of Cassia occidentalis flower extract. The clinical bacterial isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were subjected to antibacterial susceptibility test using agar well diffusion method. The results showed that all the extracts had activity against Klebsiela pneumoniae at a concentration between 30 – 90mg/ml. There was no antimicrobial activity exhibited against the other three test organisms. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ranged between 35 – 55mg/ml for water extract and 25 – 55mg/ml for chloroform extract. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration was 55 mg/ml by both water and chlorofrom extract . The phytochemical analysis of the flower extracts revealed the presence of tannin, flavonoid, anthroquinone, saponin, carbohydrates, and cardiac glycoside. C. occidentalis flower extract might therefore be used to treat Klebsiella associated illness such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
D. Sy, “Phytochemical Screening, Proximate Analysis and Mineral Composition of Cassia Occidentalis Seed Extract,” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, vol. 1, no. 3, 2011.https://ajphs.com/article/2011/1/3/145-147.
A. Sy, M. Grouzis, and P. Danthu, “Seed Germination of Seven Sahelian Legume Species,” Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 875–882, Dec. 2001.
doi: 10.1006/jare.2001.0818.
As part of the restoration of degraded land south of the Sahara, an experimental study has been carried out on the germinative properties of the seeds of seven Sahelian leguminous species (Cassia obtusifolia, Cassia occidentalis, Indigofera astragalina, Indigofera senegalensis, Indigofera tinctoria, Sesbania pachycarpa and Tephrosia purpurea). Analysis of the effects of temperature, pretreatment and water potential has enabled definition of their optimum germination conditions. For the temperature range studied (20–40°C), germination capacity was significantly greater between 30 and 35°C for all species. All species except Cassia obtusifolia developed a very strong integumental inhibition which was easily eliminated by mechanical scarification or immersion in concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4, 95%). Study of the influence of water potential on germination showed that these species are able to germinate at relatively low water potentials. Different patterns of response to water stress are highlighted and explained by the different behaviours of these species in the semi-arid conditions of the Sahelian environment.
A. Q. Syafaatullah and M. Mahfud, “Optimization Extraction of Indigofera Tinctoria L. Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 1053, no. 1, p. 012131, Feb. 2021.
doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/1053/1/012131.
Dyes are many used in textiles, food, drink, and cosmetics. In the textile industry, the demand for dye is increasing, especially in natural dye. One of the natural dye that is often used in those products is Indigofera tinctoria L. due to its various potential. However, the time extraction needed is very long in the conventional extraction process. Because of that, some researchers have proved that microwave-assisted extraction takes a short time and high yield extraction obtained because microwave radiation is transmitted to the plant matrix that increasing solubility of solvent, and decreasing surface tension. Correlated with that, Indigofera tinctoria L. dye extraction using microwave-assisted extraction has been analyzed by modeling with response surface methodology with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) with parameters of ratio feed to solvent (0.02-0.1 g/ml), temperature (50-60°C) and extraction time (50-90 minutes). The obtained model could represent the extraction process and showed there an interaction among parameters on the yield, but ratio F/S had the most significant effect. Besides, the difference of optimization model obtained at optimum condition process extraction at ratio feed to solvent 0.02, temperature 60°C, and 50 minutes. The actual yield is 4.976% is closed to the predicted yield which the value is 4.85%. The compounds and similarity of the sample were analyzed using FT-IR and the similarity compound of indigo is 39.11%.
M. Tako, Y. Tamaki, and T. Teruya, “Discovery of Unusual Highly Branched Galactomannan from Seeds of Desmanthus Illinoensis,” Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 101–116, Apr. 2018.
doi: 10.4236/jbnb.2018.92009.
A galactomannan was isolated from seeds of a leguminous plant, Desmanthus illinoensis, which is grown in Okinawa, Japan. D-Galactose (molar ratio, 1.0) and D-mannose (0.82) were identified via High-performance Anion Exchange Chromatography Coupled with a Pulse Amperometric Detector. The molecular mass and specific rotation were estimated to be 1000 kDa and +53.8°, respectively. The infrared spectrum indicated that the galactomannan was involved in both α- and β-linkages, and two types of α-linkages were detected at 814 and 830 cm-1. The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra indicated that the majority of the β-D-mannan main chain was substituted with mono α-D-galactose or α-D-galacto-disaccharide-side chains. Methylation analysis was used to identify 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (molar ratio, 3.3), 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl- D-galactose (1.0) and 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-mannose (3.1). Specifically, unique 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl D-galactose residue was identified from mass spectrum. The results suggested that the galactomannan was 1,4-linked-β-D-mannan substituted with α-D-galactose or 1,6-linked-α-D-galacto-disaccharide side chains at C-6 on the main chain. The galactomannan isolated from D. illinoensis was an unusual highly branched polysaccharide, and its chemical structure was proposed. This work is the first to report on the galactomannan involving 1,6-linked α-D-galacto-disaccharide side chains in addition to α-D-galactose mono side chains.
A. A. Tamasi, M. O. Shoge, T. T. Adegboyega, and E. C. Chukwuma, “Phytochemical Analysis and In-Vitro Antimicrobial Screening of the Leaf Extract of Senna Occidentalis (Fabaceae),” Asian Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry, vol. 19, no. 2, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.13057/biofar/f190203.
Abstract. Tamasi AA, Shoge MO, Adegboyega TT, Chukwuma EC. 2021. Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro antimicrobial screening of the leaf extract of Senna occidentalis (Fabaceae). Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 19: 58-65. Due to the use of Senna occidentalis as an antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and antibacterial agent, traditionally, this study examined the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the isolated methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions of the leaves of Senna occidentalis. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were carried out using standard procedures. Antimicrobial activity was performed by using standard procedures against known common clinical isolates. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the abundance of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids in the ethyl acetate fraction. Cardiac glycosides were not detected in all the tested isolated fractions, while steroids were present and abundant in ethyl acetate and hexane fractions, respectively. Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the methanol fraction contained 4%w/w alkaloids, 0.51%w/w flavonoids, 9.5%w/w saponins, 1.3%w/w tannins, 5.5%w/w terpenoids, and 0.6%w/w total phenol content. The antimicrobial susceptibility test shows a range of inhibitory zone of 10-16 mm. Hexane fraction has the highest zone of inhibition against Candida albicans. The lowest MIC values of 0.6mg/mL and 0.2mg/mL were observed in ethyl acetate fraction against Candida albicans and Escherichia coli, respectively. The highest MIC was 20mg/mL was observed in the ethyl acetate fraction against Staphylococcus aureus. The MMC values varied widely. The MMC value against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, and Trichophyton rubrum was 5mg/mL, while the MMC value against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli was 20mg/mL. The results from this study show that the leaves of Senna occidentalis can serve as a potential source of some phytochemicals and also have the potential to be developed as a source of antibiotics.
G. Tamiru and P. O. Box, “Invasive Alien Weed Species Distribution, Impacts on Agriculture, Challenge and Reaction in Ethiopia: A Review,” Journal of Biology, 2017.
Invasive Alien Species are of a great concern in Ethiopia, posing particular problems on agricultural lands, range lands, biodiversity of the country, national parks, water ways, rivers, power dams, roadsides and urban green spaces with great economic and ecological consequences. In Ethiopia, there are about 35 invasive alien species were identified. Foremost among these are Parthenium hysterophorus L., Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC., Lantana camara L., Argemone ochroleuca Sweet, Xanthium strumarium L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Datura stramonium L., Nicotiana glauca Graham, Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) Irwin & Barneby and Senna occidentalis (L.) Link. They have been identified as a threat to Agriculture land, biodiversity of the country and economic well-being of its people. Their high seed production capacity and spread, adaptation to wide climatic and soil conditions, spread by animal movement and their association with pastoralists way of life and overgrazing are challenges to their management in Ethiopia. Parthenium exert strong allelopathic effect and reduce the growth and reproductively of associated crops. Labor-intensive control of parthenium resulted in some of them developing skin allergies, itching, fever, and asthma. Eichhornia crassipes restrict proper water flow, water loss through excessive evapo-transpiration, interference with fishing, grazing and crop production activities, effect on power generation, increase siltation, flooding, and increase cost of production. Prosopis form impenetrable thicket that prohibits free movement of people and animals and its thorns damage eyes and hooves of animals. Current costs of Prosopis invasion in Ethiopia was estimated 2.2 billion Birr. More resources have to be invested to tackle the IAS problem as the estimated loss is disproportionate to the cost of investment on IAS research and development activities. This paper attempts to review the available research information on IAS, i.e, distribution and spread, impacts, control measures and suggest the future prospects on research and management.
Y. Tateishi, N. Wakita, and T. Kajita, “Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Entada (Leguminosae) in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan,” Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 194–210, 2008.
doi: 10.18942/apg.KJ00005124834.
Two species of Entada are confirmed to occur in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. One, E. phaseoloides, occurs in tropical to subtropical Asia, on Pacific islands and in northeastern Australia. The second species, E. tonkinensis, ranges from the Ryukyu Islands through northern Taiwan and southeastern China to northern Vietnam. Descriptions and keys are provided for the two species, as well as for E. rheedii and E. parvifolia which is sometimes confused with E. phaseoloides.
C. Tatiana, F. Cornelia, L. Chisnicean, G. Jelezneac, and Z. Balmuş, “Morphological and Anatomical Profile of Cassia Occidentalis (L.) Species Grown in the Republic of Moldova,” Acta Biologica Marisiensis, vol. 5, pp. 1–18, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.2478/abmj-2022-0006.
The current research deals with the morpho-anatomical characteristics of Cassia occidentalis (L.) (Coffee senna plant), grown in the steppe climate conditions of the Republic of Moldova. This study was performed according to investigated organ in vegetative periods of 2019-2021 years. Morphological and anatomical indices of organs with diagnostic role in identifying species and those with adaptive potential to the action of unfavorable growth factors, have been elucidated. These indices were evaluated in the light of data already reported by other researchers. This morpho-anatomical research has revealed new aspects to support some anatomical features already outlined, but less confirmed in the studies of the last decades and will serve as landmarks for a real clarity of the integral microstructural picture of the C. occidentalis species.
S. S. Tatma, B. P. Soni, N. R. Fefar, S. B. Jhala, K. V. Gadhvi, and M. B. Shah, “Entada Adans, an Ethnopharmacologically Important Genus: A Review,” International Journal of Green Pharmacy, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 90–106, 2021.
Entada Adans is a genus with pantropical distribution comprising of some gigantic woody climbers with huge fruits. Many species are well documented and used in traditional medicine (Ayurveda) in the treatment of arthritis, joint pain, liver disorders, diarrhea, paralysis, and eye diseases. Many of these ethnomedicinal properties have been experimentally proven in different animal models and are compiled in a comprehensive approach in this review. Compounds recorded to be present in different species of the genus mainly include saponins, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates. This study is an effort to collect inclusive scientific data published till March 2020, providing a summarized report on the chemical constituents, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, toxicology, pharmacology, and related therapeutic potential of important species of genus Entada. The present literature study was extensively explored by databases such as Scifinder, books, Google, Google Scholar, Web of science, Science direct, journals, and other literatures. The present review article highlights this genus of endangered species as source of medicinally and nutritionally valued plants by focusing on pharmacological studies that validates their folklore uses. Furthermore, it draws attention for its conservation as it is the need of the hour to utilize different conservational strategies and save this medicinal wealth from extinction. The present piece of writing on genus Entada would be a useful edition to envisage the future line of investigations.
A. A. Tawfik, G. G. Mostafa, and M. S. Gad, “Effect of Ethyl Methane Sulphonate and Dimethyl Sulphate on Some Growth Characters of Senna Occidentalis,” Asian Journal of Research and Review in Agriculture, pp. 23–31, Mar. 2021.https://globalpresshub.com/index.php/AJRRA/article/view/959.
Coffee senna, Cassia occidentalis Linn. is a perennial plant with important medicinal values. It grows throughout the tropics and subtropics and widely consumed by animals and human and used in several traditional medicines to cure many diseases. This research has been conducted to study the effect of two chemical mutagens on vegetative and flowering growth. To achieve this aim, seeds of Cassia occidentalis were soaked in boiled water for 18 h, where the temperature decreased gradually to room temperature. Then the seeds were soaked in ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) at 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 ppm and dimethyl sulphate (DMS) at 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 3200 ppm for 6 h where the control seeds remained in the water for the same period of soaking. Seeds were sown in 25cm plastic pots containing a soil mixture of clay and sand (1:1, v/v). Data was recorded on seed germination percentage, plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights of the plants. The statistical analysis revealed that significant effects have been observed on some growth characters. Seeds treated with high concentrations of dimethyl sulphate (1600 and 3200 ppm) did not germinate. All the treatments used slightly decreased the pollen viability compared to the control and flowers of the all plants treated with 200 ppm DMS were fell before the maturity of the anther. Using dimethyl sulphate (DMS) at 200 and 400 ppm significantly decrease the number of inflorescences per plant compared to the control in both generations.
A. Teanglum, S. Teanglum, and A. Saithong, “Selection of Indigo Plant Varieties and Other Plants That Yield Indigo Dye,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 32, pp. 184–190, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1255.
This study was to investigate the four indigo plant varieties and other plants that give indigo dye. The findings revealed that Nakhon Panom variety gave the greatest yield. The leaf produce was 5520kg/Acre A followed by Kalasin variety, Mukdahan variety and Sakon Nakhon variety with leaf yield of 4560, 4320 and 3920kg/Acre, respectively. Kalasin variety was proved to be the best. This variety gave the highest amount of indigo dye, 0.022g per 100g of indigo leaves. Mukdahan variety, Sakon Nakhon and Nakon Phanom variety gave 0.017, 0.015 and 0.015g.of indigo dye respectively. The difference was not statistically different. From the study the plant that could be used to supplement the indigo plants was Marsdenia tinctoria R. Br. which gave 0.025g per 100g of indigo leaves at 40 oC, whereas Memecylin edule Roxb. had high acidity, it did not give the color of indigo dye.
D. H. Teem, C. S. Hoveland, and G. A. Buchanan, “Sicklepod (Cassia Obtusifolia) and Coffee Senna (Cassia Occidentalis): Geographic Distribution, Germination, and Emergence,” Weed Science, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 68–71, Jan. 1980.
doi: 10.1017/S004317450002779X.
The distribution of sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) and coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis L.) in the United States is similar and both species are increasing as problems within their range. Sicklepod is a problem in 11 southern states and increasing in 12 while coffee senna is a problem in 7 states and increasing in 8 states. Both species germinated over a wide range of temperature. Germination characteristics were similar in the range of 15 to 36 C. Germination of coffee senna was drastically reduced at 39 C by Rhizopus sp. Seedling growth was similar for both species and was maximum from 30 to 36 C. Both species have a hard seedcoat. Abrasion for 5, 10, or 15 s, puncturing with a needle, and sulfuric acid were all effective in initiating germination. Both species emerged from a soil depth of 12.5 cm; however, emergence of sicklepod was more rapid than coffee senna with 63% of the sicklepod seedlings emerging from 2.5 cm after only 3 days.
B. M. dos R. Teixeira, W. V. Evangelista, J. de C. Silva, and R. M. D. Lucia, “Radial and longitudinal evaluation of mechanical properties and of the specific gravity of the wood of angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg.).,” Scientia Forestalis, vol. 39, no. 92, pp. 463–468, 2011.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20123056260.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the mechanical properties of the wood of angico-vermelho, both along the tree height and also in the pith-to-bark direction of the logs. The properties measured were specific gravity, crushing and shearing strength along the grain, modulus of rupture and stiffness in static bending and Janka hardness in the three anatomical planes. All tests were...
B. M. dos R. Teixeira, “Variabilidade radial e longitudinal de propriedades da madeira de angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg.),” Jun. 2008.https://locus.ufv.br//handle/123456789/2981.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a variabilidade nas direções radial e longitudinal de algumas propriedades da madeira de angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg.), procedente de uma área de mata nativa, localizada no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Estado de Minas Gerais. Foram determinadas a massa específica (básica e aparente), retratibilidade, compressão, cisalhamento, dureza Janka e resistência mecânica à flexão estática (MOR e MOE), determinadas segundo a norma NBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997) e ABNT MB-26 (1940). As propriedades anatômicas foram determinadas segundo a norma COPANT (1974). Utilizaram-se sete árvores, de idade desconhecida, tomadas aleatoriamente no campo, com medidas semelhantes de diâmetro à altura do DAP. Os resultados mostraram, através do teste Tukey, com 5% de significância, que houve diferença significativa entre as posições, no sentido medula-casca. Tais diferenças foram observadas entre as toras, no sentido base-topo, na maioria das propriedades estudadas. Observou-se uma tendência de aumento do comprimento de fibras, espessura de parede, massa específica básica e aparente, contração tangencial, contração radial, contração volumétrica, resistência à compressão, cisalhamento, dureza nos planos radial, tangencial e transversal, além dos módulos de ruptura e de elasticidade na direção radial, sentido medula-casca. A largura das fibras e o diâmetro de lume apresentaram uma diminuição no mesmo sentido. Não se observou uma tendência nítida de variação na direção radial, para a contração longitudinal e fator anisotrópico. Observou-se uma tendência de diminuição da massa específica básica e aparente, resistência à compressão, cisalhamento, dureza nos planos radial e transversal, além dos módulos de ruptura e de elasticidade na direção longitudinal, sentido base-topo. Não se observou uma tendência nítida de variação longitudinal, no sentido base-topo, para o comprimento de fibras, largura de fibras, diâmetro de lume, espessura de parede, contração tangencial, contração radial, contração volumétrica, contração longitudinal, fator anisotrópico e dureza no plano tangencial.
T. Teixeira-Rios, J. R. G. De Oliveira, and A. M. Yano-Melo, “Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphorus in the Initial Development of Mimosa Tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir,” Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 997–1004, Dec. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s40415-016-0297-4.
The Brazilian Caatinga belongs to the dry forests biome and is threatened due to the conversion of natural areas for anthropogenic uses. An alternative for the recovery of these areas is to plant generalist seedlings, which when inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), can accelerate the process of ecological succession. The objective of this study was to evaluate the responsiveness of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. to inoculation with AMF at different doses of phosphorus (P) fertilization. The experiment was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement with three inoculation treatments (noninoculated and inoculated with Claroideoglomus etunicatum, C. Walker & A. Schüssler, emend. Oehl, Sieverd., B. T. Goto & G. A. Silva or Fuscutata heterogama, Oehl, F. A. Souza, L. C. Maia & Sieverd), four doses of single superphosphate (SSP) (0, 22, 66, and 155 mg L−1) in seven replicates. The following parameters were evaluated: height, stem diameter, above- and below-ground biomass, mycorrhizal colonization, number of glomerospores (NG), and shoot nutrient concentration. In general, mycorrhizal plants had higher average height and stem diameter than non-mycorrhizal plants. There was a growth increment of over 200 % in plants inoculated with C. etunicatum or F. heterogama in the soil without application of SSP. The addition of SSP reduced root colonization by the isolates of AMF applied. For the NG, it was observed that F. heterogama produced more glomerospores in natural soil, with NG decreasing above 100 mg L−1 of P in the soil. Plants of mycorrhizal M. tenuiflora had a higher concentration of nutrients, in particular P, Ca, Cu, and Zn. Therefore, M. tenuiflora is responsive to both the fertilization and the inoculation with AMF.
D. Teketay, “The Effect of Different Pre-Sowing Seed Treatments, Temperature and Light on the Germination of Five Senna Species from Ethiopia,” New Forests, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 155–171, Mar. 1996.
doi: 10.1007/BF00033411.
The germination requirements of five Senna species: S. bicapsularis, S. didymobotrya, S. multiglandulosa, S. occidentalis and S. septemtrionalis have been investigated. Seeds possess dormancy which is caused by their hard seed coats hampering maximum, uniform and rapid germination. To overcome this dormancy, seeds of the five species were pre-treated with (a) mechanical scarification, (b) concentrated sulphuric acid for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes and (c) boiling water for 15, 30, 45 and 60 seconds. To determine the effects of temperature on the germination of seeds, pre-treated seeds from each species were incubated at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Germination was also tested in the dark. Both acid treatment and mechanical scarification resulted in fast and uniform germination. The highest germination (95–100%) for all species was obtained from seeds treated with sulphuric acid for 60 minutes. Mechanical scarification resulted in 100% germination in all the species except S. septemtrionalis (59%). Boiling water improved germination significantly in S. didymobotrya (98%), S. occidentalis (82%) and S. septemtrionalis (97%), but had very little effect on S. multiglandulosa and reduced germination in S. bicapsularis. Senna seeds germinated over a wide range of temperatures with the optimum temperatures for germination falling around 20–25°C. Germination was either completely inhibited or very low at 10°C. Seeds of all species germinated both in light and dark conditions.
M. M. Telleng, S. D. Anis, C. I. J. Sumolang, W. B. Kaunang, and S. Dalie, “The Effect of Planting Space on Nutrient Composition of Indigofera Zollingeriana in Coconut Plantation,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 465, no. 1, p. 012018, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/465/1/012018.
The purpose of this research was evaluate leaf and stem nutrient composition of Indigofera zollingeriana with three different planting space in coconut plantation and to determine the suitable planting space of indigofera that produced highest nutrient in the system. The experiment was done at the experimental station of Assessment Institute Agricultural Technology (AIAT) of North Sulawesi, located 12 km from Manado City, North Sulawesi Province. This experiment was conducted using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatment consisted of three planting space, (1) 1.0x0.5m, (2) 1.0x1.0m, and (3) 1.0x1.5m, each treatment had six replications. Nutrient composition was observed. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and HSD test. The variables measured were dry matter content, protein content and crude fiber content in leaf and stem. The results showed that different planting space were significant different (P<0.05) on leaf protein content, leaf crude fiber content and stem crude fiber conten but were no significant different (P>0.05) on leaf and stem dry matter content. HSD test showed that planting space 1.0m x 1.5m have highest leaf protein content (32.46%) and lowest leaf crude fiber content (10.04%). Based on this research it can be concluded that planting space 1.0m x 1.5m of Indigofera zollingeriana in coconut plantation have the highest nutrient composition.
After a thorough analysis of the respective texts, the opinion that Sprengel 1793 or Burck 1887 had discovered vibratory pollen-collection cannot be sustained. The first unambiguous descriptions of vibratory pollen-collection date back to Lindman 1902 for bumblebees (on Senna alata), to Schrottky 1908 for Oxaea, Augochlora, Xylocopa, Psaenythia, Ptiloglossa and others (on Senna occidentalis,...
B. Thaiutsa, “Cultivating Exotic Trees: Examples from Royal Project Foundation in the Angkhang Highlands of Thailand,” p. 5.
There are many different views on the introduction of exotic species in upland ecosystems. Some argue that many of these species are more productive and useful, while others feel they change the ecosystem and disturb indigenous species. This paper looks at the work of the Angkhang Highland Reforestation Project, which is part of the Royal Project Foundation. The project aims to study the growth and introduction of exotic species in Northern Thailand. The main objectives of the project are to protect and conserve valuable watersheds in the North and support the development of hilltribe communities that live in these areas. This paper describes some of the main achievements of the project and demonstrates that introduction of exotic species should not be always be seen as problematic.
K. A. Theron, M. Muller, M. van der Rijst, J. C. Cronje, M. le Roux, and E. Joubert, “Sensory Profiling of Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia Species) and the Development of a Honeybush Sensory Wheel,” Food Research International, vol. 66, pp. 12–22, Dec. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.08.032.
Several Cyclopia species (Cyclopia sessiliflora, Cyclopia longifolia, Cyclopia genistoides, Cyclopia intermedia, Cyclopia subternata and Cyclopia maculata), used as honeybush herbal tea, were analyzed using descriptive sensory analysis in order to develop a generic honeybush sensory wheel. It was found that the “characteristic” sensory profile of honeybush could be described as “floral”, “sweet-associated”, “fruity”, “plant-like” and “woody” with a sweet taste and a slightly astringent mouthfeel, whereas other attributes defined differences in the sensory characteristics between the Cyclopia species. The species could be divided into three distinct groups: group A (C. sessiliflora, C. intermedia and C. genistoides) associated with “fynbos-floral”, “fynbos-sweet” and “plant-like” attributes, group B (C. longifolia and C. subternata) with “rose geranium” and “fruity-sweet” and group C (C. maculata) with “woody”, “boiled syrup” and “cassia/cinnamon”. The large sample set enabled the development of a generic honeybush sensory wheel, comprising of 30 attributes, organized into positive and negative attributes in primary and secondary tiers. Gas chromatographic-olfactometry of the aroma fraction of a sample of C. maculata with a prominent spicy aroma indicated a high level of eugenol, the only aroma-active compound that associated with a spicy aroma.
A. C. Thompson, G. F. Nicollier, and D. F. Pope, “Indolealkylamines of Desmanthus Illinoensis and Their Growth Inhibition Activity,” ACS Publications, May 2002.
doi: 10.1021/jf00075a020.
M. Tindale and C. Herscovitch, “Acacia Courtii, a New Species from Eastern New South Wales (Acacia Sect. Juliflorae: Fabaceae),” Telopea, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 115–119, Sep. 1990.
doi: 10.7751/telopea19904918.
Tindale, Mary D. and Herscovitch, Clare (Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, N.S.W. 2000) 1990. Acacia courtii, a new species from eastern New South Wales (Acacia sect. Juliflorae: Fabaceae). Telopea 4(1): 115-119. A new species of Acacia with a restricted distribution on the North Coast of New South Wales is described, namely A. courtii (sect. Juliflorae). A map is provided showing its known distribution. This species is illustrated and its affinities discussed. A key is provided to this species and its ally Acacia orites Pedley.
H.-C. Toh, S.-Y. Wang, S.-T. Chang, and F.-H. Chu, “Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Flavonol Synthase in Acacia Confusa,” Tree Genetics & Genomes, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 85–92, Feb. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s11295-012-0536-1.
Flavonoids are abundant in the leaves, flowers, branches, bark, and heartwood of Acacia confusa Merr. (Leguminosae), and the extracts have been found to have strong antioxidant activities. Flavonols are the major class of flavonoids found in A. confusa. The full-length gene (designated as AcFLS) contains an open reading frame of 996 nucleotides encoding 331 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 38 kDa and pI of 5.7. AcFLS mRNAs were abundant in the seedlings leaves and the flowers. Wounding by cutting leaves induced maximum AcFLS mRNA accumulation 6-12 h after treatment. AcFLS could enzymatically transform dihydromyricetin, dihydroquercetin, and naringenin into the flavonols myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol, respectively. AcFLS could bind these three substrates with similar affinity.
J. Toit and E. Joubert, “Optimization of the Fermentation Parameters of Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia),” Journal of Food Quality, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 241–256, 1999.
doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1999.tb00555.x.
The effects of elevated fermentation temperatures (60, 70, 80 and 90C) on the extract and leaf color, as well as the organoleptic quality of Cyclopia maculata and C. intermedia, and the effect of flowers on the quality of C. intermedia were studied. Color development increased with increasing fermentation temperature while the water soluble solid and pofyphenol contents of the extracts decreased (P < 0.05) over the fermentation period resulting in higher L* values. Fermentation at 70C for 60 h and 90C for 36 h produced the best flavored tea. Fermentation at 90C for 36 h produced optimal development of the desired dark-brown leaf color and dark red-brown extract color. Longer fermentation times are necessary for fermentation at 60, 70 and 80C. The color of dried fermented tea containing flowers had higher L*, a* and b* values (P < 0.05) than tea without flowers. Extracts prepared from material containing flowers had higher b* values (P < 0.05) and more soluble solids (P < 0.05), but contained less polyphenols (P < 0.05). Flowers gave the tea a sweeter aroma (P < 0.0001) and flavor (P < 0.0001) and subsequently a better overall quality (P < 0.0013) than when manufactured in midsummer when no flowers were present.
C. M. Torres, D. B. Repke, and D. B. Repke, Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America. Psychology Press, 2006.
A multidisciplinary study of pre-Columbian South America–centering on the psychoactive plant genus Anadenanthera As cultures formed and evolved in pre-Columbian South America, Anadenanthera became one of the most widely used shamanic inebriants. Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America is more than a comprehensive reference on shamanic visionary substances; it is a useful tool for archeologists and pre-Columbian art historians. This thorough book examines the ritual and cultural use of Anadenanthera from prehistory to the present, along with its botany, chemistry, pharmacology, anthropology, and archeology. The earliest evidence for the use of psychoactive plants in South America is provided by remains of seeds and pods recovered from archeological sites four millennia old. Various preparations were derived from it with the intent of being a shamanic inebriant. Inhaled through the nose, smoked in pipes or as cigars, and prepared in fermented drinks, Anadenanthera served a central role in the cultural development of indigenous societies in South America. Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America explores the full spectrum of information gleaned from research, covering numerous archeological sites in the Andean region, as well as discussing Amazonian shamanic rituals and lore. Analyses of the artistic expressions within the decorations of associated ceremonial paraphernalia such as ritual snuffing tubes and snuff trays are included. The text is richly illustrated with photographs and images of decorated ritual implements, and provides a comprehensive bibliography. Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America explores: botanical aspects, taxonomy, and geographical distribution of Anadenanthera ethnographical, historical, and traditional aspects of Anadenanthera use chemical and pharmacological investigations of the genus and the various visionary preparations derived from it–with emphasis on the biologically active constituents theories of the mechanisms of action of the active tryptamines and carboline alkaloids comparisons of wood anatomy, morphology, and percentage of alkaloid content evaluation of stylistic and iconographic traits Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America is a thorough, useful resource for archeologists, anthropologists, chemists, researchers, pre-Columbian art historians, and any layperson interested in pre-Columbian art, archeology, or visionary plants.
C. M. Torres and D. B. Repke, Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America. New York: Routledge, 2014.
doi: 10.4324/9781315864594.
A multidisciplinary study of pre-Columbian South America—centering on the psychoactive plant genus AnadenantheraAs cultures formed and evolved in pre-Columbian South America, Anadenanthera became one of the most widely used shamanic inebriants. Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America is more than a comprehensive reference on shamanic visionary substances; it is a useful tool for archeologists and pre-Columbian art historians. This thorough book examines the ritual and cultural use of Anadenanthera from prehistory to the present, along with its botany, chemistry, pharmacology, anthropology, and archeology.The earliest evidence for the use of psychoactive plants in South America is provided by remains of seeds and pods recovered from archeological sites four millennia old. Various preparations were derived from it with the intent of being a shamanic inebriant. Inhaled through the nose, smoked in pipes or as cigars, and prepared in fermented drinks, Anadenanthera served a central role in the cultural development of indigenous societies in South America. Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America explores the full spectrum of information gleaned from research, covering numerous archeological sites in the Andean region, as well as discussing Amazonian shamanic rituals and lore. Analyses of the artistic expressions within the decorations of associated ceremonial paraphernalia such as ritual snuffing tubes and snuff trays are included. The text is richly illustrated with photographs and images of decorated ritual implements, and provides a comprehensive bibliography.Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America explores: botanical aspects, taxonomy, and geographical distribution of Anadenanthera ethnographical, historical, and traditional aspects of Anadenanthera use chemical and pharmacological investigations of the genus and the various visionary preparations derived from it—with emphasis on the biologically active constituents theories of the mechanisms of action of the active tryptamines and carboline alkaloids comparisons of wood anatomy, morphology, and percentage of alkaloid content evaluation of stylistic and iconographic traitsAnadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America is a thorough, useful resource for archeologists, anthropologists, chemists, researchers, pre-Columbian art historians, and any layperson interested in pre-Columbian art, archeology, or visionary plants.
M. R. Tótola and A. C. Borges, “Growth and Nutritional Status of Brazilian Wood Species Cedrella Fissilis and Anadenanthera Peregrina in Bauxite Spoil in Response to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation and Substrate Amendment,” Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 31, pp. 257–265, Oct. 2000.
doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822000000400004.
The growth of Cedrella fissilis Vell. (Cedro Rosa) and of Anadenanthera peregrina Benth (Angico Vermelho) in bauxite spoil was studied to evaluate their response to substrate amendment or to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The plants were grown in bauxite spoil, topsoil or spoil amended with either topsoil or compost, and inoculated with the AMF Acaulospora scrobiculata, Gigaspora margarita or Glomus etunicatum. Root colonization was highly dependent on the interaction plant-fungus-substrate. In C. fissilis, root colonization by Gigaspora margarita dropped from 75% in bauxite spoil to only 4% in topsoil. Contrarily, root colonization of A. peregrina by the same fungus increased from 48% in spoil to 60% in topsoil. Root colonization of C. fissilis in topsoil was lower than in the three other substrates. The opposite was observed for A. peregrina. Inoculation of the plants with Acaulospora scrobiculata or Glomus etunicatum was very effective in promoting plant growth. Plants of both C. fissilis and A. peregrina did not respond to amendments of bauxite spoil unless they were mycorrhizal. Also, a preferential partitioning of photosynthates to the shoots of A. peregrina inoculated with G. etunicatum or A. scrobiculata, and of C. fissilis inoculated with any of the three species of AMF was observed. C. fissilis showed a greater response to mycorrhizal inoculation than A. peregrina. The mean mycorrhizal efficiency (ME) for dry matter production by C. fissilis was 1,847% for A. scrobiculata, 1,922% for G. etunicatum, and 119% for G. margarita. In A. peregrina, the ME was 249% for A. scrobiculata, 540% for G. etunicatum, and 50% for G. margarita. The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth seems to be related in part to an enhanced phosphorus absorption by inoculated plants. Moreover, the efficiency with which the absorbed nutrients were used to produce plant biomass was much greater in plants inoculated with A. scrobiculata or G. etunicatum.
T. H. Tran, E. Mayzlish Gati, A. Eshel, and G. Winters, “Germination, Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Acacia Seedlings (Acacia Raddiana and Acacia Tortilis) to Petroleum Contaminated Soils,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 234, pp. 642–655, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.067.
Along the arid Arava, southern Israel, acacia trees (Acacia raddiana and Acacia tortilis) are considered keystone species. Yet they are threatened by the ongoing aquifer depletion for agriculture, the conversion of natural land to agricultural land, seed infestation by bruchid beetles, and the reduction in precipitation level in the region. In the acacia dominated Evrona reserve (southern Arava), adding to these threats are recurrent oil spills from an underground pipeline. We report here a study of the effects of contaminated soils, from a recent (December 2014) and a much older (1975) oil spills. The effects of local petroleum oil-contaminated soils on germination and early growing stages of the two acacia species were studied by comparisons with uncontaminated (control) soils from the same sites. For both acacia species, germination was significantly reduced in the 2014 oil-contaminated soils, whereas delayed in the 1975 oil-contaminated soil. There was no significant effect of oil volatile compounds on seed germination. At 105 days post transplanting (DPT), height, leaf number, stem diameter, and root growth were significantly smaller in the oil-contaminated soils. While photosynthetic performance (quantum yield of photosystem II) did not differ considerably between treatments, reductions of chlorophylls content and protein content were found in seedlings growing in the contaminated soils. Significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were found in roots of seedlings growing in oil-contaminated soils. These results demonstrate that seed germination and seedling growth of both acacia species were strongly restricted by oil contamination in soils, from both recent (2014) and a 40-year old (1975) oil spills. Such long-term effects of oil spills on local acacia seedlings could shift the structure of local acacia communities. These results should be taken into account by local authorities aiming to clean up and restore such polluted areas.
Z. Tu, H. de F. S. Lopes, T. Narihiro, and I. Yumoto, “The Mechanism Underlying of Long-Term Stable Indigo Reduction State in Indigo Fermentation Using Sukumo (Composted Polygonum Tinctorium Leaves),” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 12, p. 698674, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698674.
Indigo fermentation fluid maintains its indigo-reducing state for more than 6 months under open-air. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the sustainability of this indigo reduction state, three indigo fermentation batches with different durations for the indigo reduction state were compared. The three examined batches exhibited different microbiota and consisted of two phases. In the initial phase, oxygen-metabolizing-bacteria derived from sukumo established an initial network. With decreasing redox potential (ORP), the initial bacterial community was replaced by obligate anaerobes (mainly Proteinivoraceae; phase 1). Approximately 1 month after the beginning of fermentation, the predominating obligate anaerobes were decreased, and Amphibacillus and Polygonibacillus, which can decompose macromolecules derived from wheat bran, were predominantly observed, and the transition of microbiota became slow (phase 2). Considering the substrate utilization ability of the dominated bacterial taxa, the transitional change from phase 1 to phase 2 suggests that this changed from the bacterial flora that utilizes substrates derived from sukumo, including intrinsic substrates in sukumo and weakened or dead bacterial cells derived from early events (heat and alkaline treatment and reduction of ORP) to that of wheat bran-utilizers. This succession was directly related to the change in the major substrate sustaining the corresponding community and the turning point was approximately 1 month after the start of fermentation. As a result, we understand that the role of sukumo includes changes in the microbial flora immediately after the start of fermentation, which has an important function in the start-up phase of fermentation, whereas the ecosystem comprised of the microbiota utilizing wheat bran underpins the subsequent long-term indigo reduction.
Y.-T. Tung, J.-H. Wu, C.-Y. Huang, Y.-H. Kuo, and S.-T. Chang, “Antioxidant Activities and Phytochemical Characteristics of Extracts from Acacia Confusa Bark,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 509–514, Jan. 2009.
doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.001.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activities of bark extract of Acacia confusa and some of the isolated constituents from its ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction in various in vitro systems to gain mechanistic insights. Results from antioxidant assays together with authentic antioxidant standards revealed that EtOAc fraction showed strong superoxide radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and ferrous ion-chelating ability. Following an in vitro antioxidant activity-guided fractionation procedure, 16 constituents including 12 benzoic acids, three cinnamic acids and one lignans were isolated and identified from the EtOAc fraction. We also evaluated the structure–activity relationships of benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives. Results obtained indicated that the bark extracts and the derived phytochemicals from A. confusa have a great potential to prevent disease caused by the overproduction of radicals and also it might be used as a potential source of natural antioxidant agent.
Y.-T. Tung and S.-T. Chang, “Variation in Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Acacia Confusa of Different Ages,” Natural Product Communications, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 1934578X1000500118, Jan. 2010.
doi: 10.1177/1934578X1000500118.
The antioxidant activity of extracts of Acacia confusa of different ages has been evaluated. Ethanolic extracts of bark, twigs, branches (2- and 5 cm-diameter branch-bark, 2- and 5 cm-diameter branch-wood), and leaves of 15-, 25-, and 35-year-old A. confusa were examined. Results indicate that the ethanolic extracts of 5 cm-diameter branch-bark and bark of A. confusa exhibited stronger antioxidant activities, and higher phenolic and proanthocyanidin contents than the other plant parts. Furthermore, twig, 2 cm-diameter branch-wood, 2 cm-diameter branch-bark, and 5 cm-diameter branch-wood extracts of 35-year-old specimens showed better antioxidant activities and higher phenolic contents, followed by the 25- and 15-year-old specimens tested. This reveals that the composition of extracts and their differential antioxidant activities are dependent on the age of A. confusa. In addition, the total phenolic content of A. confusa ethanolic extracts has a high positive correlation with the DPPH free-radical scavenging activity (R2 = 0.83), superoxide radical-scavenging activity (R2 = 0.66), ferrous ion-chelating effect (R2 = 0.67), and reducing power (R2 = 0.92).
I. I. Ujah, C. K. Onyishi, O. E. Onovo, I. I. Ujah, C. K. Onyishi, and O. E. Onovo, “Phytochemical and Vitamin Constituents of Senna Occidentalis Linn (Uzaki Mma),” GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 011–020, 2022.
doi: 10.30574/gscarr.2022.11.1.0067.
This study dealt with the phytochemical and vitamin constituents of Sennaoccidentalis (Uzakimma). The qualitative analysis of the plant indicated the presence of high presence of flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids and, moderate presence of tannins, saponin, steroids, and phenol. The quantitative results were tannins 1.4775 ± 0.0495 mg/g, alkaloids 2.2280 ± 0.0283 mg/g, saponin 1.5830 ± 0.0141 mg/g, glycosides 2.1295 ± 0.1909 mg/g, terpenoids 2.7560 ± 0.1414 mg/g, flavonoids 2.1755 ± 0.0212 mg/g, steroids 1.1030 ± 0.1273 mg/g, phenol 1.3290 ± 0.0283 mg/g. The results of vitamin contents were vitamin A (0.6545 ± 0.0778 mg/g), vitamin B (1.5600 ± 0.0283 mg/g), vitamin B1 (0.8145 ± 0.9405 mg/g), vitamin B2 (0.2325±0.1202 mg/g), vitamin B3 (0.1200 ± 0.0566 mg/g), vitamin B6 (0.2390 ± 0.0283 mg/g), vitamin B9 (1.2280 ± 0.3536 mg/g), vitamin C (1.0610 ± 0.8061 mg/g), vitamin D (0.3430 ± 0.1273 mg/g), vitamin E (0.5285 ± 0.0212 mg/g) and vitamin K (0.6170 ± 0.000 mg/g). The result indicates that there are phytochemicals and vitamins in Uzakimma that could be useful in medicine.
F. Ullah et al., “Pollen Morphology and Its Taxonomic Potential in Some Selected Taxa of Caesalpiniaceae Observed under Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy,” Microscopy Research and Technique, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 1410–1420, 2022.
doi: 10.1002/jemt.24004.
Pollen micromorphology is not only used to check the functional and structural evolution in plants but also to solve the taxonomic problem related to the classification of plants. Therefore, keeping in view the significance of pollen traits, selected taxa of the subfamily Caesalpiniaceae was collected from different geographical regions of Pakistan. The species were then analyzed under both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques to investigate the importance of micromorphological characters of pollen in the identification and classification of species. Great variation was recorded in equatorial shape, surface ornamentation, tectum, polar diameter, equatorial diameter, and exine thickness. However, little variation was observed in pollen type, polar shape, and fertility of pollen. The equatorial shape of five types was observed: prolate, prolate-spheroidal, spheroidal-subprolate, subspheroidal-prolate, and subspheroidal. Four types of surface ornamentation, psilate, granulate, clavate, and perforate, were recorded. Tectum of five types, intactate, reticulate regulate, medium reticulate, tactate, and striate, was observed. Sexine was thicker than nexine in all studied species. The largest polar diameter was observed in Caesalpinia pulcherrima 64.1 μm while the smallest in Parkinsonia aculeata 26.1 μm. The largest equatorial diameter was found in C. pulcherrima of 70.25 μm whereas the smallest in P. aculeata 27.57 μm. All the pollens analyzed were tricolporate. All studied species have a fertility ratio of more than 90%. A taxonomic key was developed to show the variation in pollen features and delimit species for the correct identification. In conclusion, the pollen traits were found useful to define species boundaries at various taxonomic ranks and will strengthen the taxonomy of this subfamily. Besides, this study also explored the palynological traits and their implication in the taxonomy of the subfamily Caesalpiniaceae.
Universitas Negeri Semarang, N. Setiati, E. Rudyatmi, K. Kedatipukan, and D. R. Indriyanti, “Assistance of Indigofera Cultivation as Batik Natural Dyes in Kampung Alam Malon, Gunungpati Semarang,” Journal of Dedicators Community, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 37–48, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.34001/jdc.v5i1.1142.
This community service aim to motivate kelompok Tani Gunungpati 03 Kampung Alam Malon and kelompok Tani Gunungpati 02 Nglarang, Gunungpati to start planting Indigofera. Production can be used to fulfill a part of batik natural dye for cheaper. Special target is availability qualified Indigofera with criteria dark green leaves (green bluish) and oval shape with brownish black seed. The target is from 1000 seeds can be generate 1000 qualified plant ready to harvest in 3 months, and next re-harvest in 2 months. Some activities already done such as socialization community service attended by 36 of farmer team and they held active discussion about the use and additional income from planting indigo. Training in make natural dye paste from indigo is given to 15 of farmer team by experienced trainer. The result of this activity were the farmer group be able to cultivate indigofera, built 2 water shelter to drainage indigo plant. The result of seedlings is not satisfied yet because the growth of sprouts were not simultaneously and not applying hormone gibrelin technology so that for next step need revision in raise seeding. The farmer group ca easily harvest their indigofera to make paste for batik dye color.
T. M. Ushizima, J. V. E. Bernardi, and P. M. B. Landim, “Estudo Da Distribuição Espacial Do Angico (anadenanthera Peregrina) Na Floresta Estadual ‘Edmundo Navarro De Andrade’ - Rio Claro,sp, Brasil, Empregando Metodologia Geoestatística,” Holos Environment, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 59–73, May 2003.
doi: 10.14295/holos.v3i1.1192.
Studies concerning application of geostatistical methodology to space distribution and mapping of plant species populations are rare. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the application of geostatistics in detection and prediction of the space pattern of Anadenanthera peregrina "angico" at the "Edmundo Navarro de Andrade" State Forest (Rio Claro/SP). Simulations of the population data, previously mapped, were made in laboratory, by PCQ method. Using ordinary kriging interpolation technique, a map of "angicos" aggregation occurrence aggregation was generated for the area. Such method showed to be efficient to spatial analysis of the population agglomerates, as it could be observed by overlapping the population mapped with the map of the aggregation estimates originating from sampling. This case study can contribute to the discussion of the traditional methods of botanical data sampling, proposing a new methodology for analysis using space statistics.
M. A. Ussudur, Ardian, E. Yuliadi, and S. Ramadiana, “Pengaruh Pemberian Konsentrasi IBA (Indole-3-Butyric Acid) Dan Jumlah Mata Tunas Terhadap Pertumbuhan Setek Indigofera Sp,” Journal of Tropical Upland Resources (J. Trop. Upland Res.), vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 69–76, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.23960/jtur.vol2no1.2020.80.
Indigofera sp. merupakan tanaman bergenus legum yang bermanfaat sebagai pakan hjiauan ternak dan sebagai penutup tanah. Kandungan 24,57% protein kasar, 90,68% bahan organik, 36,72% NDF (Neutral Detergen Fiber), 0,83% fosfor, dan 1,23% kalsium dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pakan ternak. Sebagai penutup tanah, Indigofera sp. dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk hijau, mulsa, memperbaiki sifat fisik dan biologi tanah, mengendalikan gulma, menekan penggunaan herbisida, dan meningkatkan kesuburan tanah. Perbanyakan tanaman menggunakan biji sulit dilakukan karena struktur bijinya keras. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi IBA dan jumlah mata tunas yang tepat untuk pertumbuhan setek Indigofera sp. Penelitian telah dilakukan bulan April – Mei 2019 di Laboratorium Lapangan Terpadu Universitas Lampung. Perlakuan adalah konsetrasi IBA (0, 500, 1000, 1500, dan 2000 ppm) dan jumlah mata tunas (1, 2, dan 3 mata tunas). Perlakuan disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial terdiri dari 15 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi IBA dan jumlah mata tunas berpengaruh nyata, sedangkan interaksi IBA dengan jumlah mata tunas tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan setek Indigofera sp. Konsentrasi IBA 500 ppm menghasilkan pengaruh perlakuan terbaik pada persentase setek berakar, panjang akar primer, jumlah tunas, jumlah daun, dan bobot segar tunas umur 6 minggu setelah tanam (MST). Setek 3 mata tunas menghasilkan perlakuan terbaik pada jumlah akar primer, panjang akar primer, bobot segar akar, bobot kering akar, jumlah daun, jumlah tunas, panjang tunas, bobot segar tunas, bobot kering tunas umur 6 dan 8 MST.
F. D. A. Valente, L. C. Gomes, M. F. Castro, J. C. L. Neves, I. R. Silva, and T. S. de Oliveira, “Influence of Different Tree Species on Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Soil Respiration in a Mined Area under Reclamation,” Land Degradation & Development, vol. 32, no. 15, pp. 4288–4299, 2021.
doi: 10.1002/ldr.4035.
Planting trees is one of the most effective activities in recovering soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks of degraded areas, but we still lack information on how different tree species can influence soil respiration, one of the main sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. This study aimed to explore the influence of different tree species on the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of the total soil respiration in a bauxite mining area under reclamation. We analyzed the soil CO2 efflux under five treatments: (i) monoculture of clonal Eucalyptus; (ii) monoculture of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.); (iii) a mixed plantation of 16 native tree species; (iv) a mined area without vegetation cover as a control site; and (v) a natural forest cover as a reference site. This design allowed exploring the soil CO2 dynamics in a gradient of recovery, from a degraded area to natural vegetation. Additionally, we measured soil temperature, moisture, and soil attributes. Soil CO2 efflux increased with increasing tree species cover in the rainy months. There was no significant change in CO2 efflux among the tree species. However, heterotrophic soil respiration contributed to 64% of total soil CO2 efflux and was associated with litter decomposition. Among the abiotic variables, increases in soil moisture had the most influence on CO2 efflux. Therefore, these results help to understand the factors that underpin the loss of SOC and show that afforestation with different tree species can recovery the soil biological activity by improving litter deposition and is a promising way to restore soil quality in degraded areas.
M. van der Bank, F. H. van der Bank, and B.-E. van Wyk, “Evolution of Sprouting versus Seeding inAspalathus Linearis,” Plant Systematics and Evolution, vol. 219, no. 1, pp. 27–38, Mar. 1999.
doi: 10.1007/BF01090297.
We have tested the hypothesis that reseeding is a plesiomorphic character state and that sprouting is a derived state inAspalathus linearis, and that the latter is an adaptation to ensure fire-survival in a fireprone environment. Samples of five seeder and four sprouter populations of A.linearis were examined by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis to assess the amount of genetic differentiation within and between sprouting and seeding populations, and to determine the extent of gene flow between the populations. Leaf extracts were surveyed for ten enzymes and gene products revealed genetic variation at 13 (76%) of 17 protein coding loci. Allele frequency differences were found between sprouting and seeding populations and genetic distance values show that the sprouters are grouped separate from the seeders, thus providing support for the morphological data on which the above mentioned hypothesis is based. It is evident that evolution operates at the population level inA. linearis.
S. Lungu and A. Culham, “Seed and Seedling Morphology of Entada,a Study of Zambian Species,” in The Biodiversity of African Plants, L. J. G. van der Maesen, X. M. van der Burgt, and J. M. van Medenbach de Rooy, Eds. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996, pp. 809–814.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-0285-5_106.
A study of the seeds of Entada Adans. revealed three distinct species and one species group. In contrast, the seedlings of the genus could be identified to species by first leaf morphology. The two sections of Entada growing in Zambia were shown to have distinct patterns of germination: sect. Entada has epigeal germination while sect. Neoentada Brenan has hypogeal germination. Means of identification of these species are described and the taxonomic implications discussed.
J. D. van der Merwe et al., “A Comparative Study on the Antimutagenic Properties of Aqueous Extracts of Aspalathus Linearis (Rooibos), Different Cyclopia Spp. (Honeybush) and Camellia Sinensis Teas,” Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, vol. 611, no. 1, pp. 42–53, Dec. 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.06.030.
Antimutagenic activity of aqueous extracts of the South African herbal teas, Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) and Cyclopia spp. (honeybush) was compared with that of Camellia sinensis (black, oolong and green) teas in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay using aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) as mutagens. The present study presents the first investigation on antimutagenic properties of C. subternata, C. genistoides and C. sessiliflora. The herbal teas demonstrated protection against both mutagens in the presence of metabolic activation, with the exception of “unfermented” (green/unoxidised) C. genistoides against 2-AAF, which either protected or enhanced mutagenesis depending on the concentration. Antimutagenic activity of “fermented” (oxidised) rooibos was significantly (P<0.05) less than that of Camellia sinensis teas against AFB1, while for 2-AAF it was less (P<0.05) than that of black tea and similar (P>0.05) to that of oolong and green teas. Antimutagenic activity of unfermented C. intermedia and C. subternata exhibited a similar protection as fermented rooibos against AFB1. Against 2-AAF, fermented rooibos exhibited similar protective properties than unfermented C. intermedia and C. sessiliflora. Unfermented rooibos was less effective than the C. sinensis teas and fermented rooibos, but had similar (P>0.05) antimutagenicity to that of fermented C. sessiliflora against AFB1 and fermented C. subternata against 2-AAF. Fermented C. intermedia and C. genistoides exhibited the lowest protective effect against 2-AAF, while fermented C. intermedia exhibited the lowest protection when utilising AFB1 as mutagen. Aspalathin and mangiferin, major polyphenols in rooibos and Cyclopia spp., respectively, exhibited weak to moderate protective effects when compared to the major green tea catechin, (−)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Antimutagenic activity of selected herbal tea phenolic compounds indicated that they contribute towards (i) observed antimutagenic activity of the aqueous extracts against both mutagens and (ii) enhancement of the mutagenicity of 2-AAF by unfermented C. genistoides. Antimutagenic activity of the South African herbal teas was mutagen-specific, affected by fermentation and plant material, presumably due to changes and variation in phenolic composition.
J. D. van der Merwe, D. de Beer, S. Swanevelder, E. Joubert, and W. C. A. Gelderblom, “Dietary Exposure to Honeybush (Cyclopia) Polyphenol-Enriched Extracts Altered Redox Status and Expression of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense-Related Genes in Rat Liver,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 230–239, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.08.004.
Interest in Cyclopia spp. (honeybush) as a source material for production of polyphenol-enriched extracts (PEEs) for the food ingredient and nutraceutical markets requires investigation of their safety. PEEs of Cyclopia subternata (PECsub) and Cyclopia genistoides (PECgen) were fed (2.5g/kg feed) to male Fischer rats for 28days, while PECsub, having the highest total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, was also fed for 90days. Their dietary intake did not significantly (P≥0.05) affect body weight gain or relative liver and kidney weight. PECsub resulted in a significant (P<0.05) increase in the total serum bilirubin after 28days, while serum alkaline phosphatase levels were only significantly (P<0.05) increased after 90days, suggesting alterations in the biliary system. No effect on serum iron levels was noticed after 28days, but PECsub significantly (P<0.05) reduced serum iron after 90days. Both PECsub and PECgen increased glutathione reductase activity in the liver significantly (P<0.05) after 28days. Reduced glutathione (GSH) content was significantly (P<0.05) decreased after 90days by PECsub resulting in a marked, but not significant (P≥0.05) decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio. Considering the expression of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense-related genes after 28days, the expression of eleven genes was altered by PECsub and PECgen. Seven genes, mutually affected by PECsub and PECgen, included (i) antioxidant-related genes, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (Ptgs1), kinesin family member 9 (Kif9) and serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor clade B member 1b (Serpinb1b); (ii) genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (Xpa) and thioredoxin interacting protein (Txnip) as well as (iii) oxygen transporter-related genes, Fanconi anemia complementation group C (Fancc) and vimentin (Vim). The expression of NADPH oxidase organiser 1 (Noxo1) increased 19.97-fold by PECsub and the thyroid peroxidase (Tpo) 372-fold by PECgen. Changes in the expression of the oxidative stress and antioxidant defense-related genes could be indicative of an underlying stress effected by the honeybush PEEs in the liver. Differential gene expression could likely be attributed to the differences in phenolic composition of the extracts. The daily dietary intake of total polyphenol and individual phenolic constituents, recalculated to a human equivalent dose, was much higher, especially for C. subternata, than normally consumed when habitually drinking “fermented” honeybush herbal tea. Subsequent studies verifying the protein-associated changes governing the oxidative status in the liver is required.
S. G. van Heerden and A. G. Hardie, “Effect of Vermicompost Tea on Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) Growth and Rhizosphere Microbial Diversity under Field Conditions,” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 71–78, Jan. 2020.
doi: 10.1080/02571862.2019.1650206.
Increasing demand for rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) requires producers to increase production in a sustainable manner. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of applying vermicompost tea (VCT) (100 and 500 L ha–1 month–1) and tap water drenches on one-year old rooibos nutrient uptake, and tea yields and rhizosphere microbial diversity under field conditions in the Nieuwoudtville region. The application of VCT solutions had no significant effect on rooibos survival or tea yields compared to the same volume of tap water. The application of tap water with or without VCT resulted in significant increases in plant survival (23–31% higher), resulting in lower tea yields (38–66% lower) likely due to increased plant competition. The application of VCT drench applied at 5 times the supplier’s recommendations (500 L ha–1 month–1) significantly enhanced foliar P and Fe and reduced foliar Al, attributed to the organic acids in VCT. VCT application at 100 L ha–1 significantly enhanced bacterial species diversity and decreased dominance. Further research is needed to identify which bacterial species are increasing with addition of vermicompost tea. Application of compost tea with higher mineral N content would likely be more beneficial for enhancing yields.
F. R. van Heerden, B.-E. van Wyk, A. M. Viljoen, and P. A. Steenkamp, “Phenolic Variation in Wild Populations of Aspalathus Linearis (Rooibos Tea),” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 885–895, Aug. 2003.
doi: 10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00084-X.
Rooibos tea, a herbal tea derived from Aspalathus linearis (Fabaceae—tribe Crotalarieae) has become increasingly popular as a health drink. The beneficial properties are partly ascribed to the phenolic constituents in the plant, which are enzymatically modified during processing. Within the species, distinct geographical forms can be recognised, differing in habit, fire-survival strategy, vegetative and reproductive morphology, enzyme patterns and flavonoids. Several phenolic compounds are known to occur in A. linearis. The main constituent of the commercial tea type (also known as the Rocklands type or the red tea type) is the dihydrochalcone aspalathin, but the presence of other flavonoids such as nothofagin, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, rutin and isoquercetrin has been reported. These compounds are found in the processed product, as well as the dried leaves. The relative quantities of phenolic compounds show large qualitative and quantitative differences between populations and provenances of the wild tea types. Within populations, however, the patterns are remarkably uniform. Aspalathin was found to be the main compound in processed (“fermented”) tea and also in dried leaves of several tea types. The compound is absent in some wild tea populations, where other flavonoids occur as the main phenolics, notably orientin, isoorientin and rutin. Rutin is invariably the main compound in Aspalathus pendula, a close relative of A. linearis that is rarely used to make tea. An overview of natural variation in phenolic compounds of the main wild tea types is presented.
J. C. J. van Rensburg, S. C. Lamprecht, J. Z. Groenewald, L. A. Castlebury, and P. W. Crous, “Characterisation of Phomopsis Spp. Associated with Die-Back of Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) in South Africa,” Studies in Mycology, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 65–74, May 2006.
doi: 10.3114/sim.55.1.65.
Die-back of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) causes substantial losses in commercial Aspalathus plantations in South Africa. In the past, the disease has been attributed to Phomopsis phaseoli (teleomorph: Diaporthe phaseolorum). Isolates obtained from diseased plants, however, were highly variable with regard to morphology and pathogenicity. The aim of the present study was thus to identify the Phomopsis species associated with die-back of rooibos. Isolates were subjected to DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2) and partial sequences of the translation elongation factor-1 alpha gene. Furthermore, isolates were also compared in glasshouse inoculation trials on 8-mo-old potted plants to evaluate their pathogenicity. Five species were identified, of which D. aspalathi (formerly identified as D. phaseolorum or D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis) proved to be the most virulent, followed by D. ambigua, Phomopsis theicola, one species of Libertella and Phomopsis, respectively, and a newly described species, P. cuppatea. A description is also provided for D. ambigua based on a newly designated epitype specimen. Taxonomic novelties: Diaporthe aspalathi Janse van Rensburg, Castlebury & Crous stat. et nom. nov., Phomopsis cuppatea Janse van Rensburg, Lamprecht & Crous sp. nov.
R. van Schalkwyk, J. E. Hoffman, A. G. Hardie, and J. L. van Zyl, “Soil Water Dynamics and Biomass Production of Young Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) Plants,” Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 15154, Sep. 2023.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-41666-5.
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) is endemic to certain regions of the Western- and Northern Cape of South Africa, where it is also commercially grown. Being low-rainfall regions, information on the soil water balance of rooibos is essential, but such data is limited. Consequently, the effect of inorganic fertilisation and soil depth on soil water dynamics in a young rooibos plantation at Nardouwsberg, Western Cape were studied. Soil water content of plots planted to unfertilised and fertilised plants as well as that of bare soil were determined over the duration of the 2016/17 season. All treatments were replicated on shallow and deep soils sites and plant growth was determined at the end of the season. At the end of the study, the profile soil water content and evapotranspiration of the bare and planted plots were similar which prove that fallowing (water harvesting) is not an option in the sandy soils of this region. With the exception of the 20−30 cm root zone of the planted plots at the deep site, the water content decreased to levels below the permanent wilting point in the soil profile during summer. It was concluded that rooibos plants could survive through an adapted root system. A further survival method was proposed, involving moisture moved through evaporation from the deeper soil layers into the drying-front in the\,~ 10−30 cm soil layer where a condensation-evaporation cycle enables rooibos to harvest small amounts of water. The highest shoot biomass with the longest taproot resulted from the unfertilised treatment on the deep soil thanks to higher soil water content, whereas the shoot and root biomass of the fertilised treatment at both sites were low due to high P soil concentration. This study revealed that unfertilised plants on deeper soils result in higher rooibos production under drought conditions.
B.-E. van Wyk, “A Broad Review of Commercially Important Southern African Medicinal Plants,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 342–355, Oct. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.05.029.
Aims of the study Commercially important indigenous medicinal plants of southern Africa are reviewed in the context of fundamental knowledge about their ethnobotany, phylogeny, genetics, taxonomy, biochemistry, chemical variation, reproductive biology and horticulture. The aim is to explore the rapidly increasing number of scientific publications and to investigate the need for further research. Materials and methods The Scopus (Elsevier) reference system was used to investigate trends in the number of scientific publications and patents in 38 medicinal plant species. Fifteen species of special commercial interest were chosen for more detailed reviews: Agathosma betulina, Aloe ferox, Artemisia afra, Aspalathus linearis, Cyclopia genistoides, Harpagophytum procumbens, Hoodia gordonii, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Lippia javanica, Mesembryanthemum tortuosum, Pelargonium sidoides, Siphonochilus aethiopicus, Sutherlandia frutescens, Warburgia salutaris and Xysmalobium undulatum. Results In recent years there has been an upsurge in research and development of new medicinal products and new medicinal crops, as is shown by a rapid increase in the number of scientific publications and patents. Despite the fact that an estimated 10% of the plant species of the world is found in southern Africa, only a few have been fully commercialized and basic scientific information is often not available. Conclusions The limited available information indicates that some of the plants display remarkable regional variation in morphological, genetic and chemical characters that should be more thoroughly investigated. Basic biological information is needed to guide the rapidly accelerating commercialization process, especially the selection of superior clones, the development of new cultivars and the standardization of raw materials.
B.-E. Van Wyk, M. A. Stander, and H. S. Long, “Senecio Angustifolius as the Major Source of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Contamination of Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus Linearis),” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 110, pp. 124–131, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.01.013.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxides (PANOs) were detected in commercial rooibos tea which resulted in an investigation into the source of the contamination. Field studies showed that Senecio angustifolius occurs as a common weed throughout the production area and that it contains high levels of the same PAs (and in the same ratios) as those found in contaminated rooibos tea. The weed superficially resembles rooibos tea plants and is easily overlooked during weeding and harvesting. Analysis of a large number of plant material samples, collected from plantations from seven regions in the production area, showed that the rooibos plant (Aspalathus linearis) does not produce PAs. The detection of PAs in some rooibos plant materials from fields heavily infested with Senecio angustifolia can be explained by the recently demonstrated process of lateral transfer of PAs.
I. Vandebroek and D. Picking, “Senna Occidentalis (L.) Link (Fabaceae),” in Popular Medicinal Plants in Portland and Kingston, Jamaica, I. Vandebroek and D. Picking, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020, pp. 207–217.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-48927-4_23.
Synonyms: Cassia occidentalis L., Ditramexa occidentalis Britton & Rose, Ditremexa occidentalis (L.) Britton & Wilson (Adams, 1972)
Cassia occidentalis is an annual shrub found in many countries including India. Although bovines and ovines do not eat it, parts of the plant are used in some traditional herbal medicines. Several animal studies have documented that fresh or dried beans are toxic. Ingestion of large amounts by grazing animals has caused serious illness and death. The toxic effects in large animals, rodents and chicken are on skeletal muscles, liver, kidney and heart. The predominant systems involved depend upon the animal species and the dose of the beans consumed. Brain functions are often affected. Gross lesions at necropsy consist of necrosis of skeletal muscle fibres and hepatic centrilobular necrosis; renal tubular necrosis is less frequent. Muscle and liver cell necrosis is reflected in biochemical abnormalities. The median lethal dose (LD50) is 1 g/kg for mice and rats. Toxicity is attributed to various anthraquinones and their derivatives and alkaloids, but the specific toxins have not been identified. Data on human toxicity are extremely scarce. This review summarizes information available on Cassia toxicity in animals and compares it with toxic features reported in children. The clinical spectrum and histopathology of C. occidentalis poisoning in children resemble those of animal toxicity, affecting mainly hepatic, skeletal muscle and brain tissues. The case-fatality rate in acute severe poisoning is 75-80 per cent in children.
S. Vats and R. Kamal, “Cassia Occidentalis L. (a New Source of Rotenoids): Its in Vitro Regulation by Feeding Precursors and Larvicidal Efficacy,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 403–409, Mar. 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-013-0409-9.
Rotenoids are group of ketonic compounds having chromno chromanone ring structure. In the present study Rotenoids were isolated from various plant parts and callus cultures of Cassia occidentalis L., (Fabaceae), and identified using TLC, gas–liquid chromatography and other spectral techniques comparable to that of the standard rotenoids. The recovery of rotenoids was found to be maximum in the roots and minimum in stem. The isolated compounds were found to effective against Anopheles stephensi larvae with lethal concentration (LC50 and LC 90) as 110.73 and 206.79 ppm, respectively. Precursors were used to enhance the rotenoid production in vitro. Treatment dose of 0.05 mM of both Phenylalanine and Methionine increased the production 1.18 times than the control.
S. Vats and R. Kamal, “Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activity of Different Plant Parts and Callus Culture of Cassia Occidentalis L,” Current Bioactive Compounds, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 201–206, Aug. 2014.
doi: 10.2174/1573407210666140917004952.
Callus culture of Cassia occidentalis L. was studied using nodal explants. Maximum callus induction was obtained on basal MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D (5 mg/l) and Kinetin (0.02 mg/l). Sigmoid pattern of growth was obtained with highest growth index was 6th week and lowest at 2nd week of subculture. Analysis of plant parts revealed maximum content of flavonoids in leaves of C. occidentalis (1.95 mg/gdw) and minimum in stem (1.24 mg/gdw). Callus culture of C. occidentalis showed more total flavonoid content (2.01 mg/gdw) than the plant parts. Plant parts and in vitro cultures were studied for their antioxidant potential using DPPH assay. Among the plant parts the highest activity was found to be of leaves and lowest in seeds. The antioxidant potential of in vitro grown callus (IC50-155 µg/ml) was almost at par with leaves (IC50-150 µg/ml).
U. Veerachari and D. A. K. Bopaiah, “Phytochemical Investigation of the Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extracts of Six Cassia Species,” vol. 3, no. 2, 2012.
Establishment of pharmacognostic profile of the leaves will assist in standardization of quality, purity and sample identification. A comparative study of the secondary metabolites was performed on Cassia alata, Cassia surratensis, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia auriculata, Cassia sericea and Cassia tora. Evaluation of the leaf extracts using various solvents like ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate was carried out to detect the presence of active components. Qualitative analysis was done for various constituents like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, anthocyanosides, phenolic flavonoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, saponins, tannins, cardiacglycosides and phlobatannins. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of all the above chemicals except saponins, anthraquinones, anthocyanosides and phenolic flavonoids in some extracts.
O. M. G. Velásquez, “Establecimiento de banco dendroenérgeticos de la especie yopo (anadenanthera Peregrina) con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de 70 familias del municipio de Mapiripan, departamento del Meta,” PhD thesis, Universidad de los llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, 2014.https://repositorio.unillanos.edu.co/handle/001/314.
S. Veldman et al., “DNA Barcoding Augments Conventional Methods for Identification of Medicinal Plant Species Traded at Tanzanian Markets,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 250, p. 112495, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112495.
Ethnopharmalogical relevance In Africa, traditional medicine is important for local healthcare and plants used for these purposes are commonly traded. Identifying medicinal plants sold on markets is challenging, as leaves, barks and roots are often fragmented or powdered. Vernacular names are often homonymic, and identification of material lacking sufficient morphological characters is time-consuming, season-dependent and might lead to incorrect assessments of commercialised species diversity. Aim of the study In this study, we identified cases of vernacular heterogeneity of medicinal plants using a tiered approach of literature research, morphology and DNA barcoding. Material and methods A total of 870 single ingredient medicinal plant samples corresponding to 452 local names were purchased from herbal markets in Dar-es-Salaam and Tanga, Tanzania, and identified using conventional methods as well as DNA barcoding using rbcL, matK and nrITS. Results Using conventional methods, we could identify 70% of samples to at least family level, while 62% yielded a DNA barcode for at least one of the three markers. Combining conventional methods and DNA barcoding, 76% of the samples could be identified to species level, revealing a diversity of at least 175 species in 65 plant families. Analysis of the market samples revealed 80 cases of multilingualism and over- and under-differentiation. Afzelia quanzensis Welw., Zanthoxylum spp., Allophylus spp. and Albizia anthelmintica Brongn. were the most evident cases of multilingualism and over-differentiation, as they were traded under 8–12 vernacular names in up to five local languages. The most obvious case of under-differentiation was mwingajini (Swahili), which matched to eight scientific species in five different plant families. Conclusions Use of a tiered approach increases the identification success of medicinal plants sold in local market and corroborates findings that DNA barcoding can elucidate the identity of material that is unidentifiable based on morphology and literature as well as verify or disqualify these identifications. Results of this study can be used as a basis for quantitative market surveys of fragmented herbal medicine and to investigate conservation issues associated with this trade.
P. Venier, C. Carrizo García, M. Cabido, and G. Funes, “Survival and Germination of Three Hard-Seeded Acacia Species after Simulated Cattle Ingestion: The Importance of the Seed Coat Structure,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 79, pp. 19–24, Mar. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2011.11.005.
Endozoochory has been suggested as an important mechanism for long-distance plant dispersal that facilitates seed arrival to new and more favorable habitats. The hardness (mechanical strength) and thickness of the seed coat are important characteristics for seed survival and germination after passage through an herbivore gut. We studied the effects of seed passage through cattle gut on seed coat structure in three hard-seeded Acacia species that have physical dormancy, A. aroma, A. atramentaria and A. caven, occurring in the semiarid woodlands and shrublands of central Argentina. Histology of the seed coat was examined and a simulated cattle consumption experiment was conducted. Only A. aroma, which has the thinnest seed coat (in terms of epidermis and sclerified parenchyma) of the three species, showed a high germination percentage after seed passage through the digestive tract of cattle, whereas seeds of A. atramentaria and A. caven remained hard and viable. We conclude that the structure of the seed coat in hard-seeded species is crucial in determining the success of endozoochory.
A. C. S. S. Ventura et al., “Phytotoxic Effect of Cleome Guianensis Aubl. on the Initial Growth of SennaOccidentalis L.,” Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, vol. 18, pp. 349–355, 2016.
doi: 10.1590/1983-084X/15_111.
RESUMO Aleloquímicos são substâncias liberadas por certas espécies vegetais no ambiente que influenciam a germinação e o desenvolvimento de outras plantas. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o potencial fitotóxico de Cleome guianensis Aubl., bem como determinar o grau de estresse oxidativo causado em Senna occidentalis L. Para isso, o óleo das folhas de C. guianensis, nas concentrações 0,5 µg/mL, 1,0 µg/mL, 2,5 µg/mL e 5,0 µg/mL, em solução de 5 ml foi testado em bioensaios de germinação e de crescimento da raiz primária e do hipocótilo de S. occidentalis. Os indivíduos de S. occidentalis foram macerados, homogeneizados e submetidos a ensaios de quantificação da catalase, peroxidase, SOD e de peroxidação lipídica. Os resultados indicam que todas as concentrações do óleo volátil causaram um efeito negativo sobre a germinação e crescimento de S. occidentalis. Na concentração 5,0 µg/mL, houve 56% de inibição da germinação e 83% de inibição de crescimento do hipocótilo. Ainda, o óleo aumentou a atividade das enzimas induzidas pelo estresse oxidativo catalase, peroxidase e superóxido dismutase (SOD). Quanto à peroxidação lipídica, o óleo nas concentrações 1,0 µg/mL, 2,5 µg/mL e 5,0 µg/mL aumentou a produção de malondialdeído. Sendo assim, conclui-se que C. guianensis apresenta aleloquímicos que influenciam na germinação e no crescimento de S. occidentalis, além de aumentar a atividade das enzimas catalase, peroxidase, SOD e a produção de malondialdeído em S. occidentalis. Dessa forma, sugere-se a realização de estudos sobre o perfil químico do óleo a fim de descobrir as substâncias responsáveis por tais resultados e consolidar o potencial fitotóxico de C. guianensis.
N. J. D. Verhoog, E. Joubert, and A. Louw, “Evaluation of the Phytoestrogenic Activity of Cyclopia Genistoides (Honeybush) Methanol Extracts and Relevant Polyphenols,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 4371–4381, May 2007.
doi: 10.1021/jf063588n.
Unfermented C. genistoides methanol extracts of different harvestings and selected polyphenols were evaluated for phytoestrogenic activity by comparing binding to both ER subtypes, transactivation of an ERE-containing promoter reporter, proliferation of MCF-7-BUS and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and binding to SHBG. The extracts from one harvesting of C. genistoides (P104) bound to both ER subtypes. All extracts transactivated ERE-containing promoter reporters via ERβ but not via ERα. All extracts, except P122, caused proliferation of the estrogen-sensitive MCF-7-BUS cells. Proliferation of MCF-7-BUS cells was ER-dependent as ICI 182,780 reversed proliferation. Physiologically more relevant, extracts antagonized E2-induced MCF-7-BUS cell proliferation. Furthermore, all extracts, except P122, induced proliferation of the estrogen-insensitive MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting that the extracts are able to induce ER-dependent and ER-independent cell proliferation. Binding to SHBG by extracts was also demonstrated. These results clearly show that C. genistoides methanol extracts display phytoestrogenic activity and act predominantly via ERβ. HPLC and LC−MS analysis, however, suggests that the observed phytoestrogenic activity cannot be ascribed to polyphenols known to be present in other Cyclopia species. Keywords: Phytoestrogens; ERα; ERβ; MCF-7-BUS cell proliferation; MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation; SHBG; honeybush; Cyclopia genistoides
Studies of Indigofera tinctoria Linn has shows that it possesses low toxicity. Phytochemical evaluation of leaf extract of Indigofera tinctoria Linn has been carried out to characterize some constituents present therein. Qualitative analysis of the extracts showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids. Five compounds have been isolated from petroleum ether extract and methanolic extract and have been characterized by U.V.IR and H1 NMR data, petroleum ether extract were also characterized by HPTLC.
A. K. Verma, S. Srivastava, O. N. Maurya, R. S. Chuhan, and R. Lahiri, “Realization of Paleopolyploidy through Cytogenetic and Phylogenetic Characterization of Ten Species of Senna Mill., Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae,” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT, vol. 6, no. 04, pp. 283–291, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.18811/ijpen.v6i04.07.
Taxonomically and phylogenetically Senna species complex is quite intriguing having several status and origin related issues. Keeping this view in mind and scope of cytological investigation 10 species of same genus viz. S. alata, S. alexandrina, S. italica, S. obtusifolia, S. occidentalis, S. polyphylla, S. siamea, S. sulfurea, S. surattensis and S. tora were analysed in cytological frame and comprehensive data/ information, is generated. The basic chromosomal analysis revealed regular meiotic behavior despite the occurrence of some irregularities. The regular occurrence of multivalents especially quadrivalents at diplotene as well as diakinesis stage and unavailability of individual having x=7 chromosome number possibly indicates paleopolyploid origin of worked out taxa. Individual anther basis pollen analysis provides some clues regarding on going evolutionary processes in the same genus. Considered cytological parameters based cluster analysis and their comparison with molecular marker based phylogenetic analysis of earlier workers revealed the efficacy of used parameters in phylogenetic characterization of Senna species complex.
P. Verma, A. K. Mathur, S. P. Jain, and A. Mathur, “In Vitro Conservation of Twenty-Three Overexploited Medicinal Plants Belonging to the Indian Sub Continent,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2012, p. 929650, Apr. 2012.
doi: 10.1100/2012/929650.
Twenty-three pharmaceutically important plants, namely, Elaeocarpus spharicus, Rheum emodi, Indigofera tinctoria, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Bergenia ciliata, Lavandula officinalis, Valeriana wallichii, Coleus forskohlii, Gentiana kurroo, Saussurea lappa, Stevia rebaudiana, Acorus calamus, Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium, Aloe vera, Bacopa monnieri, Salvia sclarea, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Swertia cordata, Psoralea corylifolia, Jurinea mollis, Ocimum sanctum, Paris polyphylla, and Papaver somniferum, which are at the verge of being endangered due to their overexploitation and collection from the wild, were successfully established in vitro. Collections were made from the different biodiversity zones of India including Western Himalaya, Northeast Himalaya, Gangetic plain, Western Ghats, Semiarid Zone, and Central Highlands. Aseptic cultures were raised at the morphogenic level of callus, suspension, axillary shoot, multiple shoot, and rooted plants. Synseeds were also produced from highly proliferating shoot cultures of Bacopa monnieri, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Stevia rebaudiana, Valeriana wallichii, Gentiana kurroo, Lavandula officinalis, and Papaver somniferum. In vitro flowering was observed in Papaver somniferum, Psoralea corylifolia, and Ocimum sanctum shoots cultures. Out of 23 plants, 18 plants were successfully hardened under glasshouse conditions.
A. B. T. Viana, C. M. M. E. Torres, L. F. da Silva, and S. J. S. S. da Rocha, “Plot size influence in the spatial distribution calculation of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speng. and Apuleia leiocarpa J.F. Macbr in semideciduous seasonal forest.,” Nativa: Pesquisas Agrárias e Ambientais, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 183–190, 2018.
doi: 10.31413/nativa.v6i2.4938.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of spatial distribution indexes of the species Anadenanthera peregrina and Apuleia leiocarpa, in different plot sizes. A forest census was carried out in the Mata da Silvicultura, located in Viçosa, M.G. through which all individuals of both species, with DBH ≥20 cm, were measured and georeferenced. The data were grouped into sampling units...
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "POTENCIAL ENERGÉTICO DA MADEIRA E CARVÃO VEGETAL DE ANGICO VERMELHO (Anadenanthera peregrina) JOVEM" by G. B. Vidaurre et al.
C. R. Vieira, O. L. dos S. Weber, and J. F. Scaramuzza, “Ca:Mg relation on growth and quality of red-angico seedlings (Anadenanthera peregrina).,” Nativa: Pesquisas Agrárias e Ambientais, vol. 5, no. Especial, pp. 634–641, 2017.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20183224641.
This experiment was developed in order to check the influence of the Ca:Mg on growth and nutrition of the Anadenanthera peregrina. The seedlings were grown in plastic tube’s containing sand and, when they reach 10 cm in length were transplanted to plastic bags with soil dystrophic Red Oxisol with sand loam texture and limestone 100% reactive (30% CaO and 21% MgO). The amount of limestone applied...
J. Viljoen, “Identifying Optimal Soil Conditions for Successful Cyclopia Subternata Cultivation in the Langkloof and Kouga Region, South Africa,” PhD thesis, Wageningen University & Research, 2019.
M. L. Villarreal, G. Rojas, M. Meckes, and P. Nicasio, “Studies on Mimosa Tenuiflora Callus Culture. Interaction of Kinetin and 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Initiation and Growth,” Biotechnology Letters, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 721–726, Jul. 1993.
doi: 10.1007/BF01080145.
Influence of growth regulators during initiation ofMimosa tenuiflora calli tissue varied according to explant source. KN (Kinetin) affected hypocotyls, while an interaction between different combinations of 2,41) (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and KN induced cotyledons,stems and leaves. Calli growth after 60 days was influenced by both hormones in cotyledons, by 2,4D in hypocotils and by an interaction of the two regulators in stems and leaves. The indole alkaloid Nb-Nb dimethyltryptamine was found to be present in some cultures at a level comparable to that of the source plant.
M. L. Villarreal and G. Rojas, “In Vitro Propagation of Mimosa Tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret, a Mexican Medicinal Tree,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 80–82, Nov. 1996.
doi: 10.1007/BF01275455.
Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret (Leguminosae) was micropropagated throughin vitro culture of axillary buds on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Shoot formation was achieved when the media were supplemented with 0.1 mg.L−1 IAA + 3 mg.L−1 KN.In vitro rooting of regenerated shoots was achieved when 0.1 mg.L−1 KN was combined with 1 mg.L−1 IBA in the absence of IAA. Ninety-four percent of the rooted plants were succesfully adapted to field conditions and grown in the soil. A total of 180 trees grown under these conditions were obtained over a one-year period.
J. F. Villiers, “Les Légumineuses Mimosoïdées Ombrophiles de Basse Altitude Africaines et Malgaches: Biodiversité et Répartition,” in The Biodiversity of African Plants: Proceedings XIVth AETFAT Congress 22–27 August 1994, Wageningen, The Netherlands, L. J. G. van der Maesen, X. M. van der Burgt, and J. M. van Medenbach de Rooy, Eds. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996, pp. 121–130.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-0285-5_17.
The Mimosoideae subfamily of the Leguminosae in African lowland moist forests consists of a number of 65 species. The distribution of these species is studied in the major phytochoria and vegetation types. Main centres of biodiversity are recognized and the cameroonian-congolese domain emerges as very important. The eastern forests of Madagascar also constitute a centre of biodiversity.
K. Visser, M. Mortimer, and A. Louw, “Cyclopia Extracts Act as ERα Antagonists and ERβ Agonists, In Vitro and In Vivo,” PLOS ONE, vol. 8, no. 11, p. e79223, Nov. 2013.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079223.
Hormone replacement therapy associated risks, and the concomitant reluctance of usage, has instigated the search for new generations of estrogen analogues that would maintain estrogen benefits without associated risks. Furthermore, if these analogues display chemo-preventative properties in breast and endometrial tissues it would be of great value. Both the selective estrogen receptor modulators as well as the selective estrogen receptor subtype modulators have been proposed as estrogen analogues with improved risk profiles. Phytoestrogen containing extracts of Cyclopia, an indigenous South African fynbos plant used to prepare Honeybush tea may serve as a source of new estrogen analogues. In this study three extracts, P104, SM6Met, and cup-of-tea, from two species of Cyclopia, C. genistoides and C. subternata, were evaluated for ER subtype specific agonism and antagonism both in transactivation and transrepression. For transactivation, the Cyclopia extracts displayed ERα antagonism and ERβ agonism when ER subtypes were expressed separately, however, when co-expressed only agonism was uniformly observed. In contrast, for transrepression, this uniform behavior was lost, with some extracts (P104) displaying uniform agonism, while others (SM6Met) displayed antagonism when subtypes were expressed separately and agonism when co-expressed. In addition, breast cancer cell proliferation assays indicate that extracts antagonize cell proliferation in the presence of estrogen at lower concentrations than that required for proliferation. Furthermore, lack of uterine growth and delayed vaginal opening in an immature rat uterotrophic model validates the ERα antagonism of extracts observed in vitro and supports the potential of the Cyclopia extracts as a source of estrogen analogues with a reduced risk profile.
S. von Reis Altschul, “A Taxonomic Study of the Genus Anadenanthera,” Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, no. 193, pp. 3–65, 1964.https://www.jstor.org/stable/41764816.
S. Wahyuningsih et al., “Indigo Dye Derived from Indigofera Tinctoria as Natural Food Colorant,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 193, p. 012048, Apr. 2017.
doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012048.
Recently, the uses of dyes are increasingly widespread especially in foods and beverages as food colors to attract the consumers. The dye that currently attracts is indigo. Indigo is a group of carbonyl compounds, one of the oldest known dyes in terms of natural blue dye derived from the Indigofera tinctoria plant. The use of indigo as a natural food dye intended to reduce the use of synthetic dyes are carcinogenic impact. The method used in this study includes the analysis of indigo using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and FTIR analysis. Based on the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer analysis results with the various concentrations of 0.002 mg/mL; 0.004 mg/mL; 0.006 mg/mL and 0.008 mg/mL were obtained maximum absorption peak at wavelength of 550-700 nm. The indigo dyes in various concentrations produce a stable pH at an average pH 9, therefore it can make the colors not easily fade (strong staining). Based on infrared spectrophotometer measurement were obtained absorption spectrum at 3100-3500 cm-1 as primary N-H and secondary amine, 1600 cm-1 as aromatic C=C, 1000-1350 cm-1 as aromatic C-N, 690-900 cm-1 as aromatic C-H.
N. Wakita, Y. Tateishi, T. Ohi-Toma, J. Murata, and T. Kajita, “Two Species of Entada in Japan as Evidenced by cpDNA Phylogeny,” Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 183–193, 2008.
doi: 10.18942/apg.KJ00005124833.
The phylogenetic relationships of Entada (Fabaceae) were examined to determine if two distinct species occur in Japan. Nucleotide sequences of the trnK and trnL introns and the intergenic spacer of trnL-trnF of cpDNA resolved 19 haplotypes among 39 widely collected samples of E. phaseoloides-like plants. In the resultant tree, two distinct clades corresponded to two groups also distinguished by diagnostic seed characters. The clades agree with the expected chorology of samples and with the diagnostic morphology from previous taxonomic work. One clade corresponds to Entada phaseoloides and the other to E. tonkinensis. A distinctive concentration of haplotypes was observed. Although seeds of Entada phaseoloides are renowned as sea drift seeds, our results do not suggest frequent gene flow caused by long distance seed dispersal.
D. G. A. Walkey, N. J. Spence, C. M. Clay, and A. Miller, “A Potyvirus Isolated from Senna Occidentalis,” Plant Pathology, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 767–773, 1994.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.1994.tb01619.x.
A potyvirus causing severe mosaic symptoms was isolated from Senna occidentalis (syn. Cassia occidentalis) in the Yemen Republic and Ethiopia. It was transmitted mechanically and by Myzus persicae in a non-persistent manner. The flexuous, rod-shaped particles had a mean length of 830 nm, and pinwheels and scrolls were observed by electron microscopy of thin sections of infected Nicotiana clevelandii leaves. Its host range was narrow with only a few legume species, Nicotiana clevelandii and N. benthamiana susceptible to experimental infection. This virus was purified from N. clevelandii and the coat protein had a molecular mass of 34-5 kDa. It reacted positively in ELISA with monoclonal antibody 197 that is specific for potyviruses, but was not decorated by antibodies to any other potyvirus tested when examined by electron microscopy. The virus has been tentatively named cassia severe mosaic potyvirus.
L. S. Walter, M. M. Gabira, A. C. Nogueira, L. S. Walter, M. M. Gabira, and A. C. Nogueira, “Accelerated Aging Test in Mimosa Tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. Seeds,” Revista Forestal Mesoamericana Kurú, vol. 17, no. 40, pp. 51–57, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.18845/rfmk.v17i40.4907.
ResumoObjetivou-se verificar a influência do envelhecimento acelerado no vigor de sementes de Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret. Após avaliação da biometria das sementes, estas foram submetidas a tratamento para superação de dormência, que consistiu na aplicação de água a 100 ºC durante 4 minutos. O envelhecimento acelerado foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 50 sementes em cada tratamento. Os tratamentos aplicados foram de 40 ºC, 43 ºC e 46ºC em 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas de permanência na câmara de envelhecimento. O grau de umidade inicial (8,51 %) é característico de sementes ortodoxas, este valor aumentou conforme o tempo de permanência das sementes na câmara de envelhecimento. A porcentagem e o índice de velocidade de germinação apresentaram redução significativa nos tratamentos com maiores temperaturas e tempos, apesar de não haver aumento significativo do tempo médio de germinação. A frequência de germinação foi mais homogênea nos tratamentos em que as sementes foram submetidas a 40 ºC, a homogeneidade diminui com o aumento da temperatura e do tempo de permanência na câmara. Isto evidencia a redução do vigor das sementes de Mimosa tenuiflora, possivelmente devido a degradação das mesmas pelas altas temperaturas e incidência de fungos.Palavras-chave: Germinação; caatinga; Brasil; vigor; Mimosa tenuiflora
N. A. Walters, D. de Beer, A. de Villiers, O. Danton, M. Hamburger, and E. Joubert, “Comprehensive Off-Line CCC × LC-DAD-MS Separation of Cyclopia Pubescens Eckl. & Zeyh. Phenolic Compounds and Structural Elucidation of Isolated Compounds,” Phytochemical Analysis, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 347–361, 2021.
doi: 10.1002/pca.2981.
Introduction The minor phenolic constituents of Cyclopia pubescens Eckl. & Zeyh. are unknown and one dimensional (1D) liquid chromatography (LC) is unable to provide sufficient separation. Methodology A two-dimensional (2D) LC method incorporating normal-phasehigh performance countercurrent chromatography (NP-HPCCC) in the first dimension (1D) and reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) as the second dimension (2D) was developed. The analytical HPCCC method was subsequently scaled up to semi-preparative mode and fractions pooled based on phenolic sub-groups. The phenolic compounds in selected fractions were subsequently isolated using RP-HPLC on a C18 column. Isolated compounds were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of compounds were determined by optical rotation and electronic circular dichroism spectra. Sugars were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Results The comprehensive off-line 2D CCC × LC method gave a good spread of the phenolic compounds. Orthogonality calculated using both the convex hull and conditional entropy methods were 81%. High-resolution mass spectrometric fragmentation spectra obtained from a quadrupole-time-of-flight instrument and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectral data were used to (tentatively) identify 32 phenolic compounds from the analytical CCC fractions. Of the seven isolated compounds, (2S)-5-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]eriodictyol (3) and (2S)-5-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavan (4) were newly identified in all plants. The other isolated compounds were identified as (2S)-5-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]naringenin (1), R-neo-eriocitrin (2), 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (5), 4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-Z-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (6) and 4-(4′-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone (7). Conclusions Among the 32 compounds (tentatively) identified, only six were previously identified in Cyclopia pubescens using 1D LC. Most of the isolated compounds were also identified for the first time in Cyclopia spp., improving the knowledge of the minor phenolic compounds of this genus.
N. A. Walters, D. de Beer, A. de Villiers, B. Walczak, and E. Joubert, “Genotypic Variation in Phenolic Composition of Cyclopia Pubescens (Honeybush Tea) Seedling Plants,” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 78, pp. 129–137, May 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.02.006.
Increasing demand for honeybush tea (Cyclopia spp.) and the need for industry expansion have created interest in non-utilised species such as Cyclopia pubescens Eckl. & Zeyh. Very limited information is available on the phenolic composition of this species. A reversed phase core-shell biphenyl column was used to develop and validate a quantitative HPLC diode-array detection method for separation of the major phenolic compounds in C. pubescens. Eight phenolic compounds were identified and a further six tentatively identified by comparison of retention time, UV–vis and high resolution mass spectrometric characteristics with those of authentic reference standards and literature, respectively. Genotypic variation in the phenolic composition of C. pubescens was determined by analysing the leaves and stems of seedlings (n\,= 17) in a field gene bank. The xanthone and benzophenone present in the highest levels in the leaves were mangiferin and 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyiriflophenone, respectively. The leaves contained higher quantities of all compounds, except hesperidin, the major compound in the stems, and a second hesperetin glycoside. Statistical analysis included hierarchical clustering to determine the degree of dissimilarity between genotypes, which provided valuable information for future breeding programs. Comparison of the dendrograms for leaves and stems indicated different clustering patterns for genotypes.
P. Wangchuk, K. Yeshi, and K. Jamphel, “Pharmacological, Ethnopharmacological, and Botanical Evaluation of Subtropical Medicinal Plants of Lower Kheng Region in Bhutan,” Integrative Medicine Research, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 372–387, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.imr.2017.08.002.
Background The Bhutanese Sowa Rigpa medicine (BSM) uses medicinal plants as the bulk ingredients. Our study was to botanically identify subtropical medicinal plants from the Lower Kheng region in Bhutan, transcribe ethnopharmacological uses, and highlight reported pharmacological activities of each plant. Methods We freely listed the medicinal plants used in the BSM literature, current formulations, and the medicinal plants inventory documents. This was followed by a survey and the identification of medicinal plants in the Lower Kheng region. The botanical identification of each medicinal plant was confirmed using The Plant List, eFloras, and TROPICOS. Data mining for reported pharmacological activities was performed using Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and SciFinder Scholar. Results We identified 61 subtropical plants as the medicinal plants used in BSM. Of these, 17 plants were cultivated as edible plant species, 30 species grow abundantly, 24 species grow in moderate numbers, and only seven species were scarce to find. All these species grow within the altitude range of 100–1800m above sea level. A total of 19 species were trees, and 13 of them were shrubs. Seeds ranked first in the parts usage category. Goshing Gewog (Block) hosted maximum number of medicinal plants. About 52 species have been pharmacologically studied and only nine species remain unstudied. Conclusion Lower Kheng region is rich in subtropical medicinal plants and 30 species present immediate economic potential that could benefit BSM, Lower Kheng communities and other Sowa Rigpa practicing organizations.
Under BRDF testing system conditions,ASD FieldSpec Pro FR spectroradiometer was used to collect the spectral reflectance of Acacia confusa, and UV2450 spectrophotometer was utilized to determine the chlorophyll content from observation foliage. Under BRDF testing system conditions,ASD FieldSpec Pro FR spectroradiometer was used to collect the spectral reflectance of Acacia confusa,and UV2450 spectrophotometer was utilized to determine the chlorophyll content from observation foliage.Models for the estimation of chlorophyll content were built by fitting the chlorophyll content and the red edge position variables obtained from the spectral data by using different algorithms.The results show that the red edge position obtained from the different algorithms is feasible in the estimation of chlorophyll content,and the fifth-order polynomial fitting technique has achieved the highest accuracy among the different algorithms,followed by the accuracy through smooth process after the first derivative.
A. Welgama et al., “The Germination Success of Acacia Longifolia Subsp. Longifolia (Fabaceae): A Comparison between Its Native and Exotic Ranges,” Australian Journal of Botany, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 414–424, Sep. 2019.
doi: 10.1071/BT19018.
Acacia longifolia subsp. longifolia is native to South-eastern Australia and has naturalised in many regions across the globe, including in Portugal, Spain, and South Africa invading extensive areas. Prolific seed production and a long-lived seedbank are considered key factors that enhance its invasiveness. Yet, the effects of different factors on germination are still underexplored. Seeds were collected from Portuguese and Australian populations, and germination was evaluated under different temperature regimes, photoperiods, pH levels, salt stress, osmotic potential and burial depths. Findings show both populations share some similar patterns but also reveal important differences related to their germination. Higher temperatures induce increased germination rates while the photoperiod has no effect on germination. Both populations had quicker seed emergence under dark conditions. Seeds from both populations decrease germination rate under increasing salt-stress and show a wide range of pH tolerance, but Australians seeds are more tolerant to increase of both parameters. Seeds from the Portuguese population are bigger and germinated from deeper depths than the Australian. Our results may provide information to improve management of this species seedbank. Germination can prevent by, tillage or other interventions that help to increase burial depths; adding lime (to increase the soil alkalinity) can reduce its germination rate in both geographical ranges.
C. S. Whitehead and M. A. Sutcliffe, “Effect of Low Temperatures and Different Growth Regulators on Seed Germination in Cyclopia Spp,” Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 107–112, Jan. 1995.
doi: 10.1016/S0176-1617(11)81421-5.
The synthesis and action of ethylene are absolute requirements for seed germination in Cyclopia intermedia (resprouter) and C. subternata (seeder). Stratification at 2 °C in the dark resulted in the breaking of dormancy in the resprouter and the stimulation of the initial rate of germination in the seeder. The dormancy-breaking effect of low temperatures could be substituted for by treatment with ethylene, GA3 or BA. However, in the seeder, only ethylene could mimic the effect of stratification on the rate of seed germination. Inhibition of ethylene action by NBD inhibited the dormancy-breaking effect of stratification, ethylene, GA3 and BA in the resprouter and suppressed germination in the seeder to the levels of the resprouter. Stratification or treatment with GA3 and BA resulted in the suppression of ethylene production due to the suppression of the conversion of ACC to ethylene. The results of this study indicate that the effects of stratification, GA3 and BA on dormancy-breaking and germination could be ascribed to the effects of these treatments on the ability of the seeds to react to ethylene.
C. Wilkinson, J. Brooks, M. A. Stander, R. Malgas, R. Roodt-Wilding, and N. P. Makunga, “Metabolomic Profiling of Wild Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) Ecotypes and Their Antioxidant-Derived Phytopharmaceutical Potential,” Metabolomics, vol. 20, no. 3, p. 45, Apr. 2024.
doi: 10.1007/s11306-024-02103-4.
Aspalathus linearis (commonly known as rooibos) is endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa and is a popular herbal drink and skin phytotherapeutic ingredient, with health benefits derived primarily from its unique phenolic content. Several, seemingly habitat-specific ecotypes from the Cederberg (Western Cape) and Northern Cape have morphological, ecological, genetic and biochemical differences.
M. H. Wong, “Effects of Animal Manure Composts on Tree (Acacia Confusa) Seedling Growth,” Agricultural Wastes, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 261–272, Jan. 1985.
doi: 10.1016/0141-4607(85)90051-4.
Animal wastes, especially pig manure, are the main sources of stream pollution in Hong Kong. Recycling of the waste material will ease the disposal problem. In this experiment, pig manure compost and horse manure compost were applied to tree seedlings (Acacia confusa). Both pH and concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na and organic C in the treated soil increased with increasing application rates of manure compost. Higher productivities of tree seedlings were obtained under the treatments with 10%, 20%, 30% (v/v) horse manure compost. However, higher death rate and lower productivity of tree seedlings were noted at higher application rates of the manure compost. Soils treated with pig manure compost supported better growth than horse manure in terms of oven-dry weight according to the results of the present investigation. Although the trace metal concentrations of soils increased as more compost was added, the concentrations in plant tissues did not increase correspondingly.
D. F. Wood, W. J. Orts, and G. M. Glenn, “Microstructure of Desmanthus Illinoensis,” in Scanning Microscopy 2010, 2010, vol. 7729, pp. 379–386.
doi: 10.1117/12.853464.
Structure and histochemistry of mature seeds of Desmanthus illinoensis (Illinois bundle flower) show that the seed has typical legume structure. The seed can be separated into two major fractions including the seed coat/endosperm and the embryo. The seed coat consists of a cuticle, palisade sclereids, hour glass cells and mesophyll. Endosperm is attached to the inner portion of the seed coat and is thicker beneath the pleurogram in the center of the seed. The embryo consists mostly of two large cotyledons, the major storage structures of the seed. The cotyledons are high in protein which occurs in protein bodies. Protein bodies in the cotyledons include those without inclusions, those with phytin inclusions and those with calcium-rich crystals. The phytin inclusions are spherical and have high phosphorus and magnesium contents. The calcium-rich crystals are also included inside protein bodies and are druse-type crystals.
J. Wooldridge, M. E. Joubert, and M. Booyse, “Component Dry Masses and Carbohydrate Contents in Honeybush II : Cyclopia Subternata,” South African Journal of Plant and Soil, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 87–91, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.1080/02571862.2012.717111.
A four-year reconnaissance-level survey was carried out in a honeybush (Cyclopia subternata; Cs) population to obtain information concerning this new South African horticultural crop. Average total dry mass (DM) in Cs cuttings under plantation conditions was 2 481 g plant -1 , of which the harvestable top growth (shoots), non-harvestable top growth (stem) and roots constituted 17%, 59% and 24%, respectively. Starch reserves averaged 6 321 mg plant -1 , (stem 62%, roots 38%). Corresponding values for Cs seedlings were 3 796 g plant -1 (13%, 62% and 25%) and 10 044 mg plant -1 (69% and 31%). Ratios of shoot DM to non-harvestable DM, and of stem to root starch content were, respectively, 1:4.799 and 1:0.620 in the cuttings, and 1:6.753 and 1:0.447 in the seedlings. Yields of dry shoots averaged 3.6 t ha -1 from the cuttings and 4.2 t ha -1 from the seedlings. Top growth DM and starch reserves were greatest in late summer to autumn. Autumn is therefore the best time to harvest.
B. R. Wright, P. J. Clarke, B. R. Wright, and P. J. Clarke, “Germination Biologies and Seedbank Dynamics of Acacia Shrubs in the Western Desert: Implications for Fire Season Impacts on Recruitment,” Australian Journal of Botany, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 278–285, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.1071/BT18003.
In arid Australia, fires in different seasons often result in markedly different recruitment rates of woody plants, and this can have important and long-lasting impacts on post-fire community structure and composition. The current study investigated ecological mechanisms behind this effect in four widespread arid Acacia species: Acacia aptaneura, Maslin & J.E.Reid Acacia kempeana F.Muell., Acacia maitlandii F.Muell. and Acacia melleodora Pedley. Specifically, the study examined whether increased recruitment after summer compared with winter burning relates to (1) higher soil temperatures during summer fires having increased capacity to overcome dormancy of seeds with heat-stimulated germination; (2) warmer soil temperature conditions after summer fires providing more favourable incubation temperatures for germination; and/or (3) summer fires coinciding with seasonal fluxes in seedbank densities, which may occur in response to granivory and/or rapid rates of seed deterioration after dispersal. Results supported hypotheses (1) and (2), as germination of all species responded positively to heat shock and warmer incubation temperatures. Some support was also demonstrated for hypothesis (3), as seedbank densities were shown to fluctuate seasonally, most likely in response to strong granivory. This multi-species study provides insights into mechanisms behind enhanced shrub recruitment after arid zone summer fires; and reinforces the notion that season of burn can be a strong determinant of regeneration trajectories of woody plants after fire.
E. Wu, K. Komolpis, and H. Y. Wang, “Chemical Extraction of Indigo from Indigofera Tinctoria While Attaining Biological Integrity,” Biotechnology Techniques, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 567–569, Aug. 1999.
doi: 10.1023/A:1008952016185.
Indigofera tinctoria was permeabilized with 20% methanol (v/v) at 25 °C and released 8±2 μg indigo g−1 dry plant material (excluding roots). This is equivalent to 42±11% of the total indican within the cells. The plants began to recover after 2 weeks.
Q. Wu, L. Sun, X. Liu, X. Wang, X. Sun, and S. Xing, “Genetic Diversity of Indigofera Kirilowii Maxim. Ex Palibin Using AFLP Makers,” Bangladesh Journal of Botany, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 1237–1241, Dec. 2019.
doi: 10.3329/bjb.v48i4.49084.
The present studies were conducted to assess the genetic diversity and to infer population structure of 220 individuals of Indigofera kirilowii from 8 natural populations of Shandong province, north China, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. A total of 1589 AFLP bands were produced, of which 99.87% were polymorphic. High genetic diversity was considered (H = 0.1401; I = 0.2346), with high genetic differentiation (GST = 0.1058), while estimates of gene flow (Nm) were high in all analysis. No correlations were observed between geographic location and genetic diversity (r = –0.0901; p = 0.3293). Based on the results, here a strategy for the conservation of I. kirilowii germplasm was proposed.
The results indicated that DV575 and BNC726 exhibited high accuracy in the process of model construction, especially when combined with the first derivative spectra, which were both higher than 83%. Under BRDF ASD test system conditions,it acquired the spectrum of Acacia confusa leaves using a portable field spectrometer and determined the chlorophyll content in the studied leaves using a UV2450 spectrophotometer.By analyzing the obtained spectrum data using the original spectroscopy,the derivative spectroscopy,and the continuum removal method,it determined the spectral parameters(DV575,BNA726 and BNC726) to estimate the chlorophyll content of Acacia confusa leaves and subsequently built a spectral model to describe the chlorophyll content of the Acacia confusa leaves.The results indicated that DV575 and BNC726 exhibited high accuracy in the process of model construction,especially when combined with the first derivative spectra,which were both higher than 83%.
R. Wynia, “ILLINOIS BUNDLEFLOWER.”
X. Xiao, O. L. Erukainure, and M. S. Islam, “Red Honeybush (Cyclopia Genistoides) Tea Mitigates Oxidative Imbalance and Hyperlipidemia, While Improving Glucose Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetic Rats,” Food Science and Human Wellness, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 2029–2039, Nov. 2023.
doi: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.03.018.
Red honeybush tea (RHT) is a tea product developed from Cyclopia spp. which is endemic to South Africa. Aside refreshment, RHT has over the years been used traditionally in the treatment of various diseases including type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the in vivo antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of RHT concentrated hot water extract in type 2 diabetes (T2D) model of rats. T2D was induced starting with feeding 10 % fructose solution ad libitum for 2 weeks followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight (BW)). Five weeks of treatment of RHT led to significant (P < 0.05) elevation in serum insulin, pancreatic β-cell function, HDL-c levels with concomitant decrease in AST, ALT, ALP, urea, CK-MB, fructosamine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, and insulin resistance in diabetic rats. RHT also significantly (P < 0.05) decreased MDA levels and enhanced level of GSH, activity of SOD, catalase, GR in most of organs (pancreas, liver, kidneys, and heart). Significantly (P < 0.05) improved morphological changes in the islets and β-cells were observed in rats treated with RHT. The data of this study suggest that RHT demonstrates an outstanding antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects in STZ-induced T2D model of rats.
X. Xiao, O. L. Erukainure, B. Beseni, N. A. Koorbanally, and M. S. Islam, “Sequential Extracts of Red Honeybush (Cyclopia Genistoides) Tea: Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant Potentials, and Anti-Hyperglycemic Activities,” Journal of Food Biochemistry, vol. 44, no. 11, p. e13478, 2020.
doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13478.
The antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-obesogenic potentials of different extracts (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous) of the red honeybush (Cyclopia genistoides) tea were investigated in vitro and ex vivo. All extracts exhibited significant scavenging and reducing power activities, with the aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts being the most potent. In vitro antidiabetic analysis revealed the extracts to be potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase and lipase activities. All extracts increased catalase and SOD activities, and glutathione level in oxidative pancreatic injury. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of fatty acids, fatty acid ester, phytols, sterols, saccharide, ketones, and triterpenes. These results imply that the sequential extracts of honeybush tea (particularly the aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts) may not only exhibit antioxidant potentials but also mediate anti-hyperglycemia activities by inhibiting lipid and carbohydrate digestion. Practical applications Red honeybush tea is enjoyed widely in South Africa and around the world due to its no caffeine and very low tannin content, as well as many healthcare attributes. There are however no scientific reports for its sequential extraction of different solvents on antidiabetic effects. The different extracts of honeybush tea (particularly the aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts) inhibited lipid and carbohydrate digestive enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D), as well as modulate oxidative pancreatic injury. These findings will promote its utilization as a potential nutraceutical in the management of diabetes and its complications.
B. Xie, Y. Gai, Z. Zhu, M. Li, and Y. Zhao, “Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Complete Chloroplast Genome of Cassia Tora Linn,” Mitochondrial DNA Part B, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 4027–4028, Jul. 2019.
doi: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1688708.
Cassia tora Linn. is widely distributed in South-East Asia and South-West Pacific as an important weed. It has many pharmacological activities including anti-allergic, anti-hepatotoxic, and remedy in skin diseases. In this study, we assembled and characterized the complete chloroplast genome sequence of C. tora from high-throughput sequencing data. The chloroplast genome was 162,426 bp in length, consisting of large single-copy (LSC) and small single-copy (SSC) regions of 90,843 bp and 18,001 bp, respectively, which were separated by a pair of 26,791 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The genome is predicted to contain 131 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome is 36.0%. A phylogenetic tree reconstructed by 32 chloroplast genomes reveals that C. tora is mostly related to Senna occidentalis. The work reported the firstly complete chloroplast genome of C. tora which may provide useful information to the evolution of Cassieae Bronn.
Xinghua 郝兴华 Hao, Wei 洪伟 Hong, Chengzhen 吴承祯 Wu, Jian 李键 Li, Youru 王幼茹 Wang, and Xiaowei 杨小伟 Yang, “Characteristics of Leaf Element Concentrations of Twelve Nutrients in Acacia Confusa and Leucaena Glauca in Secondary Forests of Acid Rain Region in Fuzhou,” 2012.
doi: 10.5846/STXB201110171537.
The results showed that Leucaena glauca was with higher resistance to the harm from heavy metal elements, and more acclimatized to the growth in the acid rain regions than Acacia confuse, suggesting that Leucesauca could be more adaptable to study region. Acid rain is one of serious environmental problems in many cities due to the industrial pollution.In acid rain regions,it is important to understand the pattern of changes in element concentrations in leaves for selection of tree species planted and re-establishing mid-subtropical forests.In hilly secondary forests of acid rain regions,Acacia confuse and Leucaena glauca are the two dominant tree species in mid-subtropical zone.This study determined twelve element concentrations(N,P,S,K,Ca,Na,Mg,Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn and Al) in the leaves of the two species,and analyzed the potential harm of some toxic metal elements caused by the acid rain.The results showed that element concentrations were as following N K Ca S P Mg Na,and Fe Al Cu in leaves of the two species.Significant differences were found in the leaf element concentrations such as P,Ca,Mg,Na,Mn,Cu and Zn between the two species.Due to the frequent acid rains,mean leaf S concentrations of Acacia confuse(3.42 g/kg) and Leucaena glauca(2.70 g/kg) in our study region were higher than the average level of that of terrestrial angiosperm in China((1.66±3.06) g/kg).However,leaf Na concentrations((0.63±0.25) g/kg) were lower than leaf S concentrations for both of Acacia confuse and Leucaena glauca,respectively,and also lower than the average level of that of terrestrial angiosperm in China((2.48±5.45)g/kg).The characteristics of leaf Na concentration in study region could probably resulted from the soil acidification by acid rain which lowered soil Na content.On the one hand,according to the mol ratios of N/P and Ca/Al in leaves,Acacia confuse was one of the P-constrained species.Although leaf Al concentration of Acacia confuse was within the normal range,the mol ratio of Ca/Al in leaves was less than 12.5,which indicated that change in leaf Al concentration was potentially as a result of the harm caused by acid rain.On the other hand,Leucaena glauca was one of the N-constrained species and free of Al harm,suggesting that Leucaena glauca could be more adaptable to study region than Acacia confuse.Significant differences in leaf Al/P、Mn/Cu、Mn/Zn、Mn/Ca、Mn/Mg between the two species showed that the antagonism occured during the growth of Acacia confuse and Leucaena glauca by the joint actions of leaf Al and P concentrations,and those of Mn with Cu,Zn,Ca or Mg.According to the level of leaf element concentrations,Acacia confuse and Leucaena glauca in the study region could be harmed by Cu and Zn,and even more seriously harmed by Fe.The amounts of Zn and Cu accumulation in leaves of Leucaena glauca were larger than that in those of Acacia confuse,respectively,which indicated that Leucaena glauca was with higher resistance to the harm from heavy metal elements,and more acclimatized to the growth in the acid rain regions than Acacia confuse.
J. P. Yadav, V. Arya, S. Yadav, M. Panghal, S. Kumar, and S. Dhankhar, “Cassia Occidentalis L.: A Review on Its Ethnobotany, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile,” Fitoterapia, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 223–230, Jun. 2010.
doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.09.008.
Cassia occidentalis L. is an annual or perennial Ayurvedic plant which is used in several traditional medicines to cure various diseases. This weed has been known to possess antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancerous, antimutagenic and hepatoprotective activity. A wide range of chemical compounds including achrosin, aloe-emodin, emodin, anthraquinones, anthrones, apigenin, aurantiobtusin, campesterol, cassiollin, chryso-obtusin, chrysophanic acid, chrysarobin, chrysophanol, chrysoeriol etc. have been isolated from this plant. The presented review summarizes the information concerning the botany, ethnopharmacologyquery, phytochemistry, biological activity and toxicity of the C. occidentalis plant.
F. N. Yafur, S. D. Rumetor, and O. Yoku, “Pengaruh Suhu Rendaman Dan Media Tumbuh Terhadap Daya Kecambah Benih Dan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Indigofera Zollingeriana,” Cassowary, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 176–192, Jun. 2019.
doi: 10.30862/casssowary.cs.v2.i2.31.
Indigofera zollingeriana is one of legumes that contains high nutrient contents (crude protein: 29,16%±2,37%; fibres: 14,02±2,48%; Ca: 1,78-2,48%; P: 0,34-0,46% and protein digestibility: 82,3-86,3%). The purpose of the study was to identify and analyse the effect of initial water heat treatment and different media on seed viability and plant growth of Indigofera zollingeriana. This study will be an useful basic information on how to cultivate Indigofera zollingeriana as one of forage feed in Papua Barat (West Papua). The result of the study could be used by the farmers. The design of the study was using complete randomize design with two factors: water heat treatment and different media. Water heat treatments consist of two different temperatures: 70oC and 80oC, and growth media had three different media: 100%; 75% soil + 25% compos; 50% soil + 50% compos. Every treatment combination had three replicates so in total the study had 18 unit experiments. Time of germination (days), seed viability (%), plant height (cm/week), number of leaves (per week), leaf length and width (cm/week), stem and leaf ratio, root length (cm/week), number of root nodules. The results showed that time of germination and seed viability indicated the best result by using water heat treatment at 70oC. Combination of water heat treatment at 80oC and 100% of soil as growth media showed the highest plant growth, the most number and width of leaf of Indigofera zollingerian, while stem and leaf ratio and root length were high with combination of water heat treatment at 80oC and media with 50% soil and compos. The greatest number of nodules were found in the plants with water heat treatment at 80oC and media with 75% soil + 25% compos.
T. Yahaya, K. Shehu, H. Isah, E. Oladele, and U. Shemishere, “Toxicological Evaluation of the Leaves of Guiera Senegalensis (J.F. Gme), Cassia Occidentalis (Linn), and Ziziphus Mauritiana (Lam),” Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 14, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.1186/s43088-019-0015-y.
There is a renewed global interest in plant-based medicine in the last few decades as a result of affordability and efficacy of the form of medicine. However, the safety of many medicinal plants and plant preparations has not been determined. To this end, this study determined the safety of the methanol extracts of the leaves of Guiera senegalensis, Cassia occidentalis, and Ziziphus mauritiana, which are plants commonly used in plant medicine in Africa.
A. U. Yakub, A. Mathur, and S. Yahaya, “In Vitro Antiplasmodial Actitvity of Aqueous and Ethanol Stem And Leaf Extracts of Senna Occidentalis (Coffee Senna),” Current Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, pp. 83–90, Jul. 2022.
doi: 10.24092/CRPS.2022.120202.
Development of resistance against the frontline anti-malarial drugs has created an alarming situation, which requires intensive drug recovery to develop new, more effective, affordable and accessible anti-malarial agents. Plants as Senna occidentalis produce a wide variety of phytochemical constituents, which are secondary metabolites and are used either directly or indirectly in the pharmaceutical industry. Phytochemical screening and antiplasmodial activity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. occidentalis (L.) leaves and stems were studied in this work. The preliminary screening of the leaf extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosids, quinine, protein and amino acid, phenol, flavonoids and carbohydrate and showed absence of tannins. Likewise, stem extracts which shows absence of phenols in addition to tannins in the ethanol extract. These extracts were assayed at various concentration using double serial dilution (20mg/ml, 10mg/ml, 5mg/ml, 2.5mg/ml and 1.25mg/ml) for antiplasmodial effect after 24, 48 and 72hours respectively, and the activity of the extracts were obtained as percentage activity of the extracts after 72 hours of incubation period. The result of antiplasmodial activity revealed that both aqueous and ethanol stem and leaf extracts of the plant were effective against the malaria parasite. However, the aqueous stem extract showed greater activities than the ethanol extract. At extract concentration of 20mg/ml, both ethanol and aqueous extracts produced highest parasite clearance rate after 72 hours of incubation with percentage elimination of 77%. From these observations, S. occidentalis is likely to contain promising chemical compounds which can be utilized as an effective plant-based medicine for the treatment of malaria.
O. E. Yakubu, U. C. Sylvester, A. A. Atamgba, and M. A. Abah, “Comparative Determination of Antioxidant Activities and Phytochemicals from Fractions of Ethanol Extract of Senna Occidentalis Using GC- MS,” vol. 8, no. 7, 2021.
Medicinal plants have been the mainstay of traditional herbal medicine. Their medicinal properties are due to the presence of phytochemicals which exert pharmacological effects on the body. In this study, phytochemicals from partially purified fractions of ethanolic extract of Senna occidentalis leaf were comparatively determined using GC-MS. Fractionation was carried out using solvents of different polarities, namely n-Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol, Methanol and water. The total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoids content, metal chelating activity of the fractions were determined. The result for Total Anti-Oxidant Capacity (TAC) showed that fractions 2a and 6a have the highest capacity (128.8µg/ml), followed by 6b (112µg/ml), 4a (86.8 µg/ml), 7a (84 µg/ml) and lastly 9a&2b (81.2 µg/ml). The decrease in the TAC of the fractions was in the order: 2a&6a>6b>4a>7a>9a&2b>3a&10a, with 3a and 10a having the lowest TAC. The result for Total Phenolic Content (TPC) showed that fraction 1b had the highest concentration of total phenol content (97.5mg/ml), followed by F9b (78mg/ml). F6b has the lowest concentration (1.95mg/ml). The result for Total Flavonoids Content (TFC) shows that fraction 1a had the highest concentration (2373mg/ml), followed by F3a (2226mg/ml). Fractions F8a, 8b, F9a, F9b, and F10b had the lowest concentration (21.0mg/ml). The fractions with higher TAC, TPC and TFC were subjected to GC-MS analysis, revealing compounds of diverse pharmacological and industrial applications. The fraction eluted with ethyl acetate + chloroform contained fatty acid esters with %Area ≥ 1(Heptanoic acid octyl ester 55.42%), the fraction eluted with ethyl acetate + methanol contains both fatty acid esters and glycosides presented as % Area ≥1 (Cyclononene 23.70 %). The fraction eluted with Methanol showed high concentrations of essential oils presented as % Area ≥1 (Oleic Acid 59.57%). These properties of Senna occidentalis revealed that the fractions contain the active ingredients that are the major targets for drug development. The presence of high concentrations of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids and essential oils in this plant does not only predispose it to a very good antioxidant property but can also can be used as a natural source of antioxidants towards the prevention of disease progression.
S.-Z. Yang, Y.-Y. Feng, and F.-Y. Yeh, “Application of Ordinal Clustering to the Taxonomy of the Genus Entada (Fabaceae) in Taiwan,” Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 93–100, Dec. 2007.
doi: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i2.529.
The importance of a mathematically correct treatment of ordinal information has not sufficient been emphasized. Since ordinal cluster analysis (OrdClAn) and non-metric multidimentional scaling (NMDS) are order-invariant, an attempt has been made to illustrate the previous taxonomic treatments of three species of Entada Adans. (Fabaceae) of Taiwan by these two methods. The genus Entada is represented in Taiwan by E. koshunensis Hayata et Kanehira, E. phaseoloides (L.) Merr. and E. rheedii Spreng. In this study, 29 morphological characteristics and 14 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) representing these three species were selected to construct a primary mixed data matrix. Due to incomplete and limited herbarium specimens, the same local specimens were combined to form 14 OTUs from 62 specimens preserved in several Taiwan herbaria. The characters were measured on binary nominal, multistate nominal, ordinal, and quantitative scales. OrdClAn and NMDS based on Gower’s index were used to evaluate the relationship among the three Entada species from the primary matrix. The cluster dendrogram and the ordination of OTUs showed that the genus Entada obviously can be divided into three groups representing three existing species, therefore, agreed with previous taxonomic analyses.
P.-Y. Yeh, L.-C. Lin, and S.-S. Yang, “The Alkaloid Content of the Chinese Drug ‘Moh-Ts’ao’, Desmodium Caudatum,” Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, vol. 12, no. 1-2, pp. 61–68, 1965.
doi: 10.1002/jccs.196500006.
The alkaloid content of the roots, the stems, and leaves of “Moh-ts’ao”, Desmodium caudatum, was investigated. The crude alkaloid was isolated from the roots in a 0.12% yield and consisted of at least two kinds of alkaloids. The oxalate, the reineckate, and two Kinds of picrate crystals were prepared from the crude alkaloid. The hydrochloride and the perchlorate could not be isolated in crystalline form. The decomposition of the oxalate gave one of the alkaloids in a pure state, as shown by paper chromatography.
P. R. Yeragamreddy, R. Peraman, N. B. Chilamakuru, and H. Routhu, “In Vitro Antitubercular and Antibacterial Activities of Isolated Constituents and Column Fractions from Leaves of Cassia Occidentalis, Camellia Sinensis and Ananas Comosus,” African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 2, no. 4, Dec. 2013.http://journals.uonbi.ac.ke/ajpt/article/view/1175.
Background: Tuberculosis still remains a leading cause of death in the world. There is currently considerable interest in natural products and their derivatives in the area of drug research for multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The present investigation focused on search for potent antitubercular and antibacterial natural leads from plants. Objective : To evaluate isolated fractions and chemical constituents from leaves of Cassia occidentalis, Camellia sinensis and Ananas comosus for antibacterial and antitubercular activities. Materials and Methods : Leaves were sequentially extracted with petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, methanol and water. The obtained extracts were examined for the presence of various phytochemicals by thin layer chromatography, and then selected extracts were fractionated by column chromatography. A total of 15 column fractions were collected, and screened for antibacterial and anti-tubercular activities. The antibacterial activity was evaluated on American type cultures of Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis , Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by broth microdilution method, whilst anti-tubercular screening was carried out against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 R V by microplate alamar blue assay (MABA) method. Results : Several fractions (3, 6, 9) belong to C. occidentalis, C. sinensis showed good antibacterial activity (MIC: 2 – 8 μg/ml) and moderate antitubercular activity (MIC 25 - 50 μg/ml). Chemical constituents present in fractions 3, 6 and 9 were isolated and identified as cassiaoccidentalins, glucoronide soponin and catechin, respectively. Fractions of A. comosus showed MIC between 16 to 32 μg/ml for antibacterial activity and > 100 μg/ml for antitubercular activity. Discussion : Among these plants, C. occidentalis, was found to more potential against antitubercular and antibacterial activity. A. comosus was relatively less potent against antibacterial and in effective against mycobacteria. Cassiaoccidentalin exhibited potent antibacterial activity and moderate antitubercular activity. Key words: Cassia occidentalis, Camellia sinensis , Ananas comosus, anti-tubercular activity, antibacterial activity.
The drought resistance of these seedlings was evaluated by testing their physiological properties and principal component analysis and showed that water contents of the three seedlings decreased during drought stress period and recovered to the control level after rewatering. Studies on physiological changes of seedlings of Acacia confusa,Leucaena leucocephala,Pyracantha fortuneana were conducted under drought stress in greenhouse.The drought resistance of these seedlings was evaluated by testing their physiological properties and principal component analysis.The results showed that water contents of the three seedlings decreased during drought stress period and recovered to the control level after rewatering;their chlorophyll content increased during drought stress period and decreased after rewatering.The contents of free proline,soluble protein and soluble sugar of the three seedlings increased or increased followed by a decrease during drought period and generally recovered to the control level after rewatering.The activity of SOD of A.confusa and P.fortuneana rapidly increased and then fluctuated slightly,whereas that of L.leucocephala continuously increased.The content of MDA of Acacia confusa and P.fortuneana seedlings gradually increased and that of L.leucocephala seedlings increased and then fluctuated,and their SOD and MDA recovered to the control level after rewatering.Principal component analysis indicated that their ability of drought resistance was A.confusaL.leucocephalaP.fortuneana.
X. Yu, W. Tan, H. Gao, L. Miao, and X. Tian, “Development of a Specific Mini-Barcode From Plastome and Its Application for Qualitative and Quantitative Identification of Processed Herbal Products Using DNA Metabarcoding Technique: A Case Study on Senna,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 11, 2020.
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585687.
Herbal products play an important role globally in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. However, some specific groups of herbal products are easily adulterated by confused materials on the market, which seriously reduces the products’ quality. Universal conventional DNA barcodes would function poorly since the processed herbal products generally suffer from varying degrees of DNA degradation and DNA mixing during processing or manufacturing. For quality control purposes, an accurate and effective method should be provided for species identification of these herbal products. Here, we provided a strategy of developing the specific mini-barcode using Senna as an example, and by coupling with the metabarcoding technique, it realized the qualitative and quantitative identification of processed herbal products. The plastomes of Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby and Senna occidentalis (L.) Link were newly assembled, and the hypervariable coding-regions were identified by comparing their genomes. Then, the specific mini-barcodes were developed based on the identified hypervariable regions. Finally, we applied the DNA metabarcoding technique to the developed mini-barcodes. Results showed that the lengths of plastomes of S. obtusifolia and S. occidentalis were 162,426 and 159,993 bp, respectively. Four hypervariable coding-regions ycf1, rpl23, petL, and matK were identified. Two specific mini-barcodes were successfully developed from matK, and the mini-barcode of primer 647F-847R was proved to be able to qualitatively and quantitatively identify these two processed Senna seeds. Overall, our study established a valuable way to develop the specific mini-barcode, which may provide a new idea for the quality control of processed herbal products.
After one-year-storage in ambient temperature, the viability and vigor of Casuarina equisetifolia seeds decreased little whereas those of Pinus thunbergii and Acacia confusa seeds decreased much more than those of the former. The results showed that Casuarina equisetifolia, Pinus thunbergii and Acacia confusa seeds had higher desiccation endurance. When seeds were desiccated to 4% MC, its higher viability and vigor could be retained, its cell membrane integrity remained well and the activity of Dehydrogenase, alpha-Amylase and respiration intensity were the highest. After one-year-storage in ambient temperature, the viability and vigor of Casuarina equisetifolia seeds decreased little whereas those of Pinus thunbergii and Acacia confusa seeds decreased much more than those of the former. But the decrease date of ultra-low MC was lower than those of low moisture content seeds. So ultradry treatment could improve the storablity of Casuarina equisetifolia, Pinus thunbergii and Acacia confusa seeds.
The inoculation of the 12 Rhizobia strains can effectively produce the nodules in the seedlings of A.confusa seedlings and showed that the conditions of middle-slope were preferable to the growth of RhZobia. Total 12 Rhizobia strains were effectively selected from the stands of Acacia confusa in different slope sites of limestone region,then inoculated to the seedlings of Acacia confusa.The height,ground diameter,biomass and the ratio of nodulation were determined after 5 months treatment.The results showed: ①In the stands of Acacia confusa at different limestone slope sites,larger number of Rhizobia exited in the middle-slope and the downslope,less number in the upslope;As for the mean weight of the Rhizobia nodulation, larger exited in the middle slope,less in the upslope and downslope.It meant that the conditions of middle-slope were preferable to the growth of Rhizobia.②The inoculation of the 12 Rhizobia strains can effectively produce the nodules in the seedlings of A.confusa seedlings.Compared to the CK treatment,the seedling height increased 1.7%～39.0%,the ground diameter as 1.7%～18.1%,total biomass as 21.4%～135.7%,while the nodulation increased as 3.04～12.94 times.Comprehensively, the 4 and 10 strains were selected as the super strains.
L. Yusuf Mansur, A. Ahmed, U. Lawal, and U. Abubakar Ibrahim, “Ethnobotanical Survey of Indigenous Plants Used in the Treatment of Malaria in Dutsin-Ma Metropolitan Area of Katsina State,” vol. 5, pp. 2141–0755, Mar. 2016.
The upsurge in the resistance to conventional antimalarial drugs by Plasmodium species has continued to stimulate exploration of plants with potential antimalarial activities. The present study seeks to garner information on plants that are utilized in the treatment of malaria in Dutsin-Ma metropolis of Katsina State. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information regarding indigenous plants deemed to have antimalarial properties from the traditional healers. According to the respondents, fifteen (15) different plants belonging to eleven (11) families were revealed to be used in the treatment of malaria in the study area. Neem tree was observed to have the highest relative frequency of citation (RFC) of 0.35 with least RFC of 0.05 in Fig, Marula, African fan-palm, Bridelia, Opilia and Cashew. Different parts with varying recipes of these plants were reported to be used via different modes of administration. There is the need to carry out scientific evaluation of these plants in order to certify or refute the acclaimed potential and to ascertain their toxicological effects and safety.
J. M. Zabala, J. F. Pensiero, P. A. Tomas, and J. A. Giavedoni, “Morphological Characterisation of Populations of Desmanthus Virgatus Complex from Argentina.”
The Argentine germplasm of the Desmanthus virgatus complex is a valuable group of legume species for animal production. However, little is known about the extent and nature of the variability of these species. This study, which is an introduction to further ones about the variability of these species, aims at: a) collecting representative germplasm; b) analysing the morphological diversity; and c) determining patterns in Argentine populations of potential forage species of the D. virgatus complex using PCA and cluster methods. Twentysix populations of D. virgatus, D. acuminatus and D. paspalaceus collected in Argentina plus cv. Marc were used to evaluate 14 quantitative morphological characters. Collecting expeditions, examination of material collected and analyses of measurements permitted the first characterisation of the morphological diversity and determination of the patterns of variation of species with forage value within the Argentinian D. virgatus complex. Identifying traits with agronomic interest which account for genetic diversity and the demarcation of distinguishable morphological groups will facilitate the maintenance and agronomic evaluation of the collections and permit informed decision making about new germplasm acquisitions.
S. A. Zauro, A. M. Lawal, K. J. Umar, Y. M. Sani, and I. Abubakar, “Assessment of Selected Heavy Metals in Soil and Cassia Occidentalis in Rural Area of Jega Local Government, Kebbi State, Nigeria,” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 5–10, Oct. 2015.https://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-1015.php?rp=P464626.
The soil and Cassia occidentalis of selected rural area of Jega Local Government were collected, digested, and analysed for some heavy metals using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA6500). The rural areas were labeled as DNG, KMB, LNG and GND for Dunbegu, Kimba, Langido and Gindi respectively. The results showed no significance difference (p>0.05) between the soil samples with respect to Cr, Cd and Pb and high significance difference (p<0.05) was observed in DNG with regards to Cu concentration. Similarly, no significance (p>0.05) difference was observed between plant samples in terms of Cr, Cd, and Co concentration. Cd and Co were not detected in GND and DNG respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient between plant and soil samples shows significant negative correlation between Cu and Cd at 1% and positive significant correlation between Co and Pb at 5%.
H. B. Zetta, “Effects of Pre-Germination Treatments, Salt and Water Stresses on Germination of Acacia Ehrenbergiana Hayne and Acacia Seyal Del. (Mimosoideae): Two Algerian Native Species,” 2017.
doi: 10.15666/AEER/1504_355368.
Manual scarification and sulphuric acid treatments could be applied and adopted at laboratory level or even at nurseries to raise plants germination and plantations establishment for desert areas rehabilitation as it demonstrates resilience when facing harsh abiotic stresses. Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne and Acacia seyal Del. are two desert trees of the Algerian Sahara that for a long time were confused. These two species present high potentials for desert areas rehabilitation therefore for successful seed germination and establishment three pre-germination treatments (manual scarification, boiling water and concentrated sulphuric acid) were used to overcome seeds dormancy. Once the optimal conditions are determined, we examined the effects of two abiotic stresses (salinity and water deficiency) on their seeds germination using eight levels of salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350mM of NaCl) and six concentrations of PEG6000 (0, -2, -4, -6, -8 and -10 bars) on Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne and Acacia seyal Del. Germination rate and mean germination time were calculated and data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Newman-Keuls test. Our results show that manual scarification and sulphuric acid had significant effects on the seeds germination of Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne meanwhile, only sulphuric acid enhanced Acacia seyal Del. seeds germination. Under salt and water stresses, the germination rate and mean germination time of Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne were less affected than those of Acacia seyal Del. Therefore manual scarification and sulphuric acid treatments could be applied and adopted at laboratory level or even at nurseries to raise plants germination and plantations establishment for desert areas rehabilitation. Thus, Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne seems to be more suitable for massive propagation as it demonstrates resilience when facing harsh abiotic stresses (salt and water stresses).
N. Zhan and L. Huang, “Effects of Ca on Pollen Germination of Three Species,” Silvae Genetica, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 11–16, Nov. 2016.
doi: 10.1515/sg-2016-0012.
We investigated the effects of Ca2+ on in vitro pollen germination of Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, and Acacia crassicarpa under different concentrations of Ca2+ (50 mg.L−1, 100 mg.L−1, 150 mg.L−1, 200 mg.L−1, 250 mg.L−1, 300 mg.L−1, 350 mg.L−1 and 400 mg.L−1) in the present study. Our results revealed that Ca2+ could stimulate the pollen germination percentage and the pollen tube growth of A. auficuliformis and A. crassicarpa under a certain concentration. In vitro pollen germination of A. mangium did not require exogenous Ca2+. With high Ca2+ concentration, the pollen germination of A. auriculiformis, A. mangium, and A. crassicarpa were obviously inhibited. With the rise of Ca2+ concentration, the percentage of pollen germination, the pollen tube length, the pollen tube growth, and the number of pollen tube were increased. However, the pollen germination percentage decreased with high Ca2+ concentration.
Z. Zhang, M. Cao, X. Yang, and Z. Zhao, “Codariocalyx motorius seed removed by ants in Xishuangbann,” Acta Ecologica Sinica, vol. 21, no. 11. pp. 1847–1853, Jan-2001.
Investigation of the nests shows that Tetramorium cyclolobium and Paratrechina bourbonica only eat elaiosome of Codariocalyx motorius and leave the complete seed in the nests. Tetramorium cyclolobium and Paratrechina bourboniza are the most important removers among these ants.
N. Zhang, J.-lan Long, Y. Wu, Y.-pin Zhang, and Z.-kun Wu, “The Complete Chloroplast Genome of Indigofera Stachyodes (Fabaceae), a Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plant,” Mitochondrial DNA Part B, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 474–475, Mar. 2022.
doi: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2050472.
Indigofera stachyodes Lindl. is a traditional medicinal plant in southwestern China. In this study, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of I. stachyodes, using next-generation sequencing technology. The complete chloroplast genome of I. stachyodes was 158,039 bp in length with an overall GC content 35.80%, containing a large single-copy (LSC) region of 88,772 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,733 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) regions of 25,267 bp. In total, there are 128 genes (83 protein-coding genes (PCGs), eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 37 tRNA genes) in the whole chloroplast genome, including 113 unique genes (78 unique PCGs, 31 unique tRNAs, and four unique rRNAs). The phylogenetic analysis indicated that I. stachyodes formed a monophyletic clade with I. tinctoria and I. linifolia, showing that they have close relationship. The complete chloroplast genome of I. stachyodes provides valuable genomic information for the phylogeny, molecular identification and sustainable utilization of this species.
L. Zhang, L. Wang, A. B. Cunningham, Y. Shi, and Y. Wang, “Island Blues: Indigenous Knowledge of Indigo-Yielding Plant Species Used by Hainan Miao and Li Dyers on Hainan Island, China,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 31, Jul. 2019.
doi: 10.1186/s13002-019-0314-3.
Historically, indigo-yielding plant species were important cash crops from Central Asia to the southern United States and Central America. Indigo-dyed textiles were widely traded along the legendary Silk Road that linked China to Europe. Today, due to the labor-intensive nature of indigo extraction at the household level, lifestyle changes and the widespread availability of commercially produced indigo paste, traditional indigo extraction methods have declined in villages. Yet Li textile weavers on Hainan Island are internationally recognized as producers of indigo-dyed textile using warp ikat techniques. In contrast, Hainan Miao weavers produce indigo-dyed textiles using batik (wax resist) techniques. The aim of this study was to document the indigenous knowledge on indigo-yielding plant species used by both Hainan Miao and Li people on Hainan Island, China.
J. Zhang, K. Yuan, W.-long Zhou, J. Zhou, and P. Yang, “Studies on the Active Components and Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts of Mimosa Pudica Linn. from Southern China,” Pharmacognosy Magazine, vol. 7, no. 25, pp. 35–39, 2011.
doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.75899.
Background: The total flavonoid (TF) and total phenolic (TP) contents of the ethanol extracts of the whole plant, stem, leaf, and seed of Mimosa pudica Linn belonging to the genus Mimosa (Family: Fabaceae alt. Leguminosae), which originates from the subtropical regions of southern China, were determined in this experiment. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of the extracts and 5 flavonoid monomers of M. pudica Linn. were also evaluated by 2 assays, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. In addition, correlation analysis was also made in the present study. Results: The results showed that leaf extracts contained the highest amount of TF and TP, and the content was significantly higher than that found in other parts of the plant. Moreover, the sequence of antioxidant activity of the ethanol extracts was as follows: leaf > the whole plant > seed > stem; the sequence of the 5 flavonoid monomers was as follows: 5,7,3´,4´-tetrahydroxy-6-C-[β-D-apiose-(1→4)]-β-D-glycopyranosyl flavone (1) > isorientin (2) > orientin (3) > isovitexin (4) > vitexin (5), and the antioxidant activity of compound 1 is equivalent to the synthetic antioxidant trolox or a bit stronger than trolox, and significant correlations were found among the active ingredient contents and the results of antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The present study suggested that M. pudica Linn. could be a potential rich source of natural antioxidants.
W. Zhang, J. Zhang, Z. Yin, and W. Kang, “Volatiles in Stems and Leaves of Acacia Confusa,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1148–1149, Nov. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s10600-017-2220-z.
X. Zhao, F. Wang, R. Zhang, and Y. Li, “Characterization of the Complete Chloroplast Genome of Senna Bicapsularis (Leguminosae), an Ornamental Plant,” Mitochondrial DNA Part B, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 2638–2639, Jul. 2020.
doi: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1782785.
Senna bicapsularis is an important flowering, ornamental plant. The extracts showed antioxidant activity and antibacterial properties. In addition, S. bicapsularis can be used as a model woody plants. In the present study, the complete chloroplast genome was sequenced. The result showed that the length of circular chloroplast genome was 162,744 bp, containing a large single-copy region of 91,176 bp, a small single-copy region of 18,264 bp, and two inverted repeat regions of 26,652 bp. The chloroplast genome contained 128 genes, including 83 protein-coding, eight rRNA, and 37 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that S. bicapsularis has closely relationship with Senna occidentalis, Senna tora and Senna siamea.
The results showed that in the all process of drying, the fallen rate of moisture content was changed from fast to slowly, the average rate of drying was similar with second face, and the moisture content gradient was the greatest between first and second face. By the study on water movement during conventional dryig process of Rich Acacia,the results showed that in the all process of drying,the fallen rate of moisture content was changed from fast to slowly,the average rate of drying was similar with second face,the moisture content gradient was the greatest between first and second face.
Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations,N:P ratio and nutrient resorption efficiency of phyllodes during senescence for Acacia confusa were studied at Wulaofeng,Xiamen and N:P ratios were above 16, which illustrated that Acaciaconfusa forest was P-limited. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations,N:P ratio and nutrient resorption efficiency of phyllodes during senescence for Acacia confusa were studied at Wulaofeng,Xiamen.The results showed:(1)Mature phyllodes had the high N concentration,with 39.90±2.10 mg/g in winter,and 43.13±1.67 mg/g in spring;P concentration of mature phyllodes was 1.24±0.04 mg/g in winter,and 1.16±0.05 mg/g in spring,respectively;N and P concentrations decreased with phyllodes senescence.(2) N:P ratio of mature phyllodes was 32.26±1.53 in winter and 37.37±1.61 in spring,respectively;N:P ratios were above 16,which illustrated that Acacia confusa forest was P-limited.Resorption efficiency of P was significantly higher than resorption efficiency of N.
J. Zhuang, C. Liu, X. Wang, T. Xu, and H. Yang, “Penicillium Simplicissimum NL-Z1 Induced an Imposed Effect to Promote the Leguminous Plant Growth,” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 12, 2021.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2021.738734.
It is found effective for phytoremediation of the guest soil spraying method by adding microbes to promote the growth of arbor leguminous plant on a high and steep rock slope. However, its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, some experiments were conducted to explore the multifunctions of Penicillium simplicissimum NL-Z1 on rock weathering, nodule growth, and beneficial microbial regulation. The results show that P. simplicissimum NL-Z1 significantly increased the release of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium from the rock by 226, 29, 24, and 95%, respectively, compared with that of the control. A significant increase of 153% in Indigofera pseudotinctoria Matsum nodule biomass, accompanied by an increase of 37% in the leguminous plant biomass was observed in the P. simplicissimum NL-Z1 treatment than in the control treatment. Interestingly, even though P. simplicissimum NL-Z1 itself became a minor microbial community in the soil, it induced a significant increase in Mortierella, which, as a beneficial microbe, can promote phosphate-solubilizing and plant growth. The results suggest that P. simplicissimum NL-Z1 could induce an imposed effect to promote leguminous plant growth, which may be conducive to the development of the phytoremediation technique for high and steep rock slope. The study provides a novel thought of using the indirect effect of microbes, i.e., promoting other beneficial microbes, to improve soil environment.
B. Zorn‐Arnold, J. S. Brown, and H. F. Howe, “Obvious and Cryptic Vole Suppression of a Prairie Legume in Experimental Restorations,” International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 167, no. 5, pp. 961–968, Sep. 2006.
doi: 10.1086/505719.
Ecological conditions may amplify or diminish effects of herbivory. We use replicated prairie plantings established in 1997 to test for the effects of two components of ecological conditions, planting density (high or low density at a 10‐fold difference) and planting season (spring or fall), on meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvannicus) herbivory of the prairie perennial Desmanthus illinoensis Michx. (Fabaceae). Over 3 yr, Desmanthus counts declined in plots planted at high density and in December compared with those planted at low density and in June. In 2000, obvious suppression of Desmanthus by voles was reduction of numbers: overall, Desmanthus was 58% less common in plots with vole access than in those without and was virtually eliminated where voles had access in December plantings. In June plantings, direct but cryptic suppression by voles reduced plant biomass (−51%), fecundity (−44%), and seed mass (−50%). In June plantings, Desmanthus adults produced nearly 3000 fewer seeds, each with half the mass, where voles had access compared with where they did not. Desmanthus abundance was much reduced in December plantings, where remaining individuals were smaller and had lower reproductive output than in June plantings, with vole herbivory accentuating seasonal effects. Our results offer insights into the reasons why populations of this legume are sparse in much of central North America and why restoration plantings of this plant sometimes fail.
Mechanical scarification on seeds of appropriate forest trees by the circumference cut should be used for breaking seed dormancy for quick and optimum germination. Viable seeds of A. senegal were subjected to varied scarification treatments to determine their early germinability and subsequent development of vigour in the nursery. The treatments included micropylar, distal and circumference cuts, soaking in hot water at varying degrees and soaking time, H 2 SO 4 and HCl treatments at varying concentrations and soaking time. The design of the experiments in the laboratory and in the nursery was completely randomized design (CRD). In the laboratory, the percentage germination of the seeds soaking in 50% concentrated H 2 SO 4 and those cut at the circumference were significantly high (P<0.05) having 89.0% and 92.0% respectively with the least mean germination time (4.0) and the highest seedling vigour index (1.94). Mechanical scarification on seeds of appropriate forest trees by the circumference cut should be used for breaking seed dormancy for quick and optimum germination. Key Words: Scarification, Germinability, Mean-germination-time, dormancy, seedling-vigour-index
