S. Alagumanian, G. Jahirhussain, and M. V. Rao, “High Frequency Shoot Tip Multiplication and Exvitro Rooting of Centella Asiatica (l.) Urb. - a Industrial Medicinal Herb,” World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 4, no. 12, p. 16.
Rooting of ex vitro by direct transfer of shoots from multiplication medium exhibited 90% survival. Use of commercial sugar and tap water and also the omission of in vitro rooting reduce the propagation cost 50 – 70 %. The plantlets were hardened off and successfully established in the natural soil, where they grew and matured normally. The protocol enables to harvest more than 25,000 plantlets within 160 days starting from a single shoot tip explant.
S. Andruszczak, “The effect of foundation method and harvesting time on the yield of lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.),” Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska. Sectio E Agricultura (Poland), 2004.https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/647248bc53aa8c896304eb39.
The field experiment was carried out in Zamosc (Poland) on the brown soil of loess origin in years 2002-03. In the experiment the following methods of foundation a plantation were compared: 1) direct sowing in the field (control), 2) direct sowing in the field with cover of polypropylene sheet, 3) by seedlings from plastic house and 4) seedlings produced in multi-cell propagation trays (multiplates). There were two dates of leaf cutting: in August and before root harvest (beginning of October). The plot size was 20 cubic m (100 plants per plot) in four replications. Sowing in the plastic house was performed in mid March period (seedlings were transplanted to the field at beginning of May). In the middle of April seeds were sown in the field at the same spacing i.e. 50 x 40 cm. During the harvest the weight of lovage leaves and roots were recorded. Essential oil content was determined in the samples of leaves and roots (method of steam distillation using the Deryng apparatus). It was found that the higher yields were obtained when plants were propagated from transplants than from direct sowing in the field (leaf and root yield increased by 49.5 and 68.9 percent, respectively). Lovage grown from transplants and harvested twice during the vegetative period produced a significantly higher leaf yield than plants harvested once (at the end of the growing season). Leaf cutting in the summer (August), however caused a significant decrease of root yield (by 42.4 percent in relation to plants with no leaf harvest). Leaving the aboveground parts of lovage until autumn positively affected not only the root yield but also the essential oil content (from 0.56 to 0.88 percent). On mean, essential oil content was higher when plants were grown from seeds, but taking into account the oil yield per area unit, the most profitable was growing lovage from seedlings
S. Andruszczak, “The Effect of the Method of Plantation Establishment and Harvesting Time on Some Morphological Features of Plants and Essential Oil Content in Lovage Roots (Levisticum Officinale Koch.),” Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 21–27, Mar. 2007.https://czasopisma.up.lublin.pl/index.php/asphc/article/view/3742.
The field studies were carried out in 2002–2004 on brown soil of loess origin. In the experiment the following methods of plantation establishment were compared: direct sowing in the field (control); direct sowing in the field with cover of polypropylene sheet; by seedlings from plastic house; by seedlings produced in multicell propagation trays. There were two dates of leaf cutting: in August and before root harvest (October). Plants cultivated from seedlings were significantly higher and formed greater number of leaves as well as greater weight of above and under ground parts than in the cultivation from direct seeding, but the best results were obtained in the object with seedlings produced in multicell propagation trays. The use of polypropylene sheet positively affected the above ground parts of lovage, however caused significant decrease in root mass. Leaf cutting in the summer was connected with decrease in fresh root weight (by 40% in relation to plants with no leaf harvest) and essential oil content (from 0.85 to 0.52%). More active substances in lovage roots were accumulated in the plants obtained from directseeding than from transplants.
A. K. Bh, ari, M. Baunthiyal, V. K. Bisht, N. Singh, and J. S. Negi, “A Quick Bud Breaking Response of a Surface Model for Rapid Clonal Propagation in Centella Asiatica (L.),” International Journal of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Research, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 93–97, Oct. 2013.
doi: 10.5897/IJBMBR2013.0167.
Present investigation was planned to evaluate time period of bud breaking inCentella asiaticawith different concentration of plant growth regulators,a medicinal herb distributed throughout the worldwide. For the study, concentrations were designed for response surface model describing bud breaking growth in optimum conditions. A combination of BAP (2 mg/L) + gibberellic acid (GA3, 0.5 mg/L) was achieved at a best initial bud breaking at 8thhour. Longest time period taken for bud breaking was shown in combination of BAP (0.5 mg/L) + naphthalene acetic acid (NAA, 0.5 g / L) and BAP (0.1 mg/L) + adenine sulphate (0.5 mg/L) which was recorded at 84thhour. Half strength MS media was supplemented with IBA alone (2 mg/L) and in combination with IAA (0.5 mg/L) to attain an earlyin vitrorooting. Their interactions observed were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Key words:Centella asiatica, bud, plant growth regulator, medicinal plant.
E. Bylaitė, R. P. Venskutonis, and J. P. Roozen, “Influence of Harvesting Time on the Composition of Volatile Components in Different Anatomical Parts of Lovage (Levisticum Officinale Koch.),” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 3735–3740, Sep. 1998.
doi: 10.1021/jf9800559.
The essential oils from different botanical parts (leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds) of lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) were analyzed at various phases of plant growth. The seasonal changes in leaves were less considerable than in the stems. Seeds and flowers possessed the highest yield of oil. α-Terpinyl acetate was found to be the dominating compound in leaves and stems (up to 70%), β-phellandrene in seeds and flowers (61.50% and 40.80%, respectively); Z-ligustilide was confirmed as a major lovage phthalide constituting from 4.40% to 11.70% in leaves and from 4.80% to 13.80% in the stem’s essential oils depending on the harvesting time. Keywords: Levisticum officinale Koch.; Apiaceae; lovage; volatile constituents; essential oil; leaves; stems; roots; blossoms; harvesting time
J.-C. Chalchat and R.-P. Garry, “Essential Oil of Angelica Roots (Angelica Archangelica L.): Optimization of Distillation, Location in Plant and Chemical Composition,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 311–319, May 1997.
doi: 10.1080/10412905.1997.10554250.
The essential oils of angelica roots grown in the Auvergne region of France differ from those studied to date in their a-pinene, β-phellandrene and d-3-carene contents. Extractions performed with the plant out of or in water gave oils with similar compositions irrespective of how the roots had been dried or for how long. The optimal conditions necessary to obtain maximal yields of essential oil were obtained when the reactor was 40% full of plant material in water with a plant: water ratio of 1:4.
K.-M. Choi, S.-J. Hwang, S.-J. Chung, and B. Hwang, “Plant Regeneration Via Organogenesis on Petiole of Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban,” Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 87–91, 2006.https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200603042373392.page.
An efficient plant regeneration of C. asiatica was achieved from organogenesis using petiole explants of in vitro plantlet on MS basal medium controled with different plant growth regulators (NAA,2,4-D, IAA kinetin, and BA). Best results that 50%, efficiency of regeneration per explant for regeneration were obtained with IAA }17.13;{μ}M{ and BA }8.9;{μ}M{. Formation of adventitious shoots via organogenesis from the petiole explant was verified by histological sectioning of plantlets. Regenerated plants were transplanted into soil.
M. Dayeni, R. Omidbaigi, and M. R. Bastan, “Essential Oil Content and Composition of Levisticum Officinale Large Scale Cultivated in Iran,” Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 152–155, Jan. 2006.
doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2006.10643487.
The essential oil of dried root of Levisticum officinale large scale cultivated in Iran was obtained by hydrodistillation. The oil content was 0.6% (w/w) based on dry weight. The oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Twenty-four components were identified. 3-n-butyl phthalide constituted 85.2% of the oil. Other major components were 6-butyl-1,4-cycloheptadien (2.9%). butylidene dihydro phthalide (2.67%), butylidene dihydrophthalide (2.67%) and butylidene phthalide (1.48%).
The growth patterns and yield of Centella asiatica plant under four different levels of shading 0% (full sunlight), 30, 50, and 70% of solar radiation interception were investigated. The plantlets were growin in earthen pots containing soil, sand and vermicompost (1:2:1) and sugmitted to different levels of shading and solar radiation and full sunlight, as control. The results suggested that plants submitted to 30% shading showed higher plant biomass. However, the plantlets root system showed higher dry biomass under full sunlight. This information is helpful in planning cultivation of the plant.
A. Devkota and P. K. Jha, “Seed Germination Responses of the Medicinal Herb Centella Asiatica,” Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 143–150, 2010.
doi: 10.1590/S1677-04202010000200008.
The effect of several environmental factors on germination of medicinal herb Centella asiatica was investigated. Freshly harvested seeds of C. asiatica did not germinate even after gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment and exposure to different treatments with light qualities, while two-three months old seeds exhibited germination (82%) without pre-treatment at warm environment (25 -30°C). GA3 treatment induced germination by two weeks earlier than in control. Germination was significantly (p=0.001) higher in red and white light than in blue and far red light. In addition, germination of C. asiatica was sensitive towards the salt stress and was significantly inhibited at 6500 ppm NaCl. The leaf leachates from invasive weeds Chromolaena odorata, Ageratum conyzoides, Parthenium hysterophorus and Xanthium strumarium showed inhibitory effects on seed germination of C. asiatica. Parthenium hysterophorus had significant effect (p<0.001) on seed germination. These data contribute for the establishing of an efficient protocol for C. asiatica cultivation.
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, a stoloniferous herb belonging to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), is a slender creeping herb with roots originating from the nodes. The plant commonly called ‘Indian pennywort’ or ‘Gotukola’, is used in the preparation of Ayurvedic brain tonic. The plant produces a group of pentacyclic triterpenes known as “Centellosides” that include asiaticoside, madecassoside, thankuniside, sceffoleoside, brahminoside, asiatic acid, madecassic acid etc. Since, these centellosides are mainly present in the aerial parts of the plant, indiscriminate harvest of plants from the natural habitats can be prevented by developing a protocol for a rapid and high frequency regeneration. In the present study, 28.4±1.14 shoots were obtained from single nodal explant on MS media supplemented with 2 mg/l BAP. Also, high seed germination (83%) rate was achieved that would benefit conservation of the medicinally important plant, C. asiatica. Moreover, high frequency regeneration from nodal explants would be a potential tool for the study of metabolic engineering aspects leading to the enhanced production of secondary metabolites
S. George, R. shree B, K. V. Tushar, R. AV, M. Hariharan, and P. S. Benjamin, “Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis in Centella Asiatica.,” Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants, vol. 6, pp. 241–243., Jan. 2006.
E. S. Halimi, “Ithentication and Similarity Test: Indentification of Agronomic Traits of Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban.Naturally Grown at Regions with Different Altitudes,” Jurnal Natur Indonesia Wacana Sains Indonesia, vol. 13, no. 3. LPPM Universitas Riau, pp. 232–236, Jun-2011.https://repository.unsri.ac.id/18011/.
The Centella asiatica plant was an important herbal plant in Indonesia. The research was done to describe several agronomic traits that related to yield of the plants grown at regions with different altititudes. The research was carried out at three different regions of highland, midland, and lowerland, each at > 500m, 250-500m, and < 250m above sea level. The research location was Pagar Alam, Musi Rawas, and Ogan Ilir, respectively. Research indicated that the agronomic traits of the plants grown at highland, midland, and lowerland, regions were about the same for general appearence of leaf shape and flower color. The leaf size, number and length of stolone, number of rossets, length of rhizomes, and number of flower were varied depending on the region. The plants grown at highland and midland region tend to have larger leaf size, shorter petiole and stolone, more number of rossets and stolone, longer rhizomes, and more number of flowers per plant, as compared to the plants of lowerland region. This could be indication that Centella asiatica plants grown on midland, and highland were more productive than plants of lowerland region.
N. M. Hamzah, “Growth and Yield Performance of Pegaga (Centella Asiatica) to Different Types of Organic Fertilizer and Levels of Planting Media / Nur Masriyah Hamzah,” in Prosiding KONAKA Konferensi Akademik 2013, Bukit Gambang Resort City, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia, 2013, pp. 163–168.https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/39912/.
The demand for herbal medicines has increased tremendously in recent years. Many Malaysian plants which have been traditionally used to treat certain ailments are now being processed using modern technology for the production of functional foods and tonics including Centella asiatica (pegaga). Recently, the adverse effect of modern agriculture causes several problems in environment and one of the solutions is by turning to organic agriculture. The objective of this study was to determine the best combination of three different types of organic fertilizer (chicken manure (FI), goat manure (F2), and vermicompost (F3) and four different levels of planting media (clay soil-control (M1), clay soil + rice husk ash (M2), clay soil + sawdust (M3), and clay soil + rice husk ash + sawdust (M4)) to the growth and yield performance of pegaga. This experiment was conducted on clay soil under open rainshelter structure at Makmal Luaran Program Teknologi dan Pengurusan Perladangan, (AS220), Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with twelve (12) treatments and three (3) replications has been employed in this study. The first data collection was conducted on the 12th January 2009 and was continued to collect data at weekly basis until 60 days. Then the data was analyzed by using the Microsoft Excel and Minitab software. At the end of this experiment, the result showed that the best combination treatment was obtained when plants grown with chicken manure combine with clay soil and rice husk ash (FIM2) pegaga.
B. G. Hanumantharaya, B. N. Sathyanarayana, A. A. Waman, and R. G. Guruprakash, “High Frequency Somatic Embryogenesis in Indian Pennywort (Centella Asiatica L.).,” Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 451–456, 2011.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20123295163.
Indian pennywort (Centella asiatica L.), ’The intelligence imparter’, is an important medicinal herb due to its memory enhancing property. The natural wild populations of the species are under threat due to lack of organized cultivation coupled with uncontrolled exploitation. An effort was therefore made in this study to develop a protocol for high frequency plantlet regeneration through somatic...
O. Heidarpour, M. K. Souri, and R. Omidbaigi, “Changes in Content and Constituents of Essential Oil in Different Plant Parts of Lovage (Levisticum Officinale Koch. Cv. Budakalaszi) Cultivated in Iran,” Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 318–322, Jun. 2013.
doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2013.764187.
Sixteen, 18, 19, 19 and 10 constituents were identified in the essential oils of herb, flowers, unripe fruits, ripe fruits and roots of lovage, respectively. In herb’s essential oil the main constituents were: α-terpinyl acetate (52.4 %), Z-ligustilide (29.7 %), β-phellandrene (12.9 %). In flower’s essential oil the main constituents were: Z-ligustilide (52.4 %), β-phellandrene (26.6 %) and α-terpinyl acetate (10.4 %). β-Phellandrene (47.8 %), Z-ligustilide (38.5 %) and α-terpinyl acetate (3.6 %) were the major components of unripe fruits. In ripe fruits, Z-ligustilide (35.1 %), β-phellandrene (34.4 %) and α-terpinyl acetate (4.2 %) and in roots Z-ligustilide (79.7 %), Pentylcyclohexadiene (7.9 %), P-allylanisole (7 %) and β-phellandrene (2.3 %), are found chief constituents.
N. Joshee, B. K. Biswas, and A. K. Yadav, “Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Development in Centella Asiatica L., a Highly Prized Medicinal Plant of the Tropics,” HortScience, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 633–637, Jun. 2007.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.42.3.633.
Past research experience with Centella asiatica micropropagation suggests a very high rate of contamination during the culture establishment stage. We demonstrate protocols for successful sterilization of Centella explants prepared from field-grown plants with an abundance of fungal and bacterial contamination. Sequential steps during sterilization and explant preparation process included a dip for 30 s in 70% ethyl alcohol, weak bleach treatment for 12 min, and a 60-min soak in plant preservative mixture before establishing cultures. We also report a reproducible system for somatic embryogenesis in Centella using leaf and stolon tip explants collected from naturally growing populations. Somatic embryos were induced within 3 to 4 weeks of culture in the dark on (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Initial embryogenic mass appeared as nodular callus, which eventually developed into actual somatic embryos exhibiting globular, heart-shaped, and cotyledonary stages. Leaves produced embryogenic calli at 2.26 and 4.52 μm 2,4-D, whereas stolon tips were responsive only in the 9.04 μm 2,4-D treatment. Withdrawal of 2,4-D/growth regulators from the induction medium resulted in the maturation and further development of the embryos into plantlets. Regular subculturing of the embryogenic calli into MS medium sustained their regenarability for more than 1 year. Somatic embryos were individually encapsulated in sodium alginate and calcium chloride-based encapsulation matrix to produce artificial or synthetic seeds (synseeds). Synseeds with 2% sodium alginate were found best for the survival and germination recorded after their storage at 5 to 8 °C for 30 and 60 days. We report protocols for C. asiatica to reduce explant contamination before establishment of cultures on somatic embryo induction medium and efficient somatic embryogenesis to facilitate conservation and mass production of elite germplasm. This may further assist rapid dissemination of superior clones needed for research and commercial production.
T. Kaensaksiri, P. Soontornchainaksaeng, N. Soonthornchareonnon, and S. Prathanturarug, “Mutational Breeding of Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban for Medicinal Purposes,” Planta Medica, vol. 76, no. 12, p. P182, Aug. 2010.
doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1264480.
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K. Kerrola, B. Galambosi, and H. Kallio, “Characterization of Volatile Composition and Odor of Angelica (Angelica Archangelica Subsp. Archangelica L.) Root Extracts,” ACS Publications. American Chemical Society, May-2002.
doi: 10.1021/jf00045a028.
O.-T. Kim et al., “Enhanced Production of Asiaticoside from Hairy Root Cultures of Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban Elicited by Methyl Jasmonate,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 1941–1949, Nov. 2007.
doi: 10.1007/s00299-007-0400-1.
Transformed root (“hairy root”) cultures have been shown to be a good model for the study of many secondary metabolites. However, economically important compounds such as asiaticoside and madecassoside are produced in insignificant amounts in the root of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. To overcome this problem, C. asiatica was transformed using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain R1000 that harbors pCAMBIA1302 encoding the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) and green fluorescence protein (mgfp5) genes and the hairy culture was coupled with elicitation technique. Hairy roots were obtained at a frequency of up to 14.1% from a tissue junction between the leaf and petiole. Abundant hairy roots were observed when co-cultivation of the plant with A. rhizogenes was done for 7 days (36.1%). Transformation was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analyses. Five weeks after inoculation, no asiaticoside was detected in the hairy root samples. However, when 0.1 mM methyl jasmonate (MJ) was applied as an elicitor to the culture medium for 3 weeks, a large quantity of asiaticoside was generated (7.12 mg/g, dry wt). In the case of gene expression, 12 h after MJ treatment the expression of the CabAS (C. asiatica putative β-amyrin synthase) gene in the hairy roots is significantly different from that of the control and this level of transcripts was maintained for 14 days. Our results showed that production of C. asiatica hairy roots could be optimized and the resulting cultures could be elicited with MJ treatment for enhanced production of asiaticoside.
R. K. Kunta and N. S. Mani, “Effect of Hormones and Sucrose on Maturation of Somatic Embryos in Centella Asiatica And Its Qualitative Analysis.,” Journal of Current Pharma Research, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 450–452, Nov. 2011.
doi: 10.33786/JCPR.2011.v02i01.013.
Somatic embryos were obtained from explants of Centella asiatica cultured on MS medium containing different concentrations and combinations of auxins and cytokinins. Somatic embryos upon maturation on MS basal medium 2,4D (2mg/L) + IAA (3mg/L) and shoot regeneration was obtained on MS medium containing BAP (2mg/l) + IBA (1mg/L). Regenerated shoots with rooting transferred to field conditions grew normally.
L. Laflamme, N. Tremblay, and M.-H. Michaud, “863 PB 547 IMPROVING SEED GERMINATION OF ANGELICA (Angelica Archangelica L.),” HortScience, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 558b–558, May 1994.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.29.5.558b.
Angelica is grown in Quebec (Canada) for its root-bound medicinal properties. Matol Botanique Int., a major user of Angelica extracts, decided 4 years ago to promote local production in order to secure supplies and quality. However, the crop has to be started from seed that show low and variable germination behavior. Emergence occurs after ± 12 days and most of the germination if obtained after 20 to 40 days depending on seed origin and test conditions. Maximum germination ranges from 6 to 57%. Three treatments were first compared in order to stimulate germination: seed soaking in warm water for 24 h, watering germination trays with algae extracts and placing floating row covers over the trays. Angelica germination was significantly improved only by row covers with a maximum of 24% vs 19%. Results were obtained from experiments with other techniques (stratification, seed conditioning, etc,...) to further improve germination. 2Working for the Horticultural Research Centre, Laval University, Que.
W. Letchamo, A. Gosselin, and J. Hölzl, “Growth and Essential Oil Content of Angelica Archangelica as Influenced by Light Intensity and Growing Media,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 497–504, Sep. 1995.
doi: 10.1080/10412905.1995.9698573.
The effects of light levels and growing media on growth and essential oil content in Angelica archangelica were investigated under greenhouse conditions. Eight months after seed sowing, the highest shoot and root dry matter yield (810 g/plant and 438 g/plant respectively) was recorded from sand-hydroponic (SH) grown variants under supplemental light (SL). The highest oil yield (4.03 mg/plant) was produced by SH-grown plants under SL, while the lowest oil yield (1.74 mg/plant) was obtained from plants grown under organic culture with natural light (NL). The contribution of SL to dry matter (DM) shoot production under SH culture was 57%, while for root production this was found to be 61%. The DM root and total shoot yields of organically grown plants under SL declined by 11% and 18%, respectively, due to increased light intensity. Significant differences were found in the distribution of oil content in different organs, root sizes and the grinding of angelica samples. Thick and thin roots were found to contain more than 200% of oil compared to rhizomes. Thinner roots were measured to have the highest oil content (1.28%), followed by larger roots (1.03%). Stems were found to have the lowest oil content (0.07%). With the grinding intensity of the roots, it was possible to obtain more oil through distillation.
A. P. K. Ling, M. F. Chin, and S. Hussein, “Adventitious Root Production of Centella Asiatica in Response to Plant Growth Regulators and Sucrose Concentrations,” p. 6.
Centella asiatica is an important medicinal plant commonly used for wound healing purposes and as a brain tonic. A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of different plant growth regulators at various concentrations on adventitious root induction from the leaf and petiole explants. Full strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3butyric acid (IBA), and D-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg/L were used in this study. All treatments were kept in the dark and data collection was performed after 8 weeks of culture. No adventitious roots formed in the control medium devoid of any plant growth regulators (PGRs). Among the PGRs used, IBA showed the best adventitious root formation for both explants, followed by NAA, and IAA. The highest percentage of explants forming roots, number of roots per explant and longest roots formed from leaf explants was observed in 7 mg/L IBA. Meanwhile, IBA at 5 mg/L showed better rooting efficiency for petiole explants. Petiole explants were better than leaf explant for inducing adventitious roots. The effects of sucrose at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7% (w/v) on adventitious root induction from petiole explants were also assessed. No adventitious roots formed in MS media without sucrose. Sucrose at 4% and 5 mg/L of IBA showed the highest number of roots per explant and the longest roots.
S. Mathavaraj and K. K. Sabu, “Genetic Diversity and Structure Revealed by Genomic Microsatellite Markers in Centella Asiatica (L.) Urb., a Plant with Medicinal Potential,” Molecular Biology Reports, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 7387–7396, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s11033-021-06748-5.
Around the world, medicinal plants are utilised for various purposes. Centella asiatica is one of the important medicinal plants widely used in many medicinal systems. Nevertheless, analysis of the genetic diversity would pave the way for its most suitable utilisation.
N. Matłok, J. Gorzelany, A. Figiel, and M. Balawejder, “Effect of Fertilisation on the Quality of Dried Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum L.) and Lovage (Levisticum Officinale),” Agriculture, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 386, May 2021.
doi: 10.3390/agriculture11050386.
The study presents the effects of fertilisation on selected quality parameters of the dried material obtained from plants of lovage and coriander. During the crop production process, the plants were treated with two fertilisers containing substances potentially acting as elicitors. The dried material was obtained in course of a drying process carried out in optimum conditions and based on the CD-VMFD method which combines convective pre-drying (CD) at a low temperature (40 °C) with vacuum-microwave finish drying with the use of 240 W microwaves (VMFD). The quality of the dried material was evaluated through measurement of the total contents of polyphenols, total antioxidant potential (ABTS and DPPH method), and the profile of volatile compounds (headspace-solid phase microextractio-HS-SPME) as well as assessment of the colour. It was found that by applying first fertilisation (with organic components) it is possible to significantly increase the contents of both bioactive compounds and volatile substances responsible for the aroma. It was determined that the higher content of bioactive compounds was related to the composition of the first fertiliser, presumably the extract from common nettle. The study showed that the application of the first fertiliser contributed to enhanced quality parameters of the raw material obtained.
M. Miran, H. Monsef Esfahani, M. Moridi Farimani, A. A. Ahmadi, and S. N. Ebrahimi, “Essential Oil Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Levisticum Officinale Koch at Different Developmental Stages,” Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1051–1055, Jul. 2018.
doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2018.1507759.
GC-FID and GC-MS analyzed the essential oil composition obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts and roots of Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch at flowering and fruiting stages. The oils obtained in yields 2.5-3.0 % (v/w). The analysis of data resulted in the identification of twenty-eight compounds. The major compounds of oil from the aerial parts at flowering and fruiting stages were pentyl cyclohexa-1,3-diene (22.7-28.1 %), Z-ligustilide (24.5-26 %), neocnidilide (15.9-23 %). the β-phellandrene was in high percentages in roots. The components of oil from root at flowering and fruiting stages were Z-β-ocimene (13-28.1 %), Z-ligustilide (0.8-5.8 %), neocnidilide (4.8-11.6 %), p-menth-1-en-8-ol acetate (21.1-42.1 %) and pentyl cyclohexa-1,3-diene (2.2-2.4 %). The biological activity of essential oils was studied against two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Entrococcus faecium) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) strains. The essential oil from the aerial parts at fruiting stage showed activity against S. aureus (MIC = 2.0 mg/ml), E. faecium (MIC = 8.0 mg/ml) and E. coli (MIC = 4.0 mg/ml).
M. H. Mirjalili, P. Salehi, A. Sonboli, J. Hadian, S. N. Ebrahimi, and M. Yousefzadi, “The Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Levisticum Officinale Koch. Flowers and Fruits at Different Developmental Stages,” Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, vol. 75, no. 12, pp. 1661–1669, 2010.
doi: 10.2298/JSC100524126M.
The composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Levisticum officinale Koch. at different developmental stages (flower, immature fruit, green mature fruit and ripened fruit) is reported. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of air-dried samples and their antibacterial activities were tested against seven bacteria. The yield of oil (w/w %) in different stages was in the order: immature fruit (1.5 %) > green mature fruit (1.0 %) > ripened fruit (0.6 %) > flower (0.1 %). The essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. In total, 27, 31, 28 and 26 constituents were identified and quantified in the mentioned samples, respectively. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the main group of compounds in the green mature fruit (79.2 %), immature fruit (78.4 %), ripened fruit (75.2 %) and flower (44.0 %). The antibacterial activity of the oils was evaluated by the disk diffusion method using Müller-Hinton agar and determination of inhibition zones. The results of the bioassays showed some variations between the three tested oils in their inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria at a 10 μl disc-1 concentration. The oils from mature and ripened fruit exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.90 mg ml-1 in mature and ripen fruits.
S. S. Moghaddam, H. Jaafar, R. Ibrahim, A. Rahmat, M. A. Aziz, and E. Philip, “Effects of Acute Gamma Irradiation on Physiological Traits and Flavonoid Accumulation of Centella Asiatica,” Molecules, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 4994–5007, Jun. 2011.
doi: 10.3390/molecules16064994.
In the present study, two accessions of Centella asiatica (CA03 and CA23) were subjected to gamma radiation to examine the response of these accessions in terms of survival rate, flavonoid contents, leaf gas exchange and leaf mass. Radiation Sensitivity Tests revealed that based on the survival rate, the LD50 (gamma doses that killed 50% of the plantlets) of the plantlets were achieved at 60 Gy for CA03 and 40 Gy for CA23. The nodal segments were irradiated with gamma rays at does of 30 and 40 Gy for Centella asiatica accession ‘CA03’ and 20 and 30 Gy for accession ‘CA23. The nodal segment response to the radiation was evaluated by recording the flavonoid content, leaf gas exchange and leaf biomass. The experiment was designed as RCBD with five replications. Results demonstrated that the irradiated plantlets exhibited greater total flavonoid contents (in eight weeks) significantly than the control where the control also exhibited the highest total flavonoid contents in the sixth week of growth; 2.64 ± 0.02 mg/g DW in CA03 and 8.94 ± 0.04 mg/g DW in CA23. The total flavonoid content was found to be highest after eight weeks of growth, and this, accordingly, stands as the best time for leaf harvest. Biochemical differentiation based on total flavonoid content revealed that irradiated plantlets in CA23 at 20 and 30 Gy after eight weeks contained the highest total flavonoid concentrations (16.827 ± 0.02; 16.837 ± 0.008 mg/g DW, respectively) whereas in CA03 exposed to 30 and 40 Gy was found to have the lowest total flavonid content (5.83 ± 0.11; 5.75 ± 0.03 mg/g DW). Based on the results gathered in this study, significant differences were found between irradiated accessions and control ones in relation to the leaf gas. The highest PN and gs were detected in CA23 as control followed by CA23 irradiated to 20Gy (CA23G20) and CA23G30 and the lowest PN and gs were observed in CA03 irradiated to 40Gy (CA03G40). Moreover, there were no significant differences in terms of PN and gs among the irradiated plants in each accession. The WUE of both irradiated accessions of Centella asiatica were reduced as compared with the control plants (p < 0.01) while Ci and E were enhanced. There were no significant differences in the gas exchange parameters among radiated plants in each accession. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) of accessions after gamma treatments were significantly higher than the control, however, flavonoids which were higher concentration in irradiated plants can scavenge surplus free radicals. Therefore, the findings of this study have proven an efficient method of in vitro mutagenesis through gamma radiation based on the pharmaceutical demand to create economically superior mutants of C. asiatica. In other words, the results of this study suggest that gamma irradiation on C. asiatica can produce mutants of agricultural and economical importance.
P. Mohapatra, A. Ray, I. S. Sandeep, R. Parida, and S. Mohanty, “Genetic and Biochemical Stability of in Vitro Raised and Conventionally Propagated Centella Asiatica - A Valuable Medicinal Herb,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 140, pp. 444–453, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2021.01.004.
An efficient micropropagation protocol was developed for C. asiatica, a commercially important herb having high medicinal and cosmetic properties. Shoot induction was observed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with various combinations of benzyladenine (BA) (2.22 - 22.2 µM) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (1.34 - 8.06 µM). The maximum number of shoots (11.30 ± 0.68) per explant was initiated on MS media containing BA (6.66 µM) and NAA (2.69 µM). Maximum shoot proliferation was achieved on MS medium supplemented with BA (6.66 µM) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (2.84 µM). The best rooting (24.69 ± 0.08) per explant was achieved on half-strength MS medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (4.92 µM). The in vitro regenerated plantlets were acclimatized and shifted to the field. Genetic stability of the micropropagated regenerants was evaluated using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and flow cytometry. Out of 28 primers tested, 9 primers resulted in 561 distinct and reproducible bands ranging from 200 to 1400 bp. Monomorphic banding profile was observed between the mother plant and tissue culture regenerants. The mean 2C DNA content of mother and micropropagated plants evaluated by flow cytometry were estimated to be 0.14 and 0.12 pg, thereby indicating no significant change in the 2C DNA content. Additionally, HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) analysis did not show any significant differences in the content of triterpenes and phenolic compounds in both mother and micropropagated plants. Thus, this protocol could be implemented for large scale cultivation of elite germplasm of C. asiatica.
H. Mokhtar, N. Morad, and F. F. A. Fizri, “Phytoaccumulation of Copper from Aqueous Solutions Using Eichhornia Crassipes and Centella Asiatica,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, pp. 205–210, 2011.
doi: 10.7763/IJESD.2011.V2.125.
Phytoremediation is a relatively new approach to treat wastewater contaminated by organic and inorganic substances including heavy metals. The effectiveness of two aquatic plants, Centella asiatica and Eichhornia crassipes, were evaluated for their capabilities in removing copper from copper solution. The aim of this study is to determine the potential of these aquatic plants to act as hyperaccumulators. The aquatic plants were put in 8 liters of solution containing 1.5 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L and 5.5 mg/L of copper, for a period of 21 days. Analyses of heavy metals contents were conducted using an Atomic Adsorption Spectrometer. Results showed an increase of copper within the plants’ roots and shoots tissues and a decrease of copper concentration in the solution. The maximum removal of copper in the solutions containing Centella asiatica was 99.6 % as compared to 97.3 % in solutions containing Eichhornia crassipes. Centella asiatica accumulated a maximum amount of copper of 1353.0 mg/kg whereas Eichhornia crassipes accumulated 1147.5 mg/kg of copper in their roots. The accumulation of copper of more than 1000 mg/L in plant tissues indicate that both aquatic plants can be considered as hyperaccumulators of copper. Roots tend to accumulate a higher amount of copper than shoots due to translocation process. Significant removal of copper were obtained at p<0.01 for containers containing both aquatic plants, indicating that Centella asiatica and Eichhornia crassipes can be utilized in the phytoremediation method to remove copper from wastewater.
E. N. Ncube, P. A. Steenkamp, N. E. Madala, and I. A. Dubery, “Metabolite Profiling of the Undifferentiated Cultured Cells and Differentiated Leaf Tissues of Centella Asiatica,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 129, no. 3, pp. 431–443, Jun. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-017-1189-4.
Centella asiatica, a perennial herb renowned for its wide range of nutraceuticals properties, is a valuable source of plant secondary metabolites with various pharmacological activities. Novel approaches to develop alternatives for the production and enrichment of these secondary metabolites are receiving much attention, for example the biotechnological manipulation of undifferentiated cells cultures as a potential source of natural products. This study investigated the differences of the metabolite profiles between undifferentiated cells and differentiated leaf tissues of C. asiatica in comparison to a commercially available herbal medicine supplement. The secondary metabolites were extracted using methanol and analysed on an UHPLC-QTOF-MS platform. Metabolites were further identified and characterised based on their MS-fragmentation patterns and through comparison with authentic standards where available. Results revealed the similarities and dissimilarities and showed inter- and intra- relationships amid the different samples. A total of 18 metabolites including a number of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids as well as the four centelloids (pentacyclic triterpenoids) were annotated in different sample groups across the different extracts. The results obtained verified that the different biological systems of C. asiatica are chemo-diverse, possibly related to regional and processing differences, and in the case of cells, to the level of cellular differentiation.
C. Novianti, S. Purbaningsih, and A. Salamah, “The Effect of Different Pericarp Color on Seed Germination of Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban,” AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1729, no. 1, p. 020064, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.1063/1.4946967.
\relax A. N. T. S. O. N. A. N. T. E. N. A. I. N. A. I. R. I. V. O. N. Y. Ononamandimby, “Strategies De Reproduction De Centella Asiatica L. Urb.(talapetraka) Dans Deux Regions Soumises a Des Regimes De Recolte Contrastes,” Master's thesis, UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO, 2010.http://biblio.univ-antananarivo.mg/pdfs/antsonantenainarivonyOnonamandimby_SN_M2_10.pdf.
\relax C. Paramageetham, G. Prasad Babu, and J. V. S. Rao, “Somatic Embryogenesis in Centella Asiatica L. an Important Medicinal and Neutraceutical Plant of India,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 19–24, Oct. 2004.
doi: 10.1023/B:TICU.0000049427.27937.d2.
Leaf segments excised from Centella asiatica, a medicinal and neutraceutical plant, produced abundant somaticembryoswhen cultured onMS mediumwith 9.29 μMkinetin in combination with 2.26 μM2,4-D. Granular, white,shiny clusters of callus developed after 1 week of culture, and then formed heart and cotyledonary stage embryoson the same medium after 4 weeks. Somatic embryos matured and germinated in the presence of MS mediumcontaining 2.32 μM kinetin with (2.89μM) GA3. Plantlets were successfully transferred to pots containing amixture of soil and vermiculite (1:1).
A. Prasad, O. Prakash, S. Mehrotra, F. Khan, A. K. Mathur, and A. Mathur, “Artificial Neural Network-Based Model for the Prediction of Optimal Growth and Culture Conditions for Maximum Biomass Accumulation in Multiple Shoot Cultures of Centella Asiatica,” Protoplasma, vol. 254, no. 1, pp. 335–341, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s00709-016-0953-3.
An artificial neural network (ANN)-based modelling approach is used to determine the synergistic effect of five major components of growth medium (Mg, Cu, Zn, nitrate and sucrose) on improved in vitro biomass yield in multiple shoot cultures of Centella asiatica. The back propagation neural network (BPNN) was employed to predict optimal biomass accumulation in terms of growth index over a defined culture duration of 35 days. The four variable concentrations of five media components, i.e. MgSO4 (0, 0.75, 1.5, 3.0 mM), ZnSO4 (0, 15, 30, 60 μM), CuSO4 (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 μM), NO3 (20, 30, 40, 60 mM) and sucrose (1, 3, 5, 7 %, w/v) were taken as inputs for the ANN model. The designed model was evaluated by performing three different sets of validation experiments that indicated a greater similarity between the target and predicted dataset. The results of the modelling experiment suggested that 1.5 mM Mg, 30 μM Zn, 0.1 μM Cu, 40 mM NO3 and 6 % (w/v) sucrose were the respective optimal concentrations of the tested medium components for achieving maximum growth index of 1654.46 with high centelloside yield (62.37 mg DW/culture) in the cultured multiple shoots. This study can facilitate the generation of higher biomass of uniform, clean, good quality C. asiatica herb that can efficiently be utilized by pharmaceutical industries.
A. Prasad, V. S. Pragadheesh, A. Mathur, N. K. Srivastava, M. Singh, and A. K. Mathur, “Growth and Centelloside Production in Hydroponically Established Medicinal Plant-Centella Asiatica (L.),” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 309–312, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.06.020.
Conditions to cultivate medicinally important herb Centella asiatica in hydroponic system are reported here for the first time. Growth kinetics of hydroponically grown plants was monitored over a period of 70 days. The maximum growth and dry matter accumulation (156.3% increment over the initial inoculum weight) in the cultured plants occurred around 42nd day. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the bioactive centellosides in the crude triterpenoids extract of the harvested leaves showed the presence of 11mg, 1.7mg, 36.6mg and 6.3mg of madecassoside, asiaticoside, madecassic acid and asiatic acid on per gram dry weight basis, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the cultivation of C. asiatica in hydroponic systems can be an effective platform for the production of clean and good quality C. asiatica herb for the pharmaceutical companies.
C. Röhricht, “Influence of Cutting Frequency on Yield and Selected Quality Characteristics of Lovage (Levisticum Officinale W.D.J. Koch),” Journal of medicinal and spice plants, vol. 14, pp. 105–113, Sep. 2009.
The influence of a different frequency of herb cuttings on yield, growth and quality parameters have been investigated on lovage (Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch) in field plot experiments in two locations on deep loess soil. The highest cumulated leaf drug yields in the three years lasting cultivation period were achieved by cutting the herb four or six times per year with 159.7 and 106.0 dt/ha respectively. The root drug yield amounted to 20.0-49.7 dt/ha at the end of three years of cultivation where no statistically significant dependence on the cutting frequency could be detected. Numerous harvesting up to eight cuts per year resulted in a decrease of the leaf drug yield in the average of the experimental years by about 20 per cent in comparison to four cuts per year. Particular frequent cuts per year resulted only on one experimental location in a considerable decrease of the root drug yield. From the analysis of the yield of the individual cuts it can be concluded that the amount of the annual cumulative yield results mainly from the first two cuts. The following cuts - especially from the fifth to the eighth harvest - realised only very low herb yields however with an extremely high leaf ratio of about 70-80 per cent whereas the average values in the experiment ranged between 60 and 70%. The regression analysis revealed that high leaf drug yields per cut (1015 dt/ha) can only be obtained when the growth height amounts to about 70-80 cm which occurs mostly only on the first two to four cuts. No systematic influence of the cutting frequency on the content of the essential oil (0,16-0,66%) and its composition (β-phellandrene 3.0-18.5%, a-terpinylacetate 40.8-65.7%, cis- and trans-butylidenphthalide 1.37-8.87% und cis- und trans-ligustilide 10.9-34.1 %) could be detected. But there is evidence to suggest that as a result of frequent cuttings the ratio of a-terpinylacetate decreases and the ratio of ligustilide increases. As a result of the investigations, up to four cuttings of the herb per year with final root harvest at the end of all cultivation years can be recommended.
W. Rosłon, E. Osińska, and A. Wajs-Bonikowska, “Effect of Plantation Establishment and Raw Material Stabilization on the Usefull Traits of Lovage Leaves (Levisticum Officinale Koch.),” Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 141–155, Feb. 2013.https://czasopisma.up.lublin.pl/index.php/asphc/article/view/2849.
Lovage is a popular medicinal and spice plant. Its usable organs are roots, fruits and leaves. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of plantation establishment and different methods of lovage leaves stabilization on its functional characteristics, including the essential oil content, chemical composition and quality of odor. Higher content of essential oil was determined in leaves harvested from plantations established with seedlings in comparison to the one from late fall sowing (respectively: 0.890 ml.100 g-1, 0.755 ml.100 g-1). Freezing, oven-drying and freeze-drying resulted in a decrease of this substance content. Compounds present in the tested essential oils were monoterpenes and their oxygen-containing derivatives (an average of 80.2%). The main component in the analysed essential oils was the -terpinyl acetate (average 36.6%). Percentage of -terpinyl acetate, (Z)-ligustylid, (Z)-butylidenoftalid, (E)-butylidenoftalid and(E)-ligustylid increased under the used stability methods. Appearance in the oils collected from stabilized raw materials trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, cis-β-elemene, and butylophtalide (compounds that were absent in the essential oil from fresh raw material) was also observed.
C. S. A. V. A. Sand and M.-M. Antofie, “New Improvements in Plant Quality of Angelica Archangelica L. as a Crop Species of Food and Pharmaceutical Interest,” vol. 16, no. 1, 2016.
Angelica archangelica L. is a medicinal plant species with a real continuously developing potential for its use in homeopathy and food industry for future. The species is known and cultivated since ancient times for treating certain diseases. In the last century active chemical compounds of pharmaceutical importance have been described and lately more and more European countries are using this plant in the food industry as such or as food ingredient. The scope of this article is to evaluate agricultural practices for improving canopy production in angelica ‘De Cristian’ population, originating from the wild and collected in Brasov area during 1990. A distance between rows of 80 cm is ideal for this species cultivation as a crop plant in similar agro-ecosystems in South East Transylvania.
K. Seidler-Lozykowska and K. Kazimierczak, “Content of the essential oil in the plant organs of lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch) and yield of the raw material in different stages of its development,” Herba Polonica (Poland), 1998.https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/64775e05a3fd11e4303b7361.
At the Breeding laboratory of the Institute of Medical Plants in Poznan experiments evaluating the content of the essential oil in lovage ograns and their yield in the different stages of its development were conducted in 1987-89. Biosynthesis of the essential oil was similar in the individual parts of plant; it reached its maximum at stages III and IV. The highest content of the essential oil was in seeds and in the leaves. In each stage, roots were the main part of the yield. The stage of flowering is the best time for lovage harvest
B. Shamalie, R. Fonseka, and R. Rajapaksha, “Effect of Trichoderma Viride and Carbofuran (Curator®) on Management of Root Knot Nematodes and Growth Parameters of Gotukola (Centella Asiatica L.),” Tropical Agricultural Research, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 61, Sep. 2012.
doi: 10.4038/tar.v23i1.4632.
Gotukola (Centella asiatica L) is a widely grown popular leafy vegetable in Sri Lanka. Root Knot Nematodes (RKN) (Meloidogyne spp.) infestation is one of the key problems which causes heavy losses in commercial Gotukola cultivations in warm climates. A field experiment was carried out in Chilaw (AEZ IL1a) during the wet season (Maha) 2010/2011 to evaluate the effectiveness of the bio-control agent, Trichoderma viride and chemical; Carbofuran (Curator®) on RKN and growth of Gotukola. The treatments imposed were T. viride (CFU 1011/ml) incorporated manures (compost and poultry manure at the rate of 2 kg/m2) and recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers, Curator® (1.5g/m2) incorporated manures and recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer. Trichoderma, Curator® (1.5 g/m2) untreated manures, inorganic fertilizers and no amendment (control). The results revealed that Curator® incorporated manures had no significant (p>0.05) difference on the promotion of growth parameters. The combined application of T. viride + compost had significant (p<0.05) impact on plant growth which attributed to increased number of roots, leaf length, stalk length and root length. Highest fresh weight of leaves of first harvest was recorded in the treatment of Trichoderma + compost treated plots. Treatments of Trichoderma + compost had significant (p<0.05) reduction in RKN gall formation in Gotukola. The results indicate that, the T. viride incorporated compost can be recommended as an alternative to Curator® to control RKN and to promote growth of Gotukola.
Y. Siddiqui, T. M. Islam, Y. Naidu, and S. Meon, “The Conjunctive Use of Compost Tea and Inorganic Fertiliser on the Growth, Yield and Terpenoid Content of Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 130, no. 1, pp. 289–295, Aug. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2011.05.043.
The conjunctive use of a compost tea (CT) and an inorganic fertiliser (NPK) on the growth, yield and terpenoid content of Centella asiatica (L.) urban was evaluated. CT and NPK applied at half the recommended concentration resulted in the significant enhancement of vegetative growth, yield and antioxidant content. The synergistic effect of CT50 and NPK50 was highly pronounced on the bioactive components Asiatic acid, madecassoside and asiaticoside. The distribution of the total antioxidants was highest in roots (80%), followed by leaves (66%) and petioles (54%). There was a strong positive correlation (r=0.990) between fertility and total antioxidant content, suggesting an enhanced synthesis of bioactive components resulting from the treatment. This response by C. asiatica to the integrated experimental treatment suggests a viable option for the commercial cultivation of the herb. Augmenting the vegetative biomass production and bioactive components will increase the availability of this medicinal herb for the treatment of various human ailments.
P. Singh and J. S. Singh, “Recruitment and Competitive Interaction between Ramets and Seedlings in a Perennial Medicinal Herb, Centella Asiatica,” Basic and Applied Ecology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 65–76, Jan. 2002.
doi: 10.1078/1439-1791-00085.
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, a clonal perennial and medicinally important herb, is found throughout India in moist places up to an altitude of 1800 m. Plant reproduces both through vegetative (ramets) and sexual (seedlings) means. The present study was undertaken to investigate (1) the recruitment pattern of ramets (R) and seedlings (S) in natural populations, and (2) the relative competitive ability and the pattern of allocation of resources in S and R plants grown in mixed culture. Individuals of similar size from the two populations raised through nodes and seeds were grown in pure and mixed stands at the same overall density but with different proportions by using de Wit’s “replacement series”. There were significant differences in growth parameters, viz. leaf number, leaf area, number of stolons, number of daughter ramets, total biomass, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and crude reproductive effort (CRE) due to proportions and population types. Total biomass, leaf area, and numbers of leaves, stolons, daughter ramets, and seeds were higher for ramets at all proportions. RGR and LAR were also higher for ramets, while NAR was higher for seedlings. NAR and CRE were enhanced due to competition in both the ramets and seedlings. Growth performance per pot was higher in monoculture than in mixed culture. Higher relative yield and competitive ability of ramets as compared to seedlings were not due to initial advantage of higher biomass. Relative yield total showed that both types of populations competed for the same resources. In nature, the ramets play a greater role in population maintenance of C. asiatica. Die klonale, perennierende und medizinisch bedeutende Pflanze Centenella asiatica (L.) Urban kommt in ganz Indien an feuchten Standorten bis zu einer Höhe von 1800 m vor. Die Pflanze reproduziert sich auf vegetative (Rameten) und sexuelle (Sämlinge) Weise. Die vorliegende Untersuchung wurde unternommen, um (1) das Rekrutierungsmuster der Rameten (R) und der Sämlinge (S) in natürlichen Populationen und (2) die relative Konkurrenzfähigkeit, sowie das Muster der Ressourcen-Allokation in S oder R bei Pflanzen zu erforschen, die in gemischten Kulturen wachsen. In zwei Populationen wurden Individuen ähnlicher Größe aus Knoten oder Samen gezogen und in reinen bzw. gemischten Beständen mit gleicher Gesamtdichte, jedoch in unterschiedlichen Anteilen nach de Wits “replacement”-Serie, angepflanzt. In Abhängigkeit von den Anteilen und Populationstypen bestanden signifikante Unterschiede in den Wachstumsparametern, d.h. der Blattanzahl, der Blattfläche, der Anzahl der Stolone und der Tochterrameten, der Gesamtbiomasse, der relativen Wachstumsrate (RGR), der Netto-Assimilationsrate (NAR), der Blattflächen-Relation (LAR) und dem einfachen Reproduktionsaufwand (CRE). Die Gesamtbiomasse, die Blattfläche und die Anzahl der Blätter, Stolone, Tochterrameten und Samen waren für Rameten bei allen Anteilen höher. RGR und LAR waren bei den Rameten ebenfalls größer, während NAR bei Sämlingen höher lag. NAR und CRE wurden sowohl für die Rameten als auch für die Sämlinge durch die Konkurrenz erhöht. In Monokultur war die Wachstumsleistung pro Topf höher als in gemischten Kulturen. Der größere relative Ertrag und die Konkurrenzfähigkeit der Rameten im Vergleich zu den Sämlingen war nicht auf den anfänglichen Vorteil der höheren Biomasse zurückzuführen. Der gesamte relative Ertrag zeigte, dass beide Populationstypen um die gleichen Ressourcen konkurrierten. In der Natur spielen die Rameten von C. asiatica eine größere Rolle bei der Erhaltung der Population.
\relax Z. Szebeni-Galambosi, B. Galambosi, and Y. Holm, “Growth, Yield and Essential Oil of Lovage Grown in Finland,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 375–380, Jul. 1992.
doi: 10.1080/10412905.1992.9698088.
Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch) was cultivated in Puumala, South Finland (61°40′N, 28°15′E) during the years 1984–1989. The plants over wintered well and produced fertile seeds each year with an average germination capacity of 68%. The plants reached a maximum height of 2–2.5 m in the second year. The root weight continued to increase as the plants grew older, until it reached a maximum of 1.1 kg/plant in the fifth year. In the second year 0.2–0.3 kg/m2 dry leaf and in the third year 0.5–0.6 kg/m2 dry root yield can be expected from the cultivations. The quantity of the essential oil obtained from the dry leaves varied between 0.16–0.31%, and its main components were α-terpinyl acetate (60%) and β-phellandrene (16–25%). The essential oil in the one-year-old roots was 0.17% and in the two-year-old roots 0.83–1.30%. The main component of the root oil was (Z)-ligustilide (37–62%). Leaf harvest during the vegetation period gave a lower oil content and also caused remarkable changes in the root oil composition. On the basis of six years of experiments it seems possible to produce high quality lovage in Finland.
R. K. Vashistha, B. P. Nautiyal, and M. Nautiyal, “Cultivation of Angelica Archangelica Linn.: Evaluation for Economical Viability at Two Different Climatic Conditions,” International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 563–572, 2008.
doi: 10.4314/ijbcs.v2i4.39767.
Cultivation of an important sub alpine-alpine medicinal and aromatic herb, Angelica archangelica Linn. (Apiaceae), was carried out at two different climatic zone at 2200 m asl (Pothivasa, PV) and 3600 m asl (Tungnath, TN) altitudes in Garhwal, North west Himalaya, India. These altitudes represent temperate and alpine region of the Himalaya. Since the species has a very few wild populations, cultivation of the species is recommended for its medicinal use. After the establishment of sufficient quantity of seedlings, they were transplanted in both sites at the age of two, three and four months for the comparative accounts on survival, growth and yield and, to test the appropriate age of seedlings for transplantation and climatic suitability for cultivation of the species. Organic cultivation protocol was adopted by using different farm yard manure (FYM) as treatments. Yield was minimum in youngest seedlings (two months old ) transplanted at TN in ordinary alpine soil (control) and maximum under polyhouse beds at PV after three years of growth. Observations on yield at different climatic zone revealed that it was maximum in PV (temperate site) as compared to alpine site (natural site) in all treatments. Seedlings of different age also had better survival, growth and yield at the temperate site though; two months old seedlings after transplantation had comparatively slow growth and yield than those of three and four months seedlings. These observations clearly suggested that temperate region (2200 m) is suitable for cultivation of A. archangelica. Addition of manure (leaf litter in particular) and polyhouse cultivation further improved the yield. Economical viability of the cultivation was also observed and presented here. Keywords: Seedlings, economic yield, profit, observations, polyhouse.International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences Vol. 2 (4) 2008: pp. 563-572
D. Vigyan and M. Gandhi, “Cost Effective Cultivation of Centella Asiatica Linn. (Mandukparni) – A Pilot Study,” Journal of Research in Traditional Medicine, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 135–137, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.21276/jrtm.2017/345.
Background: Centella asiatica is widely used in pharmaceutical companies in various Ayurvedic formulations. Although over exploitation of the species is now widespread due to high market demand and it’s used as a substitute of Bacopa monnieri, no serious effort has been made for its planned cultivation. Aim: To create awareness in cultivation of medicinal plant, C. asiatica and whether its cultivation is cost effective as compare to traditional crops. Materials and methods: Cultivation of C. asiatica L. was done over 5000 square feet area of round type II- poly house.Mother plants were procured from the herbal garden, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital and research Centre, Salod, Wardha, Maharashtra. Analysis of soil was done for the quantication of micronutrients showing Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Iron, Zinc, Copper, Salt, Organic carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and pH. The land was given thorough preparatory tillage. For cultivation, plant cuttings along with root were used. The cuttings were transplanted in wet soil at spacing of 30 cm. in dual row with in between space of 30 cm. in the month of December 2012. First irrigation was given just after transplantation and harvesting was done in the month of April 2013 i.e. after 4th month of cultivation. Later harvesting was done at an interval of 1-2 month throughout the year. Result: Cost-Prot Analysis of Mandukparni (Centella asiatica) was calculated for per acre/year. Excluding all expenditure, the Net income per acre/year was Rs. 1,20,600. Conclusion: Successful cultivation of this plant is economically eye-catching provided marketing is not a problem. Better management can results in much higher income and net prot as compare to traditional crop.
C. K. Yap, M. R. M. Fitri, Y. Mazyhar, and S. G. Tan, “Effect of Metal-Contaminated Soils on the Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Different Parts of Centella Asiatica: A Laboratory Study,” Sains Malaysiana, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 347–352, 2010.
Centella asiatica is widely used as a medicinal plant in Malaysia and other parts of the world. In the present study, the growth and uptake of heavy metal by C. asiatica were determined based on the plant exposure to different treatment of metal-contaminated soils under laboratory conditions. Heavy metals uptake in different parts of the plants namely roots, stems and leaves were determined. In general, it was found that the metal uptake capacity followed the order: roots > stems > leaves. Since a close positive relationship was established between the concentrations of metal accumulated in different parts of the plant and the metal levels in the most contaminated soil, C. asiatica has the potential of being used as a biomonitoring plant for heavy metal pollution in the polluted soils.
K. Zitterl-Eglseer et al., “Effects of Root Colonization by Symbiotic Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Yield of Pharmacologically Active Compounds in Angelica Archangelica L.,” Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 21, Jan. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s11738-014-1750-2.
The major effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization on plant growth, monoterpenoids and coumarins were determined in two genotypes of angelica (Angelica archangelica L., Apiaceae). Genetically uniform experimental plants were used, which was achieved by in vitro propagation of two genotypes (individual plants). The effects of Glomus mosseae (Funneliformis mosseae, BEG 12), Glomus intraradices (Rhizophagus intraradices, BB-E) and the AMF mixture Symbivit® were tested against a negative (without AMF and without additional phosphorus) and a positive (KH2PO4 without AMF) control in five plants per treatment. All in all 50 plants were investigated. Fifteen monoterpenoid and seven coumarin compounds were quantitatively determined in the rhizome and coarse root fractions by means of GC/MS using an internal standard. The sum of the monoterpenoids and coumarins was calculated. Concentrations of compounds rather slightly decreased upon inoculation with AMF when compared to the control. In contrast, biomass increased showing the highest amounts for plants treated with G. mosseae. These results finally caused a marked increase in yield for G. mosseae treated plants compared to the control. Phosphorus treatment led to the lowest yield with significant results for coumarins and in particular for osthole compared to G. mosseae treatment. This is also evidence of an independent effect from an increased phosphorus uptake due to root colonization by AMF. In summary, the results showed a marked increase in yield of all investigated compounds through treatment with G. mosseae compared to the control group, even if the level of significance was just barely missed presumably on account of the small sample size.