重治 中村 and 幸吉 田村, “Variation in the Main Glycosides of Stevia,” Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 109–115, 1985.
doi: 10.11248/jsta1957.29.109.
To produce Stevia raw-leaves of commercially higher grade, selection of superior strains with higher total-content as well as desirable composition of sweet diterpene glycosides is indispensable . The purpose of this study was to obtain inf ormations about variation in the main diterpene glycosides of Stevia. TLC-densitometric method was adopted to determine the main glycosides, i. e. stevioside (STY), rebaudioside A (RA), C (RC) and dulcoside A (DA) in a Stevia population (N= 300) of the first year plants. The glycosides of individual plant were determined both at the seedling stage and at the harvest time. The results showed that the population included wide ranges of individual variation in content as well as in composition of the glycosides. As for the total-glycosides, the correlation coefficient between contents at the seedling stage and at the harvest time was comparatively low (r=0.25), indicating that application of the seedling-test is not efficient for selection of this trait. Composition of the glycosides at the seedling stage, however, well agreed with those at the harvest time, indicating that the genetic variation was established at younger seedling stage. Stevia plants in the population were tried to classify into three groups according to their composition of the glycosides. Plants of Glc-type (N=262) contained mainly Glc-type glycosides (STV & RA) which had only 13-0-glucosyl groups, while plants of Rhm-type (N=7) contained mainly Rhm-type glycosides (RC & DA) which had 13-0-rhamnosyl as well as glucosyl groups, and plants of Neutral-type (N=31) contained nearly equivalent quantity of Glc- and Rhm-type glycosides. Investigation on the correlation coefficients between the four major glycosides in the Neutraltype plants revealed positive correlation between STV and DA (r=0.90) and between RA and RC (r=0.86), whereas negative correlation between STV and RA (r= -0.68) and between RC and DA (r=-0.70). Although the negative correlation between contents of STY and RA was evident, selection of superior Stevia plants with higher content of both STY and RA could be realized, as the population examined included wide ranges of genetic variation in content and in composition of the glycosides.
M. Abdalbasit A. Gasmalla, R. Yang, A. Musa, X. Hua, and W. Zhang, “Physico-Chemical Assessment and Rebauidioside A. Productively of Natural Sweeteners (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni),” Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 209–214, May 2014.
doi: 10.12691/jfnr-2-5-1.
Stevia rebaudian Bertoni, belonging to the Compositae family, is a sweet herb contains diterpene glycosides, namely, stevioside, rebaudiosides A–F, steviolbioside, and dulcoside A, which are responsible for the typical sweet taste. Stevia (Stevia rebaudian Bertoni) leaves were analyzed for their physiochemical properties, chemical composition and microbiological contamination in addition to rebauidioside A productively. The carbohydrates content was 63.10%, while the moisture, fiber, protein, ash, fat and reducing sugar contents were 10.73%, 5.03%,13.68%,12.06%,6.13% and 4.50%, respectively. Anti-nutritional value (tannin) was 5.43 %. The total soluble substance was 17.03%. The Stevia leaves showed a good antimicrobial agent for all tested bacterial groups including Coliforms, Staphylococcus. Rebauidioside A was extracted and purified from the dried Stevia leaves by ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. The optimum extraction time was 6 min in which the maximum rebauidioside A content was obtained (32.79 g/100 g). Results show that particle size of sample treated for 6 min is bigger than those for 12, 18 and 24 min. Application of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the Stevia plant substantially affects the Color, and particle size of the stevia leaf extract and rebauidioside A yield.
K. Abderrabi and A. Encadreur: ADDA, “Etude de la variabilité génétique et de potentialité d’adaptation chez Artemisia herba- alba. Asso dans la steppe de l’Ouest Algérien,” Thesis, 2018.http://rdoc.univ-sba.dz:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2290.
Le travail présenté consiste en une étude de la variabilité génétique caractérisant l’armoise blanche (Artemisia herba-alba) et sa relation avec la répartition et l’adaptation de l’espèce, ainsi qu’une estimation des taux de variations de cette variabilité en liaison avec les variations du milieu. Le choix des paramètres distinctifs de différentes natures serait basé sur leur forte héritabilité. L’étude s’est basée sur une caractérisation anatomique de la feuille et sa relation avec certains paramètres morphologiques, micro-morphologiques et génétiques chez des populations d’armoise blanche (Artemisia herba-alba Asso) provenant des deux régions de l’Ouest Algérien (Tiaret, Sidi Bel Abbes). Les résultats obtenus montrent que cette espèce se définit par un niveau élevé de polymorphisme lié aux paramètres morphologiques, quantitatifs et qualitatifs des parties caulinaires et reproductrices. Les résultats indiquent que cette espèce et au niveau de ces zones, est caractérisée par une variabilité importante de la structure de la feuille et se distingue par la présence d’un parenchyme hydrique. L’accroissement de l’épaisseur de ce parenchyme de réserve d’eau favorise l’abondance du parenchyme chlorophyllien, l’augmentation de la densité des stomates et la réduction de la masse végétative aérienne.
D. A. Abdulameer et al., “Assessment of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Genotypes via Morpho-Agronomic Traits under Two Light Conditions,” American Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 09, no. 07, p. 1403, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.4236/ajps.2018.97102.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a non caloric natural sweetner is currently the available substitute to sugar. It is a genus of about 150 species of herbs and shrubs, a compositae and native to Paraguay. However, stevia is a short day plant with almost a constant day length < 12 hours in Malaysia stevia generated to flower early. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different day length on Stevia rebaudiana genotypes in Malaysia. The experiment was undertaken during December 2016 to April 2017 in the Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Eight stevia genotypes namely (CHV1, Morita2, MS012, MS012 (4x), SA18, TPU, and hybrids IIUM-F1 and UiTM-H2) were evaluated for the agronomic traits under two conditions: sun light (<12 hours) and simulated light (>14 hours) using a factorial experiment. The agronomic performance of Stevia rebaudiana was significantly in long day length (>14 hours) environment comparing with short day length (<12 hours) environment. Stevia plants under sun light start to flower after seven weeks, from the other hand stevia plants under simulated light did not flower. All stevia genotypes showed a high performance under long day length (>14 hours) environments.
R. A. Abdullateef, M. bin Osman, and Z. bint Zainuddin, “Acclimatized Apparatus Enhanced Seed Germination in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” International Journal of Biology, vol. 7, no. 2, p. p28, Jan. 2015.
doi: 10.5539/ijb.v7n2p28.
Stevia rebaudiana bertoni produces sweet glycosides with zero calorie and has strong health and dietary implications. With these properties, it has the potential to substitute sugar. However, poor seed germination in this plant constitute obstacle towards large scale propagation, thereby causing plant materials to be scarce and costly. High percent seed germination could be induced via simulation of favorable climatic environment. Thus, new protocols and prototype tagged ‘seed germination apparatus’, inclusive of conducive factors, were developed. Additionally, Seed viability level was also tested using 1 % tetrazolium chloride. ANOVA revealed significant differences between treatments at p < 0.05. The apparatus influenced high yield of about 67 % seed germination, while the viability test showed 69 % viable seeds. Acclimatized condition, owing to innovated seed germination apparatus, showed high impact on seed germination in stevia.
R. Abdullateef and M. Osman, “Effects of Visible Light Wavelengths on Seed Germinability in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” International Journal of Biology, vol. 3, no. 4, p. p83, Sep. 2011.
doi: 10.5539/ijb.v3n4p83.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is one of 154 members of the genus Stevia and it produces sweet steviol glycosides .It originated from Paraguay. The leaves were used as general sweetening agent. Seed germination in Stevia is generally very low and constituted major obstacle to large scale production of the crop. Different wavelengths from visible light were tested on germination of Stevia seeds. The two lights used were (i) white light - 400 to 700nm, and (ii) red light - 660nm. Parameters evaluated include (i) Mean time germination, (ii) mean daily germination, (iii) germination rate, (iv) daily germination speed and (v) germination value. Multivariate tests at probability level <.05 revealed that daily germination speed and number of germinated seeds were significantly higher at (< .001) and (< .014) respectively with the effect of red light on seed germination. Red light (660nm) had better influence on germination in Stevia seeds than white light (400-700nm) and control experiment.
R. A. Abdullateef and M. Osman, “Effects of Stem Cutting Types, Position and Hormonal Factors on Rooting in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 4, no. 1, p. p49, Nov. 2011.
doi: 10.5539/jas.v4n1p49.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a compositae, originated from Paraguay. It is propagated by stem cuttings. Leaves’ glycosides are about 300 times sweeter than sugar and safe for diabetic patients. In Malaysia, techniques for stevia mass production are limited. Varieties MS012 and MS007 obtained from MARDI were studied. For each variety, cuttings made were: (i) young apical shoot (ii) old apical shoot and (iii) non apical shoot. They were treated with six concentrations of IBA ranging from 1.9 to 2.5mM, and were placed in micro cutting chambers with the control. Characters studied were: (i) number of days for rooting, and (ii) root number at emergence. Analysis of variance revealed there were significant differences between characters at probability level p < 0.05. Cuttings from young apical shoots of MS012 and MS007 rooted on 5th day with root number ranging from 2.8 to 13.8. IBA 2.3mM was optimal. Young apical cuttings of either variety treated with the IBA 2.3mM were ideal.
R. A. Abdullateef and M. Osman, “Influence of Genetic Variation on Morphological Diversity in Accessions of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” International Journal of Biology, vol. 3, no. 3, p. p66, Jun. 2011.
doi: 10.5539/ijb.v3n3p66.
Stevia rebaudiana, a non caloric natural sweetener is currently the available substitute to sugar. It is a genus of about 150 species of herbs and shrubs, a Compositae and a native to Paraguay. The aim of this study was to evaluate collected accessions of stevia and characterize their genetic divergence. In 2010, 10 stevia accessions were collected across different locations in Malaysia. At maturity they were evaluated using morphological parameters and collected data were subjected to‘t’ test analysis at p<.05 as follows-(i) Plant heights: MS012 & SBK were significant at p<.001 and p<.002 respectively. (ii) Number of branches: BGI & SBK were significant at p<.001 and p<.008 respectively.(iii) Number of corymbs: AZI was significant at p<.000, while BGI was significant at p<.033. (iv) Number of leaves: MS012 & MS007 were respectively significant at p<.000 and p<.008. (v) Plant leaf size: AZI was significant at p<.003, MS007 at p<.005, and MS012 at p<.019 and (vi) stem girth: MS012 & MRG were also significantly different at p<.000 and p<.001 respectively. MSO12, MS007 & SBK had loads of promising genetic traits in studied accessions.
R. A. Abdullateef and M. Osman, “Studies on Effects of Pruning on Vegetative Traits in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni (Compositae),” International Journal of Biology, vol. 4, no. 1, p. p146, Dec. 2011.
doi: 10.5539/ijb.v4n1p146.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a natural sweetener plant with zero calorie content, becomes an inevitable alternative to sugar especially with the over 346 million diabetic population across the world. Stevia belongs to a genus of about 150 species of herbs and shrubs, a member of the family Compositae and native to Paraguay. Currently over 3 million Malaysian populations are diabetic and the dare need for this alternative sweetener substitute cannot be over emphasized. The plant being photoperiod sensitive has low vegetative yield under Malaysian environmental condition and the need therefore arises to improve this quality. Studies were carried out on effects of pruning on vegetative yield traits in Stevia in order to multiply leaves for higher quantity of sweetener extraction. Studied morphological characters include- (i) plant height, (ii) number of branches and (iii) number of leaves. Data were subjected to pair sample t test at probability level p<0.05, analysis revealed that there were significant differences with plant height at <0.032, number of branches at <0.012 and number of leaves at <0.001. Pruning promoted high vegetative yield in Stevia.
K. Abha Manohar, G. Shukla, B. Roy, and S. Chakravarty, “Effects of Plant Growth Regulators and Growing Media on Propagation and Field Establishment of Stevia Rebaudiana: A Medicinal Plant of Commerce,” CABI Agriculture and Bioscience, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 4, Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.1186/s43170-021-00072-5.
Stevia rebaudiana is an economically important medicinal plant that has generated interest among the growers and pharmacologists in terms of its industrial or pharmaceutical value. For the mass production of the seedlings, easy and convenient techniques are lacking while, micro propagation was reported promising but still out of reach at farm level. The unavailability of quality planting materials due to non-viable seeds is restricting its mass commercial scale cultivation. The present study was therefore attempted to standardize the plant growth regulators and growing media to standardize the vegetative propagation protocol through cuttings for its mass multiplication in Terai region of West Bengal, India.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, Asteraceae) is a non-caloric natural-source alternative to artificially produced sugar substitutes. The sweet compounds pass through the digestive process without chemically break- ing down, making stevia safe for those who need to control their blood sugar level (Strauss 1995). There have been no reports to date of adverse effects from the […]
M. Aghighi Shahverdi, H. Omidi, and S. J. Tabatabaei, “Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) Responses to NaCl Stress: Growth, Photosynthetic Pigments, Diterpene Glycosides and Ion Content in Root and Shoot,” Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 355–360, Oct. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.jssas.2017.12.001.
The aims of the experiment were to determine NaCl threshold and evaluate the effect of NaCl stress on the growth and physiological traits of stevia (sugerleaf). For these aims, a greenhouse experiment was carried out with six NaCl concentration levels (NaCl 0, NaCl 30, NaCl 60, NaCl 90, NaCl 120 and NaCl 150 mM). The plants were grown in pots and irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution during 62 days. NaCl threshold and EC50 (the NaCl level that 50% of yield reduction) achieved 77.10 and 157.08 mM, respectively. NaCl stress caused reduction of plant height, leaf fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), total chlorophyll (total Chl), K+ content in root and shoot organs. On the other hand, NaCl stress caused an increase of malondialdehyde content (MDA), Na+ content in root and shoot and Na+/K+ ratio in root and shoot. The low level of NaCl (30 mM) indicated the highest of Chl a, carotenoids, total sugar, the percentage of Steviosides (Stev), Rebaudioside-A (Reb-A) and Stev+Reb-A. The finding of this study leads to the conclusion that, low level of NaCl concentration (30 mM) caused increasing steviol glycosides and the result showed stevia as a moderate NaCl tolerant plant.
A. Ahmad et al., “Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Production of Biomass, Polyphenolics and Steviol Glycosides in Adventitious Root Cultures of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.),” Plants, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 420, Apr. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/plants9040420.
In current study, the effect of gibberellic acid was tested for production of biomass, polyphenolics and Steviol glycosides in adventitious root cultures of Stevia rebaudiana. Adventitious cultures were induced from the roots of in vitro grown plantlets on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing combination of gibberellic acid (GA3; 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 0.5 mg/L). Initially, a known mass of inoculum roots were shifted into suspension media augmented with various GA3 concentrations. The growth behavior of adventitious roots was recorded every 3 days for a period of 30 days. Maximum biomass biosynthesis (13.12 g/flask) was noticed in exponential phase on 27th day in the suspension containing 2.0 mg/L of GA3. Other GA3 concentrations also displayed optimum patterns of biomass accumulation as compared to the control. Adventitious roots were investigated for total phenolic content (TPC) and production (TPP), total flavonoid content (TFC) and production (TFP), and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-based antioxidant potential. Maximum phenolics (TPC 9.84 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g-dry weight (DW)) and TPP (147.6 mg/L), TFC (5.12 mg Quercitin equivalent (QE)/g-DW) and TFP (76.91 mg/L) were observed in 2.0 mg/L GA3 treated cultures. The same concentration of gibberellic acid enhanced antioxidant activity (77.2%). Furthermore, maximum stevioside (7.13 mg/g-DW), rebaudioside-A (0.27 mg/g-DW) and dulcoside-A (0.001 mg/g-DW) were observed in roots exposed to 2.0 mg/L GA3. This is the first report on the application of GA3 on biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production in S. rebaudiana. The current study will be helpful to scale up the adventitious root cultures in bioreactors for the production of biomass and pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites.
N. Ahmad et al., “Sucrose-Dependent Production of Biomass and Low-Caloric Steviol Glycosides in Adventitious Root Cultures of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.),” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 164, p. 113382, Jun. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113382.
The market demand for steviol glycosides (SGs) is gradually increasing worldwide due to their low-caloric nature. SGs are commonly added as a sweetener to various food items and are particularly useful for obese and diabetic patients. Production of SGs is predominantly obtained from the plant Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). Propagation of Stevia plants for SGs production is limited due to short-term viability of seeds and high labor demands for shoot multiplication. Adventitious root cultures (ARC) offer an alternative production system to whole plants for extraction of SGs. The overall objective of this study was to enhance the production of SGs in SRC of Stevia by differential sucrose feeding (05−50 g l−1). A high concentration of sucrose (50 g l−1) boosted biomass accumulation while a low concentration (10 g l−1) enhanced biosynthesis of major SGs (stevioside and rebaudioside-A). A strongly positive correlation was found between biomass accumulation and phenolics and flavonoids production respectively. Furthermore, 20 g l−1 to 40 g l−1 sucrose stimulated dulcoside-A, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. The results suggest that adventitious root cultures can be a viable option for large-scale production of SGs for industrial applications.
M. B. Ahmed et al., “An Efficient Method for in Vitro Clonal Propagation of a Newly Introduced Sweetener Plant (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni.) in Bangladesh,” p. 6, 2007.
Shootlets were regenerated from nodal explants of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni through axillary shoot proliferation. The induction of multiple shoots from nodal segments was the highest in MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg l 1 BA + 0.5 mg l 1 Kn. For rooting different concentrations of IBA, NAA and IAA were used and highest rooting percentage (97.66%) was recorded on MS medium with 0.1 mg l 1 IAA. The rooted plantlets were hardened and successfully established in soil.
T. E. S. Ahmed, “Potential Evaluation of Applicative Integration of Gamma Radiation Electric Current and Elicitor Agent on Quantitative and Qualitative Biomass Yield Improvement in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” PhD thesis, 2016.
Stevia, stevia rebaudiana, nowadays is converted from wild perennial short-day plant to modern and vital medicinal annual crop for its leaves contents for bioactive metabolites that had a broad spectrum of therapeutic effects on human health management Therefore to meat the over increasing national and international demands for the endogenous systems of medicinal and pharmacological industries, economic benefits to provide remunerative returns to the farm community and international trade too stevia was introduced from its origin habitat, paraguay and cultivated commercially as an annual crop in many countries at that stevia seeds were exotic from spain, Since 15 February 1998 as a new sweetener crop that well adapted to Egyptian agriculture
F. Akbari, A. Arminian, D. Kahrizi, and A. Fazeli, “Effect of Nitrogen Sources on Some Morphological Characteristics of in Vitro Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Cellular and Molecular Biology, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 107–111, Feb. 2017.
doi: 10.14715/cmb/2017.63.2.17.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni belongs to Asteraceae family that leaves 200-300 times sweeter than sugar. Low seed fertility is one of the most important problems in Stevia production. So, Plant tissue culture is an efficient method for mass propagation of Stevia. In this research, we studied the effect of various concentrations of nitrogen on some morphological traits of stevia under in vitro conditions. We used axillary nodes as explants and they were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing inorganic nitrogen sources i.e. NH4NO3(0, 825 and 1650 mg/l), KNO3(0, 950 and 1900 mg/l) were observed. The cultures were kept for 4 weeks at a temperature of 25±2°C with a photoperiod of 16/8 hour low light/dark each day. Maximum shoot length (89.33 mm), dry weight of plants (0.10 mg) and leaf fresh weight (0.42 mg) was observed on MS medium with 1650 mg/l NH4NO3 and 950 mg/l KNO3. Minimum shoot length (6.13 mm), root length (6.60 mm), leaf number (4.26), leaf dry weight (0.01 mg), leaf fresh weight (0.05 mg), total dry and fresh weight (0.02 and 0.15 mg) and growth rate was observed on a MS medium without nitrogen sources. Moreover, presence of nitrogen sources increases both shooting and rooting in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.
F. Akbari, A. Arminian, D. Kahrizi, A. Fazeli, and M. Ghaheri, “Effect of Nitrogen Sources on Gene Expression of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) under in Vitro Conditions,” Cellular and Molecular Biology, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 11–16, Feb. 2018.
doi: 10.14715/cmb/2018.64.2.3.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is a non-caloric sweetener belonging to Asteraceae family. Stevia compounds such as steviol glycosides (SGs) are 200 times sweeter than sugar. Stevioside and rebaudioside A are the two major steviol glycosides. Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and development. In this study the effects of nitrogen influenced by different concentrations of NH4NO3 (0, 825 and 1650 mg/l) and KNO3 (0, 950 and 1900 mg/l) is examined in MS medium. To analysis the UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 genes expression, involved in the synthesis of SGs, RT-qPCR technique was performed. Data showed that there were significant differences between all media. The shoot length, seedlings dry weight and leaf fresh weight of stevia increased with applying NH4NO3 along with KNO3. The highest expression of UGT74G1 gene, was observed in plantlets grown on MS medium with 0 mg/l NH4NO3 and 950 mg/l KNO3 (1.291 total lab unit) but the highest expression of UGT76G1 gene, was observed in plantlets grown on MS medium added by 1650 mg/l NH4NO3 +950 mg/l KNO3 (1.08 total lab unit). Moreover, the lowest value of UGT74G1 gene expression were revealed in MS medium added by 1650 mg/l NH4NO3 +0 mg/l KNO3 (0.80 total lab unit) and the lowest values of UGT76G1 gene expression seen in MS medium with 0 mg/l NH4NO3 +950 mg/l KNO3 (0.85 total lab unit) concentrations. The results of this study could be valuable in stevia breeding programs through glycosides biosynthesis pathways.
Y. R. Aladakatti et al., “Effect of Irrigation Schedule and Planting Geometry on Growth and Yield of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni.),” 2012.
A field experiment was conducted in medium black, clayey soil under irrigated conditions to assess the response of stevia to irrigation schedules and planting geometry. Highest dry leaf yield of stevia (cumulative of five cuttings) was obtained with irrigation scheduled at 1.2 IW/CPE (10.54 t ha-1) which was on par with irrigation scheduled at 1.0 IW/CPE (10.32 t ha-1) and significantly lower dry leaf yield was with irrigation scheduled at 0.8 IW/CPE (9.36 t ha-1). Planting geometry of 30 cm x 20 cm recorded the highest cumulative total dry leaf yield (11.12 t ha-1) which was comparable with the dry leaf yield obtained with the planting geometry of 30 cm x 30 cm (10.89 t ha-1). Significantly lower dry leaf yield was recorded with planting geometry of 45 cm x 30 cm (8.73 t ha-1). Interaction effects of irrigation schedules and planting geometry on dry leaf yield of stevia were not significant. Consumptive use of water was highest with irrigation scheduled at 1.2 IW/CPE (2373.2 mm) closely followed by 1.0 IW/CPE (1903.8 mm). The study revealed that irrigation schedule at 1.0 IW/CPE i.e., irrigation at 60 mm cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) with planting geometry of 30 cm x 30 cm (1,11,111 plants ha-1) was found optimum for higher stevia dry leaf yield and higher water use efficiency. Based on the average daily evaporation the irrigation interval of 9-10 days during kharif, 5-6 days during summer and 7-8 days during rabi season can be recommended in similar soil and agro climatic conditions.
Y. R. Aladakatti et al., “Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Levels on Growth and Yield of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni.),” 2012.
A. Ali, A. Shosha, M. Kassem, E. El-Dabaawy, S. Rebaudiana, and A. Aaboshosha, “Biotechnological Studies on Gamma Irradiated Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana) Plant Under Abiotic Stresses,” Jan. 2014.
Somaclonal variation is considered to be a useful source of variation and has been demonstrated to be feasible in crop species like tomato, potato, wheat, rice, sorghum, maize and garlic (Evans et al., 1986; Lee and Phillips, 1988; Adkins et al.,1990; Van den Bulk et al., 1990; Ali, 1998; Badria and Ali, 1999 and Manjula et al., 2000) and stevia (Kuntal et al., 2005; Moktaduzzaman and Rahman, 2009). This work aimed to induced artificially new genetic variation in Stevia rebaudiana Brtoni by using somaclonal variants and gamma rays, which might be useful for increasing the bioactive components and tolerant to abiotic stresses such as salinity. The micropropagated plants (six weeks old) were treated with 0,750,1500 and 2250 rad doses of gamma rays according to Mathius et al. (1995) to obtain the suitable explants. Then explants were cultured to callus induction media, after that calli were transferred to regeneration media supplemented with 0, 2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm 0f NaCl. Some plants were relatively tolerant to salt stress. The selection for salinity tolerance treatments were done by using Shoot-tip and node explants taken from micropropagated plants which treated with 0.0, 750.0, 1500.0 and 2250.0 rad gamma ray doses were transferred to callus induction medium MS4 and incubated at 25±2 oC and the responded explants for callus induction data were recorded after two weeks from culturing. Then calli were transferred to regeneration medium 1 containing different concentration of NaCl ( 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0) gm/L and incubated in the culture room at 25±2 oC under 16:8 light/dark photoperiods with light intensity of about 2500 lux.After twenty days of incubation, cultures were evaluated in the basis of the following parameters: Regeneration rate calculated as percentage of explants produced shoot and the
M. A. Alizadeh, A. A. Jafari, and S. E. Sayedian, “Evaluation of Aerial Biomass Yield and Essential Oil Content of Seven Species of Tanacetum,” Journal of Horticultural Research, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 19–25, Jun. 2017.
doi: 10.1515/johr-2017-0002.
To evaluate the seven species of Tanacetum genus – Tanacetum balsamita, T. parthenium, T. pinnatum, T. polycephalum, T. tabrisianum, T. uniflorum, and T. vulgare – an experiment was conducted in Karaj Iran. Data were recorded for plant canopy cover, plant height, flower number per plant, aerial biomass yield, time required for flowering, growing degree days to flowering (GDD), essential oil percentage and yield. Results showed that T. parthenium had higher mean values for plant canopy cover, plant height and flower number per plant whereas the species of T. parthenium, T. balsamita and T. vulgare had higher aerial biomass yield in comparison to the other species. The T. balsamita coupled with aerial biomass yield had the highest essential oil concentration. The T. tabrisianum and T. uniflorum were earliest ripening species due to lowest GDD. Essential oil yield was positively and significantly correlated with the traits that are components of aerial mass, indicating that selection for breeding new cultivars should focus on increased aerial biomass yield, late flowering and high flower number.
K. ALMaarri and D. Y. Xie, “In Vitro Direct Organogenesis and Micropropagation of Artemisia Annua,” p. 11, 2010.
Artemisia annua is considered one of the important Artemisia species that produces aromatic oils and important medical compounds, such as Artemisinin known to be very effective against Plasmodium falciparum, responsible for cerebral malaria. The present investigations were initiated to develop a protocol for the effective direct organogenesis and propagation of Artemisia annua. Leaf, petiole, internodes and cotyledon explants were used for organogenesis. High percentages of direct regeneration were obtained from different kind of explants on medium supplemented of TDZ (Tidiazuron), with high number of bud formation. The best concentration of TDZ was 1mg/L. The morphogenetic capacity of explants taken from seedlings was higher than explants taken from plants cultured in greenhouse. Our investigation, led to the development of a mass propagation protocol with good multiplication rate, and good rooting percentage of buds formed from different kind of explants. It is concluded that our findings are very important for the gene transformation and for the regeneration of true to type plants in A.annua.
S. Alvarenga and T. Aguilar, Mass Microprogation of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni in Temporary Immersion Systems. 2016.
doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17268.35202.
D. M. A. Alvarez, “Implicaciones ecológicas del aprovechamiento tradicional del zacatechichi (calea ternifolia kunth.) en contextos culturales contrastantes,” Jun. 2019.http://riaa.uaem.mx/xmlui/handle/20.500.12055/813.
RESUMEN Este estudio evaluó las implicaciones ecológicas del aprovechamiento tradicional del zacatechichi (Calea ternifolia Kunth.) en dos contextos contrastantes, en el sur del estado de Morelos donde se ha documentado su uso con fines de autoconsumo y venta, y en la zona norte del estado donde solo se ha documentado su uso tradicional. El estudio se realizó en Los Sauces (Tepalcingo, Morelos) y Santa Catarina (Tepoztlán, Morelos). Se aplicaron entrevistas a informantes clave de ambas comunidades para documentar la nomenclatura local, la percepción de abundancia de la especie, los usos y formas de manejo de C. ternifolia. Mediante muestreos de ecológicos de vegetación se evaluó la disponibilidad espacial y temporal de la planta en las diferentes zonas de extracción. Se utilizó una metodología mixta de análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos. Los estudios en campo señalan que la organización para la extracción ocurre en el núcleo familiar, los hombres son los que con mayor frecuencia se dedican a esta actividad, muy probablemente porque están más vinculados a las labores agrícolas y conocen los sitios en donde la planta se encuentra. Fue notorio que la recolección de la planta es principalmente para el autoconsumo, muy rara vez se pone a la venta en ambas comunidades El conocimiento tradicional acerca de C. ternifolia es similar en ambas comunidades, aunque existe mayor conocimiento e importancia cultura en la comunidad de Los Sauces. Por tal motivo los habitantes de esta población la recolectan, promueven su cultivo y trasplantan la especie para tener una mayor disponibilidad del recurso para su propio consumo y venta. En Santa Catarina, no sucede esto, al ser una comunidad con un grado de urbanización alto, la gente solo reconoce y recolecta la especie pero no la emplea mayormente, esto puede generar una pérdida del conocimiento de las formas de uso y manejo de la especie.
N. Aman, F. Hadi, S. A. Khalil, R. Zamir, and N. Ahmad, “Efficient Regeneration for Enhanced Steviol Glycosides Production in Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni),” Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol. 336, no. 10, pp. 486–492, Oct. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.10.002.
An efficient method of regeneration for antidiabetic plant (Stevia rebaudiana) has been established for healthy biomass and main steviol glycosides (SGs) production, using different PGRs and agar concentrations. Higher callus induction (93.3%) was recorded when leaf explants were placed on an MS medium supplemented with 3.5gL−1 agar and 2.0mgL−1 2,4-D. The addition of 7.0gL−1 agar and BA (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0mgL−1) significantly (P<0.01) influences shooting response (100%). A maximum mean shoot length (13.03cm) and 28 shoots per explant were observed on a medium containing 1.0mgL−1 BA. However, the maximum number of leaves (132.67) was encouraged by the addition of BA (1.0mgL−1) and Kin (1.0mgL−1). Lower agar (3.5gL−1), IAA (2.0mgL−1), and NAA (2.0mgL−1) concentrations significantly influence the rooting percent (100%), the mean root length (2.9cm), and the number of roots per plantlet (26.3). These plantlets were successfully acclimatized in the soil. The BA (3.0mgL−1) in combination with Kin (3.0mgL−1) and 3.5gL−1 agar increases dulcoside-A content (Dul-A; 71.8μg/g-DW) in shoots compared to control (50.81μg/g-DW). Similar PGRs with 7.0gL−1 significantly increases the production of steviosides (Stev. 82.48μg/g-DW). A higher rebaudioside-A content (Reb-A; 12.35μg/g-DW) was observed in shoots that underwent the addition of BA (1.0mgL−1) and 7.0gL−1 agar than in control (07.39μg/g-DW). Hereby, we developed an efficient and cost-effective method for regeneration and major SGs production, which could be helpful for future studies on this species.
P. de A. Amaral et al., “The Genus Calea L.: A Review of Isolated Compounds and Biological Activities,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 11, no. 33, pp. 518–537, Sep. 2017.
doi: 10.5897/JMPR2017.6412.
The approximately 125 species of the genus Calea L. (Asteraceae) are distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Some species have medicinal properties. Based on popular knowledge, different phytochemical and pharmacological activities have been the focus of research. This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of medicinal uses, chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of Calea species. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies have been performed on 37 species to date. Aerial parts, leaves and stems of these plants have been tested for several biological effects including antinociceptive, vasodilator, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. Extracts obtained from plants of the genus Calea have also been assayed for potential antiparasitic effects, especially for antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal, acaricidal and trypanocidal activities. Phytochemical investigations have confirmed that Calea species are rich in sesquiterpenes, chromenes, chromanones, flavonoids and other chemical compounds less attractive from the point of view of molecular diversity. This review confirms that certain Calea spp. enjoy widespread popular use in the treatment of infections, and the observed antiparasitic activities can provide new insights for further investigations on isolated compounds. Key words: Medicinal plants, Sesquiterpene lactones, Calea.
K. Ameer, S.-W. Bae, Y. Jo, N. Chung, Y. Gao, and J.-H. Kwon, “Optimization and Modeling for Heat Reflux Extraction of Total Yield, Stevioside and Rebaudioside-A from Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Leaves,” Separation Science and Technology, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1193–1205, May 2017.
doi: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1285313.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves consist of stevioside and rebaudioside-A (Reb-A). This research sought to improve extraction of target steviol glycosides from stevia leaf powder using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networking (ANN) under these independent variables: ethanol concentration, X1 (0–100%), extraction temperature, X2 (55–75°C), and extraction time, X3 (45–75 min). ANN outperformed as potential alternative to RSM in predicting optimum conditions. Maximum responses were obtained at 100% X1, 55°C X2, and 60 min X3. Heat reflux extraction proved superior to maceration extraction in terms of higher extraction yields with reduced energy consumption and CO2 emission.
S. Amien, H. Maulana, D. Ruswandi, and S. Nurjanah, “Genetic Gain and Relationship of Yield and Yield Attributes of Mutant and Cross-Bred Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana) Genotypes,” Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, vol. 22, no. 8, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d220805.
Abstract. Amien S, Maulana H, Ruswandi D, Nurjanah S. 2021. Genetic gain and relationship of yield and yield attributes of mutant and cross-bred stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) genotypes. Biodiversitas 22: 3119-3126. Plant breeding programs involved many traits and genetic parameters in the selection process. The information on genetic parameters on yield and other related traits provided an overview for breeders and farmers in selecting new superior genotypes. The purpose of this study was to estimate genetic parameters including heritability and genetic gains in yield and other traits, to determine the relationship between various traits, and to select superior stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) genotypes for each trait. Field experiments were carried out in two planting environments, namely, the highlands and the medium plains employing a randomized completed block design and each genotype was three replicates. The results showed that the yield had high heritability and genetic gains ??in mutant populations, whereas cross-bred populations had moderate heritability and low genetic gains. Stem weight (SW) and number of leaves (NoL) traits were identified as having high heritability and genetic gains in both populations. The GT biplot measurement showed that the yield was identified to have a significant and positive correlation with SW (p<0.05). H4 was correlated with Number of branches (NoB), Yield, SW, and chlorophyll content (Chl) traits in the cross-bred populations. H9 excelled on and was correlated with NoL and plant height (PH). M11 was identified to be highly correlated with NoL, PH, NoB, and Chl traits in the mutant populations, while M15 excelled on and was correlated with yield and SW. The results of this study revealed that there was a potential for improvement in the traits tested of stevia through cross-bred and mutant populations in different environmental conditions. The selected genotypes can be developed in a suitable environment and used for further stevia plant breeding programs.
M. Anbazhagan, M. Kalpana, R. Rajendran, V. Natarajan, and D. Dhanavel, “In Vitro Production of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, pp. 216–222, 2010.
doi: 10.9755/ejfa.v22i3.4891.
Experiments were conducted for the standardization of in vitro culture technique for the mass propagation of Stevia rebaudiana, a medicinally important, zero-calorie value, sweet tasted and an antidiabetic herb. Shoot tip, nodal segment and leaf were used as explants and they were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of BA, Kn and IAA both in individual and in combined form for shoot inductions and the best results were obtained from MS medium supplemented with BA+ IAA at the concentrations of 1.0 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l respectively. Among the explants used, shoot tip stood first in inducing shoot development. Best root formation of in vitro developed shoots could be achieved on half-strength Nitsch (N6) medium supplemented with IAA at concentration 1.0 mg/l. The in vitro developed plantlets were transferred to pot and they were grown in greenhouse for hardening and finally they were planted in the open filed. Around 82% of plants were successfully established in natural field condition.
S. Anchal et al., “Non-Destructive Method of Biomass and Nitrogen (N) Level Estimation in Stevia Rebaudiana Using Various Multispectral Indices,” Geocarto International, vol. 37, no. 22, pp. 6409–6421, Nov. 2022.
doi: 10.1080/10106049.2021.1939436.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based remote sensing is one of the modern techniques for crop management, which has been used in this study for biomass and Nitrogen (N) level estimations for Stevia rebaudiana, a medicinal crop used as an alternative to sugar as a natural sweetener. Different levels of nitrogen treatments were given to S. rebaudiana and the crops were harvested for biomass estimation. Mica sense Altum multispectral sensor on board was used for acquiring the image data of the crop. The linear regression model was used to examine the best vegetation index using K-fold cross validation approach. Excess Green Index (ExG) was identified as best vegetation index for biomass estimation (R2 = 0.7; RMSE = 23.77 g/m2; nRMSE = 29.14%), whereas Enhanced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (ENDVI) was found as best predictor for Nitrogen (N) level estimation (R2 = 0.9; RMSE = 1.75 g/m2; nRMSE = 14.59%).
L. G. Angelini and S. Tavarini, “Crop Productivity, Steviol Glycoside Yield, Nutrient Concentration and Uptake of Stevia Rebaudiana Bert. under Mediterranean Field Conditions,” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 45, no. 19, pp. 2577–2592, Oct. 2014.
doi: 10.1080/00103624.2014.919313.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Asteraceae Family), characterized by a high content of steviol glycosides (SG) in its leaves, represents an interesting source of non-sucrose and no-calorie sweeteners. Stevia, which is native to Paraguay, is a relatively new crop for the Mediterranean region, where it is grown as an annual or poly-annual crop. In order to assess the crop’s environmental requirements, productive performance and nutrient uptakes, a two-year field experiment was carried out in north-eastern Italy, where the species had never previously been cultivated. The aim was to evaluate the effects of important pre-harvest factors, such as cultivation site, harvest time and their reciprocal interaction, on productivity, leaf SG yield and nutrient requirements. Results showed that the timing of the harvest and the pedo-climatic conditions of the cultivation sites had a significant effect on the main biometric traits, total and leaf dry yield, SG production, macronutrient concentration and uptake.
L. G. Angelini, A. Martini, B. Passera, and S. Tavarini, “Cultivation of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni and Associated Challenges,” in Sweeteners: Pharmacology, Biotechnology, and Applications, J.-M. Mérillon and K. G. Ramawat, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 35–85.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-27027-2_8.
The rising concern about the spread of obesity and diabetes, and a growing awareness about healthy foods in western societies have stimulated, in the last years, a strong interest toward stevia sweeteners as alternative of sucrose and artificial intensive sweeteners. The worldwide demand for purified steviol glycosides from stevia is steadily increasing, and it is expected that in the future the agricultural production capacity will be lower than the market demand. This provides a strong incentive to explore the possibilities to cultivate stevia and to produce leaves and extracts, beyond the traditional production zones. The cultivation of stevia might represent a formidable opportunity for the growers, in order to diversify the cropping systems and to meet the increasing market demand for high-quality and traceable raw material. In addition, several legislative initiatives, such as the steviol glycosides approval as food additive in several countries, represent favorable factors for the development of a stevia-based agro-industry. To foster the introduction of this novel species, a significant improvement of its cultivation should be achieved and a modern agronomical blueprint defined. It is, in fact, imperative to develop economically viable and environmentally sustainable crop production systems through the integration of site-specific agronomic techniques and efficient mechanization technologies for the production and processing of a higher quality product. Several agronomic aspects require still to be optimized (e.g., choice of the cultivar, propagation and transplanting, sustainable weed management, nutrition, irrigation, harvesting), in order to improve, not only the leaf yield, but also its quality in terms of steviol glycosides and bioactive compounds. Traceability and crop quality control along the production chain are the strongest points, in order to obtain a certification that will provide to the farmers preferential market access and to sell the raw material at a differential price.
The performance of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni M. was studied in a 3 NPK factorial field experiment on brown andosol of Pasir Datar estate, Sukabumi, West Java. The experimental site located at about 1000 m above sealevel and an average temperature between 17-27 deg C., had an average annual rainfall of over 4000 mm/year with an average of 10 wet months and one month dry. The experimental plots of 4 x 1,5 m contained cuttings of clone BPP 72 planted at a distance of 25 x 25 cm. The treatment levels were 0 g-0,9 g-1,8 g of urea, 0 g-0,5 g-1,0 g of triple superphosphate and 0 g-0,9 g-1,8 g of muriate of potash. Characteristics of the soil before treatment were the following: a low pH of 4,50, high contents of organic C, N-total, P2O5 and K2O total but low P-Olsen content and a moderate level of available K. Yield response was in accordance with this nutrient status of the soil in the following way. N-fertilizer had no significant effect whereas P and K fertilizers significantly increased biomass production. The response to phosphorus up to the highest level was still linear while that to potassium was quadratic with an optimum dose rate of 1,07 g to 1,08 g of muriate of potash per plant for each application. Fertilization with N, P or K alone exerted an antagonistic effect on the foliar and stem nutrient content of the other elements. However, such effect could be avoided by a complete NPK application. At the end of the experiment some slight changes occurred in the nutrient content of the soil i.e. a small decrease in total N and a small increase of P-Olsen content, furthermore a relatively greater decrease in available K and Mg content. Extrapolated from the results of this field experiment and a previous pot experiment with a different soil an N-fertilizer amount of 0,80 - 0,92 g or approximately 1,0 g of urea could be suggested for a general nitrogen rate. Together with the P and K rate assessed in this experiment a general recommendation for Stevia on andosol of 1,0 g of urea + 1,0 g of triple superphosphate + 1,0 g of muriate of potash per plant for each application during the first year of harvest might be suggested.
An NPK factorial 5 x 2 x 2 pot experiment in a greenhouse using reddish brown latosol with a basal dressing of 200 gram cowdung manure per pot of 5,5 kg soil, was conducted during the period from February to August 1983. Each pot was supplied with one Stevia seedling. Yield response was assessed in terms of the above-ground fresh and dry matter weight of the cumulative yield of three harvests. Soil and plant analysis showed the following. Cowdung manure markedly improved the fertility level of the soil. Increasing rates of nitrogen did not affect the soil-N, but had a significant positive effect on plant-N content. Soil pH as well as K2O, CaO and MgO levels in the soil were depressed by increasing rates of nitrogen. The phosphorus and potassium fertilizer increased soil P2O5 and K2O contents, but did not affect P and K contents in the plant. Only nitrogen at the third level (N2) increased significantly the above-ground fresh and dry matter production, as well as fresh weight of roots. The results of this experiment suggest that the nitrogen requirement levels based on the quadratic regression of the fresh as well as the dry matter yields of the above-ground part are respectively 0,91 gram and 0,92 gram of Urea per plant for each application. These rates are restricted to the first year of harvest only. The phosphorus and potassium fertilizer requirement levels could not be determined from the results of this experiment.
J. Anu, T. Rupinder, and N. Harsh, “Effect of Organic Compost, Tricalcium Phosphate and PGPB in Enhancing Growth and Glycoside Constituents in Four High Yielding Varities of Stevia Rebaudiana - ProQuest,” International Journal of Science, Engineering and Computer Technology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–6, Mar. 2015.https://www.proquest.com/openview/b2d4de8fb1a74767e7f6e82777890163/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2032130.
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I. Aranda-González, D. Betancur-Ancona, L. Chel-Guerrero, and Y. Moguel-Ordóñez, “Effect of Different Drying Methods on the Composition of Steviol Glycosides in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Leaves,” International Agrophysics, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 139–144, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.1515/intag-2016-0036.
Abstract Drying techniques can modify the composition of certain plant compounds. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the effect of different drying methods on steviol glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves. Four different drying methods were applied to Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves, which were then subjected to aqueous extraction. Radiation or convection drying was performed in stoves at 60°C, whereas shade or sun drying methods were applied at 29.7°C and 70% of relative humidity. Stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, dulcoside A, and steviolbioside were quantified by a validated HPLC method. Among steviol glycosides, the content (g 100 g −1 dry basis) of stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, and rebaudioside C varied according to the drying method. The total glycoside content was higher in sun-dried samples, with no significant differences compared to shade or convection drying, whereas radiation drying adversely affected the content of rebaudioside A and rebaudioside C (p <0.01) and was therefore a method lowering total glycoside content. The effect of the different drying methods was also reflected in the proportion of the sweetener profile. Convection drying could be suitable for modern food processing industries while shadow or sun drying may be a low-cost alternative for farmers.
A. M. Armitage, “The Influence of Spacing on Field-Grown Perennial Crops,” HortScience, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 904–907, Oct. 1987.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.22.5.904.
Abstract Achillea ‘Coronation Gold’, A. millefolium L. ‘Rose Beauty’, Physostegia virginiana L.’ Liatris pycnostachya Michx., and Salvia leucantha Cav. were planted on 30-, 60-, 90-, or 120-cm centers. Data were collected for 2 or 3 years, depending on species. In all instances the number of flowering stems per plant increased but the number of stems per square meter decreased as spacing increased with time. Stem lengths of Achillea ‘Coronation Gold’, A. millefolium ‘Rose Beauty’, and Physostegia virginiana were affected signficantly by spacing but flower size and stem diameter remained unchanged regardless of planting distance.
D. Arpita, B. Mainak, and M. Nirmal, “An Economic Analysis of Stevia ( Stevia Rebaudiana Bert.) Cultivation through Stem Cutting and Tissue Culture Propagule in India,” Trends in Agricultural Economics, vol. 3, Apr. 2010.
doi: 10.3923/tae.2010.216.222.
The present study has been formulated to study the cost of cultivation of stevia to encourage the farmer regarding cultivation of this plant and also provide information regarding profitability of cultivation. Stevia become a potential and renewable raw material in the food market because the increase in the number of diabetic and health conscious individual boost up the international market of high quality stevia leaves which is a non-caloric natural sugar. Lack of information regarding the cost of cultivation of stevia specially in Indian context generate plenty of confusion with regard to cultivation of this plant and also about selection of the profitable propagating material. The present study thus concerned with calculating the cost of cultivation, return and cost benefit ratio to identify economic viability and technical feasibility of stevia cultivation through cutting and tissue culture propagated planting material. For this an experimental plot size of 100x100 m each was used for cultivation for 3 years with cutting and tissue cultured plantlets as propagating material. The cost of cultivation refers to the total expenses incurred in cultivating stevia, expressed on a per hectare basis and worked out using operation wise approach in both the cases for three years. Lastly benefit cost ratio was incurred which is the ratio of the present worth of gross costs and represents the economic viability of the two projects. From the two project it was revealed that fixed as well as variable cost was more in tissue culture plantlets propagated field but tissue cultured plants favour disease free clean cultivation with high foliage production as compared with cutting where disease and pest infection was severe. For this during three years of economic life total sales of dry stevia leaves was generate more income in tissue cultured propagule established fields than cutting propagated field. From the cost benefit ratio of the two projects it was clear that profit of the two projects was comparable with each other and was technically feasible and economically viable.
R. Ascrizzi et al., “Resilience of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni in the Underwater Biospheres of Nemo’s Garden®: Adaptation to New Cultivation Systems,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 23, p. 8602, Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.3390/molecules27238602.
The Nemo’s Garden® project is an alternative production system for areas with scarce cultivable land but significant presence of water; thus, it is an interesting intervention to address the climate crisis. This work aimed to evaluate the micromorphological, biochemical, and phytochemical characteristics of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni grown underwater compared to the terrestrial specimens. The micromorphological analyses, performed on the leaves using light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, evidenced a general uniformity of the trichome morphotype and distribution pattern. The histochemical investigation indicated the simultaneous presence of terpenes and polyphenols in the trichome secreted material from the underwater samples and a prevailing polyphenolic content in the terrestrial specimens; this was also confirmed by biochemical analyses (26.6 mg GAE/g DW). The characterization of non-volatile components, performed using HPLC–MS, showed similar chemical profiles in all the samples, which were characterized by phenolic compounds and steviol glycosides. The volatile compounds, evaluated using HS-SPME coupled with GC–MS, showed sesquiterpene hydrocarbons as the main class in all the analyzed samples (80.1–93.9%). However, the control plants were characterized by a higher content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (12.1%). The underwater biosphere environment did not alter S. rebaudiana micro-morphological characters, although slight qualitative changes were evidenced for the compounds produced as a response to the growth conditions.
R. Asghari, “Effect of Different Plant Beds and Fertilizers on Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) Production,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 51–55, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.3316/informit.459388664406383.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is well-known for its high content of steviol glycoside, a diterpene compound (about 4–20%) in dryleaf matter that is responsible for providing the non-caloric value sweet taste. Steviol glycosides are natural sugar substitutes for diabetics and other people on carbohydrate-controlled diets. Studies revealed that the glycosides yield, especially stevioside, greatly depends on the total biomass yield, which in turn depends on agricultural practices for cultivation of stevia. In this study, the effect of five various combinations of soil, cocopeat, perlite, and vermicompost plant beds mixed with four different fertilizers of tea compost, vermiwash, Hoagland and water, on four different physiological (leaf area, stem length, fresh weight and dry weight) and six different biochemical (chlorophyll content, carotenoid, protein, glucose, phenols and rebaudiosides) characteristics of plant were evaluated. To gain the highest content of biochemical compounds, especially all types of rebaudiosides, a combination of vermicompost, perlite and cocopeat with vermiwash or any other fertilizers can be useful
M. Askarnejad, H. Sodaiezadeh, P. Mavandi, A. Arani, and R. Yazdani, “Effect of Silicon in Improving Drought Tolerance of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) under Moisture Stress,” Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.22077/escs.2019.1559.1349.
Abiotic stresses adversely affect agricultural productivity worldwide. In the arid and semi-arid areas, water is one of the most basic ecological units, which determines the growth and development of plants. Therefore, efficient use of water resources should be considered in order to achieve desirable plant growth. Aside different effective factors, minerals such as silicon are the most essential affecting the growth and development of plants. Silicon has beneficial effects on many crops, especially under biotic and abiotic stresses. Silicon can affect biochemical, physiological, and photosynthetic processes, consequently ameliorates drought stress. However, the effects of silicon on stevia (Stevia rebaudiana L.) plants under drought stress has not well known. Stevia is a branched bushy shrub of the Asteraceae family and originated from South America, and its cultivation has spread worldwide. Stevia is well known for its high content of sweet components. Materials and Methods The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of different silicon concentrations on physiological and morphological characteristics of stevia under drought stress conditions. The treatments were four levels of drought stress including: 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% pot capacity and three levels of silicon concentrations consisted of 0, 1, 1.5 mM, which arranged in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. After the plants establishment, drought treatments were imposed. After 40 days of applying drought treatments, silicon was twice sprayed with 7 dyas interval. The leaves of plants were sampled one week after the last spraying and transferred to the laboratory and the amount of soluble sugars, proline and chlorophyll concentrations were measured. In order to analysis data, analysis two-way ANOVA were used and Duncan test compared means after normality test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, and Excel software was used for drawing the charts. Results and Discussion Applying experimental treatments had only significant effect (p<0.01) on plant height, shoot fresh weight, canopy diameter, and canopy volume, while had no significant effect on shoot dry weight and number of leaves. The effect of silicon foliar application was significant on plant height, canopy diameter and canopy volume at 1% probability level and on shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight at 5% probability level. The interaction between stress and silicon only was significant (p<0.01) on shoot dry weight, diameter and volume canopy, but had no significant effect on other traits. The results also showed that in no spraying, 1 and 1.5 mM silicon treatments under 25% FC significantly increased soluble sugars compared to 100% PC, so that the maximum amount of soluble sugars found in 25% FC and 1.5 mM silicon. Since the sugars are made from compatible osmolytes and its accumulation lead to osmotic adjustment, keep the cellular turgor and stability of protein. Thus increasing in soluble sugars such as sucrose, glucose and fructose as a result of environmental stresses, particularly drought are considered as a strategies of plants to tolerate adverse environmental conditions. Increasing drought stress to 25% PC significantly increased proline of stevia by 74% compared to the three levels of 100%, 75% and 50% PC. The results of several studies showed the positive effect of drought stress on proline, so that proline content is greater in drought stress than normal conditions. Increasing proline content in stress conditions might be due to increasing in activity of enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of this material, reducing the proline oxidation to glutamate and/or decreasing in consumption of proline in the process of making proteins. The results of evolution of different treatments of drought stress on chlorophyll content of stevia plant showed that the effect of drought stress was significant (p<0.01) on chlorophyll b, so that the most of chlorophyll b was observed in 75% PC treatment, which had no significant difference to 50% and 25% PC treatments, and the lowest was observed in 100% PC. Increasing inconsiderably chlorophyll b in drought stress conditions showed that chlorophyll pigments are somewhat tolerance to water loss. Conclusions The results of this experiment showed that height, shoot fresh weight of, diameter and volume of canopy, root volume, dry and root fresh weight of, and chlorophyll b were significantly decreased with increasing in drought stress level, however, using of both different silicon concentrations, especially 1 mM modulated damages of drought stress on stevia. Generally, the results of this research revealed the positive role of silicon in decreasing the negative effects of drought
A. A. A. Halim, “Optimization of Rebaudioside a Yield from Stevia Rebaudiana Cultivated on Bris Soil and Its Biological Activities,” Master's thesis, University Malaysia Kelantan, 2015.http://umkeprints.umk.edu.my/5035/.
Stevia rebaudiana is a sweet perennial herb which has been widely cultivated through the world for the sweet diterpene glycosides. S. rebaudiana has been applied as substitutes for sucrose, for treatment of diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension and caries prevention. Among the diterpene glycoside, rebaudioside A showed the lowest bitterness and the taste is close to sucrose. In this study two varieties MSR012 and MSR007 obtained from MARDI, Bachok, Kelantan were studied to maximize the yield of rebaudioside A from S. rebaudiana grown on BRIS soil. In order to find the best harvesting time of S. rebaudiana, proximate analysis were done on S. rebaudiana leaves from different maturity stage, i.e., before flowering (30-35days), flowering time (50-60 days) & over mature (70- 90days) of new apical stem grown on 2 year old plant. Separation method by solvent extraction followed by crystallization and re- crystallization of rebaudioside A in amorphous form were done in order to obtain sweetener which consist mainly bioactive compound, rebaudioside A. Moisture, ash, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and total carbohydrate were found maximum in variety MSR007 before flowering stage with 8.45%, 7.17%, 4.45%, 8.45%, and 13.65% respectively. Percentages of rebaudioside A were found maximum just before flowering stage with 3.45% followed by over matured stage with 2.20% and during flowering time with 1.82%.
A. E. Attia, O. E. EL-BAGOURy, A.-W. I. Allam, and A. M. Abdel-Ghany, “Effect of Propagation Method and Nitrogen Fertilization on Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana. Bertoni) Yield and Quality in Egypt,” Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 1269–1291, Sep. 2005.
doi: 10.21608/ejar.2005.247597.
Two field experiments were carried out in Giza Agricultural Station - Agricultural Research Center during the two successive seasons 2001j2002 and 2002j2003 to study the effect of propagation method (seed, tissue culture and root cuttings), nitrogen fertilization (0, 20 and 40 kg Nlfedlcut) and their interaction on Stevia rebaudiana yield and quality. Seeds of stevia variety Spanti imported from Spain and locally regenerated vegetatively were used to produce plantlets, root cuttings and shoot apex tissue culture. Results showed that tissue culture and root cuttings propagated plants were significantly taller than seed propagated plants. Tissue culture and root cutting propagation methods exceeded seed propagated plants in No. of branches j plant in first, second and fifth cuts. Root cutting propagated plants gave the maximum values of leaves fresh weight (2.7, 3.12, 1.55 and 1.58 t/fed for the first, second, third and fourth cuts, respectively). Plants propagated through root cuttings exceeded plants propagated by seed and tissue culture in stevioside % in all cutting dates giving maximum value of 24.16% in the first season and 21.14% in the second season in the 5th cut respectively. Application of 40kg N/fed/cut gave significant maximum values of plant height in three cuts (54.06, 54.33 and 53.07cm. for first, second and fifth cuts, respectively). Nitrogen fertilization affected all cuts for the No. of branchesjplant and the application of either 20 or 40 kg N/fed/cut significantly exceeded 0 kg N/fed/cut. Application of 40 kg N/fed/cut gave maximum values of fresh leaves weight in all cutting dates (2.27, 2.86, 1.56, 1.56 and 3.37 tjfed respectively), meanwhile dry leaves weight yield gave (0.87, 0.96, 0.52, 0.52 and 1.13 tjfed. respectively). Application of 20 and 40 kg N/fedcut exceeded Okg N/fedlcut in stevioside % in both seasons. Application of 40 kg Nlfed/cut for stevia plants propagated by root cutting produced maximum yield of dry leaves weights of 1.06, 1.13 and 0.54 t/fed. for first, second and fourth cuts, respectively. Therefore, total stevioside yield reached its maximum value (962.43 kg/fed/year) when root cutting propagation method and application of 40 kg N/fed/cut were used.
Knowledge on the critical period to conduct specific crop-weed interference is an important component for the development of an effective integrated weed management approach. The present experiment was carried out in a glass house at the Rice Research Centre, MARDI Serdang. Weeds were allowed to compete with the Stevia plants at different growth periods (after the Stevia plants were transplanted), before being removed manually. Full term weedy and weed-free treatments were included as controls for comparison. It was observed that the yield of Stevia decreased with increasing duration of weed competition. Based on the predicted Logistic equation and Gompertz response curve, the critical period for controlling weeds in Stevia was found to be as early as the first week after transplanting until the end of the third week. During this phase, the weeds have to be controlled in order to prevent losses that could exceed the economic threshold.
R. Aziz and K. Khaled, “Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni; Rapid Micropropagation, Stevioside Accumulation and Genetic Fidelity Using ISSR Markers,” Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 295–301, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.21608/jacb.2017.38917.
Different regions in the worldusing Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni as sweetener crop. It is a perennial semi-shrub up to 40 cm in height. Stevia have versatile medicinal uses without any side effects. It could propagated by seed or by stem cutting. Although seed propagation is very common method, seed is not efficient because of poor germination, low fertility and incompatibility of the flowers. Destruction of the donor plant and decreased new plant number made stem cutting method is limited. In our study, Stevia in vitro propagated using nodal segments on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and various growth regulator concentrations [6-benzyladenine (BA), and kinetin (Kin)] The best and highest response of regenerants was in the medium contain (2.0 mg/l BA+ 0.5 mg/l Kin) which recorded (87.43), (9.07) and (4.61) for the percentage of explants, maximum total shoots number, the highest average of shoot length, respectively. Maximum average of root/shoot length and the highest percentage of root/shoot recorded in medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IAA (12.93, 6.89 and 98 %). The difference ratio among T1 & T2 in Constituents (%) of moisture, Fat, Ash, Crude fiber, St and Reb-A were a slight ratio thus both treated media are likely favorable in our work. Obviously, the obtained data about moisture, protein and total carbohydrate were the noticeable difference increased in T2 more than T1, these observations interpreted as evidence for the combination high ratio of protein and stevioside sweeteners might be due to the favorable media to achieve most growing performance, which reflect on dietary values. Acclimatization succeeded with a 95% survival rate of the ex-vitro plantlets at the hardening phase. Genetic stability of propagated plantlets compared with compared with mother plants was analyze using Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The present study provides report on the genetic fidelity of micropropagation for Stevia rebaudiana obtained from axillaries bud explants using ISSR analysis. The tissue cultured plantlets and the mother plant were identically with no variability detected.
E. E. Aziz, E. M. Badawy, V. D. Zheljazkov, S. M. Nicola, and H. Fouad, “Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Achillea Millefolium L. as Affected by Harvest Time,” Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 533–540, Mar. 2019.
doi: 10.21608/ejchem.2018.5129.1454.
Achillea millefolium is an important medicinal and aromatic plant and is grown commercially for production of essential oil in many countries including Egypt. The plant extract and essential oil possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic and antitumor properties. We hypothesized that the essential oil content and composition may be influenced by harvest time and environmental conditions. Thus, flowering heads yield and the essential oil content and quantitative composition were investigated during different harvest times in the Experimental Station of National Research Centre at Nubaria, Beheira Governorate, West of Nile Delta, Egypt under drip irrigation. Flowering heads yield and essential oil composition varied according to harvest time. The highest essential oil yield was observed at the second harvest on10 April and 5 May of the first and second seasons, respectively. The essential oils at the different harvest times were characterized by containing monoterpenes with high amounts of β-pinene (24.1–54.6%) and sabinene (3.1–7.4%). The most abundant sesquiterpenes were chamazulene (10.1–26.7%) followed by geramacrene-D (1.3–10.3%) and β-caryophyllene (0.9–6.4%). Plants harvested on 21 February provided essential oil with relatively high concentration of chamazulene and germacrene-D. Chamazulene and germacrene-D decreased gradually at the later harvests, while β-pinene and limonene reached the maximum concentration in plants harvested on15 May. These results indicate that flowering heads yield and essential oil content and composition can be influenced by harvest time and climatic conditions which can be useful to producers and processors of Achillea millefolium.
N. I. Azizan, “Colchicine Induced Mutation and Enhancement of the Steviol Glycoside Content in Stevia Rebaudiana / Nur Izzati Azizan,” Master's thesis, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 2020.https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/60401/.
Stevia rebaudiana is a sweet herb that belongs to the family Asteraeae. Steviol glycoside, a natural sweetener derived from Stevia leaves are 100-300 times sweeter than sucrose and contain a complex mixture of sweet diterpene glycoside. the mutagenic effect of colchicine to improve leaf and steviol glycosides yield in stevia was investigated. Stevia plant were treated with five different colchicine concentrations (0.5%, 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 0.0% act as control) for 48h. The plants were arranged in a completely randomized block design. Treated plants were characterized based on morphological traits such as plant height, leaf length and leaf thickness. The results obtained revealed significant difference (p≤0.05) in the morphological traits of the mutants when compared with the control. Overall, 2.00% colchicine concentrations resulted in higher average plant height by 36.0% ±0.6 leaf length increments by 43.0%± 0.7 and the leaf thickness increment by 5.0%±0.1. The improvement of the mutants’ traits is concentration dependent and increases with increment in colchicine concentration. Therefore it is suggested that 2.0% concentration should be applied in improving stevia growth and yield related traits.
A. K. Bafhat, L. M. Gupta, M. Gupta, S. K. Gupta, and N. S. Raina, “Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Stevia ( Bertoni),” Indian Journal of Ecology, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1965–1967, Oct. 2022.
doi: 10.55362/IJE/2022/3768.
Field experiment was conducted at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha, Jammu to study the integrated nutrient management technique suitable for increasing growth and yield in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. At the inception of the experiment, the soil was sandy-clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction having low status of available N with medium in available P and K. Application of vermicompost @ 1.5t/ha along with half of recommended dose of nitrogen(30kg N/ha) and Azotobacter significantly increased the growth and yield parameters over control and resulted in maximum plant height (66.17cm), number of branches per plant (24.87), number of leaves per plant (284.68), fresh leaf yield (23.35gm) and dry leaf yield per plant (5.98gm) compared to other fertilizer combinations, but it is at par with leaf yield in 30 kgN +vermicompost (VC) @1.5t/ha. Higher values of yield parameters are observed in vermicompost @ 1.5 t/ha in combination with 30 kg N and Azotobacter and 30kgN +vermicompost@1.5t/ha\vphantom{} with estimated dry leaf yield of 4.78q ha -1 and 4.32q ha-1, respectively. Maximum contents of NPK in soil after harvest of crop were in FYM @ 12t/ha and Azotobacter followed by VC @ 3t/ha alongwith Azotobacter. Integrated nutrient management comprising the use of VC or FYM in combination with inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizer was best combination of nutrient management compared to sole application of organic or inorganic to increase the leaf yield in stevia under Jammu subtropics. The combination of organic, inorganic and biofertilizers is not only superior over application of manures or fertilizers alone for achieving higher growth and yield but also in maintaining the fertility status of soil.
H. Bagat, S. A. M. Hassan, S. Salaheldin, and M. Abou-Ellail, “Tissue Culture Protocol Establishment of Artemisia Annua L. Plant and Artemisinin Production,” SVU-International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 73–83, 2021.
doi: 10.21608/SVUIJAS.2021.84280.1124.
In vitro culture parameters were investigated in order to develop an effective protocol for Artemisia annua cultivation and artemisinin production. The explants, shoot tips and axillary buds, were individually cultured on MS medium contained 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or growth regulators. Treatment with mercuric chloride (1.0%) for 5 min gave the highest survival percentage (86.0% and 90.0%) and the lowest contamination percentage (40.0% and 64.0%) for terminal shoot tip and axillary bud, respectively. Axillary bud explants surpassed shoot tips in development and direct regeneration. High concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) plus 0.5 mg/L BAP were suitable for callus induction while low concentrations and the control induced less necrosis and more explant development, as well as increased artemisinin concentration. Lower BAP concentrations induced an increased growth rate, while the higher BAP concentration encouraged proliferation. Seven treatments with different concentrations of NAA, 2,4-D, and salicylic acid produced lower amounts of artemisinin than that produced by control (0.5 mg/L BAP). Decreasing level of artemisinin could be due to reduced rates of plant growth and decreased amounts of green matter by growth regulators, which may affect the plastidic pathway for artemisinin production.
R. Bagheri and A. Ariapour, “Determining the best time of seed collection based on seed germination traits in Artemisia sieberi and Artemisia aucheri (case study: Salehabad rangelands, Kerman province).,” Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, vol. 25, no. 4, 2019.
doi: 10.22092/ijrdr.2019.118429.
This study aimed to determine the best time of seed collection for Artemisia sieberi and Artemisia aucheri in Saleh abad rangelands of Baft County, Kerman province. After selecting a key area, the time of seed collection started from mid-November to end of January for Artemisia aucheri and from mid-October to mid-December for Artemisia sieberi. The seeds were evaluated for germination traits...
M. R. O. Baral and M. C. I. Salas, “Development of Component Technology for High Yield and Quality Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni),” no. 1, 2014.
Two experiments conducted at the experimental field station of the Nueva Vizcaya State University from August 2013 to December 2013 aimed to develop a technology in the production of Stevia propagules using different stem cuttings and planted in different substrates. Field performance in terms of growth, yield, percent survival and quality were also studied. The first experiment was laid in 2 x 4 factorial in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications and the second experiment was laid in a 4 x 3 factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).
C. Barbet-Massin, S. Giuliano, L. Alletto, J. Daydé, and M. Berger, “Towards a Semi-Perennial Culture of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni under Temperate Climate: Effects of Genotype, Environment and Plant Age on Steviol Glycoside Content and Composition,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 685–694, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s10722-015-0276-9.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni is a perennial shrub native to Paraguay whose leaves accumulate sweetening compounds of high value: steviol glycosides (SVglys). These diterpenoids differ in the number (1–4) and the nature of sugar units bound to a steviol skeleton: mainly glucose but also rhamnose and xylose. The two main SVglys are stevioside (ST; 3 glucose units) and rebaudioside A (RA, 4 glucose units). Along with an evaluation of genotypic variability for SVglys content and composition, this study investigates the winter survival and the effect of perennial cultivation on S. rebaudiana genotypes through a 2-year experiment conducted on two locations. The first year, a population of 96 genotypes was examined in a nursery field (site A) and a subset of five genotypes was grown in a field trial (site B). The winter surviving genotypes (16 on site A and 5 on site B) were studied the following year, alongside new plantings of the same lines (8 on site A and 5 on site B). The genotypes showed a high variability in SVgly content (from 45.7 to 186.2 mg g−1 DM) and composition along four distinct clusters. There was no correlation between total SVglys content and composition. Genotypes without RA had no other SVglys with more than three conjugated sugars. SVgly content varied among environments and generally increased between 1- and 2-year-old plants, while SVgly composition remained stable. This study showed that breeding for winter survival in temperate conditions would allow an increase in SVgly productivity in a semi-perennial stevia production.
R. Barron, “In Vitro Regeneration, Rooting, and Cloning of Artemisia Tridentata,” Boise State University Theses and Dissertations, Aug. 2020.
doi: 10.18122/td/1719/boisestate.
M. R. Barroso et al., “Assessment of the Nitrogen Fertilization Effect on Bioactive Compounds of Frozen Fresh and Dried Samples of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Food Chemistry, vol. 243, pp. 208–213, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.137.
The present study aims to assess the effect of different nitrogen (N) rates on the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of stevia frozen fresh and dried leaves, and to define the best growing conditions to maximize the levels of bioactive compounds. In general, processing affects more significantly the tocopherol and sugar contents than N fertilization. The most abundant sugars were xylose, arabinose\,+ fructose and sucrose, presenting dried samples with higher contents than frozen fresh ones, while the latter better retained tocopherols than dry samples. Regarding phenolic compounds, greater levels were found in dried samples and in those fertilized with 25 kg N ha-1. Leaves from plants fertilized with 25 and 50 kg N ha-1 also evidenced higher antioxidant activity, which seemed to be influenced by the phenolic composition. In general, N fertilization provides an improvement in the chemical composition and bioactive potential of stevia leaves.
M. Barroso, H. Goes, M. A. Rodrigues, M. Arrobas, L. G. Pedro, and M. J. Sousa, “Stevia Rebaudiana: A Study in the Volatiles Profile from Plants Grown in the Field in the Greenhouse and Micropropagated in Vitro,” 1st European Conference of Post graduate Horticulture Scientists, pp. 16–16, 2016.https://bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt/handle/10198/15574.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves are natural sources of steviol glycosides, which are used commercially for sweetening and flavouring foods and beverages. Steviol glycosides are natural sweeteners constituting an alternative to synthetic compounds like cyclamates or aspartame. S. rebaudiana has been produced mainly for its stevioside compounds but it contains other metabolites with potential therapeutic benefits such as alkaloids, hydroxycinnamic acids, oligosaccharides or essential oils. The chemical profile of samples development by micropropagation or in green house or in field conditions, should be characterized to ensure the quality of the samples supplied by Stevia producers. Multiplication rate and fresh weight were determined for plants micropropagated in two different culture media (medium A - Murashige and Skoog (MS) without hormones and sucrose), (medium B - MS with 0.5 mg.L-1 of kinetin and 20 g.L-1of sucrose). Apart from spontaneous rooting rate determination, induction of plant rooting by auxin shock, using indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (2 mg.mL-1), was also evaluated. Acclimatization in greenhouse was performed with hydro atomization nozzles working every 10 minutes. Plants on the field were fertilized by a nutrient solution with N, P2O5, K2O and B. The essential oil yield was determined for plants in all conditions (in vitro, greenhouse, field) using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Volatiles were isolated using a Likens-Nickerson apparatus and analyzed by GCMS. The in vitro multiplication rate was 300% per month and the fresh weight after a 4 week subculture was 0.9 g. Spontaneous rooting rate was less than 4% after 4 months but induced rooting achieved 30% of plants with developed root system after 1 week and 70% after 2 weeks. Acclimatization rate was 100% after 2 weeks. The essential oil yield was <0.06% for all samples. Volatiles identification revealed identical composition in all samples, with α-pinene (11-31%), bicyclogermacrene (5‑19%), trans-β-farnesene (7-15%), β-elemene (6-10%) and β-caryophyllene (3-10%) as major compounds. Quantitative differences were noteworthy.
S. Basharat et al., “A Review on Current Conventional and Biotechnical Approaches to Enhance Biosynthesis of Steviol Glycosides in Stevia Rebaudiana,” Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 30, pp. 92–104, Feb. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.10.018.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is commonly called stevia and mostly found in the north east regions of South America. It is an herbaceous and shrubby plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Stevia is considered as a natural sweetener and a commercially important plant worldwide. The leaves of S. rebaudiana contain steviol glycosides (SGs) which are highly potent and non-caloric sweeteners. The sweetening property of S. rebaudiana is contributed to the presence of these high potency, calorie free steviol glycosides. SGs are considerably suitable for replacing sucrose and other artificial sweetening agents which are used in different industries and pharmaceuticals. SGs amount in the plant mostly varies from 8% to 10%, and the enhancement of SGs is always in demand. These glycosides have the potential to become healthier alternatives to other table sugars for having desirable taste and zero calories. SGs are almost 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Being used as alternative sugar intensifier the commercial value of this plant in biopharmaceutical, food and beverages industries and in international market is increasing day by day. SGs have made stevia an important part of the medicinal world as well as the food and beverage industry, but the limited production of plant material is not fulfilling the higher global market demand. Therefore, researchers are working worldwide to increase the production of important SGs through the intercession of different biotechnological approaches in S. rebaudiana. This review aims to describe the emerging biotechnological strategies and approaches to understand, stimulate and enhance biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in stevia. Conventional and biotechnological methods for the production of steviol glycosides have been briefly reviewed and discussed.
M. Bayraktar, “Micropropagation of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Using RITA® Bioreactor,” HortScience, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 725–731, Apr. 2019.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI13846-18.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is used for medicinal and food purposes. The effectiveness of different culture systems in Stevia micropropagation was evaluated. Node explants were cultured in semisolid or RITA® bioreactor containing woody plant medium (WPM) without plant growth regulators (PGRs). The effect of three medium volumes (100, 200, and 300 mL) and four immersion frequencies (10 seconds every 1, 4, 6, or 8 hours) were assessed. The shoots and roots developed simultaneously in the RITA® bioreactor treatment containing 100 mL of WPM at 10 seconds/4 hours immersion frequency and the healthiest plantlets were obtained from this RITA® treatment using 5 mL of medium per explant. The root induction rate was 100% in nonhyperhydrated shoots obtained from both semisolid and RITA® bioreactor, and all of them were successfully acclimatized. Thus, an economical and viable protocol was developed by performing the micropropagation in one step, eliminating the use of agar and PGRs, and decreasing the amount of medium used per explant.
To fill in existing information and knowledge gaps on asexual propagation of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), this experiment was conducted at the Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center nursery site in a plastic chamber. The experiment consisted of two levels of cutting positions (top and middle) and three levels of rooting hormones (zero hormone, 0.2% indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.4% 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)). The experiment was laid out in a 3×2 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on leaf number/plant, survival count and rate were recorded and analyzed. Mean squares from analysis of variance revealed the existence of a very highly significant influence (P < 0.001) of cutting position on leaf number and survival rate. The application of rooting hormone exerted a significant influence (P < 0.05) on survival rate only. Interaction effect of cutting position and hormone application did not exert an influence (P > 0.05) on the parameters considered. Higher but statistically similar survival rate were recorded for the control and the 0.2% IBA treatment whereas the lowest values were recorded for the 0.4% NAA treatment. Top cuttings demonstrated significantly more leaves (eight) and survival rates (80.18%) and showed a 46.78 and 28.49% increase in leaf number and survival rate compared to middle cuttings. Therefore, it is recommended that the top part be used for the propagation of stevia. The application of rooting hormone might not necessarily be an economically sound option for vegetative propagation.
A. Beharav, B. Hellier, K. L. Richardson, A. Lebeda, and T. Kisha, “Genetic Relationships and Structured Diversity of Lactuca Georgica Germplasm from Armenia and the Russian Federation among Other Members of Lactuca L., Subsection Lactuca L., Assessed by TRAP Markers,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 1963–1978, Oct. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s10722-018-0669-7.
We studied the genetic relationships of Lactuca georgica samples originating in Armenia and the Russian Federation with samples representing four other predominantly self-pollinating wild Lactuca species (L. serriola, L. aculeata, L. saligna, and L. virosa) originating in various countries, as well as with samples representing cultivated lettuce, L. sativa by using 48 TRAP markers. We also visualized their genetic diversity and structure. The present study is likely the first molecular phylogenetic evaluation of a detailed screening of L. georgica germplasm. Data analysis of the three major wild species in this study, L. georgica (134 samples), L. virosa (57 samples), and L. serriola (40 samples) showed that allele frequencies of all 47 polymorphic loci varied significantly among the species. A total of 11, 9, and 10 alleles were unique to L. georgica, L. serriola, and L. virosa, respectively; 71% of TRAP marker diversity was between species. The Neighbor-Joining tree clearly clustered the whole set of 238 samples according to their taxonomic determination. It also reflects the gene diversity as well as the genetic distance values among samples representing the between and within variance of the various species. The L. georgica samples clustered most distantly from the L. sativa samples. The interspecies comparisons between samples belonging to L. georgica with those belonging to L. sativa displayed a high distance, lower only from the interspecies comparisons between samples belonging to L. virosa (in the tertiary gene pool of cultivated lettuce) with those belonging to L. sativa. Thus, additional molecular data with more hybridization experiments are necessary to reconsider if L. georgica is indeed a constituent of the primary gene pool of cultivated lettuce. The L. georgica samples were divided into two sub-clusters, with samples collected in southeast and central Armenia grouping together while all those collected in the north and Dagestan grouped together.
A. Beharav et al., “Variation of Sesquiterpene Lactones in Lactuca Aculeata Natural Populations from Israel, Jordan and Turkey,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 602–611, Aug. 2010.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2010.07.007.
A comparative phytochemical study of seven sesquiterpene lactones in natural populations of the wild lettuce Lactuca aculeata Boiss. (Asteraceae) was performed, based on 23 accessions derived from eight, two, and single localities from Israel, Jordan, and Turkey, respectively. The compounds were profiled and quantified in leaves and roots of the plants, grown from achenes (cypselas) in a greenhouse under controlled conditions, using reverse phase HPLC with on-line photodiode array detector. In the present study, L. aculeata was confirmed as a taxon strongly characterized by four dominant sesquiterpene lactones: 8-deoxylactucin, jacquinelin, crepidiaside B and lactuside A. An analysis of quantitative results of these four constituents led to the following conclusions: (i) the sesquiterpene lactone contents varied significantly, mainly within the populations; however, for two variables (crepidiaside B and lactuside A in root samples) the contents varied mostly between populations, (ii) these differences are likely to be genetically controlled since all accessions were grown under standardized glasshouse conditions. Accessions containing high levels of some sesquiterpene lactones were found in several populations. These traits should be conserved in situ and ex situ and utilized in further research and lettuce improvement.
\relax M. S. Behera, \relax P. K. Mahapatra, R. Singandhupe, D. Kundu, and D. Barman, “Enhancing Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana, Bertoni) through Drip Irrigation System,” Journal of Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research, vol. 31, pp. 71–76, Jan. 2014.
A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of the Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar (Odisha) during rabi seasons of 2005-06 and 2006-07 to study the effect of drip irrigation regimes and fertilizer levels on the performance of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana, Bertoni) in a sandy soil of acidic reaction. The treatments included three irrigation regimes (I1- drip irrigation at 100% PE, I2 at 80% PE and I3 at 60% PE) and three fertility levels (F1-100%, F2– 75% and F3- 50% recommended dose of 110-45-45 kg N-P2O5-K2O ha-1) with a control treatment having surface (furrow) irrigation and conventional soil application of fertilizer. Drip irrigation reduced consumptive use of water by 40%, increased water use efficiency by 62% and water productivity by 68% compared to surface irrigation. Application of irrigation at 100% pan evaporation (PE) with 100% recommended dose of fertilizer produced 9,131 kg fresh or 2, 903 kg dry leaf per hectare. The consumptive use of water was 780 mm with water use efficiency 3.73 kg ha-mm-1 and water productivity Rs 746 mm-1.
Stevia is known as Madhu patra in Indian market. One hectare of stevia produces sweetener equivalent to 36 ha of sugarcane (Rani et al., 2012). The sweetness in stevia leaves is non-sugar based and harmless. The products of stevia are used in many food items as sweetener, flavor, weight watchers diet, diabetic diets and colour enhancers, antitoxidants and as aging agent and catalyst for alcoholic beverages. It is also used for medicine to treat many ailments including diabetics, high blood pressure, hypertension, depression, digestive disorders, addictions, several skin defects and improving thinking capacity. In medicinal field, stevia has hypoglycemic, oral contraceptive, cardiovascular, antimicrobial activity. Plant sweeteners have attained high significance in the recent years due to their demand for industrial use and higher market price (Lubbe and Verpoorte, 2011). Stevia is a small sweet perennial shrub with green leaves that belongs to the family Compositae. It originated in South America (Paraguay and Brazil). The current extract market demand is 1.5 M kg, processed from 12 M kg of Stevia leaf (Stevia Facts, 2008). Stevioside is one of the active constituents, which is available abundantly in the leaves of Stevia (5-10% on dry weight basis) and is 300- 350 times sweeter than sucrose (Zhang et al., 1999).
B. Benhmimou et al., “Stevia, Density, Harvesting Time, Steviol Glycosides, Dry Leaf Yield, Morocco,” International Journal of Plant Research, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 83–89, 2017.
doi: 10.5923/j.plant.20170704.01.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) has achieved economic importance due to the different natural steviol glycosides (SG) which are obtained from its leaves which are many times sweeter than sugarcane and sugarbeet. The produvtivity of stevia depends on many agronomical factors such as planting density. A field experiment was conducted from 10th May to 23rd October 2014 in a sandy soil under irrigated conditions to study the effect of plant spacing D1 (70 cm x 30 cm), D2 (70 cm x 20 cm), and D3 (70 cm x 10 cm) on growth, yield, and quality of stevia. Spacing significantly affected plant height, stem diameter, fresh biomass yield, fresh and dry leaf yield, stevioside (STV), rebaudioside A (Reb A), and total SG yield in all the harvests. Higher plant height (79.67 cm) and stem diameter (6.73 mm) were obtained in the wider spacing D1 as compared to closer spacing D3 (65.00 cm and 6.09 mm, respectively) in first harvest (95 days after transplanting). While, highest fresh biomass, dry leaf and total SG yields (cumulative of two harvests) were obtained with D3 (37.23, 4.95, and 0.69 t ha-1, respectively). SG contents were not significantly affected by planting density. However, higher STV and total SG contents were obtained with closer plant spacing D3 (11.27 and 17.20%, respectively) in the first harvest. At the second harvest (72 days after first harvest) significantly lower dry leaf and SG yields were obtained in all the 3 planting densities. The study revealed that under Larache, Moroccan conditions, the higher dry leaf yield and better quality of stevia were obtained in the narrow spacing when plants were harvested during summer season.
D. Bergs, J. Merz, A. Delp, M. Joehnck, G. Martin, and G. Schembecker, “A Standard Procedure for the Selection of Solvents for Natural Plant Extraction in the Early Stages of Process Development,” Chemical Engineering & Technology, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1739–1748, 2013.
doi: 10.1002/ceat.201300276.
The standard procedure for the selection of solvents for natural plant extraction is a hybrid approach of solubility estimation and experimental investigations to reduce the time of solvent screening to a minimum. The focus is on the selection of a suitable solvent for natural product extraction in the early stages of process development when thermodynamic data are not yet available and solid-liquid extraction is still an alternative to other techniques. The standard procedure is implemented in Microsoft® Excel™, provides the necessary information, creates experimental test plans, performs calculations and supports the user by structured descriptions to select the most desirable solvent for extraction. In this study, its application to the natural products rebaudioside A from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves, caffeine from guaraná seeds, and artemisinin from Artemisia annua leaves is demonstrated. The standard procedure predicted solvents that were found in the literature, plus solvents with even better extraction performance than the ones described in the literature.
A. R. Berimavandi, D. Hashemabadi, M. V. F. Ghaziani, and B. Kaviani, “Effects of Plant Density and Sowing Date on the Growth, Flowering and Quantity of Essential Oil of Calendula Officinalis L.”
Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is a medicinal and ornamental plant. In an experiment which was designed in factorial on the basis of completely randomized block design with 3 replicates in 36 plots. The effects of plant density (20, 40, 60 and 80 plants/m2- factor A) and sowing date (April 19 and 29, and May 10, 2010- factor B) were evaluated on the growth, flowering and essential oil of C. officinalis L. Studies were carried out on experimental field in Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran. Investigated characteristics were: plant dry weight, flower number/plant, branch number/plant, flower dry weight, flower yield/area unit, and quantity of essential oil. Maximum of plant dry weight (35.67 g), flower number/plant (25.88), branch number/plant (9.44), flower dry weight (3.72 g), and amount of essential oil/100 g dried flower (0.16 ml) were obtained at the 20 plants/m2, while maximum of flower dry weight (132.07 g), and amount of essential oil (0.19 ml), both per area unit were obtained at the 60 plants/m2. The effect of sowing date for all characteristics was not significant. Interaction between plant density and sowing date was significant for all characteristics and the best treatments were the 20 plants/m2 on 19 and 29 April.
Besheit, A. M. Nassar, A. I. Allam, and S. M. Allam, “Density Studies on Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) in Egypt,” Journal of Plant Production, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 33–45, Jan. 2002.
doi: 10.21608/jpp.2002.247814.
The fresh leaf yield and quality i.e. total soluble carbohydr- ates and stevioside (the main sweetening agent) of stevia under six plant densities of 24000 to 48000 plants/fed. resulted from the treatment combinations of three inter-row spacing (58.3, 70.0 and 87.5 cm) and two intra-row spacing (15 and 20 cm) using two seed types (seedlings resulted from tissue culture and root rizomes) of the variety Spanti from Spain imported were evaluated in Giza Experimental Station, Agricultural Research Center during the period of September 1998 to July 2000, where a ten successive cuts were carried out. Results revealed that: For seedlings, plant population density of 40000 plants/fed (70x15 cm) gave the highest leaf yield (4.304 tons/fed.). However, for rizomes planting, plant population of 36000, 40000 and 48000 plants/fed.( 58.3 x 20cm, 70 x 15cm and 58.3 x 20cm), respectively, yielded the highest leaf yield (7.158, 7.226 and 7.793 tons/fed.). For both seedling types, increasing or decreasing the population density beyond that induced significant reduction in fresh leaf yield. Total soluble carbohydrate and stevioside content in the leaves were not significantly affected by either inter or intra row spacing or their interaction with cutting times. Fresh Leaf yield was increased gradually and significantly in successive cuts for both seed types and this increased was more pronounced in summer cuts and in the latest cuts. On the other hand, cutting time insignificantly affected leaf content of total soluble carbohydrate and stevioside.
A. Blinstrubienė, N. Burbulis, N. Juškevičiūtė, N. Vaitkevičienė, and R. Žūkienė, “Effect of Growth Regulators on Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Callus Genesis and Influence of Auxin and Proline to Steviol Glycosides, Phenols, Flavonoids Accumulation, and Antioxidant Activity In Vitro,” Molecules, vol. 25, no. 12, p. 2759, Jan. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/molecules25122759.
Stevia is a plant containing many active compounds, but usually propagated by stem cuttings because of low seed-yield-germination ability. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of plant-growth regulators on stevia callus induction and growth from somatic tissue, as well as to determine the effect α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and proline (PRO) on the amount of stevioside, rebaudioside A, phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Stem and leaf segments were inoculated on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) for callus genesis. The amount of steviol glycosides (SGs) was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the amounts of total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity by spectrophotometric methods. The highest callus-induction frequency and callus-mass increase were obtained from the leaf explants in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 μM NAA. The highest amount of SGs, phenols, and flavonoids, and stronger antioxidant activity were determined in the cellular compounds of callus from leaf explant. PRO reduced the amount of SGs and flavonoids. The significantly highest amount of total phenolic compounds was obtained in the callus from leaf explants in the medium supplemented with 2.0 µM NAA and 2.0 µM PRO.
D. Bolonhezi, I. A. Khan, and R. M. Moraes, “Biomass Yield of Stevia Rebaudiana Grown on Hydroponic Systems Using Different Nitrogen Rates,” Planta Medica, vol. 76, no. 5, p. P2, Mar. 2010.
doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1251764.
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N. Bondarev, O. Reshetnyak, and A. Nosov, “Features of Development of Stevia Rebaudiana Shoots Cultivated in the Roller Bioreactor and Their Production of Steviol Glycosides,” Planta Medica, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 759–762, Aug. 2002.
doi: 10.1055/s-2002-33809.
Growth and development of Stevia rebaudiana shoots cultivated in the roller bioreactor and their production of steviol glycosides (SGs) were investigated. It was found that, owing to the highly favorable conditions of shoot cultivation created in such an apparatus, the intensity of shoot growth and SG production appeared to be 1.5 - 2.0 times higher than those of the shoots grown in tubes. These results indicate the existence of a positive correlation between these two processes. The data obtained suggest that the enhanced SG production is due to the differentiation of chlorenchyma cells and formation of specific subcellular structures for the glycoside to be accumulated.
L. A. Boorman and R. M. Fuller, “The Comparative Ecology of Two Sand Dune Biennials: Lactuca Virosa L. and Cynoglossum Officinale L.,” New Phytologist, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 609–629, 1984.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1984.tb03596.x.
This paper compares two contrasting biennial plant species of the sand dunes of Holkham, North Norfolk. A survey of distribution, in relation to various habitat factors, showed that Lactuca virosa L. is characteristic of the tall, Ammophila-dominated grassland on the younger dunes. It is favoured by gaps in the vegetation cover such as those produced by local wind erosion, but it is very sensitive to rabbit grazing. Cynoglossum officinale L. is a plant of older dune grassland and is not normally grazed by rabbits. It can exploit the bare ground around rabbit warrens, benefiting from the higher nitrogen levels resulting from rabbit excreta. Studies on seed production and germination showed that Lactuca can produce large numbers (> 60000 per plant) of very small (c. 0–8 mg) wind-dispersed seeds that germinate readily in the autumn. Cynoglossum, on the other hand, produces fewer (< 2500) seeds per plant that are larger (c. 30 mg) and animal-dispersed. Cynoglossum seeds are inherently dormant; most germination is in the late winter and early spring, after a period of cold. Lactuca compensates for small seed size by having a higher growth rate than Cynoglossum as well as by its earlier germination. Despite all these differences, the two species survive at comparable densities.
P. Borbély et al., “The Effect of Foliar Selenium (Se) Treatment on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Oxidative-Nitrosative Signalling of Stevia Rebaudiana Leaves,” Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 10, no. 1, p. 72, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.3390/antiox10010072.
Selenium (Se) enrichment of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni can serve a dual purpose, on the one hand to increase plant biomass and stress tolerance and on the other hand to produce Se fortified plant-based food. Foliar Se spraying (0, 6, 8, 10 mg/L selenate, 14 days) of Stevia plantlets resulted in slightly decreased stevioside and rebaudioside A concentrations, and it also caused significant increment in stem elongation, leaf number, and Se content, suggesting that foliar Se supplementation can be used as a biofortifying approach. Furthermore, Se slightly limited photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (AN, gsw, Ci/Ca), but exerted no significant effect on chlorophyll, carotenoid contents and on parameters associated with photosystem II (PSII) activity (FV/FM, F0, Y(NO)), indicating that Se causes no photodamage in PSII. Further results indicate that Se is able to activate PSI-cyclic electron flow independent protection mechanisms of the photosynthetic apparatus of Stevia plants. The applied Se activated superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoenzymes (MnSOD1, FeSOD1, FeSOD2, Cu/ZnSOD1, Cu/ZnSOD2) and down-regulated NADPH oxidase suggesting the Se-induced limitation of superoxide anion levels and consequent oxidative signalling in Stevia leaves. Additionally, the decrease in S-nitrosoglutathione reductase protein abundance and the intensification of protein tyrosine nitration indicate Se-triggered nitrosative signalling. Collectively, these results suggest that Se supplementation alters Stevia shoot morphology without significantly affecting biomass yield and photosynthesis, but increasing Se content and performing antioxidant effects, which indicates that foliar application of Se may be a promising method in Stevia cultivation.
G. Bortoloso Pigatto et al., “Effects of Indolebutyric Acid, Stem Cutting Positions and Substrates on the Vegetative Propagation of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 202–211, Apr. 2018.
doi: 10.17584/rcch.2018v12i1.6631.
S. H. E. N. D. I. Bouchaiba, “Comportement de quelques populations d’Armoise blanche (Artemisia herba alba.Asso) à la salinité,” Thesis, Université Mohamed BOUDIAF de M’Sila, 2016.http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/7903.
Afin d’étudier la variabilité intraspécifique de réponse à la salinité de quelques paramètres physiologiques et biochimiques chez l’Artemisia herba alba une étude à été effectuée sur trois populations d’Armoise blanche (Maaza,Zerarka et Khermam). La teneur en chlorophylle est d’autant moins importante que le stress est sévère, des teneurs meilleurs ont été enregistrées chez les deux populations Maaza et Zerarka pour des teneurs de 3.84 et 3.91 mg/100mg de MF. L’accumulation des sucres s’intensifie dès que le stress est appliqué chez les trois populations testées, avec des taux d’augmentations considérables chez les deux populations Maaza et Zerarka (476% et 580% respectivement).une variabilité de la teneur en sodium des feuilles s’exprime au seins des trois populations, chez la population Maaza, la teneur en sodium est proportionnelle au degré du stress, alors qu’elle est inversement proportionnelle chez la populations Zerarka , les plus faibles teneurs ont été enregistrées chez la population Kharmam estimées à 25.67meq/100mg de MS. L’accumulation du sodium dans les racines suit celles des feuilles. La teneur en potassium des feuilles diffère d’une population à l’autre, une forte accumulation du potassium s’exprime chez la population Kharmam, alors qu’elle diminue chez la population Zeraraka. Pour les racines le potassium s’accumule d’autant plus que le stress est sévère chez les deux populations Maaza et Khermam , alors qu’il diminue au-delà de 51mM chez la population Zeraraka
G. W. Bourdôt, D. J. Saville, and R. J. Field, “The Response of Achillea Millefolium L. (Yarrow) to Shading,” New Phytologist, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 653–663, 1984.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1984.tb03629.x.
Growth analysis was used to assess the response of vegetative rosettes of Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) to shading in the range of full daylight irradiance to a relative level of irradiance (r.l.i.) of 0–064. As functions of time, SLA, LWR, NAR and RGR showed more or less pronounced ontogenetic drifts which interacted with r.l.i. As functions of total dry weight, these interactions were greatly diminished. At dry weights from 1.53 to 4.0 g, the response of RGR to shading was characterized by a plateau between full daylight and approx. 0.40 r.l.i. owing to increases in SLA and LWR compensating for a reduction in NAR. Relative growth rate then fell steeply to a compensation point of O.o37 r.l.i. It was concluded that A. millefolium is considerably tolerant of shading and an ecological interpretation is given.
J. Brandle, “Genetic Control of Rebaudioside A and C Concentration in Leaves of the Sweet Herb, Stevia Rebaudiana,” Canadian Journal of Plant Science, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 85–91, Jan. 1999.
doi: 10.4141/P98-048.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni produces steviol glycoside sweeteners in its leaves that are up to 240 times sweeter than sugar. Understanding the genetic basis of glycoside proportions will aid in their manipulation through plant breeding. The experiments conducted in this study were focused on the genetic control of the proportions of two of those glycosides, rebaudioside A and rebaudioside C. The study was conducted using F2 population from crosses between two sets of parents with divergent glycoside profiles. Segregation in the first set of F2s showed that the presence/absence of rebaudioside A is controlled by a single dominant gene, but that the actual proportions of rebaudioside A may be controlled by multiple loci or alleles. In a second cross, proportions of rebaudioside A and rebaudioside C were found to co-segregate and were shown to be controlled by a single additive gene. This result suggests that both rebaudioside A and C are synthesized by the same enzyme. The results were used to propose a model for glycosylation of steviol glycosides. Key words: Diterpene glycoside, genetic analysis, glycosylation, biosynthetic model
J. E. Brandle and N. Rosa, “Heritability for Yield, Leaf:Stem Ratio and Stevioside Content Estimated from a Landrace Cultivar of Stevia Rebaudiana,” Canadian Journal of Plant Science, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1263–1266, Oct. 1992.
doi: 10.4141/cjps92-159.
J. E. Brandle, A. N. Starratt, and M. Gijzen, “Stevia Rebaudiana: Its Agricultural, Biological, and Chemical Properties,” Canadian Journal of Plant Science, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 527–536, Oct. 1998.
doi: 10.4141/P97-114.
Stevia rebaudiana is a member of the Compositae, native to Paraguay. It produces a number of high-potency low-calorie sweeteners in its leaf tissue. The sweeteners are diterpene glycosides and range between 30 and 320 times sweeter than sugar. Increasing consumer interest in natural food ingredients means that products like stevia sweeteners will be sub- ject to increasing demand. Such demand will need to be supported by a modern mechanised production system. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing agricultural, chemical and biochemical literature to provide a baseline for new research.
Rare plant reintroductions that result in additional or more viable wild populations are important conservation tools for maintaining biodiverse ecosystems. Ideally, such projects are best designed as experiments, to improve biological and ecological knowledge of the selected species and monitoring long-term results. Northern wormwood (Artemisia campestris var. wormskioldii: Asteraceae), a nearly extinct, early seral species restricted to Columbia River riparian habitat, is only known from two native populations in Washington, set 300 river kilometers apart. Both populations are declining and show minimal recruitment. In cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Army Corps of Engineers, we set up an experimental reintroduction project with the objectives of: (1) investigating the effect of environmental factors on survival of northern wormwood, to gain a better understanding of this species’ habitat requirements; and (2) creating a second viable population to further recovery objectives. To achieve these goals, we obtained seeds from multiple sources in order to increase the diversity of the founding population and determine germination rates for each source. We then planted 2,100 greenhouse-grown plants on Rufus Island, Oregon, in October, 2011. We transplanted 1,450 of these in experimental plots to examine the impacts of three environmental factors: (1) substrate type; (2) distance from the water line; and (3) presence or absence of the invasive shrub false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa). The remaining plants were placed in four surplus populations in order to increase the founding population size and create a viable population. Results showed that seeds germinated at different rates across sources and years. Success of transplants was measured by survivorship and reproductive output. Transplants were most successful when planted in sand substrate and at least nine meters from the water line. The presence of false indigo, a listed invasive species, did not have a significant effect on survival of transplants. Reproductive output showed that this population produced viable seeds and recruitment was observed by way of eleven seedlings. The results from this project present new information on northern wormwood habitat requirements, as well as provide a protocol for future recovery efforts.
G. Büyük, C. A. Bayram, M. Kırpık, and M. İnan, “Agronomic Performance and Nutrient Content of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) in Different Semi-Arid Locations,” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 848–861, Apr. 2022.
doi: 10.1080/00103624.2022.2028819.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a medicinal plant whose leaves are used as a natural sweetener. This study was carried out to determine the agronomic performances, yield, and macro-micronutrients in the leaves of the plant under semi-arid conditions. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted in four different locations (Kahta, Menderes, Hasancık and ADYÜTAYAM) of Adıyaman province which is located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. 0.5 ha of land was prepared for each location. Plots were created as three replicates and the seedlings were transplanted in 70 cm × 33 cm row distances. Plants were harvested 2 times in one growing season. Fresh and dry herb yields in the first harvest were measured as 13,949.5 and 3900.3 kg ha−1, respectively, and at the second harvest as 6923.5 and 1920.6 kg ha−1, respectively, from Menderes location. Something similar happened with regards to the ratio of leaves per plant. The K and Mn contents of leaves were not found to be statistically different. With regards to the macro and micro-nutrients measured in stevia leaves, N (2.29–3.40%) and P (0.20–0.31%), Zn (21.4–44.7 mg kg−1), Cu (13.8–34.5 mg kg−1) and Fe (204.1–446.9 mg kg−1) values were found to be statistically significant. These nutrients were affected by location and harvesting time. TSG, Reb A and Stevioside contents in stevia leaves were measured as 10.93%, 4.73% and 4.95%, respectively. The results are similar to the values specified for Criolla variety. Considering the data obtained from the study locations, it was observed that stevia can be grown easily in semi-arid conditions. It is also concluded that at least two harvests can be taken in semi-arid conditions.
O. Caliskan and D. Kurt, “Flower Yields of Pot Marigold (Calendula Officinalis L.) Plants as Effected by Flowering Durations and Number of Harvests.”
Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is a medicinal plant used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries since ancient times. Today, as well as folk medicine, active ingredients are widely used medicines and pharmaceuticals. Flowers are quite rich in various active ingredients. Flowering durations of pot marigold is greatly influenced by available climate conditions. In this study, fresh and dry flower yields were investigated under ecological conditions of Samsun province. It was observed that flowering continued for about 4 months from the beginning of July until the end of October. A total of 24 harvests were performed throughput the vegetation period. Flower yields increased from the first harvest till the 10th harvest and then a decrease was observed in flower yields through the end of vegetation. The total fresh flower yield was calculated as 328.6 kg/da and dry flower yield was calculated as 56.68 kg/da. The average number of flowers per plant was calculated as 49.11.
D. Cantabella, A. Piqueras, J. R. Acosta-Motos, A. Bernal-Vicente, J. A. Hernández, and P. Díaz-Vivancos, “Salt-Tolerance Mechanisms Induced in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni: Effects on Mineral Nutrition, Antioxidative Metabolism and Steviol Glycoside Content,” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry: PPB, vol. 115, pp. 484–496, Jun. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.04.023.
In order to cope with challenges linked to climate change such as salinity, plants must develop a wide spectrum of physiological and molecular mechanisms to rapidly adapt. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plants are a case in point. According to our findings, salt stress has no significant effect on plant growth in these plants, which accumulate sodium (Na+) in their roots, thus avoiding excessive Na+ accumulation in leaves. Furthermore, salt stress (NaCl stress) increases the potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), chloride ion (Cl-) and proline concentrations in Stevia leaves, which could contribute to osmotic adjustment. We also found that long-term NaCl stress does not produce changes in chlorophyll concentrations in Stevia leaves, reflecting a mechanism to protect the photosynthesis process. Interestingly, an increase in chlorophyll b (Chlb) content occured in the oldest plants studied. In addition, we found that NaCl induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in Stevia leaves and that this accumulation was more evident in the presence of 5 g/L NaCl, the highest concentration used in the study. Nevertheless, Stevia plants are able to induce (16 d) or maintain (25 d) antioxidant enzymes to cope with NaCl-induced oxidative stress. Low salt levels did not affect steviolbioside and rebaudioside A contents. Our results suggest that Stevia plants induce tolerance mechanisms in order to minimize the deleterious effects of salt stress. We can thus conclude that saline waters can be used to grow Stevia plants and for Steviol glycosides (SGs) production.
H. M. Cardello, M. A. Da Silva, and M. H. Damasio, “Measurement of the Relative Sweetness of Stevia Extract, Aspartame and Cyclamate/Saccharin Blend as Compared to Sucrose at Different Concentrations,” Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands), vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 119–130, 1999.
doi: 10.1023/a:1008134420339.
Special diets are used to mitigate many human diseases. When these diets require changes in carbohydrate content, then sweetness becomes an important characteristic. The range of low-calorie sweeteners available to the food industry is expanding. It is essential to have an exact knowledge of the relative sweetness of various sweeteners in relation to different sucrose concentrations. The objective of this study was to determine the variation on the relative sweetness of aspartame (APM), stevia [Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni] leaf extract (SrB) and the mixture cyclamate/saccharin–two parts of cyclamate and one part of saccharin–(C/S) with the increase in their concentrations, and in neutral and acid pH in equisweet concentration to 10% sucrose, using magnitude estimation. Sweetness equivalence of SrB in relation to sucrose concentrations of 20% or higher and of APM and C/S to sucrose concentrations of 40% or higher could not be determined, because a bitter taste predominated. The potency of all sweeteners decreased as the level of sweetner increased. In equi-sweet concentration of sucrose at 10%, with pH 7.0 and pH 3.0, the potency was practically the same for all sweeteners evaluated.
J. W. P. Carneiro, “Agriculture Science Center,” p. 7.
J. W. P. Carneiro, T. A. Guedes, D. Amaral, and A. L. Braccini, “Analise exploratória de percentuais germinativos obtidos com sementes de Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni, cenoura e canola envelhecidas artificialmente,” Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 215–222, Dec. 2000.
doi: 10.17801/0101-3122/rbs.v22n2p215-222.
An exploratory analysis was carried out to verify the use of symetrical and asyimetrical distributions for describing data sets of carrot, rape and Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni seeds stressed during different times under the temperature of 40°C. The symetrical distributions were the Normal and the Lognormal, and the asymetrical ones were the Gumbel and the Weibull distribution. The highest numerical value of the log likelihood function, used as goodness-of-fit test, was obtained with the fit of the Gumbel distribution. The results from this work suggest that others distributions different from the Normal can be used as an alternative to describe data sets from the accelerated ageing test.
J. W. P. Carneiro, “The Components of the Seed Purity Test Applied to Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni,” Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Nov. 2014.https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4703.4405.
J. W. P. Carneiro, A. S. Muniz, and T. A. Guedes, “Greenhouse Bedding Plant Production of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni,” Canadian Journal of Plant Science, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 473–474, Jul. 1997.
doi: 10.4141/P96-166.
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of 14 growing media on greenhouse bedding plant production of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni. The best mixture consisted of sand clay (LEd2) soil, laying hen manure (10% vol/vol), and lime. Key words: Natural sweetener, fertilizers, transplant production
M. C. Castañeda-Saucedo, E. Tapia-Campos, J. del P. Ramírez-Anaya, and J. Beltrán, “Growth and Development of Stevia Cuttings During Propagation with Hormones in Different Months of the Year,” Plants, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 294, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/plants9030294.
Stevia is an important non-caloric sweetener that has health-beneficial properties. The objective is to evaluate growth, development, and rooting of stevia plants during different seasons of the year using growth hormones. Eight experiments were set up in Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco, Mexico, with three treatments (T): T1, indol-3 butyric acid (IBA) 7.4 mM; T2, alphanaphthylacetamide (ANA) 6.4 mM + IBA 0.3 mM; and T3, control. The variables evaluated were rooted plantlets, plant height, root length, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, leaf area, shoot biomass, total biomass, as well as development and growth indexes. Four samplings were conducted in each experiment. The results show that the most appropriate months for propagating stevia cuttings are February, March, April, May, and July, when 96% to 99% of the cuttings rooted. The hormones had the best results related to production of root development. The control was outstanding only in variables related to production of shoot biomass and not to root development. It is concluded that stevia can be propagated vegetatively using cuttings treated with IBA 7.4 mM or ANA 6.4 mM + IBA 0.3 mM, preferable in the period from February to July, with the exception of June.
S. C. G. Cavalini, P. F. Gianini, and C. Pedroso-de-Moraes, “Crescimento in vitro de Artemisia absinthium L. (Asteraceae) em meios de cultivo simplificados,” p. 4.
One of the ways to increase the production of plants with good genetic quality has been the in vitropropagation. Different culture media have been developed to obtain more efficient results and simplified protocols in an attempt to obtain quality plants at low cost. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop in vitro propagation of Artemisia absinthium with simplified culture medium. The experimental design was completely randomized, in which seeds were grown in MS medium with half concentration of macronutrients and two other media based on Hyponex® and Kristalonlaranja®. The results after 90 days showed that the Kristalon laranja medium produced the best in vitro results for all analyzed variables.
L. Ceccarini, M. Macchia, and L. Andolfi, “Agronomic-Productive Characteristics of Two Genotype of Stevia Rebaudiana in Central Italy,” Italian Journal of Agronomy, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 257–262, Jun. 2006.
doi: 10.4081/ija.2006.257.
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S. Chandra, K. Askari, and M. Kumari, “Optimization of Indole Acetic Acid Production by Isolated Bacteria from Stevia Rebaudiana Rhizosphere and Its Effects on Plant Growth,” Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 581–586, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.09.001.
The ability to synthesize Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is widely associated with the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The present work deals with isolation and characterization of such bacteria from the rhizosphere of medicinal plant Stevia rebaudiana and optimization of IAA production from its isolates. The optimization of IAA production was carried out at different pH and temperature with varied carbon and nitrogen sources of culture media. Out of different isolates obtained, three of them were screened as efficient PGPRs on the basis of different plant growth promoting attributes. Isolates CA1001 and CA2004 showed better production of IAA at pH 9 (91.7 µg ml−1) and at temperature 37\,°C (81.7 µg ml−1). Dextrose (1%) was found to be the best carbon source for isolate CA1001 with 104 µg ml−1 IAA production. Isolate CA 2004 showed best production of IAA 36 µg ml−1 and 34 µg ml−1 at 1.5% and 1% Beef extract as nitrogen source respectively. Isolate CA 1001 showed 32 µg ml−1 IAA production at 0.5% nicotinic acid concentration. From the current study, CA1001 and CA2004 emerged as noble alternatives for IAA production further which also resulted in root and shoot biomass generation in crop plants, hence can be further used as bio-inoculants for plant growth promotion.
K. F. Chang, R. J. Howard, R. G. Gaudiel, and S. F. Hwang, “First Report of Stevia as a Host of Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum,” Plant Disease, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 311–311, Mar. 1997.
doi: 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.3.311B.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni; Asteraceae), an annual plant originating from Paraguay, contains glucosides of a diterpenoid (2), which is used as a low-caloric sweetener in some South American and southeast Asian countries. The main active ingredient, stevioside, is 100 to 300 times as sweet as sucrose. Stevia has been experimentally grown under field conditions in central and western Canada and has the potential to become a commercially viable alternative crop. In August 1996, a previously undescribed stem rot disease was observed on stevia plants at the Crop Diversification Centre South, Brooks, Alberta. The disease was found in research plots where 4-month-old plants were growing in loam soil. Diseased stems showed dark brown lesions above and at soil level when plant height reached approximately 30 cm. Under dry conditions, mild stem lesions caused plant stunting with lower leaves turning black and curling downward. Wilted leaf symptoms gradually spread upward in affected plants. Partial wilting symptoms appeared when girdling was restricted to branches. The entire plant collapsed when girdling of the crown and roots occurred. Superficial white mycelium developed over the basal part of affected stems under moist conditions, especially after rainy periods. Black, round to oblong sclerotia, 3.5 to 10.1 mm in size, formed externally on the crown areas after plant death. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1) was consistently isolated from the diseased plants. To confirm pathogenicity, 4-week-old stevia seedlings were obtained from shoot cuttings and grown in 12-cm pots of soilless mix. Sclerotia produced on potato dextrose agar were inserted into the mix 0.5 cm deep and 0.5 cm from the stems of test plants. Plants were placed in a growth chamber at 22°C with a 12-h photoperiod and 95% relative humidity. Two weeks after soil infestation, plants wilted and S. sclerotiorum was reisolated from the diseased crown tissues. This is the first report on stevia of sclerotinia stem rot, a disease that could significantly reduce foliar growth and stevioside production in field plantings. References: (1) L. H. Purdy. Phytopathology 69:875, 1979. (2) T. Robinson. 1991. The Organic Constituents of Higher Plants: Their Chemistry and Interrelationships. 6th ed. Cordus Press, North Amherst, MA.
Y. Chao and L. Zong-suo, “Seed Germination of Three Dominant Artemisia Species in Loess Hilly Region: Alternating Temperature, Osmotic Potential, and Light Effects,” Feb. 2008.https://harvest.usask.ca/handle/10388/9329.
In this study, we evaluated the effects of alternating temperature, osmotic potential and light in the achene germination of three dominant Artemisia species (A. scoparia, A. gmelinii Web. and A. giraldii Pamp.) on arable old land after being abandoned in loess hilly region of Northern Shaanxi, in order to provide information about germination requirements which could be use for conservation studies. Results showed that A. scoparia had wider alternating temperature extremes than two other species and A. giraldii Pamp. and A. gmelinii Web. had lower optimum alternating temperature (25 oC/20 oC) than A. scoparia (30 oC/25 oC). Osmotic potential affected germination of all species significantly, but A. scoparia had better germination results than others in every treatment. In light treatments, although A. giraldii Pamp. and A. gmelinii Web. had lower germination proportion in white light, they had bigger germination proportion in darkness than A. scoparia.
V. S. P. Chaturvedula et al., “Minor Diterpenoid Glycosides from the Leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana,” Phytochemistry Letters, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 209–212, Sep. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2011.01.002.
From the commercial extract of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, three new diterpenoid glycosides were isolated besides eight known steviol glycosides including stevioside, rebaudiosides A–F and dulcoside A. The structures of the three compounds were identified as 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) oxy]-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid-(6-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) ester (1), 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) oxy]-17-hydroxy-kaur-15-en-18-oic acid β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (2), and 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) oxy]-17-oxo-kaur-15-en-18-oic acid β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (3) on the basis of extensive NMR and MS spectral studies. Another known diterpenoid glycoside, 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) oxy]-kaur-15-en-18-oic acid β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (4) was also isolated and its complete NMR spectral assignments were made on the basis of COSY, HSQC and HMBC spectral data.
V. S. P. Chaturvedula, J. Rhea, D. Milanowski, U. Mocek, and I. Prakash, “Two Minor Diterpene Glycosides from the Leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana,” Natural Product Communications, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 1934578X1100600205, Feb. 2011.
doi: 10.1177/1934578X1100600205.
Two new new diterpene glycosides, 13-[(2-O-(6-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl)-?-D-glucopyranosyl-?-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] kaur-16-en-18-oic acid ?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1) and 13-[(2-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-?-D-fructofuranosyl-?-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] kaur-16-en-18-oic acid ?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (2) were isolated from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, along with the known steviol glycosides stevioside, rebaudiosides A-F and dulcoside A. The structures of the two new compounds were established on the basis of extensive 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC), MS and chemical studies.
B. Chumthong and S. Detpiratmongkol, “Effects of Different Types of Manures and Levels of Applications on Growth and Yield of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana),” International Journal of Agricultural Technology, vol. 12, no. 7.1, pp. 1367–1373, 2016.https://www.thaiscience.info/Journals/Article/IJAT/10985311.pdf.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni.) Hemsl.) is a medicinally important plant, a sweet herb and is a natural non caloric bio-sweetener, which offers a solution for complex diabetic problems and obesity in human. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of two animal manures on growth of stevia. A pot experiment was conducted in the net house of Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand, during July to November, 2011. A split plot in randomized complete block design with 4 replications was employed. Two organic manures (cow and chicken manures) and four rates of organic manure applications (6.25, 12.50, 18.75 and 25.00 ton ha-1) were as main plots and sub plots, respectively. The results disclosed that stevia applied with chicken manure gave significantly higher growth (such as stem, leaf and root dry weight and total dry weight) and leaf dry weight yield than those applied with cow manure. The 25.00 ton ha-1 of animal manure gave the highest of total dry weight and leaf dry weight yield while 6.25 ton ha-1 of animal manure gave the lowest. Increasing chicken manures rates increased growth and total dry weight of stevia. However, it may be concluded that the stevia crop may be applied with 25.00 ton chicken manure ha-1.
It has never been reported on the effect of flower removal on the yield of Stevia plant. The effect of flower removal on growth and yield of Stevia was studied. Reesults revealed that flower removal produced significantly (P=0.05) greater number of leaves, dry biomass yield and leaf dry weight yield compared to the control. Four times of flower removal plant gave the highest number of leaves (1,318.50 plant-1), total biomass dry weight (11.31 g plant1-) and leaf dry weight yield (0.81 t ha-1) compared to the control. Therefore, flower removal during the production of Stevia plant should be practiced in order to increase growth and leaf yield.
M. Çikman, İ. Koşar, and A. Ozel, “Determination of Yield and Some Agricultural Characters on Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) under the Harran Plain Condition,” Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 23, pp. 410–421, Nov. 2019.
This study was carried out in the 2nd year of the experiment, which was established in 2016 summer gowing period, at the GAP Agricultural Research Institute, Talat Demirören Research Station, to determine the yield and some agricultural characters on Stevia rebaduiana Bert. under the Harran Plain conditions. According to results of the trial the 1st harvest, average flowering days number was 127.32 day, plant height 68.90 cm, branches number 5.72 pieces plant-1, green herb weight 256.92 g plant-1, green leaf weight 161.52 g plant-1, dry leaf weight 53.13 g plant-1, dry leaf ratio 66.47%, water dissolved dry matter ratio in leaf 2.93% and in stem 2.26%. In the second harvest, flowering days number was 30.83 day, plant height 31.14 cm, number of main branches 5.59 pieces plant-1, green herb weight 29.82 g plant-1, green leaf weight 21.70 g plant-1, dry leaf weight 6.71 g plant-1, dry leaf ratio 76.25%, water dissolved dry matter ratio in leaf 1.86% and in stem 1.57%. As a result of the correlation, it was positive and significant relationship between the dry herb weight and plant height, number of leaves per plant, stems number, green herb weight, dry leaf ratio and dissolved matter in water ratio. When the results were evaluated in general; It could be said that two harvests can be taken annually the Stevia plant, but wilt disease can be seen before in the first harvest and the plants can be adversely affected by the high tepmparature in the second harvest period in the Harran Plain conditions.
M. Clemente, P. Contreras, J. Susín, and F. Pliego-Alfaro, “Micropropagation of Artemisia Granatensis,” HortScience, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 420–420, Apr. 1991.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.26.4.420.
"Micropropagation of Artemisia granatensis" published on Apr 1991 by American Society for Horticultural Science.
C. Clemente, L. G. Angelini, R. Ascrizzi, and S. Tavarini, “Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) as a Multifunctional and Sustainable Crop for the Mediterranean Climate,” Agriculture, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 123, Feb. 2021.
doi: 10.3390/agriculture11020123.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is a promising medicinal and aromatic plant for Mediterranean agroecosystems given its positive agronomic attributes and interesting quality features. It has both food and pharmaceutical applications, since its leaves contain sweet-tasting steviol glycosides (SVglys) and bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamins. We evaluated the agronomic and qualitative performances of nine stevia genotypes cultivated, in open field conditions, for two consecutive years under the Mediterranean climate of central Italy. Growth, biomass production, and accumulation of bioactive compounds (SVglys, polyphenols, and their related antioxidant activities) were evaluated, considering the effect of harvest time and crop age (first and second year of cultivation). The results showed high variability among genotypes in terms of both morpho-productive and phytochemical characteristics. In general, greater leaf dry yields, polyphenol accumulation, and antioxidant activities were found in the second year of cultivation, harvesting the plants in full vegetative growth. On the other hand, total SVglys leaf content reached the highest values in the first year when plants were at the beginning of the reproductive phase. On the other hand, although the SVglys profile (Rubusoside, Dulcoside A, Stevioside, Rebaudioside A, C, D, E, and M) remained stable over harvest times, it differed significantly depending on the crop age and genotype. Our findings provide useful information on the influence of crop age and harvest time in defining quanti-qualitative traits in stevia, with PL, SL, BR5, and SW30 being the best performing genotypes and thus suitable for breeding programs. Our study highlighted that stevia, in the tested environment, represents a promising semi-perennial crop which offers new solutions in terms of cropping system diversification and marketing opportunities.
L. Coelho, J. Osório, J. Beltrão, and M. Reis, “Organic Compost Effects on Stevia Rebaudiana Weed Control and on Soil Properties in the Mediterranean Region,” Revista de Ciências Agrárias, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 109–121, Feb. 2019.
doi: 10.19084/RCA18281.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a promising crop for semiarid climates, including Algarve region. The objectives of this work were: to compare the feasibility of the eco-friendly stevia weed control strategy with a compost of vegetable residues (grass clippings and pruning’s); to identify the emerged weed species, and to evaluate the effect of compost application on soil properties. Treatments consisted on the application of a 5 cm layer of compost on soil surface or incorporated, and no compost application as control. The trial was set up in six randomized field plots, with four replications. Each plot was divided into three subplots, with one treatment per subplot, in a total of 24 subplots per treatment. Compost application had a distinct effect on weed species. Some species were significantly reduced when compost was applied, namely as mulch. Compost increased soil water content, mainly in area of the trial with lower soil drainage, especially when compost was applied as mulch, as well as other physical and chemical soil properties. Results showed the positive effect of compost on weed control and soil properties during stevia cultivation.
C. Comino, G. Pignata, E. Portis, Y. Dolzhenko, M. Casale, and S. Nicola, “Selection in Artemisia Umbelliformis Lam. Piedmont Ecotypes to Improve Cultivation in Alpine Environment,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 567–577, Apr. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s10722-014-0182-6.
Artemisia umbelliformis Lam. (syn. A. mutellina Vill., A. laxa (L.) Fritsch) is an herbaceous alpine plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, and most commonly growing in the wild at altitudes between 2,000 and 3,700 m a.s.l. Its flowers are used for the production of an alcohol-based infusion called genepì in Italian and génépi in French. Uncontrolled picking of natural populations has endangered the species’ survival, despite bans in Switzerland and Italy and strict regulation in France. Limited quantities are produced under cultivation, but these are insufficient to meet market needs, so the selection of productive genotypes is a present priority. We report here an AFLP-based assessment of the genetic diversity represented in five ecotypes (Valle Gesso, Marmora, Gran Paradiso, Val Chisone and Elva), one selection (RAC12) and a wild population. The four ecotypes Valle Gesso, Gran Paradiso, Val Chisone and Elva together captured a broad coverage of the genetic variability present. A sample of ten plants was selected from each of these ecotypes for a more detailed analysis of genetic, phenological and morphological variation. The assays confirmed the distinctness of the four ecotypes, and were used to identify set of mother plants of clonal populations suitable for cultivation.
R. Czinkóczky and A. Nemeth, “Effect of Algae Treatment On Stevia Rebaudiana Growth,” Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry, vol. 46, pp. 73–77, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.1515/hjic-2018-0022.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a small, perennial and herbaceous shrub which originated in Paraguay (South America). Stevia rebaudiana is not native to Hungary but its cultivation and consumption may have many benefits, e.g. to reduce blood pressure and as a non-caloric sweetener. Steviol glycosides , mostly stevioside and rebaudioside A , located in the leaves are about 200–300 times sweeter than sucrose. S. rebaudina cultivation in Hungary would offer many opportunities in healthcare and the sweet industry. With the aim of achieving good green biomass yields, the effect of MACC4 autotrophic and heterotrophic algae strains was investigated by testing them as both leaf and soil fertilizers in the soil of Stevia rebaudiana seedlings and in its aqueous rooting experiments. In one of the later set up, the formation of roots was improved by combining the application of red light and algae treatment.
A. S. Dacome, C. C. da Silva, C. E. M. da Costa, J. D. Fontana, J. Adelmann, and S. C. da Costa, “Sweet Diterpenic Glycosides Balance of a New Cultivar of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni: Isolation and Quantitative Distribution by Chromatographic, Spectroscopic, and Electrophoretic Methods,” Process Biochemistry, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 3587–3594, Nov. 2005.
doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2005.03.035.
A dichloromethane fraction and a ultrafiltered water extract of leaves of a new cultivar of Stevia rebaudiana were submitted to separated downstreaming fractionation in silica gel columns. Non-glycosylated and glycosylated pairs for stigmasterol and β-sistosterol were obtained from the former. Stevioside and rebaudioside-A were resolved from the second hydrophilic extract. The structures of these natural compounds were then confirmed through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and hydrogen/carbon nuclear magnetic resonance. The main sweetener glycoside pair, following scaled-up water extraction, and sugar derivatives downstreaming by membrane filtration and ionic resin exchange, was analyzed by thin layer densitometered chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis. Thus, an unusual sweetener ratio on the behalf of rebaudioside-A, a glycoside almost devoid of bitter after-taste, was found for a new Stevia cultivar (UEM-320) as compared to other native cultivars, where the bitterer stevioside was the major diterpenic glycoside.
E. E. Dale, “The Grasslands of Platt National Park, Oklahoma,” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 45–60, 1959.
doi: 10.2307/3669086.
An ecological analysis was made in 1956 of grasslands in Platt National Park, Oklahoma that had been protected from disturbance for approximately 26 years. These grasslands were of 3 types on the basis of vegetation composition. The Andropogon scoparius type occupies mesic, upland sites with well drained soils. Andropogon scoparius and Sporobolus asper var. pilosus are the dominants. Forbs are mostly perennials typical of true prairie. Vegetation of this type is in a late stage of succession approaching a true prairie climax. The Bouteloua hirsuta type occupies xeric upland sites with thin, dry soils. Principal dominants are Bouteloua hirsuta and Aristida purpurea. Forbs are mostly annuals and short-lived perennials. Relict preclimax sites are occupied principally by B. hirsuta. Sites occupied primarily by other short grasses and weedy forbs are subclimaxes probably caused by severe overgrazing in years past. The Muhlenbergia Reverchoni type occupies poorly drained, thin soils that are saturated in spring and very dry in late summer. It is a subsere community in which Muhlenbergia Reverchoni, the only dominant, comprises most of the vegetation.
M. Darise, H. Kohda, K. Mizutani, and O. Tanaka, “Chemical Constituents of Flowers of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 133–135, Jan. 1983.
doi: 10.1080/00021369.1983.10865596.
K. Das, R. Dang, and T. N. Shivananda, “Effect of N, P and K Fertilizers on Their Availability in Soil in Relation to the Stevia Plant (Stevia Rebaudiana Bert.),” Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 679–685, Dec. 2006.
doi: 10.1080/03650340601033233.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore, to study the effect of combined applications of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers on their availability in soils in relation to their contents in the Stevia plant. The results show that the amount of available N, P and K in soil has been found to be increased initially up to 45 days and thereafter, the amount of the same content decreased with the progress of plant growth up to 60 days irrespective of treatments. However, the magnitudes of such increases in N, P and K contents both in soils and plants have also been enhanced with the simultaneous application of N, P and K (40:20:30) kg/ha over that of their corresponding individual applications.
K. Das, R. Dang, and T. N. Shivananda, “Effect of Biofertilizers on the Nutrient Availability in Soil in Relation to Growth, Yield and Yield Attributes of Stevia Rebaudiana,” Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 359–366, Aug. 2009.
doi: 10.1080/03650340802658432.
A field experiment was conducted at Rani Chandramma Agricultural University (Arabhavi, Belgaum), Karnataka, India, in basic soil to study the nutrient availability in soil, yield and yield attributes of the medicinal plant stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). The results showed that the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil increased up to the fifth month; and thereafter, decreased by the same amount with the progress of the plant growth up to the sixth month, irrespective of treatments. Results also showed that the fresh and dry biomass yields significantly increased up to the sixth month with different treatments, but the yield attributes like plant height and the number of branches were observed to be varied with various treatments, being highest in the combined application of biofertilizers over that of their corresponding sole applications.
K. Das, R. Dang, T. N. Shivananda, and N. Sekeroglu, “Influence of Bio-Fertilizers on the Biomass Yield and Nutrient Content in Stevia Rebaudiana Bert. Grown in Indian Subtropics,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 005–008, Aug. 2007.
doi: 10.5897/JMPR.9000788.
A pot culture experiment was conducted at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghata, Bangalore, India to study the effect of bio-fertilizers on the biomass yield and NPK content in Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana ). The results show the yield and NPK content in stevia plant has been found to be increased initially and thereafter, the amount of the same decreased with the progress of plant growth up to 60 days with the combined treatment of bio-fertilizers rather than individual treatment. This is due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (symbiotic and asymbiotic) and transform native soil nutrients likely phosphorus, zinc, copper, iron, sulfur from the non-usable (fixed) to usable form and decompose organic wastes through biological processes which in turn releases nutrients in a form which can be easily assimilated by plants resulting in an increase in biomass production of stevia plant.
Summary: A field experiment was conducted at Ripponpet (Dist. Karnataka), India in an acidic soil (pH 6.10) to study the response of Stevia plant by the application of bio-fertilizers. The results showed the amount of available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents in soil have been found to increase significantly up to third month and thereafter, the amount of the same decreased with the progress of the plant growth up to sixth month irrespective of treatments. However, the results further envisaged that the total yield of fresh biomass has been recorded an increase up to sixth month, being highest in the combined application of biofertilizers over that of their corresponding sole applications. The percent increase of bio-mass yield was recorded highest (22.14%) in the treatment when all the bio-fertilizers were applied together. Industrial relevance: The demand of Stevia is increasing widely due to its non caloric nature and usages as sugar supplement. The leaves are having commercial importance due to presence of di-terpene sweet glycosides which are 300-400 times sweeter than sugar without any side effects. The plant was domesticated in India in last 20th century from the wide source. So there is a need to set up certain protocols for cultivation of Stevia in various soil conditions so that farmers can be benefited by selling, and industries also can get healthy leaves throughout the year for isolate the active components and can formulate economical market products.
K. Das, R. Dang, T. N. Shivananda, and P. Sur, “Interaction Between Phosphorus and Zinc on the Biomass Yield and Yield Attributes of the Medicinal Plant Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana),” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 5, pp. 390–395, 2005.
doi: 10.1100/tsw.2005.49.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore to study the interaction effect between phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) on the yield and yield attributes of the medicinal plant stevia. The results show that the yield and yield attributes have been found to be significantly affected by different treatments. The total yield in terms of biomass production has been increased significantly with the application of Zn and P in different combinations and methods, being highest (23.34 g fresh biomass) in the treatment where Zn was applied as both soil (10 kg ZnSO4/ha) and foliar spray (0.2% ZnSO4). The results also envisaged that the different yield attributes viz. height, total number of branches, and number of leaves per plant have been found to be varied with treatments, being highest in the treatment where Zn was applied as both soil and foliar spray without the application of P. The results further indicated that the yield and yield attributes of stevia have been found to be decreased in the treatment where Zn was applied as both soil and foliar spray along with P suggesting an antagonistic effect between Zn and P.
K. Das, “Interaction Effect Between Zn and P on the Yield Attributes and Content of Zn in Stevia Rebaudiana.,” in The 18th World Congress of Soil Science, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2006.https://acs.confex.com/crops/wc2006/techprogram/P9442.HTM.
A green house experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore to study the interaction effect between Zn and P on the yield attributes and content of Zn in Stevia rebaudiana, a non caloric medicinal and natural.Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to improve the yield as well as quality through the use of modern agro-techniques. The treatments used for the present investigation are T1, only soil (control, -P, -Zn); T2, Soil (control, +P, -Zn); T3, soil + ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 (-P); T4, ZnSO4 @ 0.2% ha-1 foliar spray (-P); T5, soil + ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 0.2% ha-1 foliar spray (-P); T6, soil + ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 (+P); T7, ZnSO4 @ 0.2% ha-1 foliar spray (+P); T8, soil + ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 0.2% ha-1 foliar spray (+P). The results show that the total weight of fresh, oven dried biomass and growth attributes have been found to be highest in the treatment T5 where ZnSO4 was applied as soil (10 kg ha-1) foliar (0.2 %) combinedly, The content of Zn in plants was recorded highest in the treatment T4 where ZnSO4 at 0.2 % was applied as foliar while that of the same content recorded lowest in the treatment T6 where Zn and P was applied combinedly. Key words : Interaction, P, Stevia, yield attributes, Zn.
M. Das, “Seed Physiology and Germination in Sweet Wormwood (Artemisia Annua L.),” Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 244, 2016.
doi: 10.5958/0975-6892.2016.00032.0.
M. Das, V. S. Rana, and K. Abirami, “Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Artemisia Annua L.,” Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 29, 2017.
doi: 10.5958/0975-6892.2017.00004.1.
M. V. S. de Andrade et al., “Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni Cultivated under Different Photoperiod Conditions: Improving Physiological and Biochemical Traits for Industrial Applications,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 168, p. 113595, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113595.
Stevia rebaudiana is an important industrial crop due to the accumulation of high amounts of steviol glycosides (SG - natural sweeteners) in its leaves. S. rebaudiana cultivation has faced some pushbacks since this species is highly responsive to environmental factors, such as light availability. Sixty days after sowing, plants were transferred to different photoperiod conditions (12/12 h, 15/9 h, and 16/8 h of light/dark). Leaf extracts of plants growing at the 16/8 h photoperiod showed greater accumulation of antioxidant-like metabolites as compared to the other two photoperiods, which might be explained by the total phenolic content of the extracts. Additionally, plants growing at the 16/8 h photoperiod showed increased SOD activity as compared to plants growing at the 15/9 h photoperiod, which in turn showed higher SOD activity than plants growing at the 12/12 h photoperiod. It seems that SOD isoforms act synergically with phenolic compounds to prevent possible damages caused by reactive oxygen species that are produced in plants growing at long-day photoperiods. Sixteen metabolites were identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in the leaf and stem extracts. Alanine, formate, choline, kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, and gallic acid seems to contribute to maintain stevia homeostasis under unfavorable conditions. Furthermore, the accumulation of SGs and other bioactive compounds in S. rebaudiana in response to different photoperiods provides important leads for the improvement of its large-scale cultivation, as well as for the extraction and purification of phytochemicals with industrial interest.
A. W. L. C. de et al., “Productivity of Jambu (’Acmella Oleracea’) Using Different Soil Water Tensions and Nitrogen Rates under Greenhouse Condition,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 360–366, Mar. 2019.
doi: 10.3316/informit.438625848234614.
Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. is a native Amazon vegetable, known as jambu, which is widely used in regional cuisine and has aroused the interest of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic market. Thereby, this work aimed to study the effect of different soil water tensions and nitrogen rates on Jambu cultivation in the State of Para. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for 30 days in 2016 testing Jamburana cultivar in a 10 × 10 cm spacing in the experiment. The experimental design was based on randomized blocks in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with three replications. The treatments consisted of four soil water tensions (12, 18, 24 and 30 kPa) adjusted using drip irrigation, and four doses (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) of nitrogen. The analyzed variables were fresh mass, plant height, productivity and water use efficiency. There was no interaction between soil water tensions factors and nitrogen rates for all variables. The results showed that the best water tension in the soil and nitrogen dose that provided better development and productivity of jambu were 18 kPa and 79 kg ha-1, respectively.
R. J. Debarba, C. Deschamps, L. A. Kanis, D. Moterle, and M. Rampelotti, “Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Diterpene Glycosides in Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni),” in Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 2021, vol. 15, p. e10591.
doi: 10.17584/rcch.2021v15i1.10591.
The effects of different nitrogen doses on dry weight yield, stevioside and rebaudioside A contents, and yields were evaluated in stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). This study was carried out at the Instituto Federal Catarinense, Rio do Sul (SC), Brazil, under decreasing photoperiods. A randomized complete block design with four blocks and five treatments (0, 65, 135, 200 and 270 kg ha-1 N) was used. Variables related to dry weight yield (total dry weight, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, number of secondary branches and tertiary branches, and main stem length), growth rates (total leaf area, leaf area index, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, leaf weight ratio), and stevioside and rebaudioside A contents and yields were evaluated. The doses of nitrogen fertilization did not affect the variables related to dry weight yield, stevioside and rebaudioside A contents and yields, or rebaudioside A:stevioside ratio in stevia genotype 8 (G8), grown under decreasing photoperiods.
M. Debnath, “Clonal Propagation and Antimicrobial Activity of an Endemic Medicinal Plant Stevia Rebaudiana,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 045–051, Feb. 2007.
doi: 10.5897/JMPR.9000368.
A procedure has been outlined for plant regeneration and antimicrobial screening of a medicinal herb,Stevia rebaudianaBertoni, through in vitro culture of nodal segments with axillary buds. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L N6-benzyl amino purine and 1.13 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid in combination were found to be most effective in inducing bud break and growth, and in initiating multiple shoot proliferation at the rate of 39 microshoots per nodal explant after 30 d of culture. By repeated subculturing a high-frequency multiplication rate was established for production of elite lines ofS. rebaudiana.Elongated shoots were transferred to rooting medium. MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid was found to be best for rooting.In vitroandin vivogrown leaf extracts in different solvent system were screened for potential antimicrobial activity against medically important bacterialand fungal strainsby agar well diffusion method.The chloroform and methanol extract exhibited a concentration dependent antibacterial and antifungal inhibition. Bothin vitro and in vivo dried leaf extract showed similar antimicrobial activity. Therefore, commercial manufacture of active constituents from these improved elite lines would be useful and profitable. Key words:Regeneration, antimicrobial,Stevia rebaudiana, medicinal plant
M. Debnath et al., “Comparative Metabolic and Ionomic Profiling of Two Cultivars of Stevia Rebaudiana Bert. (Bertoni) Grown under Salinity Stress,” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 129, pp. 56–70, Aug. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.001.
This study provides a comprehensive investigation on the impact of increasing NaCl concentrations on hydroponically grown Stevia rebaudiana cultivars (Shoutian-2 and Fengtian). Growth parameters including plant height, biomass and physiological responses including osmotic potential were measured. In addition, the levels of steviol glycosides, elements and primary metabolites were measured and statistically evaluated. The cultivar Fengtian grew faster, accumulated less Na+ and compatible organic solutes, and more K+ in the leaves, as compared to the cv. Shoutian-2. Metabolite analysis identified 81 differentially accumulated metabolites, indicating an alteration in the metabolite phenotype of both cultivars upon exposure to salinity A general increase in many amino acids, amines, sugars and sugar phosphates with a concurrent decrease in most organic acids; including tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, was observed. In the more salt tolerant cv. Fengtian, the levels of hexose phosphates and metabolites involved in cellular protection increased in response to salinity. These metabolites remained unchanged in the sensitive cv. Shoutian-2. Interestingly, salt treatment notably increased the rebaudioside A concentration by 53% while at the same time stevioside decreased by 38% in Fengtian which has important implications for controlling the relative amounts of reboudioside A and stevioside. The findings of this study leads to the conclusion that mild salinity stress can increase the yield of sweetener compounds, which is dependent on the cultivar and the level of salinity stress.
M. Debnath, N. Ashwath, and D. J. Midmore, “Physiological and Morphological Responses to Abiotic Stresses in Two Cultivars of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 123, pp. 124–132, Jul. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.01.025.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni is cultivated for its sweet leaves as they contain steviol glycoside sweeteners such as stevioside and rebaudioside A. Two cultivars of S. rebaudiana, Shoutian-2 and Fengtian, were evaluated in a greenhouse for their tolerance to abiotic stresses. The seedlings were exposed to salinity, drought or waterlogging stresses for 4 weeks. The cultivars differed significantly in their biomass accumulation, tissue ion concentrations and steviol glycoside accumulation. The salt tolerant cv. Fengtian contained higher concentrations of K+ which led to higher K+/Na+ ratio in the leaves, as compared to the less salt tolerant cv. Shoutian-2. Reduced biomass accumulation in cv. Shoutian-2 coincided with increased Na+ and Cl˗ concentrations in the leaves. The waterlogging stress reduced growth of both cultivars, but the salinity stress increased rebaudioside A concentration in the tolerant cv. Fengtian, and the drought stress increased stevioside concentration in the cv. Shoutian-2. This study concludes that the two cultivars of S. rebaudiana differ in their tolerances to salinity and drought stresses.
P. Desai, M. Rathod, and D. Dhale, “Growth of Stevia Rebaudiana Under Various Agronomic Conditions in South Gujarat –Ratoon Crop,” vol. 17, pp. 643–645, Sep. 2020.
Present investigation was carried out to observe growth of stevia under the influence of various agronomic conditions in South Gujarat region. Growth characters like survival percentage, plant height (cm), number of branches, number of leaves, fresh weight of plant (g), dry weight of plant (g), number of roots, root length (cm) etc. were subjected for cultivar SA179. Various soil amendments were applied for each parameter. Growing plants under Treatment T5 Soil + Sand + FYM + Coco peat (1:1:1:1) resulted into maximum survival percentage (87.60 %), highest plant (36.40 cm), more number of branches (13.40), maximum number of leaves (66) and highest number of roots (15.60), while treatment T6 Soil + Sand + Coco peat + Vermi-compost (1:1:1:1) resulted in maximum fresh and dry weights of the plants (34.20 g and 12.60 g respectively).
The small miracle plant Stevia rebaudiana Bert. is commercially important due to presence of a natural sweetner, stevioside (diterpene glycoside), a potent alternative to sucrose. Poor seed germinability limits its reproduction to only vegetative propagation by stem cuttings. This makes micropopagation most reliable method. Axenically grown cotyledonary leaves produce profuse calli (10mg/lit NAA-0.5mg/lit Kinetin), which subsequently develop microshoots. Vigorous microshooting (max 72.65, microshoots/explant) was noticed at moderate concentrations of Kinetin and BA (Kinetin 3mg/lit- 5mg/lit, BA 0.5mg/lit-3mg/lit) with maximum shoot length in minimum shoot initiation time. Most of such microshoots rooted efficiently (20 roots /shoot; 4cm root length) within 5-6 days of culture at high IBA concentrations (5mg/lit- 10mg/lit). Such efficient microshoots are being tested for their acclimatization and field establishment potential through routine hardening procedures. The objective of the study is to develop an elite line (microshoots) with high regeneration, good field transfer potential with sustained stevioside production.
C. Díaz-Gutiérrez, C. Poschenrieder, C. Arroyave, S. Martos, and C. Peláez, “First Report of Fusarium Oxysporum Causing Vascular Wilt of Stevia Rebaudiana in Colombia,” Plant Disease, vol. 103, no. 7, pp. 1779–1779, Jul. 2019.
doi: 10.1094/PDIS-01-19-0141-PDN.
C. Díaz-Gutiérrez, C. Arroyave, M. Llugany, C. Poschenrieder, S. Martos, and C. Peláez, “Trichoderma Asperellum as a Preventive and Curative Agent to Control Fusarium Wilt in Stevia Rebaudiana,” Biological Control, vol. 155, p. 104537, Apr. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104537.
Stevia has been introduced in many countries for the production of sugar-free sweeteners. Concurrently, several emerging pathogens have been described in this plant host. One of the latest has been Fusarium oxysporum, a well-known soil-borne pathogen causing vascular wilt in many plants. Classical methods to control Fusarium wilt are being questioned, and biocontrol agents are gaining importance as part of integrated approaches to manage the disease. Different species of Trichoderma have been described as optimal candidates to control F. oxysporum. However, their effectiveness is generally reported in annual plants and efficacy depends on the application protocol. We conducted an experiment to assess the preventive or curative potential of the rhizospheric T. asperellum UDEAGIEM-H01 strain against F. oxysporum on rooted cuttings of S. rebaudiana. After 33 days, F. oxysporum-infected stevia seedlings were severely affected (90% of disease incidence). Contrastingly, only 10% of the T. asperellum pre-treated plants and 70% of the post-treated showed Fusarium wilt symptoms. Dual confrontation assays proved the potential antagonistic effect of T. asperellum against F. oxysporum and five additional soil-borne pathogens affecting S. rebaudiana. Further in vitro tests revealed that this new strain of T. asperellum produces phytohormones (salicylic and jasmonic acid), and the secretion of cell-wall degrading enzymes (chitinases and cellulases); this ability could be related to its antagonistic and mycoparasitic activity. The present work concluded that T. asperellum UDEAGIEM-H01 has a high ability, mainly as a preventive agent, to control F. oxysporum in stevia plants showing further antagonistic effects and mycoparasitism on other fungal pathogens.
C. E. Dickinson and J. L. Dodd, “Phenological Pattern in the Shortgrass Prairie,” The American Midland Naturalist, vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 367–378, 1976.
doi: 10.2307/2424076.
Data were collected for 1 year on 34 range plant species and for 2 years on six species to describe phenological timing in the shortgrass prairie of northeastern Colorado and also to determine whether there were any distinct groups of plants for which a single species could be used as a phenological indicator. Observations were made in four grazing treatments and two water amendment areas (one with 100 kg/ha mineral N added). Water amendments altered the phenology of some species, while grazing and nitrogen treatments had no measurable effects on phenology. Standard cool- and warm-season classification of plants does not adequately describe the phenological dynamics of the short-grass prairie. For example, Buchloe dactyloides, a warm-season grass, flowers with Agropyron smithii, a cool-season grass, rather than with Bouteloua gracilis, another warm-season grass. Four general categories of plants having different flowering capacities are recognized: blooming only once very early in the growing season; blooming twice with a summer dormancy period; blooming once during midsummer with blooming delayed during drought; and blooming only once late in the growing season.
E. Dilshad, R. M. Cusido, J. Palazon, K. R. Estrada, M. Bonfill, and B. Mirza, “Enhanced Artemisinin Yield by Expression of Rol Genes in Artemisia Annua,” Malaria Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 424, Oct. 2015.
doi: 10.1186/s12936-015-0951-5.
Despite of many advances in the treatment of malaria, it is still the fifth most prevalent disease worldwide and is one of the major causes of death in the developing countries which accounted for 584,000 deaths in 2013, as estimated by World Health Organization. Artemisinin from Artemisia annua is still one of the most effective treatments for malaria. Increasing the artemisinin content of A. annua plants by genetic engineering would improve the availability of this much-needed drug.
E. Dilshad, R. M. Cusido, K. R. Estrada, M. Bonfill, and B. Mirza, “Genetic Transformation of Artemisia Carvifolia Buch with Rol Genes Enhances Artemisinin Accumulation,” PLOS ONE, vol. 10, no. 10, p. e0140266, Oct. 2015.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140266.
The potent antimalarial drug artemisinin has a high cost, since its only viable source to date is Artemisia annua (0.01–0.8% DW). There is therefore an urgent need to design new strategies to increase its production or to find alternative sources. In the current study, Artemisia carvifolia Buch was selected with the aim of detecting artemisinin and then enhancing the production of the target compound and its derivatives. These metabolites were determined by LC-MS in the shoots of A. carvifolia wild type plants at the following concentrations: artemisinin (8μg/g), artesunate (2.24μg/g), dihydroartemisinin (13.6μg/g) and artemether (12.8μg/g). Genetic transformation of A. carvifolia was carried out with Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 harboring the rol B and rol C genes. Artemisinin content increased 3-7-fold in transgenics bearing the rol B gene, and 2.3-6-fold in those with the rol C gene. A similar pattern was observed for artemisinin analogues. The dynamics of artemisinin content in transgenics and wild type A.carvifolia was also correlated with the expression of genes involved in its biosynthesis. Real time qPCR analysis revealed the differential expression of genes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis, i.e. those encoding amorpha-4, 11 diene synthase (ADS), cytochrome P450 (CYP71AV1), and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), with a relatively higher transcript level found in transgenics than in the wild type plant. Also, the gene related to trichome development and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis (TFAR1) showed an altered expression in the transgenics compared to wild type A.carvifolia, which was in accordance with the trichome density of the respective plants. The trichome index was significantly higher in the rol B and rol C gene-expressing transgenics with an increased production of artemisinin, thereby demonstrating that the rol genes are effective inducers of plant secondary metabolism.
E. Dilshad, H. Ismail, W. K. Kayani, and B. Mirza, “Optimization of Conditions for Genetic Transformation and In Vitro Propagation of Artemisia Carvifolia Buch,” Current Synthetic and Systems Biology, vol. 04, no. 01, 2016.
doi: 10.4172/2332-0737.1000129.
The excessive attention in the use of plants as medicine is credited to the occurrence of active principles whose pharmacological activities have been investigated. Due to the limited production and very less quantity of these important metabolites present in the plant cells, their genetic engineering and increased in vitro production is the point of focus for many years and can be achieved by in vitro transformation and propagation of desired plant. In the current study, we report transformation protocol for Artemisia carvifolia Buch with Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C1 harboring β-glucuronidase as reporter and neomycin phosphotransferase as selectable marker gene. We have optimized simple regeneration conditions after transformation involving two different types of explants (leaf and stem) on different media formulations for direct organogenesis and best regeneration response. MS media with 2.5 g/L benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0.25 g/L naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), giving maximum number of shoots was selected. Rooting was obtained on ½ MS medium supplemented with NAA (0.1 mg/L). Transient expression of gus reporter gene was observed in the leaf and stem explants after 2 days of bacterial infection. Artemisia carvifolia Buch can be successfully transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 by using controlled in vitro regeneration conditions. Findings of the current study would be useful for micro propagation and genetic transformation of Artemisia carvifolia Buch in future.
M. Diyanat and S. M. Hoseini, “Comparison of seed germination and seedling growth of annual (Artemisia annua), biennial (A. biensis Willd) and perennial Artemisia (A. vulgaris L.) species.,” Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Research, vol. 3, no. 1, 2016.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20219900986.
In order to investigate effects of temperature and light on germination of three Artemisia species, a factorial experiment with four replications was conducted in laboratory of Science and Research Branch- Islamic Azad University in 2013. Factors were three species of Artemisia (annual, biennial and perennial), temperature at nine levels (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45°C) and light regime...
M. A. Donega, C. L. Cantrell, R. M. Moraes, and S. C. Mello, “Influence of Calcium on Biomass Production and Yield of Rebaudioside in Stevia Rebaudiana Plants,” Planta Medica, vol. 79, no. 5, p. P3, Mar. 2013.
doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1336445.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
M. Ebrahimi and E. Miri, “Effect of Humic Acid on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Borago Officinalis and Cichorium Intybus,” Ecopersia, vol. 4, pp. 1239–1249, Mar. 2016.
doi: 10.18869/modares.ecopersia.4.1.1239.
A. H. Eenink and F. L. Dieleman, “Inheritance of Resistance to the Leaf Aphid Nasonovia Ribis-Nigri in the Wild Lettuce Species Lactuca Virosa,” Euphytica, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 691–695, Nov. 1983.
doi: 10.1007/BF00042148.
Six almost completely resistant (CR) accessions of L. virosa and one partially resistant (PR) accession of this species were intercrossed to investigate the inheritance of resistance and the location of the resistance genes. The CR in all accessions appeared to be governed by one (incompletely) dominant allele designated as Nr and the PR and possibly susceptibility (S) too by a recessive allele nr.
H. R. Eisvand and E. Latifinia, “Effects of Hydropriming and Ultrasonic Waves on Seed Leakage and Germination of Artemisia (Artemisia Aucheri L.),” Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 179–190, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.22124/jms.2020.4556.
Due to the importance of using medicinal plants in curing diseases in one hand and disturbance of natural habitats in the other hand, their domestication and intensive cultivation are necessary. One of the problems in the propagation of these plants is seed dormancy. Therefore, finding low cost and efficient breaking seed dormancy treatments for Artemisia (Artemisia aucheri) is necessary. In this research, effects of ultrasonic waves and hydropriming on seed germination of Artemisia were evaluated in an experiment as factorial in the base of completely randomized design with three replications in the faculty of agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. Both primed (hydro-priming for 7 hours) and non-primed seeds exposed to ultrasonic waves (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 min of 50 KH) and germination test were done. Results showed that all studied germination and seedling parameters were affected by ultrasonic waves significantly. Effect of hydro-priming was significant on germination percentage and speed, root and radicle lengths, seedling dry weight and seed electrical conductivity. Ion leakage was decreased by increasing in duration of ultrasonic waves; this phenomenon was more obvious in hydro-primed seed in comparison to non-primed one. The highest germination percentage and speed were obtained by hydro-priming +10 min ultrasonic waves. Therefore, according to the conventional time-consumed seed dormancy breaking methods, the use of ultrasound as a new technology to break dormancy as an alternative to older methods is recommended.
M. A. El-Esawi, A. El-Zaher Mustafa, S. Badr, and R. Sammour, “Isozyme Analysis of Genetic Variability and Population Structure of Lactuca L. Germplasm,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 70, pp. 73–79, Feb. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.11.003.
Isozymes were used to investigate the genetic variability, population structure, and relationships of Lactuca germplasm. The isozyme systems revealed 16 putative loci of a total of 31 alleles. Out of these 16 loci, 11 were polymorphic. The average values of expected heterozygosity (He), observed heterozygosity (Ho), mean number of alleles per locus (A) and effective number of alleles per locus (Ae) were 0.2227, 0.266, 1.3005 and 1.369, respectively. The average fixation indices were lower than zero for most of the accessions studied, indicating an excess of heterozygotes. Genetic differentiation among accessions (FST) exhibited that 51.3% of the isozyme variation was recorded among accessions, and 48.7% of the genetic variation resided within accessions. The average values of total heterozygosity (HT) and intra-accessional genetic diversity (HS) were 0.352 and 0.171, respectively. Moreover, the inter-accessional genetic diversity (DST) ranged from 0 to 0.424 with an average of 0.18. Cluster analysis revealed that L. sativa cultivars were distributed throughout different Lactuca species. Thereby, isozymes results confirms the hypothesis of the polyphyletic origin of L. sativa. This high level of genetic variation proved that isozymes are efficient for polymorphism analysis of Lactuca germplasm.
M. A. El-Esawi, “Molecular Genetic Markers for Assessing the Genetic Variation and Relationships in Lactuca Germplasm,” Annual Research & Review in Biology, pp. 1–13, Oct. 2015.
doi: 10.9734/ARRB/2015/20647.
Z. El-Sirafy, R. Hassan, M. El-Shazly, and M. Gad, “Role of Bio and Organic Fertilizers in Reducing Some Chemical Fertilizers Doses on Yield of Stevia Plants Under Some Different Soil Types,” Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 829–844, Jul. 2015.
doi: 10.21608/jssae.2015.42776.
To study the influence of organic and bio fertilization compared with NPK fertilization and their interactions on yield of stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) under some different Egyptian Soils Conditions was carried out a pot experiment at the Experimental Farm of the Fac. Agric. Mansoura Univ. during the summer season of 2013. The experimental design of present study was complete randomized block design with three replications, where soil types represent blocks and each block contains fertilization treatments. Three soil types were used as clay, saline and calcareous and six fertilization treatments are contained in each soil type as control, 100 % of recommended NPK fertilizers,50 % of recommended NPK fertilizers, biofertilizer, organic fertilizer (compost), and mixture of 50 % of recommended NPK + bio + compost. Results indicated that application all fertilizer sources increased the means values of leaves, stems and shoot fresh weights (32.3, 39.7 and 72.0 g/pot) and the others treatments of fertilizers used (63.6, 60.4, 48.6 and 38.9 g/pot for the treatments of mixture, 50 %, organic and biofertilizer, respectively). The corresponding values of increases over control due to the aforementioned respective treatments were 42.5, 34.1, 30.9, 19.1 and 9.0 g/pot. These increases represent the following percentages over control : 144.6, 115.6, 104.7, 64.7 and 30.5 %, respectively. Also dry yield was (24.1, 23.1 and 47.2 g/pot) of stevia plants significantly than control (without fertilization). Concerning to soil types revealed that the greatest value was obtained due to growing stevia plants on clay soil compared to both saline and calcareous soils. The greatest shoots plant fresh weight of stevia was obtained due to growing in clay soil where the mean value was 64.3 g/pot. Both saline and calcareous soils were followed clay soil where the respective mean values of shoot plant fresh weight were 48.5 and 43.8 g/pot. While The highest shoot plant dry yield of stevia was obtained due to growing stevia plants on clay soil where the mean value was 43.2 g/pot. Both saline and calcareous soils were followed clay soil where the respective mean values of shoot plant fresh weight were 31.4 and 28.0 g/pot. In addition, all fertilizers treatments eliminated bad effect of both saline and calcareous soils in comparison with control (interaction effect).
Stevia as a sweetener substitute for sugar represents a significant impact on human health, especially on diabetics and children, which prompts finding a way to improve and increase its productivity with high quality. In this study, two Stevia cultivars were grown in more than cultivation media under hydroponic conditions to obtain the highest yield of dry leaves and the highest content of sweeteners. The experiment was laid out according to a split-plot arrangement. Cultivation media was kept in the main plot, whereas Stevia cultivars were randomized in sub-plots. The first factor of the hydroponic planting media was that six different mixtures of different agricultural soils such as sand, silica, perlite, peat moss, and vermiculite were used as treatments from S1 to S6. The second factor was two varieties of Stevia, Stevia rebaudiana, cv Sugar High-A3 (V1), and Stevia rebaudiana, cv Morita (V2). The results indicated that cultivation media had an influence very evident on plant height, number of branches/plant, leaf fresh weight/plant, leaf fresh weight/m2, dry weight/plant, and leaf dry weight/m2. The highest values were recorded with the S6 treatment (sand + perlite + peat moss), especially with Stevia rebaudiana, cv Morita, and S5 (sand + perlite + peat moss + vermiculite), especially with Stevia rebaudiana, cv Sugar High-A3. Concerning the effect of varieties, the superiority of Stevia rebaudiana, cv Morita over Stevia rebaudiana, cv Sugar High-A3 was noticed in all vegetative measurements, especially the yield of fresh and dry leaves and the content of stevioside in leaves. Regarding the interaction between cultivation media and varieties of Stevia, the best treatment was cultivating Stevia rebaudiana, cv Morita in media containing sand, perlite, and peat moss (V2S6) to produce the highest yields of fresh and dry leaf regularly in all cuts. Also, using S3 (sand+ silica+ perlite + peat moss + vermiculite) led to obtaining the highest content of sweeteners in the two varieties, especially the stevioside.
S. Enchev, A. Mehmed, and G. Kikindonov, “Effect of Mineral and Organic Fertilization on the Productivity of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana B.),” Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 24, no. Suppl. 2, pp. 100–103, 2018.http://agrojournal.org/24/02s-15.pdf.
An experiment has been made in the fields of the Agricultural Institute – Shumen during 2013-2015 to study the effect of three organic and mineral products: Bioactive (100ml/da), Humustim (40 ml/da) and mineral nitrogen (20 kg/da), on the productive qualities of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana B.) For that aim I year seedlings were used. The parameters fresh and dry mass of a single plant, and fresh and dry mass yield from one da, were measured. It was established, that the highest fresh mass yield from a single plant is formed by the variant, treated with mineral Nitrogen (20 kg/da) – the average yield of fresh mass is with 90 g (75.8%) higher than that of the untreated control. The tested organic and mineral products have positive influence on the dry mass yield index for the three years of testing.
J. Ernstsen, L. Rupp, and R. Brown, “Plant Water Relations of Artemisia Cana and Agropyron Intermedium During and After Water Stress Preconditioning,” HortScience, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 743f–744, Jul. 1994.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.29.7.743f.
Typically, dormant seedlings are transplanted when revegetating disturbed lands to prevent transplant shock triggered by water stress. It may be possible to transplant nondormant seedlings by inducing drought-tolerant acclimation responses such as solute accumulation. Artemisia cana and Agropyron intermedium seedlings were subjected to three different water stress preconditioning treatments. After conditioning, seedlings were dried down in their containers until leaf senescence, or were transplanted to disturbed land sites. Leaf water potential components and relative water content were measured. Following treatments, water relations parameters of preconditioned seedlings were not markedly different from controls in either species. At the end of the final dry-down, water stress preconditioning had not induced active or passive solute accumulation, prolonged leaf survival during lethal drought conditions, or differences in transplant survival under the experimental conditions of this study.
S. Esmaili, V. Tavallali, and B. Amiri, “Nano-Silicon Complexes Enhance Growth, Yield, Water Relations and Mineral Composition in Tanacetum Parthenium under Water Deficit Stress,” Silicon, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 2493–2508, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s12633-020-00605-z.
Developing methods and approaches for preserving water relations, plant growth and productivity are essential under water deficit conditions. New nano-silicon complexes were synthesized (glycine nano-silicon, glutamine nano-silicon and histidine nano-silicon) to evaluate their foliar application in different concentrations (0, 1.5 and 3.0 mM) on growth, essential oil yield, water relations, and mineral composition of field grown feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) under drought. Drought stress was imposed by different irrigation intervals (4, 8 and 12 days). By increasing irrigation interval, leaf relative water content and leaf water potential were declined which decreased biomass, leaf area, flower formation, essential oil production and health of the plant. Potassium and organic osmolytes accumulation under moderate drought stress alleviated the adverse effects water deficit condition. This was mainly due to proline and potassium accumulation in the plants’ leaves. Although accumulation of soluble carbohydrates also was observed in the drought stressed plants, it was found to be a passive response to plant growth inhibition under drought. Moreover, drought stress decreased plant phosphorous content, but had no significant effect on plant nitrogen content. Foliar application of nano-silicon by improving the plant’s water content and phosphorus absorption, recovered the plants’ health and growth under moderate and severe drought conditions. In this regard, no significant differences were observed between 1.5 and 3.0 mM nano-silicon treatments. However, glycine nano-silicon treated plants represented higher drought tolerance (higher dry mass, leaf area, number and greenness) than the other complexes. Accordingly, foliar application of 1.5 mM glycine nano silicon for mitigating adverse effects of drought stress on feverfew was recommended.
The study objective was to evaluate the effect of three population arrangements on leaf yield in two genotypes of Stevia rebaudina Bert., under environmental conditions of Middle Sinú (Montería - Colombia), during 16 weeks of the first term of 2006. Six treatments were evaluated in a factorial arrangement (2x3), originating from combination of two stevia genotypes (Morita 1 and Morita 2) and three populations arrangements (20x20, 40x20 and 40x40cm between rows and plants, respectively). A completely randomized block design with four replications was used. The traits: wet leaf yield (RHOHU), dry leaf yield (RHOSE), RHOSE/RHOHU ratio (RESEHU), moisture in leaves (PHUHO), leaf/stem wet atio (RHOTAHU) and leaf/stem dry ratio (RHOTASE), were analyzed. Significant differences were detected between genotypes (p<0.01) only for RHOTAHU and RHOTASE. The populations arrangement had significant effects (p<0.05 and p<0.01) in the expression of RHOHU, RHOSE, RHOTAHU and RHOTASE. The genotypes by arrangement interactions were only significant (p<0.05) for RHOSE. The plant arrangement 20x20, showed the highest average RHOHU (4654kg ha-1) and RHOSE (1378kg ha-1), surpassing by about 83% the 40x40 arrangement, considered the control. Morita 1 expressed statistically the most RHOSE (1586kg ha-1) in arrangement 20x20, whereas Morita 2 (1416kg ha-1) did so at the arrangement 40x20. The use of plant arrangements 20x20 y 40x20 for Morita 1 y Morita 2 is suggested to increase yield of stevia in Middle Sinú.
M. Farajpour, M. Ebrahimi, A. Baghizadeh, and M. Aalifar, “Phytochemical and Yield Variation among Iranian Achillea Millefolium Accessions,” HortScience, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 827–830, Jun. 2017.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI11654-16.
Chemical composition and essential oil yields from aerial parts of 31 Iranian Achillea millefolium accessions, each collected from their natural habitats of Iran and grown together in field conditions, were investigated. The concentrations of the hydro-distilled essential oils ranged from 0.03% to 0.39%. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed 50 compounds in the accessions. The main components of the essential oils in Iranian A. millefolium accessions varied in the following ranges: 1,8-Cineole, 1.2–19.8%; β-thujone, 0.4–55.3%; camphor, 0.6–25.5%; germacrene-D, 2–20.6%; trans-nerolidol, 0.4–48.1%; isospathulenol, 0.5–36%; and cubenol, 0.1–42.9%. According to cluster analysis, five chemotypes were obtained as 1,8-Cineole/trans-nerolidol, high cubenol, high germacrene-D/isospathulenol, high camphor/cubenol, and high 1,8-Cineole/ β-thujone/cubenol. The result of principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that germacrene-D and isospathulenol components were under more genetic control than the other main components. Results revealed a high level of variation of composition and yield of essential oils among the Iranian A. millefolium accessions.
A. A. Farooqi, N. D. Dasharatha Rao, K. A. Devaiah, and M. Vasundhara, “Sensitivity of Davana (Artemisia Pallens Wall.) to Gamma Rays.,” Indian Perfumer, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 260–262, 1990.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19910305202.
Uniform dry (10-12% moisture) davana seeds in polyethylene bags were irradiated with 1, 2...10, 20...100 kR gamma rays from 60Co. Effects on seed germination and growth of root, shoot and seedlings were studied in the laboratory, and survival in the nursery. Doses giving 50% decreases were 50-70 kR for germination, 40 kR for root growth, >100 kR for shoot growth and 70 kR for seedling growth....
G. Fascella, M. Militello, and A. Carrubba, “Propagation of Artemisia Arborescens L. by Stem-Cutting: Adventitious Root Formation Under Different Conditions,” Propagation of Ornamental Plants, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 171–177, 2012.
Artemisia arborescens L. has gained a strong importance worldwide due to its many industrial uses and it has been recently considered as ornamental plant. A major constraint to its widespread cultivation is represented, by far, by the scarce availability of high-quality plant material for ield establishment; hence, development of a fast and effective methods for its vegetative propagation is needed. An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of different harvest periods, NAA, and rooting substrates on rooting of stem cuttings of A. arborescens. Semi hardwood cuttings were collected from wild plants in February, April, and November. Half of the material was treated with 0.4% NAA and placed on different mixtures of sphagnum peat and perlite (2 : 1, 1 : 1, and 1 : 2 v/v) under mist. After 40 days the percentage of rooted cuttings was signiicantly inluenced by the harvest period as cuttings collected in February showed the highest rooting rate, and numerous alive but not rooted cuttings evidenced callus formation. In contrast, the use of different rooting substrates as well as NAA addition did not show any signiicant effect on rooting capacity. The best results, in terms of root number (4.2) and root length (8.8 cm), were achieved on cuttings grown in a 1 : 1 v/v sphagnum peat : perlite mixture, without NAA application.
A. Fatima and S. J. Khan, “Some Factors Affecting Thein Vitro Growth of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 61–68, Jan. 2011.https://sid.ir/paper/634573/en.
Gelling agent plays an important role in the in vitro growth of Stevia rebaudiana. Agar solidified MS medium fortified with 1.5 mg/l BA + 0.5 mg/l Kin was found the best concentration for shoot induction from apical meristem and nodal explants, while gelrite solidified MS medium containing the same concentrations of hormones produced weak plants. Healthy and profuse growth of regenerated shoots along with roots were observed when shoots were again subcultered in agar solidified MS medium with 0.1 mg/l IBA, whereas gelrite solidified medium with 0.1 mg/L IBA again produced 1‐2 average number of shoots and roots. The medium became liquid in case of gelrite medium during the growth period and the pH of the medium was also changed. Gelling effect was further confirmed by transferring the shoots from gelrite solidified medium to agar solidified medium with the same hormones concentration. Shoots resumed normal growth and proliferation after they were transferred to agar medium. This effect may be due to the change in concentration of the cations (Ca, Mg).
C. M. Ferreira and W. Handro, “Micropropagation of Stevia Rebaudiana Through Leaf Explants from Adult Plants,” Planta Medica, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 157–160, Apr. 1988.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-962377.
A micropropagation method for STEVIA REBAUDIANA plants was established by culturing young leaves of adult plants on medium containing 6-benzyladenine (BA) (2.0 mg/l) in the light or BA (2.0 mg/l) plus 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (2.0 mg/l) in the dark. An open-ended system was obtained by transfer of the regenerating material to medium containing BA (0.1 mg/l), with continuous subculture and isolation of suitable shoots. Auxin addition to the rooting medium (especially at 0.1 mg/l 3-indolebutyric acid - IBA) favored root formation and improved EXTRA VITRUM plant survival. Regenerated plants transferred to the soil were uniform and cytological observation in root tip cells showed normal chromosome number (2n = 22). Cultures treated with colchicine originated altered plants.
J. F. S. Ferreira, J. E. Simon, and J. Janick, “Relationship of Artemisinin Content of Tissue-Cultured, Greenhouse-Grown, and Field-Grown Plants of Artemisia Annua1,” Planta Medica, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 351–355, Aug. 1995.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-958098.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
A. Fertet, S. Graindorge, S. Koechler, G.-J. de Boer, E. Guilloteau-Fonteny, and J. M. Gualberto, “Sequence of the Mitochondrial Genome of Lactuca Virosa Suggests an Unexpected Role in Lactuca Sativa’s Evolution,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 12, p. 697136, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697136.
The involvement of the different Lactuca species in the domestication and diversification of cultivated lettuce is not totally understood. Lactuca serriola is considered as the direct ancestor and the closest relative to Lactuca sativa, while the other wild species that can be crossed with L. sativa, Lactuca virosa, and Lactuca saligna, would have just contributed to the latter diversification of cultivated typologies. To contribute to the study of Lactuca evolution, we assembled the mtDNA genomes of nine Lactuca spp. accessions, among them three from L. virosa, whose mtDNA had not been studied so far. Our results unveiled little to no intraspecies variation among Lactuca species, with the exception of L. serriola where the accessions we sequenced diverge significantly from the mtDNA of a L. serriola accession already reported. Furthermore, we found a remarkable phylogenetic closeness between the mtDNA of L. sativa and the mtDNA of L. virosa, contrasting to the L. serriola origin of the nuclear and plastidial genomes. These results suggest that a cross between L. virosa and the ancestor of cultivated lettuce is at the origin of the actual mitochondrial genome of L. sativa.
J. M. Fonseca, J. W. Rushing, N. C. Rajapakse, R. L. Thomas, and M. B. Riley, “Potential Implications of Medicinal Plant Production in Controlled Environments: The Case of Feverfew (Tanacetum Parthenium),” HortScience, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 531–535, Jun. 2006.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.531.
The purpose of this review is to promote a discussion about the potential implications of herb production in controlled environments, focusing on our recent works conducted with feverfew. Research suggests that the content of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants fluctuates with changing environmental conditions. Our studies with feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium [L.] Schultz-Bip., Asteraceae) lend support to this hypothesis. Feverfew plants exposed to different water and light conditions immediately before harvest exhibited changes in content of some secondary metabolites. The highest yield of parthenolide (PRT) was in plants that received reduced-water regimes. Phenolics concentration however, was higher in plants receiving daily watering. Light immediately before harvest enhanced accumulation of PRT, but reduced the phenolic content. Notably, PRT decreased at night whereas total phenolics decreased during the photoperiod and increased at night. PRT also increased with increased plant spacing. UV light supplementation increased PRT only in plants that had undergone water stress, whereas phenolics increased when UV was applied to continuosly watered plants. Clearly, production of medicinal plants under greenhouse conditions is a promising method for controlling levels of phytochemicals through manipulation of light and water as discussed here, and possibly other environmental factors such as temperature and daylength. However, better understanding of how the environment alter secondary metabolite levels is needed as it was revealed that manipulating the environment to favor increased accumulation of one group of phytochemicals could result in a decline of other key metabolites.
D. L. C. Fonseka, W. W. U. I. Wickramaarachchi, and H. Aluthgamage, “Mass Production of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni for Commercial Cultivation,” International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology, vol. 5, pp. 45–51, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.20546/ijcrbp.2018.506.004.
F. Francisco, G. P. Pereira, M. P. Machado, L. A. Kanis, and C. Deschamps, “Characterization of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Accessions Cultived in Southern Brazil,” Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 353, Feb. 2018.
doi: 10.5539/jas.v10n3p353.
Stevia, a native species of South America, is commercially important as a source of the non-caloric diterpene glycosides stevioside and rebaudioside-A. Although it has been cultivated in southern Brazil, the production is not enough to meet the domestic market demand. This study evaluated biomass accumulation, morphological and physiological characters, and steviol glycosides yield of seven stevia accessions after two cuts. A great variation for the different plant characteristics was found between the first and second cuts. There was a positive correlation between biomass production and SGs content and productivity. The overall Principal Components Analysis results in both cuts indicate that the accessions CE7 and CE14 presented great Reb-A yield, height and lodging (%). The accessions CE4 and CE12 produced high Ste yield and accessions CE6, CE8 and CE9 the highest leaf:stem ratio and low SGs. The stevia accessions showed characteristics of the interest for crop improvement for both biomass and SGs production.
D. Fronza and M. V. Folegatti, “Water Consumption of the Estevia (Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni) Crop Estimated through Microlysimeter,” Scientia Agricola, vol. 60, pp. 595–599, 2003.
doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162003000300028.
The knowledge of water requirement of crops in the different growing phases elicits higher crop yield and rational use of water resource. The aim of this work was to estimate the water consumption of stevia using two constant watertable microlysimeters. The research was conducted in San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy. The data were collected daily from June, 1st, to October, 22th, 2000. Reference evapotranspiration was determined by the Penman-Monteith-FAO method, in the same period. Microlysimeters watertables level were maintained at the 35 cm depth. Crop evapotranspiration for the total cicle (80 days) was 464 mm. For the most water consuming phase, crop average evapotranspiration was 5.44 mm day-1. The crop coefficient values were 1.45 for the first 25 days, 1.14 for the next period (26 to 50 days), and 1.16 for the latest period (51 to 80 days). The stevia leaf yield of the microlysimeters was 4.369 kg ha-1 and their steviosideo content 6.49%.
H. Furuta, H. Shinoyama, Y. Nomura, M. Maeda, and K. Makara, “Production of Intergeneric Somatic Hybrids of Chrysanthemum [Dendranthema × Grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] and Wormwood (Artemisia Sieversiana J. F. Ehrh. Ex. Willd) with Rust (Puccinia Horiana Henning) Resistance by Electrofusion of Protoplasts,” Plant Science, vol. 166, no. 3, pp. 695–702, Mar. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.11.007.
We produced intergeneric somatic hybrids between chrysanthemum [Dendranthema×grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] and wormwood (Artemisia sieversiana J. F. Ehrh. ex. Willd) by electrofusion of mesophyll protoplasts. Chrysanthemum protoplasts were inactivated with iodoacetamide for 15min at 5°C and electrofused with wormwood protoplasts. The fused cells were cultured on MS basal medium containing 1mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) to regenerate somatic hybrid chrysanthemum plants. The 3,864 calli that appeared produced 1,342 plantlets, all of which had RFLP bands specific for both chrysanthemum and wormwood. The chromosome numbers of the somatic hybrid plants were 64–72, indicating that chromosomes were eliminated during cell division or plant regeneration. The 1,342 plantlets were grown in pots in a greenhouse, and 23 of the plants flowered. These 23 somatic hybrid plants were examined for rust (Puccinia horiana Henning) resistance and abnormal morphology in comparison with the parent plants. The somatic hybrid plants were more resistant to rust than chrysanthemum, and the disease spots that appeared had diameters of only 1–2mm, and they have not expanded any more. The characteristics of the flowers such as flower shapes and colors of their flowers differed from those of the parent plants, and these somatic hybrid plants were possibly male-sterile. Although the rooting ability of the somatic hybrid plants was poor, the somatic hybrid plants had agronomical treat, demonstrating the efficiency of this technique in transferring agronomically useful genes from cross-incompatible species or genera.
E. V. Galo, “In Situ Clonal Propagation of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana, Bertoni) Using Hormones,” American Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 10, no. 10, p. 1789, Oct. 2019.
doi: 10.4236/ajps.2019.1010126.
The sweet taste of Stevia leaves makes it a potential substitute for table sugar which can be used to sweeten foods and beverages. However, the limited planting materials become a constrained to large production; hence the experiment aims to investigate the different part and methods of propagation for stevia specifically use of different rooting hormones. The experiment was laid out in 3 × 4 factorial arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. It consists of 3 types of cutting (shoot tips, intermediate stem and basal stem part) and four kinds of commercial hormones (miracle gro, rootech gel, NAA and control). Results showed that the highest percentage survival of stevia was obtained from shoot tips (93.92%) which differed statistically from those intermediate (91.00%) and basal stem cuttings (85.51%). On the other hand, basal stem cutting significantly has the lowest percent survival. Results revealed that shoot tip cuttings treated with Rootech Gel developed roots early (6.92 days), with most number of roots (13.70), longer roots (3.33 cm), and 96.38% survival.
J. K. L. Gayla and E. R. R. Politud, “Herbage Yield of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bert.) in Response to Doufos Granules, Organic Growing Media and Levels of Carbonized Rice Hull,” in Philippine Journal of Crop Science (Philippines), 2017.https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6473b0c413d110e4e7a990be.
Stevia rebaudiana Bert. is a native tropical plant from Brazil and Paraguay with therapeutic benefits. Its leaves produce a sweetener-stevioside which is 150-300 times sweeter than cane sugar. Investigation on herbage yield of Stevia in response to doufos granules an organic growing media, and levels of carbonized rice hull was conducted from November 2016 to January 2017 in Ornamental Green House of the College of Agriculture, University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines. No significant difference was observed among treatments in terms of growth and herbage yield parameters. The plants growth in medium composed of 1/3 kg sand + 1/3 kg vermicast + 1/3 kg garden soil + 200 g carbonized rice hull had the most number of leaves (63.84), highest fresh leaf yield (19.67 g), highest fresh herbage (847.22 kg/ha), oven-dried leaf yield (152.78 kg/ha), highest fresh stem weight (21 g), lowest leaf curling incidence (1.67 counts), highest gross sales (Php 763,900.00/ha) and R0I (124.35%) while planting in pure garden soil led to the least fresh herbage (506.65 kg/ha) and oven-dried leaf yield (97.49 kg/ha).
M. Gerami, P. Majidian, A. Ghorbanpour, and Z. Alipour, “Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Responses to Salt Stress and Chitosan Elicitor,” Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 965–974, May 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s12298-020-00788-0.
This study examined the effect of chitosan elicitor with four different concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/l) on physiological and biochemical properties of stevia under four levels of salinity stress (0, 50, 100, 150 mM level of NaCl). Salt stress caused reduction of chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), total chlorophyll, carotenoid and total protein content. The increment of malondialdehyde (MDA) content was not significant in all NaCl levels, while the CAT and POX activities were increased as well as stevioside and rebaudioside A under salinity stress. On one side, chitosan treatments could compensate the reduction of physiological traits such as photosynthetic pigments and protein content. On the other side, chitosan caused multiple increases in malondialdehyde content, antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase and peroxidase), steviol glycosides (stevioside and rebaudioside A) under salt stress. We report for the first time, the potential of chitosan to enhance salinity-tolerant abilities in stevia through increment of the salt-adaptive factors and to diminish harmful damages caused by NaCl stress.
A. Ghani, M. Azizi, and A. Tehrani-far, “The Study of Ornamental Potential of Five Wild Achillea Species Cultivated in Mashhad Climate Conditions,” Journal Of Horticultural Science, vol. 23, no. 2, Feb. 2010.
doi: 10.22067/jhorts4.v1388i2.2565.
Abstract The purpose of this study is acclimization evaluate of five wild Achillea in cultivation condition and ornamental potential. The seeds of wild species (From Khorasan Razavi, Shiraz and Karaj area, Iran) were sownt in pots in September 2006. After initial growth, the seedlings were transplanted in main plots (30×40 cm interval) in November 2006. Phonological and morphological characteristic at different growth stage were recorded. An experiment conducted in factorial randomized based on complete block design (RCBD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications that Achillea species were treatments. The results showed that different species have special traits that could be used depend on our goal. A. millefolium has the highest flowering period (100 day) and plant height (nearly 1 meter). A. biebersteinii was better than other species in respect of inflorescence number, flower diameter and flower height. A .wilhelmsii and A. eriophora had the highest lateral inflorescence number and early flowering. This species because of good acclimization, tolerant to unfavorable conditions, long flowering period, perennial habit and bearing beautiful and big flowers, seems to be suitable plants for use in green space. Key words: Achillea, Domestication, Morphological characteristic, Native plants, Ornamental plants
A. Giorgi, M. Bononi, F. Tateo, and M. Cocucci, “Yarrow (Achillea Millefolium L.) Growth at Different Altitudes in Central Italian Alps: Biomass Yield, Oil Content and Quality,” Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 47–58, Nov. 2005.
doi: 10.1300/J044v11n03_05.
Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) is a perennial herb, native to Europe and Asia and growing wild at different environmental conditions (altitude, soil). Since ancient ages, yarrow leaves and flowers have been used as medicinals, in cosmetics, and food industries. Plant height, number of inflorescences, fresh biomass and essential oil content, yield and composition of Achillea millefolium L. grown at different altitudes (from 250 m to 1,100 m) were studied. Plant height (from 54 cm to 77 cm) and essential oil content per plant (from 0.16% to 0.22%) were not significantly affected by environment, while the number of inflorescences/plant, fresh biomass herb yield (from 5 Mt/ha to 12 Mt/ha) and essential oil yield (from 1.12 Kg/ha to 2.51 Kg/ha) were significantly influenced by environment. As far as the composition of essential oils is concerned, there was a remarkable change in some monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes: in particular α- and β-thujone were not present in oils from fields at a higher altitude, suggesting that their synthesis depends on both genetic and environmental factors. The concentrations of lavandulyl acetate, chama-zulene, P-caryophyllene, a-humulene and y-curcumene + germacrene D are greatly influenced by environmental growing conditions. From a qualitative point of view, essential oils from different environmental condition have different characteristics.
D. H. Goenadi, “Effect of Slope Position on the Growth of Stevia in Indonesia,” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 1317–1328, Nov. 1987.
doi: 10.1080/00103628709367901.
In Indonesia, stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert. M.) is generally grown in mountainous area with relatively steep slopes. Although this plant has low nutrient requirements, soil development on different slope positions may significantly affect plant growth. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to study the effect of slope position on dry weight production of stevia grown on an Inceptisol (Brown Andosol). Slope position was found to have a significant effect on the production of stevia. Dry weight of stevia shoots at each slope position was significantly different with respect to harvesting period. The plants on the lower part of the transect slope tended to yield greater dry matter contents than those in the upper or middle parts of the slope.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, Asteraceae) is a non-caloric natural-source alternative to artificially produced sugar substitutes. The sweet compounds pass through the digestive process without chemically breaking down, making stevia safe for those who need to control their blood sugar level (Strauss 1995). There have been no reports to date of adverse effects from the use of stevia products by humans (Brandle and Rosa 1992). Shock (1982) reported that stevia contains eight glucoside compounds, each featuring a three-carbon-ring central structure. Stevioside is the most abundant glucoside produced. An extract of one or more of these compounds may be up to 300 times sweeter than sugar (Duke 1993). Preliminary trials at Davis, California indicate that stevia could produce a sweetener equivalent to 10 t/ha of sucrose (Shock 1982). The Guarani Indians of Paraguay, where stevia originates, have used it for centuries as a sweetener for maté tea (Brandle and Rosa 1992). Since the 1970s, stevia extracts have been widely used in many countries as a sugar substitute. In Japan, for instance, stevia extracts account for about 5.6% of the sweetener market (Strauss 1995). Stevia usage in the United States is limited at this time because the Food and Drug Administration does not allow its use as a sweetener in manufactured and processed food products. In 1991, the FDA banned stevia, claiming it was an “unsafe food additive.” The FDA now allows the sale of stevia, but only as a nutritional supplement (Whitaker 1995).
E. N. Gomes, D. Moterle, L. A. Biasi, H. S. Koehler, L. A. Kanis, and C. Deschamps, “Plant Densities and Harvesting Times on Productive and Physiological Aspects of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Grown in Southern Brazil,” Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 90, pp. 3249–3264, 2018-Oct-Dec.
doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170510.
Abstract Stevia (stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a species characterized by producing non-caloric substances with high sweetening potential. Among these substances, rebaudioside A and stevioside are produced in greater quantity. Plant density and harvesting time are factors that affects biomass and sweetening compounds yield in this species. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of plant densities and harvesting times on the productive and physiological characteristics of stevia in southern Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a split-plot scheme, with 9 treatments comparing the effect of three planting densities (166 667, 83 333 and 33 333 plants ha-1) in the plots and three harvesting periods (before, in the beginning and in full flowering) in the subplots. Harvesting at the beginning of flowering promoted higher dry leaf biomass yield and, when associated with the lowest planting density, promoted higher levels of rebaudioside A and stevioside. The lowest planting density resulted in greater leaves biomass accumulation, whereas the highest density promoted higher yields per area. Interaction between density of 166 667 plants ha-1 and the harvest at the onset of flowering promoted higher yields of rebaudioside A (43.22 kg ha-1) as well as higher rebaudioside A/stevioside ratio (0.60).
S. Govindaraj and R. K. B. Diana, “Efficient in Vitro Micropropagation and Regeneration of Artemisia Vulgaris L.,” Cropp Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 117–124, Jun. 2007.
doi: 10.12702/1984-7033.v07n02a02.
This paper describes efficient propagation of Artemisia vulgaris using shoot tip explants isolated from 35 days old in vitro grown seedlings. Optimum proliferation was obtained on Murashige and Skoog’s salts and B5 vitamins supplemented with 3% sucrose, 4.44 µM BA, and 0.7% agar. Shoot proliferation was maximal (99.8%) with 14-23 shoots per explant after 6 weeks of culture. Shoots with a minimum length of 1.5 cm were transferred to shoot elongation medium supplemented with 0.44 µM BA and 1.44 µM GA3. The successfully elongated shoots with a height of 7.2-12.1 cm were transferred to rooting medium augmented with 8.56 µM IAA. Rooted plantlets were transferred to plastic cups containing autoclaved garden soil, farmyard soil and sand (2:1:1) for hardening. Plantlets were initially maintained under culture room conditions (5 weeks), followed by normal laboratory conditions (4 weeks) and finally transferred to a Botanical Evaluation Garden and maintained there.
S. K. Goyal, null Samsher, and R. K. Goyal, “Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana) a Bio-Sweetener: A Review,” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 1–10, Feb. 2010.
doi: 10.3109/09637480903193049.
Studies revealed that Stevia has been used throughout the world since ancient times for various purposes; for example, as a sweetener and a medicine. We conducted a systematic literature review to summarize and quantify the past and current evidence for Stevia. We searched relevant papers up to 2007 in various databases. As we know that the leaves of Stevia plants have functional and sensory properties superior to those of many other high-potency sweeteners, Stevia is likely to become a major source of high-potency sweetener for the growing natural food market in the future. Although Stevia can be helpful to anyone, there are certain groups who are more likely to benefit from its remarkable sweetening potential. These include diabetic patients, those interested in decreasing caloric intake, and children. Stevia is a small perennial shrub that has been used for centuries as a bio-sweetener and for other medicinal uses such as to lower blood sugar. Its white crystalline compound (stevioside) is the natural herbal sweetener with no calories and is over 100-300 times sweeter than table sugar.
L. F. Greer and A. M. Powell, “Documented Chromosome Numbers 1999:1. Chromosome Numbers and Pollen Diameter Variation in Thelesperma (Asteraceae),” SIDA, Contributions to Botany, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 909–925, 1999.https://www.jstor.org/stable/41968912.
Diploid and tetraploid chromosome numbers and pollen measurements are reported for 95 collections from five taxa of Thelesperma (Asteraceae). These chromosome counts include the first 17 diploid (2x) reports for T. megapotamicum var. ambiguum. A correlation between ploidy level (2x, 4x) and pollen diameter (mm) is found in diploid and polyploid plants of T. megapotamicum and T. simplicifolium. In both taxa, multivalent configurations (IV, V, VI, X) are found. A recurring oversized bivalent (II) was observed in up to 23 of the 103 collections from four of the five taxa studied. En este estudio se contaron números cromosomáticos diploides y tetraploides, y medidas de polen de 95 colecciones, las cuales en total agrupan cinco táxones de Thelesperma (Asteraceae). Los recuentos de cromosomas incluyen 17 de diploides (2x) de T. megapotamicum var. ambiguum, publicados ahora por primera vez. En plantas diploides y poliploides de T. megapotamicum y T. simplicifolium se encontró una correlación entre el nivel de ploidía (2x, 4x) y el diámetro del polen (mm). Además ambos táxones presentaron configuraciones multivalentes (IV, V, VI, X). Posiblemente en 23 de las 103 colecciones se observó una recurrencia de bivalentes (II) con tamaño incrementado, en cuatro de los cinco táxones.
L. F. Greer, “Thelesperma Curvicarpum (Asteraceae), an Achene Form in Populations of T. Simplicifolium Var. Simplicfolium and T. Filfolium Var. Filifolium,” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 242–244, 1997.https://www.jstor.org/stable/30055271.
T. A. Guedes, R. M. Rossi, A. B. T. Martins, V. Janeiro, and J. W. P. Carneiro, “Applying Regression Models with Skew-Normal Errors to the Height of Bedding Plants of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni,” Acta Scientiarum. Technology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 463–468, Feb. 2014.
doi: 10.4025/actascitechnol.v36i3.21191.
The experiment had the objective of fitting regression models to data of the height of the bedding plants cultivated in three multicellular Styrofoam trays with three different cell volumes. We proposed two types of models in the current experiment. First, we fit a model with normal errors and next a model with a skew-normal distribution of errors. The skew-normal regression was suitable for modelling both cases. First, when the model included the time covariate and next when the cell size covariate was part of the model. However, the value of the parameter l for the multivariate model was very high, which is an indication that the skew-normal model is also not the best. Thus, we suggest further fitting using the skew regression model of t-Student.
A. B. Guerrero, L. S. Emeterio, I. Domeño, I. Irigoyen, and J. Muro, “Steviol Glycoside Content Dynamics during the Growth Cycle of Stevia Rebaudiana Bert,” American Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 892–901, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.4236/ajps.2018.94068.
The sweetener compounds in Stevia, steviol glycosides (SG), are mainly found in the leaves. The SG content depends on the plant’s growth stage and is usually highest just before flowering. In temperate areas, Stevia is a polyannual crop (5 - 7 years) with a vegetative period lasting from April-May until October, during which time the crop can be harvested two or three times. This research focuses on the need for knowledge about Stevia’s response to temperate climates in Southern Europe. Two field assays were established from June to October 2013 at two sites in Navarra (Spain). The biomass and content of the two major SG, stevioside (ST) and rebaudioside A (RA), were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in 66 cloned plants, at different developmental stages. Although the results from the two sites showed different SG leaf content dynamics during the plant growth, the optimum harvest date at both sites coincided with the bud-flowering stage at the beginning of September (around 96 days after planting), when a ST yield of 27 g·m-2 was reached. These results show Stevia’s potential as a commercial crop for stevioside production in northern Spain.
A. Gulati, S. Bharel, S. K. Jain, M. Z. Abdin, and P. S. Srivastava, “In Vitro Micropropagation and Flowering in Artemisia Annua,” Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 31–35, Jan. 1996.
doi: 10.1007/BF03262976.
A protocol for quick regeneration of a large number of plantlets of Artemisia annua (source of a potent antimalarial drug) is being reported. Multiple shoots were obtained in large numbers from juvenile as well as vegetative parts of mature plant on Murashige and Skoog’s medium (MS) having 3% sucrose and 800 μM myoinositol and supplemented with NAA (0.5 μM) + BAP (13.0 μM) + GA3 (0.3 μM) + Asp (300.0 μM) + Glu (700.0 μM) + Arg (300.0 μM) + Cys - HCl (30.0 μM). Reversal of reproductive to vegetative phase and back to reproductive phase could be achieved in the cultured flower buds. The shoots obtained on the above medium could be induced to flower. In addition, new shoots that differentiated from vegetative parts of juvenile and mature explants also produced flowers when cultured on MS with GA3 (0.3 μM). Since artemisinin estimation is correlative to flowering, our results would facilitate better understanding of biosynthesis of this drug in vitro.
E. Gupta, S. Purwar, S. Sundaram, and G. K. Rai, “Nutritional and Therapeutic Values of Stevia Rebaudiana: A Review,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 7, no. 46, pp. 3343–3353, Dec. 2013.
doi: 10.5897/JMPR2013.5276.
Stevia rebaudiana is a nutrient rich natural sweetest plant of Asteraceae family. The leaves naturally contain diterpene glycosides stevioside, rebaudiosides A-F, steviolbioside and dulcoside, which are responsible for its sweet taste and have commercial value all over the world as sugar substitute in foods, beverages or medicines. It is a plant which offers sweetness with fewer calories and do not show any side effects after consumption on human health. Stevia has many pharmacological and therapeutic applications as suggested by many preclinical and some clinical studies; these are nontoxic and possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal and anticarcinogenic activity. In future Stevia is likely to become a major source of high potency low calorie sweetener for growing natural food market. This review article presents beneficial role of Stevia and its metabolites on health promoting properties. Key words: Stevia rebaudiana, steviosides, sweetner.
J. Gurevitch, P. Wilson, J. L. Stone, P. Teese, and R. J. Stoutenburgh, “Competition Among Old-Field Perennials at Different Levels of Soil Fertility and Available Space,” Journal of Ecology, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 727–744, 1990.
doi: 10.2307/2260895.
(1) Competitive effects and responses to neighbours were examined by growing plants of three species (Achillea millefolium, Dactylis glomerata and Vicia cracca) singly and in intra- and interspecific pairs at low and at moderate substrate fertility. The effects of neighbours were distinguished from the effects of a reduction in available space by growing plants across a range of pot sizes. (2) Focal plants were affected by a simple reduction in available space differently than by the presence of competing neighbours. The effects of neighbours were complex, and depended on the species that were competing and on how the effect was measured. (3) Competition did not generally have greater negative effects on plant performance (using several measures of performance) at higher fertility levels and when more space was available. Nor was there a tendency for greater competitive effects at lower soil fertility and when space was more restricted. There were no apparent trade-offs in competitive abilities at different resource levels. (4) The negative effects of competition on an individual plant’s growth, for the poorer competitor of a pair, was greater if the neighbour was of a different species than if the neighbour was a conspecific. (5) There was a generally consistent hierarchy of competitive effects and responses among species that reflected the hierarchy of initial seed sizes. (6) Root: shoot ratios differed among species and were altered by available space (pot size), fertility level and neighbour identity. Root: shoot ratios were most variable in response to neighbour identity in Achillea, the poorest competitor, and least responsive in Vicia, generally the best competitor.
Download Free Full-Text of an article EFFECT OF WATER STRESS ON SEED GERMINATION OF ARTEMISIA SPICIGERA & ARTEMISIA FRAGRANS
H. Tavakoli Hasanaklou, A. Ebadi Khazineh Ghadim, F. Moradi, H. Hadavand Mirzaei, and N. Tavakoli Hasanaklou, “Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Stevia Rebaudiana Cultivated under Different Nitrogen Supplements and Growth Regulators,” Russian journal of plant physiology, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 49–49, 2022.
doi: 10.1134/S1021443722030141.
Steviol glycosides (SGs) are the important constituents of stevia. SGs biosynthesis is dependent on various nutrients. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nitrogen sources ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and NH₄NO₃ each 150% in modified Hoagland solution) and the plant growth regulators including 200 µM cytokinin (i.e., BAP), 200 µM auxin (i.e., NAA), and their combination on leaf yield, branching, and SGs yield through a hydroponic experiment. The data revealed that the application of NH₄NO₃ + BAP increased the outgrowth of buds and branching due to a decrease in endogenous auxin and abscisic acid concentrations. Results also showed that there were significant negative correlations between developed axillary buds and branching with endogenous auxin and abscisic acid concentrations. Compared to the control, growth parameters including stem dry weight (567%) and total dry weight (358%) in the first year and leaf dry weight (160%) and height (483%) in the second year significantly increased when the combination of NH₄NO₃ and BAP was used. The highest stevioside concentration was observed at using NH₄NO₃ and BAP + NAA in both 2018 and 2019. Besides, the highest rebaudioside-A concentration was detected as NO₃ and NAA were applied during the second year. However, the rebaudioside-B and steviolbioside concentrations were declined when plants were subjected to both nitrogen sources and plant growth regulators. Conclusively, the data acquired herein provided valuable clues as to how to successfully achieve the high productivity of stevia plant and biosynthesis of SGs under greenhouse conditions.
T. Hailu, B. Abera, and G. Mariam, “In Vitro Mass Propagation of Artemisia (Artemisia Annua L.) Cv: Anamed,” Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 165–176, 2013.
doi: 10.3329/ptcb.v23i2.17518.
An efficient in vitro propagation protocol was developed for anamed (A-3) cultivar of Artemisia annua. Two and 1.5% concentration of NaOCl treatment for 10 and 20 min were found to be optimum for sterilization of shoot tip and nodal explants, respectively. Maximum percentage (98.75 ± 2.50) shoot induction was observed from nodal explants cultured on MS supplemented with 0.8 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l IBA followed by 82.50 ± 2.88% from shoot tip explants on the same medium with 0.8 mg/l TDZ for shoot tip explants. The highest number of shoots (8.05 ± 0.66/explant) was regenerated on MS + 1 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l IBA. Best rooting with mean values of 18.25 ± 0.95/explant root number and root length (6.35 ± 0.10 cm) was recorded on 1/2 MS + 0.5 mg/l IBA. Up on acclimation and transplanting, 80% survival efficiency was observed on the soil mix ratio of 2 : 1 : 1 (decomposed coffee husk, forest soil and sand, respectively). The developed regeneration protocol enables a large scale commercial production and a possible system towards the genetic improvement of this crop. D. O. I. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v23i2.17518 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 23(2): 165-176, 2013 (December)
S. Hajihashemi and S. Rajabpoor, “The Effect of Paclobutrazol and Gibberllin Treatments on Drought Stress Alleviation of Stevia Rebaudiana Callus,” Journal of Plant Process and Function, vol. 6, no. 21, pp. 1–14, Nov. 2017.http://jispp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-665-en.html.
Drought stress is one of the limiting factors for plant growth and yield all over the world. Stevia rebaudiana from semi-humid area of Paraguay contains steviol glycosides with pharmacological properties. In the present study, the callus obtained from Stevia rebaudiana were treated with different treatments of poly ethylene glycol, paclobutrazol ...
A. Hamad, “Productivity of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Plant and Its Affective by Salinity, Nitrogen and Potassium Fertlization,” Journal of Plant Production, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 1543–1552, Sep. 2015.
doi: 10.21608/jpp.2015.52018.
Two field experiments were conducted at Sakha Agric. Res.. Station farm at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt during consecutive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 to study some morphological and chemical characters inducing from salinity from irrigation by water have salinity (0, 7500 and 10000 ppm) in addition, nitrogen levels (20 and 30 kg N/fed) and potassium levels (24 and 48 kg N/fed.). All mentioned factors were collected in complete randomized block design in three replications.
W. Handro, C. M. Ferreira, and E. I. S. Floh, “Chromosomal Variability and Growth Rate in Cell Suspension Cultures of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni,” Plant Science, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 169–176, Jan. 1993.
doi: 10.1016/0168-9452(93)90046-3.
Several cell lines were obtained from a predominantly diploid (2n = 22) cell suspension culture of Stevia rebaudiana by colchicine treatment (10−3M/72 h), filtration in 100–500μm sieves and plating followed by visual selection. Colchicine treatment resulted in a highly polyploid line, but with a tendency for reversion to a chromosome distribution profile (CDP) similar to the initial culture, but with a higher growth rate. Selection by filtration showed a relationship between cell aggregate size and the CDP, cells of higher ploidy having a tendency to form smaller aggregates. After plating, calli with several characteristics (shape, colour, degree of friability) were selected, and gave rise to cell lines with different CDPs; these cell lines were used to initiate predominantly diploid, tetraploid or aneuploid cell suspensions that showed characteristics growth rates and aggregate sizes.
W. Handro and C. M. Ferreira, “Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni: Production of Natural Sweeteners,” in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants II, Y. P. S. Bajaj, Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1989, pp. 468–487.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-73617-9_26.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni (Fig. 1) is a small perennial shrub of the Compositae family. Estimates of total number of species in the genus ranges from 150 to 300, all distributed in the New World, from the southwestern United States to the northern Argentina (Amat 1982; Soejarto et al. 1983). The native occurrence of Stevia rebaudiana is between 22–24° S and 53–56° W (Sumida 1975), in Paraguay and Brazil. This species was known by the Guarany Indians under several names (Caā-jhe-hē, Caā-heē, Ca-ā-yupê, Azucā-caā, Eira-caā) related to its sweet leaf taste and to its use in sweet beverages and remedies, especially the cooked “mate” (Ilex paraguariensis). Stevia rebaudiana became known by the Europeans due to its discovery by Moises Bertoni in 1899; the chemist Rebaudi was the first to study its chemical characteristics (Felippe 1977).
W. Handro, K. G. Hell, and G. B. Kerbauy, “Tissue Culture of Stevia Rebaudiana, a Sweetening Plant,” Planta Medica, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 115–117, Sep. 1977.
doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1097568.
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\relax K. C. Harrington, \relax R. C. Southward, \relax K. L. Kitchen, and \relax X. Z. He, “Investigation of Herbicides Tolerated by Stevia Rebaudiana Crops,” New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 21–33, Mar. 2011.
doi: 10.1080/01140671.2010.520165.
A pot trial and two field trials evaluate the safety to stevia plants of 25 herbicides, many of which have been used for selective control in other Asteraceae crops. Pre-emergence herbicides that show potential for use in transplanted stevia include trifluralin, pendimethalin, oryzalin, bromacil, terbacil, linuron, methabenzthiazuron and alachlor. Post-emergence treatments that are tolerated reasonably well by stevia include many of the herbicides listed above plus clethodim, haloxyfop, propyzamide, thifensulfuron, flumetsulam and pyridate. Other post-emergence herbicides that cause some crop damage but may merit further research include bentazone, ethofumesate, MCPB, picolinafen, chloridazon and metribuzin. Terbacil and bromacil are the most effective herbicides for weed control, although some crop damage did occur. Controlling weeds through frequent hand-weeding allowed a 30-fold increase in stevia production in one trial, although the best result obtained by herbicides was a 19-fold increase using bromacil immediately before transplanting stevia.
F. R. Hasan, “Macronutrients Screening on the Growth and Development of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) in Vitro Shoot Culture and the Yielding of Stevioside and Rebaudioside A. / Fakhrul Razin Hasan,” Master's thesis, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 2015.https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/15923/.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is a herbaceous plant which has an increasing demand in agricultural industry worldwide. This is due to the presence of the sweet glycosides in the leaves that are hundreds times sweeter than sugar and have zero calories.Previously, studies were focused on the increasing its yield such as growth regulator manipulation, light, water and temperature controlling in greenhouse and genetic modification of the herb. However, no study had been done on the macronutrients manipulation in Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). Therefore, the novelty of this study is, it is the first study in discovering the effects of macronutrients manipulation in Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) in vitro plantlets. This study aimed at screening the growth and development of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), and the stevioside and rebaudioside A yield in different concentration strength of macronutrients. It was done by using onefactor-at-a-time (OFAT) technique. Different parts of the in vivo plants were separated and extracted in different solvents and analysed by using HPLC. Meanwhile, the sterile shoot tip explants were cultured onto MS basal media. After 1 month, several of these sterile plantlets were extracted in different solvents and analysed by using HPLC. The remained sterile plantlets were continued regenerated and multiplied to increase their quantities. Media with manipulated macronutrients (N, K, Ca, Mg, P and S) were prepared in different concentrations strength (0, 0.5x, lx, 2x, 4x and 8x) for each macronutrient element. The sterile plantlets were then cultured onto these modified media. After 1 month, the whole plantlets were oven dried and ground into powder for extraction in different solvents and analysed by using HPLC. Findings showed that in vitro shoots contain significantly high concentration of stevioside (22.63±0.25mg/ml), while in vivo leaves contain significantly high concentration of rebaudioside A (2230.40±26.72 mg/ml) as compared to other parts of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). Results from this study also showed that the aqueous solvent was the best solvent to extract stevioside while methanol was the best solvent to extract rebaudioside A.Moreover, 4x K concentration produced highest number of leaves (22.00±2.21), highest number of nodes (9.40±0.85), highest fresh biomass (0.07±0.01g) and highest dry biomass (0.006±0.001g), while 8x S produced the highest shoot length (3.83±0.39cm). There is no direct relationship between macronutrients concentration increment towards physical characteristics and biomasses of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) shoot culture. The proposed macronutrient concentrations in optimizing the growth and development of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) shoot culture are lx N, 4x K, 8x Ca, 4x Mg, 8x P and lx S. Furthermore,media without Mg (Ox concentration strength) yielded the highest stevioside concentration (4.57±0.02mg/ml), while media without Ca (Ox concentration strength) yielded the highest rebaudioside A concentration (1709.10±6.44mg/ml). There is no direct relationship between the macronutrients concentration increment towards the stevioside and rebaudioside A yield. The proposed macronutrients concentration strength in yielding the highest stevioside concentration are 8x N, 0 K, 0.5x Ca, 0 Mg,8x P and 2x S while the proposed macronutrient concentration strength in yielding the highest rebaudioside A concentration are 4x N, 2x K, 0 Ca, 2x Mg, 0 P and 0.5x S. Findings from this study also showed that there is no direct relationship between the physical characteristics and biomass towards the stevioside and rebaudioside A yield.
F. Hassan, N. Jaafar sidik, S. Jaapar, and N. A. Sulong, “The Effect of Potassium Concentrations on the Growth and Development of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) and Production of Stevioside and Rebaudioside A.,” American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, vol. 8, pp. 42–51, Feb. 2014.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) or popularly called as stevia is widely used as natural sweeteners for diabetic patients where it is either used as a substitute for sucrose in food and beverages or used together with sucrose. This is due to the presence of the sweet glycosides in the leaves that are hundreds times sweeter than sugar and have zero calories. The presence of sweet glycosides in S. rebaudiana (Bert.) leaves had cause a high demand for its function as sugar alternatives and sweetening agent in diabetic patient’s food and beverage. There were many researches done on this herb in increasing its yield such as growth regulator manipulation, light, water and temperature controlling in greenhouse and genetic modification. However, there is no study had been done on the macronutrient manipulation in S. rebaudiana (Bert.), especially potassium (K). Potassium ion (K+) is the most abundant cellular cation and so is required in large amounts by most plants. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of K concentrations on the growth and development of S. rebaudiana (Bert.) and production of stevioside and rebaudioside A by using plant tissue culture technique. From this study, it was found that 4x K concentration produced the highest numbers of leaves (22.00±2.21), number of branches (2.96±0.48), number of nodes (9.40±0.85), number of shoots (1.80±0.14), highest shoot length (2.95±0.12cm), fresh biomass (0.07±0.01g) and dry biomass (0.006±0.001g). Meanwhile control group (0 K concentration) produced highest stevioside concentration (4.26±0.00mg/ml) and 2x K concentration produced the highest rebaudioside A yield (1293.06±0.58mg/ml). Different K concentrations in the plant tissue culture media had different effects on the growth and development of S. rebaudiana (Bert.) and production of stevioside and rebaudioside A. 4x K concentration is best for producing all of the studied physical characteristics while 0 K and 2x K concentration is best for stevioside and rebaudioside A production, respectively.
M. N. Hassan, S. A. Mekkawy, M. Mahdy, K. F. M. Salem, and E. Tawfik, “Recent Molecular and Breeding Strategies in Lettuce (Lactuca Spp.),” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 3055–3079, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s10722-021-01246-w.
Lettuce (Lactuca spp.) is an annual and self-pollinating crop that belongs to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. It is one of the most globally essential commercial vegetable crops, used in salads and sandwiches. The lettuce leaves are used to make a cigarette without nicotine. Seeds and stems contain edible oil and dried latex. Gene banks have conserved a large pool of lettuce’s genetic resources, including wild Lactuca species with the same chromosome numbers 2n\,= 2x\,= 18. Lactuca species vary greatly in terms of geographical distribution and morpho-agronomic characteristics. By crossing commercial varieties with locally adapted varieties, novel alleles can be introduced, increasing genetic diversity and making preselection for desirable traits easier. Lettuce breeders and geneticists’ main objectives are to improve lettuce for various desirable traits, including tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress and high yield. These targets accomplished with modern genomics tools together with traditional breeding methods. This chapter discusses lettuce conservation and biodiversity, stages of lettuce breeding, agriculture practices, and conventional breeding techniques and their restrictions. It also includes modern plant breeding tools and marker-assisted breeding, editing of genome, and genetic engineering.
R. J. Hayes, E. J. Ryder, and W. M. Wintermantel, “Genetic Variation for Big-Vein Symptom Expression and Resistance to Mirafiori Lettuce Big-Vein Virus in Lactuca Virosa L., a Wild Relative of Cultivated Lettuce,” Euphytica, vol. 164, no. 2, p. 493, Jun. 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s10681-008-9738-x.
Lactuca virosa L. is a wild relative of lettuce that is potentially an important source of resistance to big-vein disease, an economically damaging disease of lettuce. Identification of L. virosa accessions with resistance to Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MLBVV), the disease causing agent, may be useful for lettuce breeding. The objectives of this research were to determine the genetic variation for big-vein symptom expression and MLBVV accumulation in diverse L. virosa accessions. Greenhouse testing was conducted to characterize variation for symptom expression 90–100 days after planting (DAP) with 70 L. virosa accessions in unreplicated experiments in 2001 and 2003, and with 10 accessions in an experiment with 3 replications conducted in 2004. In 2005, six replications of seven accessions were evaluated for the percentage of symptomatic plants 120 DAP and 180 DAP in a growth chamber experiment. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or nucleic acid spot hybridization was used to determine MLBVV presence or absence at each reading date. Genetic variation for symptom expression was confirmed among the L. virosa accessions, although the majority of tested accessions did not express big-vein symptoms. Symptomless infections were discovered, although accumulation of MLBVV to detectable levels appeared to be a slow process in L. virosa. Genetic variation for the incidence of MLBVV positive plants was identified within symptomless accessions, and suggests that symptom expression and MLBVV resistance may be independent factors contributing to big-vein resistance. Regardless, symptomless accessions with low MLBVV incidence were identified, and should be useful for breeding new big-vein resistant cultivars.
R. J. Hayes*, E. Ryder, and B. Robinson, “Introgression of Big Vein Tolerance from Lactuca Virosa L. into Cultivated Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.),” HortScience, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 881C–881, Jul. 2004.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.39.4.881C.
Big vein (BV) disease of lettuce is caused by soil borne fungal vectored viruses, and reduces marketability through head deformation. Tolerant cultivars reduce BV frequency, but no resistant cultivars exist. L. virosa L. is highly resistance. The objectives were to 1) determine if L. virosa P.I.s exhibit variation for resistance, and 2) determine if resistance is transferable to lettuce. Seedlings were inoculated with root macerate of BV infected plants, transplanted to BV infested soil, and greenhouse grown for 3 months. Twelve plants in each of 1,2, or 3 reps of Great Lakes 65 (GL65-susceptible), Pavane (Pav-tolerant), L. virosa (11 accessions), and BC1 F2 through F5 families of lettuce cultivars x L. virosa accession IVT280 were tested. The percentage of BV afflicted plants was recorded. In hybrid families, BV free plants from tolerant families were selected and advanced. No BV was found in L. virosa. Variation for tolerance was observed in BC1 F2 and F3 families; 33% had greater tolerance than Pav (17% afflicted). Additional tests identified 11 BC1 F3 families (14%) with greater tolerance than Pav (42% afflicted). Subsequent BC1 F4 and F5 generations however, were more susceptible than Pav. Lactuca virosa is highly resistant, but resistance did not transfer to hybrid progeny. Variation for tolerance was observed in BC1 F2 and F3 families, but later generations were susceptible. Interactions or linkage of genes for developmental processes and BV resistance may hinder introgression. Introgression will continue using congruity backcrossing and a greater diversity of L. virosa.
R. J. Hayes and E. J. Ryder, “Introgression of Novel Alleles for Partial Resistance to Big Vein Disease from Lactuca Virosa into Cultivated Lettuce,” HortScience, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 35–39, Feb. 2007.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.42.1.35.
Big vein is an economically damaging disease of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) incited by Mirafiori lettuce big vein virus, which is vectored by the soil-borne fungus Olpidium brassicae (Woronin) P.A. Dang. Resistance to this disease is needed because no feasible cultural control methods have been identified. Partial resistance is available within cultivated lettuce and is expressed as delayed appearance of symptoms in combination with a reduced percentage of symptomatic plants. Complete resistance has been identified only in accessions of L. virosa L., an incongruent wild relative of lettuce. Resistance from L. virosa has not been introgressed into lettuce. The objective of this research was to determine whether big vein resistance from L. virosa can be introgressed into lettuce. Progenies of backcross (BC) hybrids between L. virosa and L. sativa cultivars were greenhouse tested for big vein resistance over four generations of self-pollination. Selected plants from resistant BC families were used as parents to create BC2 progeny from crosses with high partial-resistant cultivars, intermediate partial-resistant cultivars, and susceptible cultivars to test for the presence of transgressive segregants. Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse by infecting seedlings with O. brassicae zoospores collected from big vein symptomatic plants. Plots were evaluated for area under the disease progress curve and the percentage of symptomatic plants; asymptomatic plants from resistant families were retained in every generation. Complete resistance to big vein was not recovered, and may be the result of insufficient sampling of BCF2 progeny or linkage between resistance alleles and alleles causing incongruity. Variation for partial resistance was observed in all BC generations, and transgressive segregants were identified among BC2 families from crosses using partially resistant and susceptible parents. This research suggests that L. virosa contains alleles that confer partial resistance to big vein when introgressed into an L. sativa background, and these alleles are distinct from those present in partially resistant lettuce cultivars. Alternative breeding strategies should be pursued to introgress complete resistance from L. virosa into cultivated lettuce.
L. K. Hearn and P. P. Subedi, “Determining Levels of Steviol Glycosides in the Leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana by near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy,” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 165–168, Mar. 2009.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2008.10.008.
The sweet diterpene glycosides extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni are of increasing interest in recent years as possible sugar substitutes. Our objectives were to investigate the application of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) in analysis of steviol glycosides (SGs) concentration (w/w) dry basis in S. rebaudiana leaves, using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) as the reference method. Separate calibration models were developed, using partial least squares regression (PLSR) for stevioside and the total combined concentration for the three main SGs in 33 samples. Using full cross validation the performance of calibration models was assessed in terms of the calibration correlation coefficient (Rc2), root mean squared error of cross-validated prediction (RMSECV), standard deviation ratio (SDR)=(SD/RMSECV), slope and bias of each calibration set. The PLSR model performance was significantly improved by using the total combined concentration for the three main steviol glycosides suggesting this value should be used as the constituent for future development of larger NIR calibration and validation sets.
H. Hendricks, Y. Anderson-Wildeboer, G. Engels, R. Bos, and H. J. Woerdenbag, “The Content of Parthenolide and Its Yield per Plant During the Growth of Tanacetum Parthenium,” Planta Medica, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 356–359, Aug. 1997.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957700.
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E. H. Hirich, B. Bouizgarne, A. Zouahri, and K. Azim, “Agronomic Practices and Performances of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni under Field Conditions: A Systematic Review,” Environmental Sciences Proceedings, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 44, 2022.
doi: 10.3390/environsciproc2022016044.
Stevia (Stevia Rebauiana Bertoni) is one of the most renowned medicinal plants for its low calorific value. Stevia’s active components are steviol glycosides (SGs), which include Rebaudioside A, B, C, D, E, F, M, Stevioside, Steviolbioside, Dulcoside A, and Dulcoside C. These steviol glycosides are 150–300 times sweeter than sugar. The sweetening molecules stevioside and rebaudioside A are the most common. In this work, we performed a systematic review combined with a bibliometric analysis of stevia farming techniques in the field. The study is based on published literature data for the years 2000–2021. A sum of 54 articles was found, indicating that scientific study on stevia’s agronomic techniques and productivity in the field is currently insufficient. Asia, Europe, and South America were the major research production sites in this domain, accounting for more than 90% of the research output. The number of articles dealing with density and planting that were examined was quite restricted. The principal themes covered in the scientific literature were the effects of “fertilization” and “irrigation”, followed by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria “PGPR” and fungi “PGPF”, “salinity”, and “harvest” on stevia yield and quality. The results of this research will allow us to highlight insufficient available research works and knowledge gaps and the agronomic treatments that had the greatest impact on productive response were fertilization, irrigation, and salinity.
Z. W. Ho, “The Effect of Different Nitrogen and Potassium Nutrient Levels Used in Hydroponic System on the Growth and Steviol Glycosides Production in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni.” Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, 2022.https://eprints.tarc.edu.my/22528/.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a branched bushy shrub belonging to the Asteraceae family. Stevia rebaudiana contains various sweet-tasting diterpene glycosides in the leaves and has long been used as natural sweeteners. Stevioside and rebaudioside A are the two most abundant steviol glycosides and both are sweeter than sucrose. In recent years, stevia has become popularly used in the food and beverage industry. However, low biomass yield of the S. rebaudiana leaves which is dependent on the agricultural practices will lead to low yield of steviol glycosides extracted. Therefore, a study on the effect of different nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) levels on the growth and production of steviol glycosides, stevioside and rebaudioside A, of S. rebaudiana was undertaken. In this study, there were a total of seven treatments, which were 200% N, 150% N, 50% N, 200% K, 150% K, 50% K and 100% as control. There were 10 S. rebaudiana plants in each treatment, five plants per replicate, and two trials were done in Farm Box in a controlled environment with a hydroponic system, and also in a greenhouse, which was an uncontrolled environment at Tunku Abdul Rahman University College Johor branch campus. The growth parameters such as height, number of leaves, leaves area, and the chlorophyll content of the young leaves were measured for every 7 days from day 1 until day 35, the day of harvest. The soxhlet extraction was done after the drying of the S. rebaudiana leaves. The leaf extract was further analyzed by using HPLC for the qualitative analysis. From this study, the 150% N and 150% K had the best growth to the height: N (13.28 ± 3.72), K (17.29 ± 2.10), number of leaves: N (52.00 ± 17.73), K (97.50 ± 15.04), leaves area: N (5.66 ± 2.80), K (16.75 ± 5.99), chlorophyll content: N (31.35 ± 1.92), K (26.99 ± 1.77), biomass of leaves: N (2.59 ± 0.87), K (3.21 ± 1.08) of the S. rebaudiana that were planted in Farm Box with the controlled environment. Besides, the 200% N and 200% K had the best growth to the height: N (18.8 ± 7.53), K (8.86 ± 2.84), number of leaves: N (51.4 ± 7.73), K (32.00 ± 9.27), leaves area: N (4.36 ± 1.51), K (3.93 ± 1.15), chlorophyll content: N (16.48 ± 3.58), K (17.36 ± 1.71), biomass of leaves: N (0.52 ± 0.16), K (0.32 ± 0.09) of the S.rebaudiana that were planted with cocopeat in a greenhouse with the uncontrolled environment. With the qualitative analysis of HPLC, the stevioside and rebaudioside A were proved to have presence in the S. rebaudiana plant with the retention time of 10.83 min and 10.84 min.
L. Hong, L. LongYun, Z. Qing, B. ZhiChuan, and W. XiaoLi, “Effects of different chemical treatments on seed germination of Artemisia annua.,” Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 909–913, 2012.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20133051046.
By studying the effect of NaCl, KNO3, PEG, H2O2 and GA3 with different concentrations on the germination index of Sweet Wormwood Herb seeds, the best approach was selected to provide the technical basis for raising Artemisia annua seedlings. Measuring the Artemisia annua seed germination potential (Gv), germination rate (Gr), germination index under treatment with different...
R. Z. Hoseini, E. M. Goltapeh, S. A. M. Modarres-Sanavy, and A. Heidarzadeh, “Effect of the Bio-Fertilizers on the Steviol Glycosides (SGs) Content and Biomass in Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni at Vegetative and Flowering Stages,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 275, p. 109658, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109658.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a unique medicinal herb mostly utilized for substitution of the sugar, producing zero-calorie sweeteners known as steviol glycosides (SGs), including stevioside (ST), rebaudioside A (RA), rebaudioside F (RF), rebaudioside C (RC) and dulcoside (DU). While bio-fertilizers have been demonstrated to enhance the production of secondary metabolites in many plant species, their effects on S. rebaudiana have not been thoroughly studied. This paper presents a study on the effects of bio-fertilizers and their interactions on modifying and improving the SGs content and biomass production in S. rebaudiana at two growth stages, vegetative and flowering. Vermicompost (V) and cow manure (M) (as soil amendments), and garden soil (S) were used separately, and also in combination to fill pots. In this research two factors included cultivation bed [S (control), SM (garden soil + 15 % cow manure + 0% vermicompost), SMV10 (garden soil + 15 % cow manure + 10 % vermicompost), and SMV20 (garden soil + 15 % cow manure + 20 % vermicompost) by %weight in pots (w/w)], and fungi application (two species of fungi Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), Serendipita indica (Si) inoculation and without fungi inoculation) were investigated on the percent, yield of SGs and biomass at vegetative and flowering stages. The percentage and yield of total SGs, SGs elements [(ST, RA, RF, RC, DU, and RA/SGs ratio] and aerial dry biomass of S. rebaudiana were significantly affected by all treatments and their interactions (P\,< 0.01). Generally, the highest SGs elements percentage was obtained in the control plant at the vegetative and flowering stages (S). Also, the highest SGs yield was observed in SMV20Fm in both vegetative and flowering stages. Funneliformis mosseae, in combination with SMV20, had shown significant effects on RA/SGs ratio, SGs yield, and plant aerial dry biomass in vegetative and flowering stages.
K. R. Hossa, J. W. P. Carneiro, T. A. Guedes, and A. L. Braccini, “Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni: Influence of Osmotic Stress and Seed Priming on Seed Germination under Laboratory Conditions,” Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, vol. 39, pp. 379–384, 2017-Jul-Sep.http://www.scielo.br/j/asagr/a/cczqCHXcb5J9XCtBzZXLSzS/?lang=en&format=html.
ABSTRACT. The foremost factor necessary for plant growers cultivating large acreages of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni is the production of qualitative bedding plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of osmotic-priming on the uniformity of seed germination. First, we evaluated the percentage of normal seedlings from two seed samples harvested in 2011 and 2012. The seeds harvested in 2012 produced 71.4% normal seedlings and thus they were used in the next experiments. The seeds were subjected to osmotic stress using five concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) at -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, and -1.0 MPa in contrast with distilled water. Based on these first results, only -0.8 and -1.0 MPa were evaluated in the third experiment. The seeds were immersed in both concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) for imbibing at 20ºC for four, five, six, and seven days. Thereafter, we evaluated the time to the first normal seedling (Ti), time to the last normal seedling (Tf), percentage normal seedlings at the initial time (Pi) and percentage of normal seedlings at the end of every treatment (Pf). Osmotic priming increased the percentage of normal seedlings of the Stevia rebaudiana and reduced the time to the first and last germination events.
M. F. Hossain, M. T. Islam, M. A. Islam, and S. Akhtar, “Cultivation and Uses of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni): A Review,” African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 12745–12757, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.4314/ajfand.v17i4.
Stevia [Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni; Family Asteraceae] is a natural sweetener plant that is grown commercially in many parts of Brazil, Paraguay, Central America, Thailand, Korea, China and India. The leaves of stevia are the source of sweet glycosides. It is mainly used as a sweetener and flavor enhancer in the food and beverage industry. The chemical compound obtained from stevia is considered to be the best alternative source of sugar especially for diabetes patients. Climatic factors and agronomical practices affect the quality and quantity of yield. The concentration of stevioside in the leaves is higher when the stevia plants are grown under long days and when these plants are harvested just prior to flowering. Time of harvesting depends on land type, type of stevia and growing season. The first harvest can be done four months after planting and subsequent harvest once after every 3 months. Such medicinal plants are becoming fairly popular for the treatment of different diseases all over the world. It could be suitable for diabetic and obese persons. It also showed antibacterial, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, hypotensive, diuretic and cardiotonic properties. Stevia is a small perennial shrub that has been used for centuries as a bio-sweetener and for other medicinal purposes. In addition, alternative sweeteners offer another benefit in maintaining good dental health. S. rebaudiana sweeteners are used sparingly and there seems to be no threat to public health. Stevia has been introduced to the Kenyan market as one of the cash crops for agro-based industry. The changes in leaf yield and accumulation of stevioside in response to different environmental conditions and nutritional variations might provide some leads to develop strategies for increasing the productivity of the stevia. Quality of the stevia product depends on drying temperature; high temperatures negatively affect quality, diminishing medicinal and commercial value. Multiple global regulatory organizations have determined that consumption of high quality stevia products within recommended doses is safe for all.Keywords: Stevia, Cultivation, Medicinal uses, Diabetes, Natural sweetener, Flavor enhancer, Glycosides
M. Howlader, S. Ahmed, K. Kubra, and M. K. Bhuiyan, “Biochemical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Stevia Rebaudiana,” Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, vol. 2, p. 121, May 2016.
doi: 10.3329/ajmbr.v2i1.27577.
The present study was aimed to evaluate biochemical and phytotochemical of dry leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. Biochemical analysis indicated that Stevia leaves are a good source of carbohydrate and reducing sugar. Different extraction methods were used to prepare four different dry extracts (Extract A, B, C, D). Total soluble sugars and reducing sugars were analyzed for these four dry extracts and commercial Stevia powder. The highest amount of total soluble sugar (477 mg sugar g-1 dry extract) was obtained from extract C and higher amount of reducing sugar (82 mg g-1 dry extract) was obtained from extract D among the extracts. But commercial Stevia powder showed higher total soluble sugar content (754 mg g-1 dry powder) and highest amount of reducing sugar (98 mg g-1 dry extract) than all the extracted dry samples. The extraction process of dry extract C was feasible for the extraction of total soluble sugar. For the phytochemical screening, crude extract was tested for the presence of different chemical groups and presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and saponins that were identified. The highest amount of total phenolic compounds (92 mg) was recorded from methanolic extract of extraction B. The lowest amount of total phenolic compounds (36 mg) was recorded in ethanolic extract of extraction A. So, Methanol proved as best solvent to extract increased quantity of total phenolic compounds than other solvents.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2016, 2(1): 121-130
L. G. Hristov, “Initiation of in Vitro Cultures of Artemisia Lerchiana Weber and Artemisia Pedemontana Balbis, Rare and Endangered Species of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coastal Flora - Contribution to Ex Situ Conservation,” p. 4.
Lyubov Georgieva Hristova,⃰ Veneta Mihova Kapchina-Toteva Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 1164, Dragan Tzankov blv. № 8, Sofia, Bulgaria. E-mail: lhristova2@gmail.com The great variety of the genus Artemisia is presented only by 8 species in Bulgaria, 4 of them under the protection of the Bulgarian Biodiversity Law. The rare Artemisia lerchiana Weber and the endangered Artemisia pedemontana Balbis are dominant in the biocoenoses of the sea-cliff vegetation, specific for the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea coast. They are characteristic taxa of the Western-Pontic petrophytic steppes which are endangered habitats in Bulgaria, subjected to various long-lasting negative impacts grazing, tourism and urbanization, wind-powered energy generator parks. The exploitation of limestone and marl, the afforestation, the natural abrasive activity of the sea, the activated landslides and earthcreeps in the region additionally contribute to the destruction of the plant communities. Furthermore, A. pedemontana has low in vivo reproductive potential. A. lerchiana is under the protection of the Bulgarian Medical Plants Act with a restrictive regime of use. The ex situ conservation is an alternative way to preserve the plant biodiversity and one of its widely used methods is in vitro cultivation. We present a successful initiation of in vitro cultures of A. lerchiana and A. pedemontana foreseeing a sustainable micropropagation with a following reintroduction of the species in their native habitats. The in vitro cultures of A. lerchiana and A. pedemontana are in their fourth passage after the initiation of the experiment. They grow successfully on MS medium supplied with Gambourg B5 vitamins. 8 out of 10 A. lerchiana individuals and 7 out of 20 A. pedemontana individuals survived the ex vitro adaptation and they could be subsequently reintroduced in their native habitats. The research is funded by Project 022/2012 NSF, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski".
H. Husain, The Effects of Daylength on Flowering, Leaf Yield and Other Morpho-Agronomic Traits of Stevia Accessions. 2013.
Due to the increment of Malaysians suffering diabetes, there is an urge to find a healthier alternative of sugarcane-based sugar. This has made stevia, a plant with an ability to sweeten, becomes more popular. In order to transform it to commercial crop, it is important to study the plant biology. This research was conducted to characterize ten stevia accessions based on morpho-agronomic characteristics of leaf length, leaf width, number of nodes, inflorescent numbers, number of days to flower, number of branches, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf shape. A total of 86 cultivated clones propagated by using stem cuttings were analysed under 16 h of light treatment. The light treatment was done to delay flowering, increase leaf yield and enhance growth. A set of data on percentage of plants that remain vegetative, leaf yield and other morpho-agronomic traits was collected in three phases: initial treatment, one month treatment and post-treatment. Variable of positive responses observed. In conclusion, the extended daylength can delay the flowering and enhance the morpho-agronomic characteristics on several accessions.
S. Hussin, N. Geissler, M. M. M. El-Far, and H.-W. Koyro, “Effects of Salinity and Short-Term Elevated Atmospheric CO2 on the Chemical Equilibrium between CO2 Fixation and Photosynthetic Electron Transport of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 118, pp. 178–186, Sep. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.06.017.
The effect of water salinity on plant growth and photosynthetic traits of Stevia rebaudiana was investigated to determine its level and mechanisms of salinity tolerance. It was also attempted to assess how short-term elevated CO2 concentration would influence the boundaries and mechanisms of its photosynthetic capacity. The plants were grown in gravel/hydroponic system under controlled greenhouse conditions and irrigated with four different salinity levels (0, 25, 50 and 100 mol m−3NaCl). Low salinity did not significantly alter the plant fresh weight, which was substantially decreased by 67% at high salinity treatment. Salinity tolerance threshold was reached at 50 mol m−3 NaCl while C50 was between 50 and 100 mol m−3 NaCl, indicating that S. rebaudiana is a moderate salt tolerant species. Salt-induced growth reduction was apparently linked to a significant decline of about 47% in the photosynthetic rates (Anet) at high salinity treatment, leading consequently to a disequilibrium between CO2-assimilation and electron transport rates (indicated by enhanced ETRmax/Agross ratio). Elevated atmospheric CO2 enhanced CO2 assimilation rates by 65% and 80% for control and high-salt-stressed plants respectively, likely due to significant increases in intercellular CO2 concentration (indicated by enhanced Ci/Ca). The priority for Stevia under elevated atmospheric CO2 was not to save water but to maximize photosynthesis so that the PWUE was progressively improved and the threat of oxidative stress was diminished (decline in ETRmax/Agross). The results imply that elevated CO2 level could ameliorate some of the detrimental effects of salinity, conferring higher tolerance and survival of S. rebaudiana, a highlydesired feature with the forthcoming era of global changes.
L. Hyo-Jun and O. Sang-Lyong, “Quality of Extracts from Domestic Stevia(stevia rebaudiana BERTONI) Leaves with Harvest Time,” Korean Journal of Food Preservation, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 491–495, 2004.https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO200431234552293.page.
천연 저 칼로리 감미료로써 stevia의 소비가 증가하고 있는 시점에서 재배 및 기능성 식품소재로 이용하기 위하여 수확시기별 특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 가용성 고형분 함량과 추출수율은 성장 기간이 길어질수록 증가하였고, pH는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 색도와 투과율은 큰 변화가 없었으나, 성장 시기가 길어질수록 L, a, b값은 유사한 감소 경향을 나타내었고, 갈색도는 증가하였다. 성장기간 중 stevioside와 rebaudioside A의 비율은 stevioside는 }68.97\%{에서 }61.09\%{까지 감소하고, rebaudioside A는 }20.83\%{에서 }27.52\%{까지 증가하였다. Stevia 잎의 감미성분함량은 성장함에 따라 일정한 수준으로 증가하여 최고치는 8월말이며 함량은 }12.80\%{였고, 9월말에는 함량이 }12.10\%{로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 최고 감미도는 25 - 30배였으며 감미질은 5월말에 채취한 시료가 가장 우수하였다. Consumers were tend to purchase more natural sweeting materials then atificial sweeting materials because of safety and the consumed amount of natural sweeting material was increased sharply with consumers concern to health. The proper harvest time with changes of sweeting material contents was investigated in the purpose of cultivation and utilization on functional foodstuff, Soluble solid content and extraction yield were increased with growth priod, but pH was decreased. Color value, transmittance and browning color showed little. L, a, b values was changed a little. Stevioside ratio(}68.97\%{) in sweetness components was decreased to }61.09\%{. Rebaudioside A ratio was increased from }20.83\%;to;27.52\%{ stevioside contents was maximized to }12.80\%{ of August. The highest sweetening potencies of stevia leaves was 2530times to sugar. The stevia leaves harvested at May showed the best deliciousness.
M. A. Ibrahim et al., “Minor Diterpene Glycosides from the Leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 1231–1235, May 2014.
doi: 10.1021/np4009656.
Two new diterpene glycosides in addition to five known glycosides have been isolated from a commercial extract of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. Compound 1 (rebaudioside KA) was shown to be 13-[(O-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid 2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester and compound 2, 12-α-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid β-d-glucopyranosyl ester. Five additional known compounds were identified, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside O, and stevioside, respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis of stevioside afforded the known ent-kaurane aglycone 13-hydroxy-ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (steviol) (3). The isolated metabolite 1 possesses the ent-kaurane aglycone steviol (3), while compound 2 represents the first example of the isomeric diterpene 12-α-hydroxy-ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid existing as a glycoside in S. rebaudiana. The structures of the isolated metabolites 1 and 2 were determined based on comprehensive 1D- and 2D-NMR (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) studies. A high-quality crystal of compound 3 has formed, which allowed the acquisition of X-ray diffraction data that confirmed its structure. The structural similarities between the new metabolites and the commercially available stevioside sweeteners suggest the newly isolated metabolites should be examined for their organoleptic properties. Accordingly rebaudiosides E, M, N, O, and KA have been isolated in greater than gram quantities.
M. Idrees et al., “Spectral Lights Trigger Biomass Accumulation and Production of Antioxidant Secondary Metabolites in Adventitious Root Cultures of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.),” Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol. 341, no. 6, pp. 334–342, Jul. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.crvi.2018.05.003.
Stevia rebaudiana (S. rebaudiana) is the most important therapeutic plant species and has been accepted as such worldwide. It has a tendency to accumulate steviol glycosides, which are 300 times sweeter than marketable sugar. Recently, diabetic patients commonly use this plant as a sugar substitute for sweet taste. In the present study, the effects of different spectral lights were investigated on biomass accumulation and production of secondary metabolites in adventitious root cultures of S. rebaudiana. For callus development, leaf explants were excised from seed-derived plantlets and inoculated on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing the combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D, 2.0mg/l) and 6-benzyladenine (BA, 2.0mg/l), while 0.5mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was used for adventitious root culture. Adventitious root cultures were exposed to different spectral lights (blue, green, violet, red and yellow) for a 30-day period. White light was used as control. The growth kinetics was studied for 30days with 3-day intervals. In this study, the violet light showed the maximum accumulation of fresh biomass (2.495g/flask) as compared to control (1.63g/flask), while red light showed growth inhibition (1.025g/flask) as compared to control. The blue light enhanced the highest accumulation of phenolic content (TPC; 6.56mg GAE/g DW), total phenolic production (TPP; 101mg/flask) as compared to control (5.44mg GAE/g DW; 82.2mg GAE/g DW), and exhibited a strong correlation with dry biomass. Blue light also improved the accumulation of total flavonoid content (TFC; 4.33mg RE/g DW) and total flavonoid production (TFP; 65mg/flask) as compared to control. The violet light showed the highest DPPH inhibition (79.72%), while the lowest antioxidant activity was observed for control roots (73.81%). Hence, we concluded that the application of spectral lights is an auspicious strategy for the enhancement of the required antioxidant secondary metabolites in adventitious root cultures of S. rebaudiana and of other medicinal plants.
S. Ilieva, “Studies on the biology of flowering, pollination and fertilization in Artemisia maritima var. salina.,” Studies on the biology of flowering, pollination and fertilization in Artemisia maritima var. salina., 1969.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19700306967.
Wormwood flowers opened throughout the day but the rate of flower opening was greatest at 9 a.m. The species is usually cross-pollinated but produced viable seeds when self-pollinated. The most suitable nutrient medium for determining the germination capacity of pollen was 30% sugar + 0.001% boric acid. Pollen stored at 4° C. remained viable for 15 days and was suitable for pollination for 5-6...
C. J. Imel, E. A. Abourashed, and M. P. Puglisi, “Comparison of Parthenolide Levels in Aquaponically vs. Conventionally Grown Tanacetum Parthenium (Feverfew),” Planta Medica, vol. 79, no. 10, p. PI2, Jul. 2013.
doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1348617.
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I. Inugraha, M. D. Maghfoer, and E. Widaryanto, “Response of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni M) To Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization,” IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 47–55, 2014.
doi: 10.9790/2380-071014755.
Objective of this research was to obtain optimal dosages of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on growth, yield, and quality of stevia. The research was conducted using Randomized Block Design (RBD) by 3 replications, which was constructed in factorial that comprised of 2 factors. The first factor was dosage of the nitrogen with 4 (four) levels, such as: 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N ha-1. The second factor was dosage of potassium with 3 (three) levels, such as: 75, 150, and 225 kg K2O ha-1. Result of the research showed that significant interaction between nitrogen and potassium fertilization has occurred on parameter of the plant growth, such as number of leaf, leaf area, leaf area index, and the total chlorophyll content. Separate application of nitrogen and potassium fertilization has significantly affected on the plant height, while the stomatal density was only affected by the application of nitrogen. Significant interaction between nitrogen and potassium application has occurred on plant biomass and the yield of leaf during the harvest period I, II, and total. During the period of total harvest, the fertilizing treatments of 200 kg N ha-1 and 225 kg K2O ha-1 have harvested fresh leaves and dry leaves for about 2,780 kg ha-1 and 636 kg ha-1, respectively. The increasing application of nitrogen from 100 to 250 kg N ha-1 has significantly increased the stevioside level of the stevia’s leaf linearly in accordance with the equation of Y = 0.000408 X + 0.439.
C. Ishiba, T. Yokoyama, and T. Tani, “Black Spot Disease of Stevia Caused by Alternaria Steviae,” Japanese Journal of Phytopathology, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 44–51, 1982.
doi: 10.3186/jjphytopath.48.44.
A new disease of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni caused by a hitherto undescribed species of the genus Alternaria was found in Kagawa Prefecture in the late August of 1978 and was named as the black spot disease of stevia. Symptom on leaves appeared as small spots at an early stage of the infection, similar to that of the leaf spot caused by Septoria steviae. The spots expanded to irregular shape in black color and were surrounded with a chlorotic zone. The spots also occurred on stems, petiols and involucral scales. Among several Alternaria species isolated from the diseased stevia leaves, the fungus showed pathogenicity on stevia leaves by an artificial inoculation. The fungus was also pathogenic on the injured leaves of taxonomically related plants: Eupatorium chinense and E. fortunei, but not on the leaves of Chrysanthemum frutescens, C. morifolium, Erigeron annuus and Tagetes patula. Maximum mycelial growth of the causal fungus Alternaria sp. (Kagawa-a=IFO 31182) on PSA medium was at 25C and in a range of pH 6.0 to 6.5. Based on the morphological characteristics and specific pathogenicity on stevia plants, the present fungus was considered as a new species of the genus Alternaria and Alternaria steviae, sp. nov. was proposed. The occurrence of black spot disease in fields was diversed depending on stevia strains and this was highly correlated with the susceptibility of leaves to the fungus as tested by the artificial inoculation. The culture filtrate of the pathogen growing in Richard’s liquid medium induced a necrotic lesion on the leaves of susceptible strains at a concentration of 1:8. On the leaves of resistant strains, however, necrosis appeared only when undiluted culture filtrate was applied. The use of culture filtrate was suggested as effective for selection of the stevia strains resistant to the black spot of stevia caused by Alternaria steviae.
C. Ishiba, T. Yokoyama, and T. Tani, “Leaf Spot Disease of Stevia Caused by Septoria Steviae,” Japanese Journal of Phytopathology, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 34–43, 1982.
doi: 10.3186/jjphytopath.48.34.
A new disease of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni was found in Kagawa Prefecture in the early July of 1978 and named as the leaf spot disease of stevia. In the beginning, small brown spot occurred on the leaves and gradually developed to round to rectangle or irregularity expanded, large, brown to dark-brown spots. Eventually these leaves were defoliated. Many pycnidia of a species of the genus Septoria were formed on relatively old spots. Original isolate (S-O=IFO 31181) was obtained from a pin-size spot on the leaves. The growth of this isolate on PSA medium was very slow. Sectors of the black (S-B) and the white (S-W) colonies which grew considerably well on various agar media were formed in abundance during culture. Inoculation tests indicated that all of these three isolates (S-O, S-B and S-W) were pathogenic on stevia leaves, but not on leaves of Erigeron annuus and Chrysanthemum morifolium. The maximum mycelial growth of the S-B isolate on PSA and stevia leaf decoction agar was found at 25C and in a range of pH 5.5 to 7.0. Since the leaf spot symptoms caused by S. erigerontis and S. solidaginicola were found on the leaves of two Compositae plants, E. annuus and Solidago altissima, respectively, which were growing near stevia fields, the morphological and pathogenic characteristics of these fungi were compared with the stevia fungus. S. solidaginicola was different from the Stevia fungus in the size of the pycnospores on host plants. S. erigerontis was different from the stevia fungus in its cultural characteristics and did not show any pathogenicity on stevia leaves. On the basis of the pathogenicity on stevia and its morphological characteristics, the present fungus was considered as a new species causing the leaf spot disease of stevia and a new name for the fungus, Septoria steviae sp. nov., was proposed.
S. A. M. N. Islam and S. A. M. Tareq, “In Vitro Cloning and Stem Cutting of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni.) for Mass Propagation in Chittagong, Bangladesh,” The International Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 14–19, Mar. 2015.
doi: 10.18488/journal.57/2015.4.3/57.4.14.19.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.) is non-caloric sweetening plant. It was cloned using shoot tip in vitro MS medium supplemented with 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and Kinetin (Kn). Excised shoots were rooted in half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with Indole-3 Butyric Acid (IBA). The rooted plantlets were transferred to soil and coconut husk filled bags and beds. Stem cutting method in sand medium with water misting propagation bed without plant growth regulator was effective for mass propagation. The plantlets derived from in vitro and stem-cutting grew luxuriantly in cultivating field during long day months (March to September) and produced gregarious flowering during short day months(October to February). Similar type of flowering behavior was observed between these two types of propagules of Stevia.
A. Jabarzare, M. Bassiri, and M. R. Vahabi, “Effects of Light and Drought Stress on Germination of Artemisia Sieberi Besser,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 10, no. 56, pp. 11903–11910, 2011.
doi: 10.4314/ajb.v10i56.
Preservation and development of plant cover are major factors in the management of range ecosystems. Artemisia sieberi is one of the native dominant species of vast areas in the Irano-Turanian bioclimatic region. This species is very tolerant to drought stress and grazing pressure. Therefore, it can be used to rehabilitate degraded rangelands of dry areas within this region. Understanding the germination characteristics of this species is important for the conduction of revegetation projects. Seeds of A. sieberi were collected randomly from 20 plants of existing vegetation along 6 kilometers transect at Isfahan Kolah Ghazi National Park located at 51°45’E and 35°15’N. To pass the dormant period, seeds were pre-chilled for nine days at 0 to 5°C. Two germination experiments were conducted in complete factorial block design. Moisture stress test was carried out with 0, -0.2, -0.4 and -0.6 MPa treatments using polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions in Petri dishes. The light treatment test was conducted with 12 h light and dark versus a continual dark condition. Results indicated that, an increase in the drought level lead to a decrease in the percentage and rate of germination, plumule length and allometry ratios, whereas the radicle length increased. In comparison with the dark treatment, 12 h of light treatment increased the percentage of germination and radicle length, while allometry ratios and plumule length decreased. Continual dark treatment compared with the 12 h light and dark photoperiod significantly reduced radicle and increased plumule lengths. Drought tolerance of A. sieberi seeds during germination showed the high potential of this species for vegetation rehabilitation in dry regions.Key words: Artemisia sieberi, seed germination, drought tolerance, light treatments, Iran.
Stevia Plant Farming: Stevia is a shrub like perennial plant which is used as sugar substitute and in the treatment of some health conditions for years.
P. Jain, S. Kachhwaha, and S. L. Kothari, “Improved Micropropagation Protocol and Enhancement in Biomass and Chlorophyll Content in Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni by Using High Copper Levels in the Culture Medium,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 315–319, Feb. 2009.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2008.08.015.
Incorporation of a range of higher concentrations of CuSO4·5H2O in MS medium [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with 240 tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant 15, 473–497] significantly enhanced direct shoot bud induction and proliferation from cultured leaf and nodal explants taken from mature plants of Stevia rebaudiana. Shoot bud induction medium was supplemented with BAP (2.2μM) and IAA (2.8μM). When the concentration of CuSO4·5H2O in the induction medium was raised to 0.5μM (five times the MS level, i.e. 0.1μM) there was significant increase in percentage response along with increase in shoot bud number per explant. The shoots were healthy, well developed with dark green broader leaves. There was remarkable increase in total biomass and chlorophyll content at increased (0.5μM) copper level in the medium. During proliferation stage also presence of high copper levels in the medium favoured increase in shoot bud number per explant.
V. Jaitak, A. P. Gupta, V. K. Kaul, and P. S. Ahuja, “Validated High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Method for Steviol Glycosides in Stevia Rebaudiana,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 790–794, Aug. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.03.022.
A high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method was developed and validated as per ICH (International Conferences on Harmonization) guidelines for simultaneous quantification of three steviol glycosides, i.e. steviolbioside, stevioside and rebaudioside-A in Stevia rebaudiana leaves. For achieving good separation, mobile phase of ethyl acetate–ethanol–water (80:20:12, v/v/v) on pre-coated silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates were used. The densitometric quantification of steviol glycosides was carried out at λ=510nm in reflection–absorption mode after spraying with acetic anhydride:sulphuric acid:ethanol reagent. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 160–960ng/spot for steviolbioside, 1–6μg/spot for stevioside and 0.5–3μg/spot for rebaudioside-A with good correlation coefficients (0.998–0.999). The method was found to be reproducible for quantitative analysis of steviol glycosides in S. rebaudiana leaves collected from ten different locations and will serve as a quality control indicator to monitor the commercial production of stevioside and its allied molecules during different stages of its processing.
Z. Jalili, H. Ghamarnia, and D. Kahrizy, “Investigating on the Effect of Shallow Saline Groundwater on the Stevia Yield,” Water and Irrigation Management, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 193–209, Sep. 2018.
doi: 10.22059/jwim.2018.264526.630.
The use of shallow groundwater as a source of irrigation water can be used in different plains located in southern, northern, western and north western parts of country during most crops planting period. In this investigation Lysimetric experiments were conducted to determine the contribution made by groundwater to the overall water requirements of (Stevia Rebaudiana B.). The plants were grown in 36 columns, each having a diameter of 0.40 m and packed with silty clay soil. The three replicate randomized complete block factorial experiments were carried out using different treatment combinations. Nine treatments were applied by maintaining groundwater, with an EC of 1, 2, 6 and 10 dS/m, at three different water table levels (0.7, 0.9 and 1.20 m) with supplementary surface irrigation. The supplementary irrigation requirement for each treatment was applied by adding water (EC of 1 dS/m). The average percentage contribution from groundwater for the different treatments (1, 2, 6 and 10 dS/m) and water table depths (0.7, 0.9 and 1.2 meter) as (66.5, 57.7, 45.3) and (61.5, 52.7, 42.1) and (59.9, 49.4, 41.0) and (59.0, 46.6, 40.1) percent of the average annual (Stevia Rebaudiana B.) water requirement respectively. The overall results showed that the shallow ground water with quality less than 2 dS/m can be used to compensate a most part of the annual plant water requirement.
H. Jalilvand Shirkhanitabar, A. Tavakoli, F. Moradi, and F. Shekari, “Effect of Salicylic Acid Foliar Application on the Morphological and Biochemical Traits of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana),” Journal of Plant Process and Function, vol. 9, no. 39, pp. 245–256, Dec. 2020.http://jispp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-1432-en.html.
A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate of salicylic acid foliar effect on morphological and biochemical characters of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) based on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment with three replications in Qazvin, Iran in 2016. The treatments of this research were defined as salicylic acid foliar levels as 0 (control), 100, ...
Z. O. Jamaleddine et al., “In Vitro Growth Response of Artemisia Annua Seeds to Different Concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 10, no. 77, pp. 17841–17844, 2011.
doi: 10.4314/%u.v10i77.%c.
Artemisia annua is a crop popularly known for its importance in the production of anti-malarial and possibly antibacterial agents and natural pesticides. A. annua anamed is a hybrid which is able to grow well in hot weather and still retain its anti-malarial characteristics. Seeds of annua were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) full strength without plant growth regulators, and also on MS medium augmented with varied concentrations of kinetin (0.025 to 0.1 mg/L) and benzyl amino purine (BA) (0.025 to 0.1 mg/L), while the auxin used, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA 0.01 mg/L) was constant for all treatments. At 16 weeks, data was collected and results were analyzed. The mean shoot and root length of plantlets regenerated from seeds was optimum for elongation, on 0.1 mg/L kinetin combined with 0.01 mg/L NAA. Single shoots formed on auxin free MS fortified with 0.025 mg/L BA, gave the highest mean number of nodes. Callus formation was evident at concentrations above 0.05 mg/L BA in combination with 0.01 mg/L NAA.Key words: Artemisia annua anamed, plant regeneration, benzyl amino purine (BA), napthalene acetic acid (NAA).
A. Jarma-Orozco, E. Combatt-Caballero, and J. Jaraba-Navas, “Growth and Development of Stevia Rebaudiana Bert., in High and Low Levels of Radiation,” Current Plant Biology, vol. 22, p. 100144, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.cpb.2020.100144.
Stevia rebaudiana Bert., is a plant native to Paraguay that contains natural sweetener molecules, which, like growth, can be affected by environmental conditions. The solar radiation incident in the Colombian Caribbean is a stress factor for stevia crops because it can reach very high levels. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of low and high levels of radiation on the main growth rates of stevia. Biospace technology (BIOESP) was evaluated, which is based on the reduction of ultraviolet radiation. To achieve this, Stevia rebaudiana Bert. cv Morita II plants, were planted under BIOESP technology and compared to plants grown in direct solar radiation (DR). The main results indicated that photosynthesis can reach a point of light saturation close to 1200 μmol photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) m−2 s-1. The absolute and relative growth rates (AGR and RGR respectively) did not register differences in both environments. However, the net assimilation rate (NAR) and the harvest index (HI) showed greater efficiency in plants grown under BIOESP compared to those grown in the DR (NAR: 1.4 vs. 2.1 g m−2 d-1; HI: 0.54 vs. 0.62 % respectively). We conclude that BIOESP technology could be used as an efficient strategy of high radiation and temperature resilience caused by climate change in the Colombian Caribbean.
A. Jawad, M. Naafe, S. Aman, and A. Khan, “Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Callus Formation In Stevia Rebaudiana,” International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 1–6, Sep. 2018.
doi: 10.19080/IJESNR.2018.14.555896.
M. Jayanthi and A. Vijayakumar, “Influence of Floatation Technique on Seed and Seedling Characters in Davana (Artemisia Pallens).,” International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 230–233, 2016.
doi: 10.15740/HAS/IJAS/12.2/230-233.
Davana (Artemisia pallens) is an important high valued annual medicinal and aromatic herb of India belonging to the family Asteraceae. India has a monopoly in production and export trade of davana oil and India stands 3rd in essential oil production in the world. This study was conducted at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to upgrade...
P. K. Jena, A. K. Goyal, and A. Bhardwaj, “Growth Pattern and Biomass Yield of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Grown Under Polyhouse Conditions in Relation to Climate Change.,” Journal of Plant Development Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3 & 4, pp. 317–320, 2011.http://jpds.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/21.-Pradeep.pdf.
Climate change affects the earth‟s temperature, precipitation, hydrological cycles, frequency and intensity of heat waves and many extreme events, which has a great impact on agricultural production. On the wake of the climatic change, polyhouse farming is the only way to protect crops and manage a better yield than in normal climatic condition. It protects crops from wind, rain, radiation, and precipitation, etc again it facilitates the farmers not to depend on the monsoon for the cultivation but allow scheduling of the production according to the market needs.
In most plant species artificial polyploidy generally enhances the vigor of determinate plant parts and may be favorable where vegetative organs and biomass constitute the economic product. Furthermore, artificial polyploidy has been considered a method of increasing production potential of plants secondary metabolites. However, despite considerable research on polyploid plants, very few cases of polyploid medicinal plants have been reported. Artemisia annua L. synthesizes artemisinin, an antimalarial sesquiterpene lactone. Artemisinin can be synthesized, but it is costly compared to the naturally derived product. Hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua L. (clone YUT16) show rapid growth and produce artemisinin. This culture offers a good model system for studying artemisinin production. Others have shown that tetraploid Artemisia annua L. plants produce more artemisinin/mg DW than diploids. These yields were offset, however, by decreases in biomass productivity. Little is known about how polyploidy may affect growth production of hairy roots. Using colchicine, we have produced four stable tetraploid clones of Artemisia annua L. from YUT16 hairy root clone. Compared to the diploid clone, these tetraploid clones showed major differences in growth and development. Nevertheless, artemisinin yields of these tetraploid clones were 2-5 times higher than the diploid and their production seemed to be by the age of the inoculum. This work will prove useful in furthering our understanding of the effects of artificial polyploidy on the growth and secondary metabolite production of hairy roots.
Based on field studies conducted in 1963 and 1964, the Plains Apache in southwestern Oklahoma utilized at least 105 species of vascular plants as edible plants and for material culture, ritual and medicinal purposes, and personal care and adornment. Most species (98) are native to western Oklahoma and the Great Plains. The only North American exotics are watercress, white sweetclover, and Johnsongrass; peyote, sweetgrass, frosted mint, and mescal bean are the only North American natives used that do not occur in Oklahoma. We propose that many of the plants utilized by the Plains Apache have a long history of usageamong numerous tribes in the temperate steppe ecoregion of North America, because 44 species appear in the archaeobotanicalrecord throughout the Great Plains. Although the Plains Apache were historically nomadic and had an economy based in large parton the American Bison, they have a rich ethnobotanical heritage.
R. Judd et al., “Artemisinin Biosynthesis in Non-Glandular Trichome Cells of Artemisia Annua,” Molecular Plant, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 704–714, May 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.02.011.
Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) forms the first line of malaria treatment. However, the yield fluctuation of artemisinin has remained an unsolved problem in meeting the global demand for ACT. This problem is mainly caused by the glandular trichome (GT)-specific biosynthesis of artemisinin in all currently used Artemisia annua cultivars. Here, we report that non-GT cells of self-pollinated inbred A. annua plants can express the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway. Gene expression analysis demonstrated the transcription of six known pathway genes in GT-free leaves and calli of inbred A. annua plants. LC–qTOF–MS/MS analysis showed that these two types of GT-free materials produce artemisinin, artemisinic acid, and arteannuin B. Detailed IR-MALDESI image profiling revealed that these three metabolites and dihydroartemisinin are localized in non-GT cells of leaves of inbred A. annua plants. Moreover, we employed all the above approaches to examine artemisinin biosynthesis in the reported A. annua glandless (gl) mutant. The resulting data demonstrated that leaves of regenerated gl plantlets biosynthesize artemisinin. Collectively, these findings not only add new knowledge leading to a revision of the current dogma of artemisinin biosynthesis in A. annua but also may expedite innovation of novel metabolic engineering approaches for high and stable production of artemisinin in the future.
G. G. Kafle, D. J. Midmore, and R. Gautam, “Effect of Nutrient Omission and pH on the Biomass and Concentration and Content of Steviol Glycosides in Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni) under Hydroponic Conditions,” Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 7, pp. 136–142, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2017.08.001.
Steviol glycosides (SGs), have recently been approved in western countries as sources of intense natural sweeteners. SGs are found in Stevia rebaudiana, mainly in the leaves, and industry prefers rebaudioside A (Reb-A) over other steviol glycosides for its superior flavour profile. Hence leaf biomass and concentration of SGs (and their product, SG content) are of primary agronomic interest. Experiments were conducted under controlled conditions in nutrient solution to assess the effects of nutrient deficiencies and pH on biomass production, and concentration and plant content of SGs. Total SG content was low in plants deficient in the macronutrients N, P, S, Mg or Ca because of reduced photosynthesis and because of the decreased leaf yield, even though lack of N resulted in greater concentration of stevioside in the leaves. Lack of N or P reduced the proportion of Reb-A to total SGs. Plants deficient in K had less yield than in the nutrient-complete control, but not significantly so and SG concentration in the leaves was similar to that of the control. Deficiency of the micronutrients Cu and Fe led to low SG yield, because of reduced SG concentration in leaves, and because of reduced leaf yield, respectively. Lack of other micronutrients did not influence SG content. Neutral to alkali conditions reduced plant growth and leaf yield, most likely due to deficit of P, but pH had no effect on SG concentration. Our results are indicative, but preliminary, and require confirmation in open field trials over several years.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, an ancient perennial shrub of South America, produces diterpene glycosides that are low calorie sweeteners, about 300 times sweeter than saccharose. Stevia extracts, besides having therapeutic properties, contain a high level of sweetening compounds, known as steviol glycosides. (Stevioside and rebaudioside A) are the main sweetening compounds of interest beside rebaudioside B, C, D, Dulcoside and Steviolbioside. Stevia rebaudiana molasses (industrial waste of stevia) has a good potential to extract some steviol glycoside which can be taken as a source of carbohydrates with zero calories. This dissertation provides a general study on the chemical composition and functional properties of stevia molasses, different extraction methods were also applied to determine
It is claimed that Paraguay is the only country in the world to have never used the technique known as Stevioside. 스테비아는 Paraguay 산중에 야생하는 국화과에 속하는 다년생 초본식물로서 그 엽에는 감미성분 Stevioside가 6～12% 함유되어 있다. Stevioside는 배당체로써 감미가 설당과 유사하적, 감미도는 설당의 약 300배가 된다. 우리나라에서는 당원료(사탕무우, 사탕수수)를 전연 생산하지 않으며 또한 합성감미료의 유해성이 논란되어 그 사용이 제한되므로써 새로운 감미료 개발의 필요성이 절실하다. 그리하여 1973년 우리 나라에 도입된 스테비아를 감미자원식물로서 정착시키기 위하여 재배에 관한 시험을 실시하였는데 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 정식에서 발뢰기까지 일수는 공시품종 모두 14시간 일장보다 단일조건에서 단축되었으며, 12시간과 14시간 일장간에서 발뢰기의 차이가 가장 크게 나타났다. 77013은 단일에서 발뢰촉진정도가 크며 수원002, 77067은 감광도가 둔한 계통이었다. 2. 12시간 일장을 발뢰기를 결정하는 변곡점(turning point)이었으며 한계일장은 12시간 내외라고 할 수 있다. 단일에서는 조기 발뢰에 따른 생육일수 불1족으로 생육양이 현저하게 낮았다. 3. 삽본묘는 발근전에도 단일에 감응 하는데 40일 양묘에서 단일감응이 예민하여 발뢰까지 일수가 가장 짧은 20일이있으며 양묘일수가 짧으면 단일감응 후발뢰가 지연된다. 4. 실생묘의 출아에서 발뢰까지 일수는 출아후 20일 단일 처리에서 가장 짧았으며 20일보다 단일처리 시기가 빠르거나 늦을수록 발뢰까지 일수는 길어졌다. 5. 삽목기가 3월 20일에서 5월 20일로 늦어질 수록 초장, 분지수 및 건물중이 현저하게 낮아졌으며, 3월 20일 삽목에서는 40～50일, 4월 20일 삽목에서는 30～40일, 5월 20일 삽목에서는 30일 육묘에서 건엽수량이 높았다. 6. 건엽수량과 재식주수와는 Asymptotic relation을 보였으며 10a당 5,000～10,000주까지는 건엽이 급증하였고, 10.000～20,000주는 그 증가가 수만하며 20.000주 이상에서는 증가율이 더욱 둔화되었다. 따라서 20,000주가 적정재식주수라고 할 수 있다. 7. 수원, 청주, 목포, 제주에서 스테비아 활착과 생육은 양호하였으나 생육성기의 한발은 수량감수원인이 되었다. 정식기가 6월 20일로 늦으면 적기보다 건엽수량이 현저하게 감수되었다. 8. 3월 20일 정식의 보온단일구에서 단일감응으로 건엽수량이 낮았으나 보온 장일 및 보온 자연일장은 보온효과가 크게 나타났다. 4월 20일 이후 안식에서는 보온효과는 인정되지 않았다. 9. Stevioside 함량은 상부엽에서 높았으며 지상 20cm 부위는 현저하게 낮았다 건엽과 Stevioside 수량은 대체로 60～120cm에 집중되어 있었으며 그 집중정도는 품종에 따라 큰 차이가 있었다. 10. 발뢰까지는 수확기를 지연시킬 수록 건엽수량은 현저하게 증가되었으며 발뢰 이후에는 수확기를 지연시켜도 수량 차이는 인정되지 않는다. Stevioside 함량은 발뢰기에 가장 높았고 이보다 빠르거나 늦게 수확할 때 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 건엽수량과 Stevioside 함량을 고려한 수확적기는 발뢰시부터 개화전까지이고 수원 지방에서는 9월 10일～9월 15일경이었다. 11. 영양계의 Stevioside와 Rebaudioside 함량범위는 각각 5.4～l4.3%, 1.5～8.3%로 변이폭이 크며 Stevioside와 Rebaudioside 함량간에는 일정한 경향이 없었다. 【Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a perennial herb widely distributed in the mountainous area of Paraguay. It belongs to the family Compositae and contains 6 to 12 percent stevioside in the leaves. Stevioside is a glucoside having similar sweetening character to surgar and the degree of sweetness is approximately 300 times of sugar. Since Korea does not produce any sugar crops, and the synthetic sweetenings are potentially hazardous for health, it is rather urgent to develop an economical new sweetener. Consequently, the current experiments are conducted to establish cultural practices of stevia, a new sweetening herbs, introduced into Korea in 1973 and the results are summarized as followings: 1. Days from transplanting of cuttings to the flower bud formation of 6 stevia lines were similar among daylengths of 8, 10 and 12 hours, but it was much greater at daylengths of 14 or 24 hour and varietal differences were noticable. All lines were photosensitive, but a line, 77013, was the most sensitive and 77067 and Suweon 2 were less sensitive to daylength. 2. Critical daylength of all lines seemed to be approximately 12 hours. Growth of plants was severely retarded at daylengths less than 12 hours. 3. Cutting were responded to short daylength before rooting. Number of days from transplanting to flower bud formation of 40-day old cuttings in the nursery bed was 20 days and it was delayed as duration of nursery were shorter. 4. Number of days from emergence to flower bud formation was shortest at short day treatment from 20 days after emergence. It was became longer as initiation of short day treatment was earlier or later than 20 days. 5. Plant height, number of branches, and top dry weight of stevia were reduced as cutting date was delayed from March 20 to May 20. The highest yield of dry leaf was obtained at nursery duration of 40-50 days in march 20 cutting, 30-40 days in April 20 cutting, and 30 days in May 20 cutting. 6. An asymptotic relationship was observed between plant population and leaf dry weight. Yield of dry leaf increased rapidly as plant population increased from 5,000 to 10,000 plants/10a with a reduced increasing rate from 10,000 to 20,000 plants/l0a, and levelled off at the plant population higher than 20,000 plants/l0a. 7. Stevia was adaptable in Suweon, Chengju, Mokpo and Jeju and drought was one of the main factors reducing yield of dry leaf. Yield of dry leaf was reduced significantly (approximately 30%) at June 20 transplanting compared to optimum transplanting. 8. Yield of dry leaf was higher in a vinyl house compared to unprotected control at long daylength or natural daylength except at short day treatment at March 20. Higher temperature ill a vinyl house does not have benefital effects at April 20 transplanting. 9. The highest content of stevioside was noted at the upper leaves of the plant but the lowest was measured at the plant parts of 20cm above ground. Leaf dry weight and stevioside yield was mainly contributed by the plant parts of 60 to 120cm above ground but the varietal differences were also significant. 10. Delayed harvest by the time of flower bud formation increased leaf dry weight remarkably. However, there were insignificant changes of yield as harvests were made at any time after flower bud formation. Content of stevioside was highest at the time of flower bud formation and earlier or later harvest than this time was low in its content. The optimum harvesting time determined by leaf dry weight and stevioside content was the periods from flower bud formation to right before flowering that would be the period from September 10 to September 15 in Suweon area. 11. Stevioside and rebaudioside content in the leaves of Stevia varieties were ranged from 5.4% to 14.3% and 1.5% to 8.3% respectively. However, no definit relationships between stevioside and rebaudioside were observed in these particular experiments.】
\relax B. E. G. Ü. M. KAPLAN and \relax K. E. N. A. N. TURGUT, “Improvement of Rebaudioside A Diterpene Glycoside Content in Stevia rebaudianaBertoni Using Clone Selection,” Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 232–240, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.3906/tar-1803-37.
M. Z. Karim, D. Uesugi, N. Nakayama, M. M. Hossain, K. Ishihara, and H. Hamada, “Identification of Stevioside Using Tissue Culture-Derived Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana) Leaves,” Biochemistry Insights, vol. 8, no. Suppl 2, pp. 33–37, 2015.
doi: 10.4137/BCI.S30378.
Stevioside is a natural sweetener from Stevia leaf, which is 300 times sweeter than sugar. It helps to reduce blood sugar levels dramatically and thus can be of benefit to diabetic people. Tissue culture is a very potential modern technology that can be used in large-scale disease-free stevia production throughout the year. We successfully produced stevia plant through in vitro culture for identification of stevioside in this experiment. The present study describes a potential method for identification of stevioside from tissue culture-derived stevia leaf. Stevioside in the sample was identified using HPLC by measuring the retention time. The percentage of stevioside content in the leaf samples was found to be 9.6%. This identification method can be used for commercial production and industrialization of stevia through in vitro culture across the world.
M. Karimi et al., “The Effect of Soil Moisture Depletion on Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) Grown in Greenhouse Conditions: Growth, Steviol Glycosides Content, Soluble Sugars and Total Antioxidant Capacity,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 183, pp. 93–99, Feb. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2014.11.001.
The purpose of the present study was to determine threshold values of soil moisture content for Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) and to evaluate the effects of drought stress on the main metabolites of this species. For these purposes, a greenhouse experiment was carried out with four soil moisture levels and plant growth, steviol glycoside (SVglys) contents, soluble sugars and antioxidant capacity were investigated at variable soil moisture content. Irrigation was scheduled at 3, 6, 9 and 12-day irrigation intervals, based on soil moisture content at 90, 75, 60 and 45% of field capacity (FC) respectively. The results showed that soil water depletion up to 60% FC (9-day irrigation interval) had no negative effect on plant growth and leaf dry weight, whereas a significant growth reduction occurred at 45% FC (12-day irrigation interval). Similarly, the total SVglys content increased when soil moisture was depleted to 60% FC (9-day irrigation interval), but these metabolites contents decreased by 45% FC treatment. Although Stevia growth and SVglys content significantly decreased under severe drought stress (45% FC), the total antioxidant capacity and soluble sugars increased in the identical condition. The obtained results suggest that Stevia plants can grow well with a soil water content near to 60% FC, showing a good SVglys content. The Stevia tolerance to mild water stress is noteworthy, especially in water limited regions. In addition, it was found that soil water depleted to 45% FC was detrimental to Stevia in greenhouse conditions. The improvement of antioxidant capacity and soluble sugar content by soil water stress conditions could be considered as physiological and biochemical responses to a progressive drought stress in Stevia and may be an acclimation response to drought stress.
M. Karimi and K. Moradi, “The Response of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) to Nitrogen Supply under Greenhouse Condition,” Journal of Plant Nutrition, vol. 41, no. 13, pp. 1695–1704, Aug. 2018.
doi: 10.1080/01904167.2018.1459692.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a perennial plant producing some natural sweeteners. Stevia is considered as a new crop in some countries. This study was conducted to find the stevia response to nitrogen fertilizer supply. Different levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg/ha from urea source) were used in a greenhouse condition and then the stevia growth and metabolites were assessed under different availability of nitrogen. Results showed that the optimum growth of stevia was obtained by 60 kg/ha nitrogen and more nitrogen supply did not enhance the stevia growth. It was observed that the total steviol glycosides (SVglys) content of Stevia was significantly increased by nitrogen fertilizer application just up to 30 kg/ha, while it decreased by more rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Our result clearly showed that SVglys yield reached to maximum value by application of 60 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer. Since the variation of SVglys content and shoot growth of the stevia were compromised by 60 kg/ha nitrogen, it can be concluded that 60 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer could be considered as an optimum rate of nitrogen for stevia and could also be recommended for greenhouse conditions.
D. Karimian, “Investigation of Absinthe (Artemisia Absinthium L.) Seedling Features under Hydropriming Technique.,” Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 507–510, 2011.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20123163023.
Hydropriming technique clearly improved seed germination and seedling early growth under both stress and non-stress conditions. In order to the investigation of absinthe (Artemisia absinthium L.) seedling features under hydropriming technique, this experiment was conducted in 2011 by a completely randomized design with four replications. The factor was including hydropriming (0, 10, 20 and 30...
B. Kassahun, Z. Zigene, W. Kebede, H. Gebremeskel, B. Mengesha, and Z. Damtew, “Performance of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) For Morphological And Economic Traits Under Different Ecologies of Ethiopia,” Journal of Agriculture and Development (JAD), vol. 2, pp. 54–67, Jan. 2012.
Stevia [Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a perennial, calorie free natural sweet herb that belongs to the family Asteraceae. Its fresh leaves and leaf extracts are 15-30 and 250-330 times sweeter than common sugar, respectively. Despite its amazing characteristics, the plant has not been evaluated for its performance in morphological and economic traits in different ecologies of Ethiopia. For assessing the adaptability of the plant in different ecologies, data on morphological and chemical traits were collected from four locations for two years and summarized on mean basis. The performance of Stevia varied across the testing locations for all the studied parameters. In the first year, the highest fresh leaf yield of 2332 kg/ha and dry leaf yield 600 kg/ha was recorded at Chencha, and the respective lowest values of 992 and 225 kg were recorded at Awada. In the second year, the respective highest value of 3034 kg and lowest 1891 kg fresh leaf yield/ha was recorded at Wondo Genet and Debre Zeit. Whereas, the highest dry leaf yield of 769Kg/ha was at Awada and lowest yield of 541 kgha at Chencha. The respective percent increase values of 4.5, 14.7 and 45.2% were observed in second year compared to the first year for plant height, fresh leaf yield/ha and dry leaf yield/ha. In the second year, number of branches/plant, fresh leaf yield/plant and dry leaf yield/plant had decreased by 46.74, 99.94 and 34.38%, respectively. The stevioside content varied from 9.07-10.35%, which is within the ranges of world reports. Therefore, Stevia can be cultivated for its intense sweet leaves and stevioside in selected areas of the country.
G. Kaur and M. Sudhakara Reddy, “Influence of P-Solubilizing Bacteria on Crop Yield and Soil Fertility at Multilocational Sites,” European Journal of Soil Biology, vol. 61, pp. 35–40, Mar. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2013.12.009.
Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSBs) Pantoea cypripedii (PSB-3) and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida (PSB-5) isolated from organic field were studied for improvement of maize and wheat crop at multilocational sites with and without rock phosphate (RP) fertilization during two year of field study under different agroclimatic regions. Application of both the bacterial strains as bio-inoculants showed significant effect on maize and wheat grain yield and on soil fertility at all different agroclimatic regions. Grain yield, phosphorous (P) uptake, soil organic carbon, available P, enzyme activities and P-solubilizing bacterial population in all the experimental crop fields at different sites significantly increased due to inoculation. Improvement in crop yield and soil fertility at three different sites was more pronounced and significant when RP was supplemented along with seed inoculation compared to uninoculated control treatment. Present study results suggest that P. cypripedii (PSB-3) and P. plecoglossicida (PSB-5) along with RP fertilization play an important role in plant growth promotion and improvement of soil fertility in different agroclimatic regions.
R. Kaur, P. Manchanda, and G. S. Sidhu, “Optimization of Extraction of Bioactive Phenolics and Their Antioxidant Potential from Callus and Leaf Extracts of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 461–470, Feb. 2022.
doi: 10.1007/s11694-021-01176-2.
The present study was intended to investigate total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant potential in terms of radical scavenging activity (RSA) of organic solvent extracts from callus and leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, which is very well known for its extraordinary sweetening properties. MS medium\,+ 2, 4-D (4 mg L−1)\,+ Kin (0.5 mg L−1) was found to be the best medium for callus induction of stevia. The extracts from callus and leaves were prepared by ultrasonic extraction using different concentrations of ethanol:water i.e. 25, 50 and 75% ethanol in water at different temperatures (30, 50 and 70 °C) and extraction times (10, 20 and 30 min). Maximum amounts of TPC, TFC and RSA (dependent response variables) were optimized by response surface methodology to study the effects of individual factors i.e. independent variables (ethanol:water ratio, ultrasonic temperature and time) and their mutual interactions on the values of above said responses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report involving optimization studies using these independent and dependent variables form extracts of stevia. On investigation of 3D surface plots, ethanol:water ratio as extraction solvent was found to be the most important factor in obtaining maximum TPC and TFC whereas ultrasonic temperature while extraction was observed as the determining factor for RSA. It was concluded that callus and leaves of S. rebaudiana possess enormous potential for their incorporation into dietary supplements. They can also be recommended as sugar-free and antioxidant functional ingredients in food products especially designed for diabetic people.
G. Kaushik, J. Vishnu, and R. Arslan, “The Outcome of Farmyard Manure and Nitrogen on the Yield and Nitrogen Uptake by Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni),” International Journal of Manures and Fertilizers, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 529–532, Jun. 2014.
doi: 10.46882/IJMF/1079.
Two independent field experiments were conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India in 2006 and 2007 in a loamy sand soil normal in soil reaction and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in phosphorus and potassium status in a complete randomized design with four replications to study the effect of different levels of farmyard manure (FYM) and nitrogen on the yield and nitrogen uptake of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Four levels of farmyard manure (0, 15, 30 and 45 t/ha) and four levels of nitrogen (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha) were tested. Biomass yield (kg leaves/ha) and several other yield parameters (dry leaf yield, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation per plant) were highest in plants grown at the highest level of farmyard manure (45 t FYM ha-1). Maximum nitrogen uptake was also recorded under 45 t FYM ha-1 in both experiments. Plants grown at 40 and 60 kg N ha-1 produced significantly higher number of branches, number of leaves per plant, and showed higher leaf area index and nitrogen uptake compared to lower nitrogen levels. Dry leaf yield and dry matter accumulation per plant was highest at 60 kg N ha-1.
T. Kawatani, Y. Kaneki, and T. Tanare, “On the Cultivation of Kaa He-e (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni),” Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 137–142, 1977.
doi: 10.11248/jsta1957.20.137.
1) With a view to elucidating the germination of the seeds of Kaa He-e (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) with special reference to the optimum temperature and light sensitivity, the present studies were carried out by germination test with petri dishes using incubators, at the Tokyo University of Agriculture, mainly during a period from 1973 to 1976. Results obtained are summarized as follows:2) The optimum temperature for germination is 20°.3) Weak light sensitivity is found to be present at 25°-30°, the seeds proving to be a light germinator. The light sensitivity at 25°is rather stronger than that at 30°.4) The life duration of the seeds is about 3 years.5) By oversummering the viability of seed decreases remarkably. When the seeds are stored in unsealed wooden-boxes at room temperature for one year, about half of the viability is lost.6) When the seeds are stored in desiccators at room temperature in the dark, they maintain almost the same viability of seed for one year at the lowest as those freshly collected.
A. Kazmi, M. A. Khan, S. Mohammad, A. Ali, and H. Ali, “Biotechnological Production of Natural Calorie Free Steviol Glycosides in Stevia Rebaudiana: An Update on Current Scenario,” Current Biotechnology, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 70–84, Jun. 2019.
doi: 10.2174/2211550108666191210100751.
Stevia rebaudiana is a vital medicinal plant of the genus Stevia and family Asteraceae. It is commonly used as a natural sweetener plant and its products are 300 times sweeter than the commonly used sugarcane. The sweetening potential is due to the presence of calorie-free steviol glycosides (SGs). The plant species has been extensively profiled to identify steviol glycosides (SGs) with intensity sweetening properties. However, the limited production of plant material is not fulfilling the higher market demand worldwide. Researchers are working worldwide to enhance the production of important SGs through the intervention of different biotechnological approaches in S. rebaudiana. In this review, the research work conducted in the last twenty years, on the different aspects of biotechnology to enhance the production of SGs has been precisely reviewed. Biotechnological methods such as micropropagation, callus and cell cultures, elicitation and the metabolomics and transcriptomic elucidation of the biosynthetic metabolic pathways for the production of steviol glycosides have been concisely reviewed and discussed.
B. R. Keener, “Alabama,” Castanea, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 439–439, Dec. 2009.
doi: 10.2179/08-061R1.1.
Castanea publishes work in all aspects of botany in the eastern United States including scientific papers dealing with basic research in plant biology.
N. N. Kenawy, “Chemical Evaluation of Some Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana, Bertoni) Varieties of under Different Nitrogen Fertilization Levels,” Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 285–292, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.21608/assjm.2018.48610.
Two field experiments were carried out at agricultural research center, Giza, Egypt during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels (20, 30 and 40 kg N/ fed/cut.) on some steviavarieties (china1, Egy1, spanti and shou2). The highest nitrogen rate of 40 kg. N /fed /cut was significant in all studied yield andChemical characters and gave the highest values of stevioside%. recorded (6.09 and 6.62%), ,rebaudioside A% ( 7.23 and 8.04%), Stevioside kg /fed ( 238.9 and 286.1 kg ) and rebaudioside A kg /fed (287.2 and 350.5 kg) ), respectively as compared with the other two nitrogen treatments in both seasons. Stevia Varieties were significantly different in all studied yield characters. china 1 Varieties gave the highest values of stevioside% (6.83 and 7.34 %), rebaudioside A% ( 8.44 and 9.26 %), rebaudioside A kg /fed(300.8 and 363.2 kg ), respectively of all studied yield and chemical characters except for dry leaves yield kg/fed where Egy1varieties gave the highest values in the first and second seasons. .Concerning the effect of the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer levels and stevia varieties on yield and chemical characters, nitrogen fertilizer level of 40 kg N/ fed/cut applied to china1varieties gave the highest values in all studied yield and chemical composition except for dry leaves yield (kg/fed) where Egy1varieties and nitrogen fertilizer level of 40 kg N/ fed/cut gave the highest values in the first and second seasons.
E. J. Kennelly, “Sweet and Non-Sweet Constituents of Stevia Rebaudiana,” in Stevia, CRC Press, 2001, p. 19.
doi: 10.1201/9780203165942-12.
Stevia rebaudiana has been studied in depth because this plant is the source of several well-known sweettasting compounds. Interest in using S. rebaudiana as a commercial sweetener, especially by the Japanese food industry, has led to extensive phytochemical investigations of the herb’s constituents. To date more than 100 compounds have been identified from this species. The best known of these are the sweet-tasting ent-kaurene diterpenoid glycosides, particularly stevioside and rebaudioside A. Various review articles have appeared regarding the constituents of S. rebaudiana. Many review articles on the constituents of S. rebaudiana have been written in Japanese (Abe and Sonobe 1977; Morita 1977; Okazaki et al. 1977; Tanaka 1987; Yoshihira et al. 1987). Among the more comprehensive reviews in English of the Stevia constituents include those by Kinghorn and Soejarto (1985) and Hanson and De Oliveira (1993). A brief review of Stevia constituents by Crammer and Ikan (1986), and a more extensive treatment on the rebaudiosides (Crammer and Ikan 1987), have been published. Many other reviews of S. rebaudiana discuss the sweet-tasting constituents specifically, such as those byTanaka (1980; 1982), Salvatore et al. (1984), Bakal and O’Brien Nabors (1986), Phillips (1987) and Kinghorn and Soejarto (1991). There are additional reviews written in Chinese (Wu 1987), German (Seidemann 1976), and Italian (Toffler and Orio 1981). Of historical interest are the early reviews of Stevia by Robert (1915), Bell (1954), Fletcher (1955) and Jacobs (1955) that were written before the ultimate structural elucidation of stevioside.
N. Kervatkar, V. Raut, N. Chopde, and S. Thakre, “Effect of Spacing and GA3 on Growth, Flowering and Yield of Golden Rod (Solidago Canadensis L.),” The Pharma Innovation, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 759–762, Apr. 2021.
doi: 10.22271/tpi.2021.v10.i4k.6053.
An experiment entitled “Effect of spacing and GA3 on growth, flowering and yield of golden rod” was carried out during Kharif season of the year 2019-2020 at Satpuda Botanical Garden, Horticulture Section, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Dr. PDKV, Akola (M.S.). The treatments comprised of four spacing viz., 30 x 10 cm, 30 x 20 cm, 30 x 30 cm and 30 x 40 cm and three levels of GA3 viz. 0 ppm (control), 100 ppm and 150 ppm. Before planting suckers of golden rod were dipped in GA3 solution of different concentrations as per the treatment for 6 hours. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The results revealed that, in respect of growth parameters, plant height with panicle, number of leaves plant-1 and plant spread were recorded significantly maximum with the spacing of 30 x 40 cm and suckers treatment with 150 ppm GA3. In respect of flowering parameters, initiation of panicle and opening of first flower were registered significantly earliest when golden rod suckers planted at the spacing of 30 x 40 cm and treated with 150 ppm GA3. The yield parameters like number of panicles plant-1 and ha-1 were also found significantly maximum with the spacing of 30 x 40 cm and the sucker’s treatment with 150 ppm GA3.
T. Keshvari, A. Najaphy, D. Kahrizi, and A. Zebarjadi, “Callus Induction and Somatic Embryogenesis in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni as a Medicinal Plant,” Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-Le-Grand, France), vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 46–49, Feb. 2018.
doi: 10.14715/cmb/2018.64.2.9.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) from Asteraceae family is a useful medicinal plant that prevents and cures diabetes, blood pressure, weight gain and tooth decay. Due to self-incompatibility in stevia, somatic embryo investigation for artificial seed production is valuable in this plant. In order to evaluate the callus induction characteristics in stevia, a factorial experiment was laid out based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The factors included ten hormone combinations and control, two kinds of media (MS and B5) and two types of explants (leaf and internode). Callus induction characters including the percentage of callus formation, days to callus induction, fresh and dry callus weight were recorded. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (p<0.01) among hormone combinations, media and explant types as well as their interactions. The best treatment for callus induction with minimum time to callus formation was 1 mg/l NAA+1 mg/l BAP. The highest fresh and dry callus weight were obtained on B5 medium supplemented by 1 mg/l 2,4-D+1 mg/l BAP (in leaf explant) and 0.25 mg/l 2,4-D+ 0.1 mg/l BAP (in internode explant). These results can be used in suspension culture. To induce somatic embryogenesis in suspension culture, six hormone treatments were investigated. The highest somatic embryogenesis percentage was obtained in MS medium supplemented by 2 mg/l 2,4-D+ 0.5 mg/l NAA+0.5 mg/l BAP.
In this study, the effect of different propagation techniques (in vitro and in vivo) and gamma irradiation has been investigated on Steviosides (Stev) and Rebaudioside (Reb) A content in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Stev and Reb-A are the major active compounds of Stevia rebaudiana that is non-genotoxic and frequently used in many food items as sugar alternative due to its extremely sweet taste. After ingestion these compounds cannot enter into the blood stream and useful for diabetic patients. Seeds and calli were irradiated with different doses of gamma rays and LD50 (8.75 Gy) and GR50 value (13.33 Gy) were calculated on the basis of germination percentage and growth reduction. Higher germination (20%) was observed in 2.5 Gy irradiated seeds as compared to control (23.31%). Plantlets were obtained from both seeds and callus cultures. The leaves from these mutant plants were subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for Stev and Reb-A contents. Stev and Reb-A content were also determined in different in vitro (callus, shoots, plantlets and acclimatized plants) and in vivo (seeds, floral parts, stem parts and roots) grown tissues and organs. Higher Stev content (2.597±1.40 mg/g-DW) was recorded in the leaves of MV1 generation of callus derived plants as compared to control (1.733±0.63 mg/g-DW). Reb-A content was found lower than Stev content. Similarly in vitro shoots showed higher biosynthesis of Stev content (2.808±0.70 mg/g-DW) than other in vitro and in vivo grown tissues and organs. These studies are reported for the first time from Pakistan which can be used for different commercial applications. It is concluded from the current study that in vitro shoots (2.808±0.70 mg/g-DW) obtained through tissue culture serve the best organs for Stev and Reb-A content accumulation than other in vivo and irradiated tissues.
S. A. Khalil, N. Ahmad, and R. Zamir, “Gamma Radiation Induced Variation in Growth Characteristics and Production of Bioactive Compounds during Callogenesis in Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.),” New Negatives in Plant Science, vol. 1–2, pp. 1–5, Aug. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.neps.2015.06.002.
Background Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is an important anti-diabetic medicinal herb containing non-caloric sweet compounds. In this study, the effect of gamma irradiation on growth kinetics and accumulation of various bioactive compounds were investigated during callogenesis. Results Callus was developed from leaf pieces inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing combination of 6-benzyladenine (BA; 1.0mgl−1), α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole butyric acid (IBA) and gibberellic acid (GA3; 0.3mgl−1). After 30-days, vigorous calli were transferred to fresh medium and exposed to various gamma irradiations (5.0, 10, 15 and 20Gy). It has been observed that the increasing doses of gamma rays inhibited callus proliferation (88.61–79.16%) as compared to control (95.83%). Similarly, 10, 15 and 20Gy doses induced friable, granular and spongy callus as compared to control (compact). Furthermore, 5.0, 10 and 20Gy doses significantly reduced the fresh callus biomass (FCB), however, 15Gy dose enhanced FCB (1660mg) and dry callus biomass (DCB; 159.36mg) than control (1520; 145.92mg). The chromatographic data revealed that 15Gy dose slightly enhanced stevioside content (0.251mg/g-DCB) than control (0.232mg/g-DW), while other doses showed a negative effect on stevioside content. Higher antioxidant activity (88.73%) was observed in 20Gy treated callus cultures. However, higher total phenolic content (TPC; 43.90mg/g DCB) and total flavonoids content (TFC; 6.87mg/g DCB) were observed in 15Gy treated callus cultures. Conclusions The application of gamma irradiation did not show major variation in biomass and bioactive compounds production in callus cultures of S. rebaudiana.
A. T. Khalil, H. A. El-fattah, and E. S. Mansour, “Guaianolides from Lactuca Saligna,” Planta Medica, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 190–191, Apr. 1991.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-960064.
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S. A. Khalil, R. Zamir, and N. Ahmad, “Selection of Suitable Propagation Method for Consistent Plantlets Production in Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni),” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 566–573, Dec. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.02.005.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) is an emerging sugar alternative and anti-diabetic plant in Pakistan. That is why people did not know the exact time of propagation. The main objective of the present study was to establish feasible propagation methods for healthy biomass production. In the present study, seed germination, stem cuttings and micropropagation were investigated for higher productivity. Fresh seeds showed better germination (25.51–40%) but lost viability after a few days of storage. In order to improve the germination percentage, seeds were irradiated with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10Gy gamma doses. But gamma irradiation did not show any significant change in seed germination. A great variation in survival of stem cutting was observed in each month of 2012. October and November were found the most suitable months for stem cutting survival (60%). In order to enhance survival, stem cuttings were also dipped in different plant growth regulators (PGRs) solution. Only indole butyric acid (IBA; 1000ppm) treated cutting showed a higher survival (33%) than control (11.1%). Furthermore, simple and feasible indirect regeneration system was established from leaf explants. Best callus induction (84.6%) was observed on MS-medium augmented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; 2.0mgl−1). For the first time, we obtained the highest number of shoots (106) on a medium containing BA (1.5mgl−1) and gibberellic acid (GA3; 0.5mgl−1). Plantlets were successfully acclimatized in plastic pots. The current results preferred micropropagation (85%) over seed germination (25.51–40%) and stem cutting (60%).
A. R. Khan, S. H. Chowdhury, and M. M. Karim, “Effect of Date of Planting on the Growth and Leaf Yield of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana),” Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 205–210, 2012.
doi: 10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14684.
An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from December 2009 to March 2011 to determine the effect of date of planting on growth and leaf yield of Stevia. The experiment comprised 24 dates of planting in the year of 2010 viz. 1 January (T1), 15 January (T2), 1 February (T3), 15 February (T4), 1 March (T5), 15 March (T6), 1 April (T7), 15 April (T8), 1 May (T9), 15 May (T10), 1 June (T11), 15 June (T12), 1 July (T13), 15 July (T14), 1 August (T15), 15 August (T16), 1 September (T17), 15 September (T18), 1 October (T19), 15 October (T20), 1 November (T21), 15 November (T22), 1 December (T23) and 15 December (T24). The experiment was laid out in a Complete Randomized Design with three replications. Twenty four dates of planting were included in the experiment in 72 earthen pots (24 X 3) of 30 cm diameter X 30 cm height. Stem cuttings were placed in shaded seed bed for root initiation. Twenty one - day old stem cuttings were used as planting material. Stem cuttings were transplanted in the pots on the specific dates. Different dates of planting had significant effect on the growth and yield parameters. 1 April 2010 (T7) planting proved to be the superior to the other treatments i.e. plant height (68.50cm), number of leaves plant-1 (142.33), number of primary branches plant-1 (37.33), fresh weight of leaves plant-1 (14.11g), fresh weight of primary and secondary branches plant-1 (11.06g and 20.91g), dry weight of leaves plant-1 (3.38g) which might be due to warm environmental conditions like clear sunshine and high temperature. The overall results suggested that stevia seedlings may be planted from 15 February to 30 April for better yield of leaves. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14684 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(2): 205-210, 2012
M. K. Khan, P. Misra*, T. Sharma, P. K. Shukla, and P. W. Ramteke, “Effect of Adenine Sulphate on in Vitro Mass Propagation of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 8, no. 13, pp. 543–549, Apr. 2014.
doi: 10.5897/JMPR2013.5217.
Stevia rebaudiana, a medicinal plant normally used as a natural herbal sweetener, has documented properties of antimicrobial, antihypertensive and anti-hyperglycemic and hence a boon to diabetic people. An efficient protocol has been developed for the in vitro plant regeneration established from nodal explants of stevia. Best shoot proliferation was observed when nodal explants were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with Kinetin (9.3 µM) and adenine sulphate (Ads) 40 mg/L. Proliferated shoots were transferred to rooting media having different concentration of α-n-Naphthalene acetic (NAA) acid and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Best rooting was observed with NAA 5.3 µM. The plantlets were successfully subjected to hardening media containing soil, soilrite and vermiculite (2:1:1 w/w) and then rooted plant transferred to pots and acclimatized, which showed 65% survival in the field with normal growth. Key words: Stevia rebaudiana, adenine sulphate, in vitro.
S. Khanom, B. K. Saha, M. T. Islam, and M. a. H. Chowdhury, “Influence of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Growth, Leaf Yield, Chlorophyll and Protein Contents of Stevia Grown in Different Soil Types,” Progressive Agriculture, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 23–31, 2008.
doi: 10.3329/pa.v19i1.16986.
A pot experiment was conducted in the open net house of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from January to June, 2007, to study the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth, leaf yield, chlorophyll and protein contents of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.). The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with three replications having 16 treatment combinations. Four types of soil viz., saline, acidic, calcareous and non-calcareous soils were collected from Khulna, Tangail, Natore and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh, respectively. Two organic (poultry manure and cow dung) and one inorganic fertilizers @ the recommended dose along with a control were used as treatment factor. The experimental results indicated that different soil types significantly influenced all parameters studied. The highest values of all parameters were obtained from the plant grown in noncalcareous soil which was identical with acidic soil for some parameters. Different types of organic and inorganic fertilizer had also significant influence on all plant parameters. In all cases, the highest values were recorded from the plant fertilized with chemical fertilizers. Poultry manure and cow dung also showed identical results with chemical fertilizer in most cases. Interaction effect of different types of soil and fertilizer showed significant variation for most of the parameters studied except chlorophyll and protein contents. Plants grown in noncalcareous soil fertilized with chemical fertilizers exhibited the best performance in most of the cases. The overall results suggested that stevia can be cultivated in noncalcareous and acidic soils fertilized with chemical fertilizers along with poultry manure favoring the productivity of stevia.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.16986 Progress. Agric. 19(1): 23 - 31, 2008
A. Khiraoui, M. Bakha, A. Boulli, A. Hasib, and C. Al Faiz, “The Productivity of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) on Dry Leaves and Steviol Glycosides of Four Varieties Grown in Six Regions of Morocco,” Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, vol. 37, p. 102151, Oct. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102151.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Paraguay. This plant produces diterpene glycosides that are powerful natural low calorie sweeteners, about 300 times sweeter than saccharose. Stevia has now become an important agricultural crop for the production of a high-potency natural sweetener. Cultural practices are still in development and the productivity potential of desirable steviol glycosides in more or less stable proportions and under different agriculture conditions are largely unknown. Currently, commercial growers and processors all over the world are seeking to maximize the productivity of rebaudioside A, a steviol glycoside. The present study aimed to characterize the effects of region and varieties on stevia dry leaf yield, steviol glycoside content, and steviol glycoside yield under Moroccan conditions. The content of steviol glycosides obtained from dry leaves of four varieties of Stevia rebaudiana, compared to the edaphoclimatic conditions in six different areas in Morocco, was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Dry leaf yield, leaf steviol glycoside content, and leaf steviol glycoside yield varied according to varieties and regions, with significant interaction of varieties by regions. Dry leaf yield varied from 1.57 to 7.86 t/ha. Stevioside yield ranged from 57.04 to 739.77 kg/ha and rebaudioside A yield varied between 60.8 and 614.04 kg/ha, with Reb A/STV ratios that reached up to 2.62. The total of steviol glycosides yield ranged from 163.21 to 1353.2 kg/ha with significant interactions between regions and varieties concerning sweet glycoside contents. Stevia offers great potential for introduction as a commercial crop producing a biological sweetener under Moroccan conditions.
L. P. Khlebova, A. Orazov, A. M. Titova, and A. V. Pirogova, “Adaptation to Ex Vitro Conditions of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Hemsl. Regenerants,” Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 376–380, 2019.
doi: 10.15421/2019_110.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Hemsl. belongs to Asteraceae family and is of great importance for pharmaceutical and food industries. Stevioside obtained from the leaves of this plant is regarded as a valuable natural sweetener. Low seed fertility is one of the most important problems in stevia production. It multiplies almost exclusively in a vegetative way. Plant tissue culture is an efficient method for mass propagation of S. rebaudiana. We studied the effect of various concentrations of auxins on rooting stevia shoot cuttings under in vitro conditions. We found that adding 0.6-1.0 mg l-1 IBA or 0.2 mg l-1 IAA to the В5 medium is effective forrooting the shoot fragments of this species. The regenerants were adapted to ex vitro conditions for 3 weeks on a hydroponic setup filled with a solution of mineral salts according to the quarter-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium modified by the content of KH2PO4 and NH4NO3. Using a triple concentration of KH2PO4 (510 mg l-1) during the first week of adaptation and a fullconcentration of NH4NO3 (1650 mg l-1) over the next 2 weeks ensures 100% acclimatization of stevia regenerants to ex vitro conditions. The replacement of agar in the nutrient medium with a perlite-vermiculite mixture in the ratio of 1 : 3 stimulated the transition of regenerants to the photomyxotrophic type of nutrition. The use of a porous substrate provided a decrease in humidity inside the culture vessels, which led to forming both leaves with well-functioning stomata and a branched root system with root hairs. The stevia regenerants propagated in vitro on a porous substrate did not require special conditions for the ex vitro acclimatization. The yield of surviving plants in the greenhouse was 100%.
B. H. Kiani, “Transfer of Rol Genes and Evaluation of Artemisinin Synthesis in Transgenic Artemisia Annua L. and Artemisia Dubia Wall.,” Thesis, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan, 2012.http://173.208.131.244:9060/xmlui/handle/123456789/11977.
Artemisinin is an important secondary metabolite of Artemisia annua and Artemisia dubia. It is a major constituent of Artemisia species. Chemically it is an endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone. It is a potent antimalarial drug that has also been proven very effective in treatment of cancer. The rol genes have been known to enhance production of secondary metabolites in plants, possibly through stimulation of defense pathway. This study examines the effect of transformation of A.annua and A.dubia with the rol genes through Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The artemisinin content, trichome density and expression of key genes in the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin were measured. Anticancerous activity of extracts of transformed and untransformed A.annua and A.dubia was also observed against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Transcriptomic study of transformed and control A.annua and A. dubia was carried out as well. A number of factors like type of explants, effect of sterilization and co- cultivation period have been reported to affect the efficiency of A.tumefacienes mediated transformation. LBA4404 strain of A.tumefacienes containing pRT99 plasmid harboring rol ABC genes were used for the A.tumefacienes mediated transformation. Mercuric chloride 0.1% for 2 minutes showed the best results for seed surface sterilization giving 95% germination. Leaf and stem were found best explants for transformation. Explants were infected with bacterial culture for 5 minutes and cultured on co-cultivation medium (MS medium with 200 μM acetosyringone) for 48 hours. Explants when cultured on selection medium (MS medium containing 0.1mg /L BAP supplemented with 50mg/ml kanamycin), resulted in the maximum number of transformants. Regeneration of transgenic shoots was obtained from both stem and leaf explants on regeneration medium (MS medium containing 0.1mg /L BAP supplemented with 20mg/ml kanamycin and 500mg/l cefotaxime). Eighty percent of the transgenic A.dubia shoots showed rooting response on half MS medium with 0.025mg/L NAA, while transgenic shoots of A.annua produced roots on half MS medium with 0.1mg/L NAA. Control and transgenic plants were transferred to small pots and acclimatized. Morphological differences like increased size and broad leaves were observed. Confirmation of transformation was made through PCR for rol A, B and C genes. Southern blot analysis was performed to check the copy number of inserted genes.A.rhizogenes strain LBA9402 and LBA 8196 carrying rol genes were used for the A.rhizogenes mediated transformation. Transformation with A.rhizogenes was carried out with the plants growing in green house through their in-vitro propagation. Hairy roots were produced from A. rhizogenes strain LBA9402 infected stem portions of A. annua and A.dubia after seven days of infection but no hairy roots were produced from strain LBA8196. Transformed and control roots were cultured on solid B5 medium for further roots proliferation. Transformed roots showed better proliferation than control roots. Artemisinin content was significantly increased in transformed material of both Artemisia species when compared to un-transformed plants. The artemisinin content increased mostly five to ten times within leaves of transformed lines, hairy roots and roots of transformed shoots. It indicated the plant capability of synthesizing much higher amounts than has been achieved so far through traditional breeding. Similarly, amount of different derivatives of artemisinin i.e. artemether, arteether, dihydroartemisinin and artesunate was also significantly increased in transformed material of both Artemisia species when compared to un-transformed plants. Expression of all the tested genes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis pathway was significantly increased, although variation amongst the genes was observed. Cytochrome P450 (CYP71AV1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) expression levels were higher than that of amorpha-4, 11 diene synthase (ADS). Levels of the trichome development and sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic gene (TFAR1) expression were also found increased in all transgenic lines. Trichome density significantly increased in the leaves of transformed plants, but no trichomes were seen in control or transformed roots. Crude hexane and aqueous extracts of rol genes transformed plants revealed higher anticancerous activities against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Hexane extracts of transgenic plants revealed higher anticancerous activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines compared to aqueous extracts. Transcriptomic study of A.annua and A.dubia allowed sequencing of the transcriptome of these species for the first time. 16400 Contigs were generated by aligning different transcriptome sequences. Up and down regulation and Putative gene functions were predicted. BLAST of 500 contigs was performed, out of which 264 contigs showed homology with genomes of different organisms. Blast results of somecontigs showed that some species have genes that are similar to those involved in artemisinin biosynthesis pathway. It would be interesting to know what are the pathways in which those genes are involved in these species. Furthermore, divergence of A. annua and A.dubia from the common ancestors can be found through phylogenetic tree construction.
P. R. Kipa, L. M. Prathap, and V. Singh, “Nutrient Composition in (Stevia Rebaudiana) Bert. Grown in Indian Sub-Tropics and Influence of Bio- Fertilizers on the Biomass Yield,” International Journal of Manures and Fertilizers, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 250–252, Jan. 2013.
doi: 10.46882/IJMF/1044.
A pot culture experiment was conducted at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghata, Bangalore, India to study the effect of bio-fertilizers on the biomass yield and NPK content in Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). The results show the yield and NPK content in stevia plant has been found to be increased initially and thereafter, the amount of the same decreased with the progress of plant growth up to 60 days with the combined treatment of bio-fertilizers rather than individual treatment. This is due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (symbiotic and asymbiotic) and transform native soil nutrients likely phosphorus, zinc, copper, iron, sulfur from the non -usable (fixed) to usable form and decompose organic wastes through biological processes which in turn releases nutrients in a form which can be easily assimilated by plants resulting in an increase in biomass production of stevia plant.
W. Kisiel and B. Barszcz, “Minor Sesquiterpene Lactones from Lactuca Virosa,” Phytochemistry, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 1241–1243, Dec. 1997.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)80019-2.
One new and six known guaianolides, five known guaianolide glycosides, one new and one known germacrolide glycoside, one known melampolide glycoside, and eugenyl glycoside were isolated from the roots of Lactuca virosa. The new compounds were characterized as 11β,13-dihydrolactucin-8-O-methacrylate and 3β,14-dihydroxy-11β,13-dihydrocostunolide-3-O-β-glucopyranoside by spectral methods.
W. Kisiel, A. Stojakowska, J. Malarz, and S. Kohlmüzer, “Sesquiterpene Lactones in Agrobacterium Rhizogenes—Transformed Hairy Root Culture of Lactuca Virosa,” Phytochemistry, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 1139–1140, Nov. 1995.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00433-8.
Investigation of hairy root culture of Lactuca virosa transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes resulted in the isolation of eight sesquiterpene lactones, six of which were glycoside derivatives. In addition, stigmasterol together with known triterpenes and their acetates were found. The compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods.
W. Kisiel, B. Barszcz, and E. Szneler, “Sesquiterpene Lactones from Lactuca Tatarica,” Phytochemistry, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 365–368, May 1997.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00820-5.
From the roots of Lactuca tatarica, one new and two known guaianolides were isolated together with five known guaianolide glycosides, three known germacrolide glycosides and benzyl-β-glucopyranoside. The structure of the new compound was elucidated as 11βH, 13-dihydrolactucin-8-O-p-methoxyphenylacetate by spectral methods.
A. Kiss and M. T. Hájos, “Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana B.) Yield in the Case of Different Production Technologies,” Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 72, pp. 71–77, May 2017.
doi: 10.34101/actaagrar/72/1591.
Stevia rebaudiana B. offers a natural alternative of sweetening, potential health promotion plant, and our country shows increased interest about cultivation in Hungary in addition to the neighboring European countries. The agricultural production system installation necessaryunderstanding of the needs of the plant, as well as exploring the agronomic potential. Field experiments were conducted in 2015 with the aim to highlight some of the technological production parameters and correlations between them. We have reviewed the most important agronomic factors, the spacing (50×50 cm and 33×33 cm), ground covering (agro-cloth covered and uncovered/ control), their vegetative growth (first-,second-order branch), herb yield and quality in effect.Based on empirical evidence, that the Hungarian climates also have the opportunity of 3 cuttings during a growing season, besides of early planting, optimal climatic conditions (in October didn’t reduce the daily minimum temperature below 0 °C, after cuttings the maximum interval values remain below 40 °C), and adequate water supply and crop protection facility. The 33×33 cm spacing evaporates more than 50×50 cm spacing, because of the dense population, the continuous canopy less able to breathe, so there are serious chances to the pathogen colonization.Based on the results of our research to the wider 50×50 cm spacing favorable appreciate the stevia optimal progress in terms of qualitative and quantitative parameters of the yield. The stevia yields produced in the Northern Great Plains field cultivation can produce similar results as stevia crop yields in warmer climates, where the primary crops. Our research experience suggest that there is a viable domestic stevia cultivation, developing the necessary technology is still growing further investigation justifies.
A. Kj, L. P. Christensen, K. Grevsen, and M. Jensen, “Week Long Effects of Applied Stress on the Production of Artemisinin and Precursors in Artemisia Annua L. Plants,” p. 13, 2015.
The purpose was to examine the week long stress effect on full grown plants of Artemisia annua (A. annua) with attention to the content of artemisinin (AN) and its immediate precursors in young leaves. In two separate experiments, clonally propagated plants were stress treated either once or weekly for five weeks by sandblasting or spraying with salicylic acid, chitosan oligosaccharide, H2O2 or NaCl. Contents of AN and AN related compounds (AN-c) were analysed in leaf samples from the upper part of plants using triple-quadrupole UPLC-MRM-MS. Results showed that concentrations of the quantified AN and AN-c were statistically unchanged in response to multiple stress treatments, whereas plants responded to singularly applied stress treatments by a response wave of temporarily lowering the concentrations of several compounds related to the dihydroartemisinic (DHAA) branch of the biosynthetic pathway of AN. Response waves were similar among treatments, and only the timings varied. Results demonstrated that the applied stress initiated transient response waves through the DHAA related branch of biosynthetic pathway of AN. The speed of responses varied, with treatment of salicylic acid and chitosan oligosaccharide producing the fastest responses, followed by H2O2, NaCl and sandblasting.
A. Kjær, K. Grevsen, and M. Jensen, “Effect of External Stress on Density and Size of Glandular Trichomes in Full-Grown Artemisia Annua, the Source of Anti-Malarial Artemisinin,” AoB PLANTS, vol. 2012, no. pls018, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.1093/aobpla/pls018.
Glandular trichomes (GT) of Artemisia annua produce valuable compounds for pharmaceutical and industrial uses, most notably the anti-malarial artemisinin. Our aim was to find out whether the density, number and size of GT can be manipulated to advantage by environmental stress. A range of external stress treatments, including stress response regulators, was therefore given to fully grown plants under field and greenhouse conditions.In a field experiment (Ex1), seed-grown plants were subjected to chemical or physical stress and plants analysed after 5 weeks. In a greenhouse experiment (Ex2), three groups of clonally derived plants were stressed at weekly intervals for 5 weeks. Stress treatments included sandblasting, leaf cutting and spraying with jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), H2O2 (HP) and NaCl (SC)at different concentrations. Leaves from an upper and a lower position on the plants were analysed by fluorescence microscopy to determine the density and size of GT.Densities of GT on upper leaves of full-grown A. annua plants generally showed no response to external stress and only plants from one clone of Ex2 supported the hypothesis that increased density of GT was inducible in upper leaves by stress (significant for SC, HP and COS). The density of GT on lower leaves was not affected by stress in any experiment. Glandular trichomes were significantly smaller on the lower leaves in response to stress in Ex2, and a similar non-significant trend was observed in Ex1.The results indicate a dynamic system in which stress treatments of large A. annua plants had a minor promoting effect on the initiation of GT in developing leaves, and a maturing effect of GT later in the lifetime of the individual GT. The hypothesis that applying stress can induce larger GT or more numerous GT was rejected.
W. E. Klingeman, D. K. Robinson, and G. L. McDaniel, “Regeneration of Mugwort (Artemisia Vulgaris) from Rhizome Sections in Sand, Pine Bark, and Soil Substrates,” Journal of Environmental Horticulture, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 139–143, Sep. 2004.
doi: 10.24266/0738-2898-22.3.139.
Regenerative potential of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) rhizome sections has not been quantified when rhizomes are transplanted into substrates encountered in landscapes and nursery fields, container nurseries, or propagation beds. Mugwort regeneration in pine bark, sand, and soil substrates was analyzed by rhizome color, length, and the presence or absence of a leaf scale. Color of rhizomes, which darken with time, did not account for differences in growth among treatments. Contrary to previous research, 85, 78, and 69% of 2 cm-long rhizome sections produced both roots and shoots when grown in pine bark, sand, and soil substrates, respectively, during 45-day trials. Slightly less than 31% of rhizome fragments 0.5 cm long without a leaf scale produced both roots and shoots in soil. Though fewer rhizomes survived in soil, root and shoot fresh weights were greater than in pine bark and sand. When rhizome sections included a leaf scale, survival, fresh weights of roots and shoots, shoot height, leaf number and root lengths were greater, regardless of substrate type. Root initials emerged both adjacent to leaf scales and in the internode between leaf scales. Shoot emergence preceded root emergence from rhizome sections.
The photoperiod and the intensity of irradiation have been shown to be basic factors, determining the growth and yield of Stevia plants in controlled condition. The optimal lighting range has been determinate. The regressive correlation between the dry mass accumulation and the intensity of lighting has been derived. The most economic regimes are determined for cultivation Stevia plants under artificial light conditions.
A. Kodym et al., “Micropropagation and Cryoconservation of the Endangered Plant Species Artemisia Laciniata (Asteraceae),” Cryoletters, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 177–189, May 2018.
BACKGROUND: Artemisia laciniata, mainly distributed in Siberia and Central Asia, is classified as critically endangered in Europe. OBJECTIVES: This study developed a protocol for its micropropagation and cryopreservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro cultures from fresh seed and in vivo shoots were initiated. Micropropagation and cryopreservation protocols were developed. Bacteria detected after cryopreservation were investigated using 16S rRNA analysis. Genome size measurements of regenerated plants after cryopreservation using flow cytometry and carbon isotope measurements to evaluate stress status were also carried out. RESULTS: A. laciniata from both starting materials could be successfully propagated on MS medium with 0.5 μM BAP. Material initiated from in vivo shoots yielded lower regeneration percentages (16%) after cryopreservation than material generated from seed (57 and 63%) using the droplet-vitrification method and PVS3. Bacteria occurring after cryopreservation belonged to the genera Sphingomonas, Staphylococcus, Curtobacterium and Gordonia. There was no significant difference in the genome size and stress status between non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved plants. CONCLUSION: A. laciniata could be readily micropropagated and cryopreserved. No negative effects of cryopreservation on plant water use efficiency or on genetic stability were found.
A. M. Koehler and H. D. Shew, “Field Efficacy and Baseline Sensitivity of Septoria Steviae to Fungicides Used for Managing Septoria Leaf Spot of Stevia,” Crop Protection, vol. 109, pp. 95–101, Jul. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2018.03.006.
Koehler, A.M. and Shew, H.D. 2018. Field efficacy and baseline sensitivity of Septoria steviae to fungicides used for managing Septoria leaf spot of stevia. Crop Protection 106:000–000. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is an herbaceous perennial emerging as a new crop in the southeastern US. Septoria leaf spot caused by Septoria steviae is present across all production areas in North Carolina, causing leaf lesions that expand and result in total defoliation when left unmanaged. Fungicide efficacy trials for management of Septoria leaf spot were conducted over 2 years at two field sites. Seven fungicides, single or combination products, reduced disease severity and increased yield compared to non-fungicide treated controls. Azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole were screened using an in vitro assay to establish sensitivity profiles for 10 isolates of S. steviae that had received 0 or 1 year of fungicide exposure. All S. steviae isolates were sensitive to all fungicides evaluated. Successful management of Septoria leaf spot is critical for long term establishment of stevia as a crop in the southeast US.
A. M. Koehler, M. T. Larkin, L. W. Rogers, I. Carbone, M. A. Cubeta, and H. D. Shew, “Identification and Characterization of Septoria Steviae as the Causal Agent of Septoria Leaf Spot Disease of Stevia in North Carolina,” Mycologia, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 456–465, May 2019.
doi: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1584503.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is an emerging perennial crop in the southeastern United States. A Septoria leaf spot disease of stevia was first identified on field plantings in Japan in 1978. The pathogen was named Septoria steviae based on a morphological characterization. In 2015, a species of Septoria with morphological characters of S. steviae was isolated from field and greenhouse-grown stevia plants with leaf spot symptoms in North Carolina. In this study, 12 isolates obtained from diseased stevia plants in 2015 and 2016 were characterized and compared with reference strains of S. steviae. Comparisons were based on conidial and pycnidial morphology and multilocus sequence analysis of actin (ACT), β-tubulin (BT), calmodulin (CAL), nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), nuc rDNA 28S subunit (28S), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), and translation elongation factor-1α (TEF1). Measurements of conidia and pycnidia from symptomatic field leaves and 12 pure cultures grown on nutrient medium were consistent with those previously reported for ex-type strains of S. steviae. North Carolina strains formed a well-supported monophyletic group with ex-type strains of S. steviae. This study represents the first genetic characterization of S. steviae in the United States and provides an experimental framework to elucidate the genetic diversity and disease ecology of field populations of S. steviae.
H. Kohda, R. Kasai, K. Yamasaki, K. Murakami, and O. Tanaka, “New Sweet Diterpene Glucosides from Stevia Rebaudiana,” Phytochemistry, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 981–983, Jan. 1976.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84384-8.
From the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, two new sweet glucosides, rebaudiosides A and B, were isolated besides the known glucosides, stevioside and steviolbioside. On the basis of IR, MS, 1H and 13C NMR as well as chemical evidences, the structure of rebaudioside B was assigned as 13-O-[β-glucosyl(1-2)-β-glucosyl(1-3)]-β-glucosyl-steviol and rebaudioside A was formulated as its β-glucosyl ester.
N. Kolb, J. L. Herrera, D. J. Ferreyra, and R. F. Uliana, “Analysis of Sweet Diterpene Glycosides from Stevia Rebaudiana:\,Improved HPLC Method,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 4538–4541, Oct. 2001.
doi: 10.1021/jf010475p.
An improved analytical method was developed which may be applied to quality control of stevioside and rebaudioside A contents in dried leaves of Stevia rebaudiana before processing; in a selective sampling program searching for plants of higher yield in diterpene glycosides content; or when a large number of samples are sent to the laboratory for analysis. The procedure developed involves two steps:\,solvent extraction followed by an isocratic HPLC analysis. The sample, 1 g of dried leaves of S. rebaudiana, is ground and solvent-extracted with EtOH 70% (w/w) in Erlenmeyer flasks by shaking for 30 min in a 70 °C water bath. After the extract was cooled, it was filtered and analyzed by HPLC using an NH2 column (250 × 4.6 mm) and a mixture of acetonitrile/water (80:20, v/v) as mobile phase, pH 5 adjusted with acetic acid. The detection was in the UV range at 210 nm (0.04 AUFS). Quantitation was performed by means of an external standard calibration curve for each analyte which had been obtained from standard solutions of pure stevioside and rebaudioside A. Working under these conditions there were no observed interference effects. The method saves time in sample preparation, and reduces sample handling and chromatographic analysis time, while having little loss of precision [coefficient of variation (CV%) between 1.8% and 3.0%] and recovery [between 98.5% and 100.5%]. The method was applied to 30 samples of S. rebaudiana from Misiones (Northeastern Argentina), and the stevioside content found ranged between 3.78 and 9.75% (weight) whereas Rebaudioside A content ranged between 1.62 and 7.27% (weight). Keywords: Sweetener, Stevia rebaudiana, stevioside, rebaudioside A, HPLC analysis
B. Kołodziej, “Effect of Agrotechnical Factors on the Yield of Goldenrod (Solidago Virgaurea L. Ssp. Virgaurea),” vol. 54, no. 4, 2008.
In four-year-lasting field experiment yielding of goldenrod herb depending on different methods of plantation establishment and row spacing were analysed. In the experiment different methods of goldenrod plantation establishment were compared: I. direct spring diaspores sowing, II. spring seedlings planting, III. direct autumn diaspores sowing, IV. autumn seedlings planting. Diaspores were sown directly onto the field in rows of 30 cm, 40 cm, and 50 cm spacing at the amount of 500 g· ha-1, whereas seedlings were produced in multicell trays in plastic tunnel throughout 5 weeks and than transplanted onto the field in the same rows spacing (with 15 cm in-rows spacing). Raw material (herb) was harvested every year at the beginning of blooming stage (at a height of 10-15 cm above the ground).
W. J. M. Koopman, “Identifying Lettuce Species (Lactuca Subsect. Lactuca, Asteraceae): A Practical Application of Flow Cytometry,” Euphytica, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 151–159, Nov. 2000.
doi: 10.1023/A:1004086503349.
The wild lettuce species L. serriola, L. saligna, and L. virosa are important genitors in lettuce (L. sativa) breeding. Identifying these wild species can be problematic because in some cases they look very similar. Flow cytometry was tested for its reliability and general applicability as a tool to distinguish them. Three series of tests were conducted: (1) Tests with three accessions of L. sativa and one accession of each of the wild species, repeated three times throughout the year. In each repeat, the mean relative DNA amount of L. serriola was significantly higher than that of L. saligna, but significantly lower than that of L. virosa. The mean relative DNA amount of L. sativa did not differ from that of L. serriola.(2) Tests with each wild species represented by 10 accessions. Significant differences between the accessions within each species demonstrated the presence of intraspecific variation. Notwithstanding this intraspecific variation, the relative DNA amounts of all accessions of L. serriola were significantly higher than that of all L. saligna accessions, and significantly lower than that of all L. virosa accessions. Therefore, all accessions could be assigned to the appropriate species on the basis of their DNA amounts. (3) Tests with single plants from 10 accessions of each of the wild species. These test revealed that individual plants of L. serriola, L. saligna, and L. virosa can be reliably identified with flow cytometry, when aL. serriola sample of established identity is used as internal reference.
W. J. M. Koopman, E. Guetta, C. C. M. van de Wiel, B. Vosman, and R. G. van den Berg, “Phylogenetic Relationships among Lactuca (Asteraceae) Species and Related Genera Based on ITS-1 DNA Sequences,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 85, no. 11, pp. 1517–1530, 1998.
doi: 10.2307/2446479.
Internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) sequences from 97 accessions representing 23 species of Lactuca and related genera were determined and used to evaluate species relationships of Lactuca sensu lato (s.l.). The ITS-1 phylogenies, calculated using PAUP and PHYLIP, correspond better to the classification of Fera´kova´ than to other classifications evaluated, although the inclusion of sect. Lactuca subsect. Cyanicae is not supported. Therefore, exclusion of subsect. Cyanicae from Lactuca sensu Fera´kova´ is proposed. The amended genus contains the entire gene pool (sensu Harlan and De Wet) of cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The position of the species in the amended classification corresponds to their position in the lettuce gene pool. In the ITS-1 phylogenies, a clade with L. sativa, L. serriola, L. dregeana, L. altaica, and L. aculeata represents the primary gene pool. L. virosa and L. saligna, branching off closest to this clade, encompass the secondary gene pool. L. virosa is possibly of hybrid origin. The primary and secondary gene pool species are classified in sect. Lactuca subsect. Lactuca. The species L. quercina, L. viminea, L. sibirica, and L. tatarica, branching off next, represent the tertiary gene pool. They are classified in Lactuca sect. Lactucopsis, sect. Phaenixopus, and sect. Mulgedium, respectively. L. perennis and L. tenerrima, classified in sect. Lactuca subsect. Cyanicae, form clades with species from related genera and are not part of the lettuce gene pool.
W. J. M. Koopman, M. J. Zevenbergen, and R. G. Van den Berg, “Species Relationships in Lactuca s.l. (Lactuceae, Asteraceae) Inferred from AFLP Fingerprints,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 88, no. 10, pp. 1881–1887, 2001.
doi: 10.2307/3558364.
An AFLP data set comprising 95 accessions from 20 species of Lactuca s.l. (sensu lato) and related genera was generated using the primer combinations E35/M48 and E35/M49. In phenetic analyses of a data subset, clustering with UPGMA based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient resulted in the highest cophenetic correlation, and the results were comparable to those of a principal coordinates analysis. In analyses of the total data set, phenetic and cladistic analyses showed similar tree topologies for the well-supported parts of the trees. The validity of cladistic analysis of AFLP data is discussed. The results do not support a distinction among the serriola-like species L. sativa, L. serriola, L. dregeana, and L. altaica, which is in line with previous results. Therefore, we postulate that these species are conspecific. The serriola-like species L. aculeata occupies a clearly separate position, making it an ideal outgroup for studies of the closest relatives of L. sativa. The subsect. Lactuca as a group is well supported by our data, but the positions of L. saligna and L. virosa relative to the serriola-like species remain unclear. The close relationship between the sect. Mulgedium species L. tatarica and L. sibirica is corroborated by the present AFLP results and by additional crossability data.
B. Koul and O. A. Lone, “Optimization of in Vitro Regeneration of Artemisia Absinthium L. (Worm Wood) Using Leaf Explants.,” Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 303–310, 2016.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20163312067.
Artemisia absinthium L. (worm wood) is an aromatic, perennial, medicinal and industrially important herb belonging to the family Asteraceae (compositae). The plants are distributed throughout the temperate climate of northern hemisphere of the world including Asia, Europe and North America. The aerial parts of the herb contains bioactive compounds like thujone, thujyl-alchol, cadinene,...
G. I. Kovylyaeva et al., “Glycosides from Stevia Rebaudiana,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 81–85, Jan. 2007.
doi: 10.1007/s10600-007-0037-x.
A new laboratory method for isolating the glycosides stevioside and rebaudiosides A and C from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana was proposed. According to HPLC, the glycoside contents in plants grown in Russia (Voronezh Oblast’) and Ukraine (Crimea) were 5–6% (stevioside) and 0.3–1.3% (rebaudiosides A and C).
E. U. Kozik, B. Yücesan, C. Saravitz, and T. C. Wehner, “Cold Tolerance of Diverse Stevia Cultigens under Controlled Environment Conditions,” Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment, vol. 3, no. 1, p. e20120, 2020.
doi: 10.1002/agg2.20120.
Low temperature is a major limiting factor for the growth and development of many crops, including stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), a natural low-calorie sweetener. In this study, 14 stevia half-sib families selected from several populations were evaluated for chilling stress using controlled growth chambers. The experiment was set up as a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design. Whole plots were chilling temperatures (2, 0, –2, or -4 °C) and subplots were the combination of 14 cultigens and 5 chilling durations (2–10 d of chilling). Genetic differences were large at chilling temperatures of +2 °C for a duration of 10 d, 0 °C for 8 d, or –2 °C for a duration of 6 d. Ten days of chilling induced severe damage in all cultigens except for the three with the highest tolerance (7947-3, 7918-1, and 7686-6). In this study, 5 of 14 cultigens were highly susceptible, 8 were moderately susceptible, and 1 was tolerant after 6 d of chilling at –2 °C (7947-3).
H. Kumar, K. Kaul, S. Bajpai-Gupta, V. K. Kaul, and S. Kumar, “A Comprehensive Analysis of Fifteen Genes of Steviol Glycosides Biosynthesis Pathway in Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni),” Gene, vol. 492, no. 1, pp. 276–284, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.015.
Stevia [Stevia rebuaidana (Bertoni); family: Asteraceae] is known to yield diterpenoid steviol glycosides (SGs), which are about 300 times sweeter than sugar. The present work analyzed the expression of various genes of the SGs biosynthesis pathway in different organs of the plant in relation to the SGs content. Of the various genes of the pathway, SrDXS, SrDXR, SrCPPS, SrKS, SrKO and three glucosyltransferases namely SrUGT85C2, SrUGT74G1 and SrUGT76G1 were reported from stevia. Here, we report cloning of seven additional full-length cDNA sequences namely, SrMCT, SrCMK, SrMDS, SrHDS, SrHDR, SrIDI and SrGGDPS followed by expression analysis of all the fifteen genes vis-à-vis SGs content analysis. SGs content was highest in the leaf at 3rd node position (node position with reference to the apical leaf as the first leaf) as compared to the leaves at other node positions. Except for SrDXR and SrKO, gene expression was maximum in leaf at 1st node and minimum in leaf at 5th node. The expression of SrKO was highest in leaf at 3rd node while in case of SrDXR expression showed an increase up to 3rd leaf and decrease thereafter. SGs accumulated maximum in leaf tissue followed by stem and root, and similar was the pattern of expression of all the fifteen genes. The genes responded to the modulators of the terpenopids biosynthesis. Gibberellin (GA3) treatment up-regulated the expression of SrMCT, SrCMK, SrMDS and SrUGT74G1, whereas methyl jasmonate and kinetin treatment down-regulated the expression of all the fifteen genes of the pathway.
An investigation on the effect of organic manures and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.) revealed that application of 50 % of recommended dose of nitrogen through vermicompost (basal) + 50 % of nitrogen through neem cake (top dressing) + bio-fertilizers resulted in significantly higher plant height (36.7 cm), maximum plant spread (840.6 cm2), maximum number of branches (39.3) per plant and total dry matter accumulation (16.2 g plant-1), maximum fresh weight of leaves [46.4 g plant-1 & 4581.7 kg ha-1], dry weight of leaves [13.4 g plant-1 & 1318.51 kg ha-1].
A. Kumar and A. K. Singh, “Effect of Spacing and Nitrogen Levels on Vegetative Growth, Flowering Behaviour and Yield of Calendula (Calendula Officinalis L.),” vol. 11, pp. 941–944, Jan. 2011.
A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of spacing and nitrogen levels on vegetative growth, flowering behaviour and yield of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) at the Main Experimental Station, Department of Horticulture, N.D. University of Agriculture & Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Faizabad, (U.P.), India, during winter season of 2010. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (factorial). There were twelve treatment combinations comprising of three spacing and four nitrogen levels. Results revealed that spacing reduced plant height, days taken to first flower and flower yield per hectare however nitrogen increased plant height, plant spread and number of primary branches, leaves and flower per plant, flower diameter and weight of flower, duration and yield of flowers. Spacing at 30×30cm with nitrogen level 150kg/hectare was proved most effective in increasing number of flower per plant however spacing 30×10 with nitrogen level 150 kg/hectare was most effective in increasing the flower yield per hectare.
Two separate field experiments were conducted during 2007, 2008 and 2009 to evaluate the effect of agrotechniques on the performance of natural sweetener plant–stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) under western Himalayan conditions. In the first experiment during 2007 and 2008 two doses of farm yard manure (FYM) and seven inorganic fertilizers were compared with untreated plot (control). Application of 50:60:50 kg NPK/ha recorded significantly higher plant height, stem, flower and total weight/plant (dry) and consequently recorded higher dry leaf yield as compared to other treatments. However, stevioside and rebaudioside contents were found to reduce due to the application of manures/fertilizers. FYM application recorded higher marker compounds than inorganic fertilizers. Owing to higher dry leaf yield, 50:60:50 kg NPK/ha recorded highest steviol glycoside (stevioside and rebaudioside A) yield/ha than other treatments. In second experiment during 2008 and 2009, effect of land configuration and harvesting time on growth, yield and steviol glycosides of stevia was evaluated. Planting stevia in broad bed and furrow (BBF) recorded 31 and 23% higher leaf biomass over flat and camber bed methods, respectively. Steviol glycosides (stevioside and rebaudioside-A) concentration was higher when stevia was planted in camber bed as compared to flat and BBF. Significantly higher leaf biomass was obtained from stevia plants which were harvested once at 50% flower bud stage compared with those harvested once at the 60 and 90 days after transplanting (DAT). Rebaudioside -A content was higher when leaves were harvested at 50% flower bud stage. Owing to higher dry leaf yield, stevia planted in BBF and harvested at 50% flower bud stage recorded highest net return and B:C ratio than other treatments.
R. Kumar et al., “Effect of Plant Spacing and Organic Mulch on Growth, Yield and Quality of Natural Sweetener Plant Stevia and Soil Fertility in Western Himalayas,” International Journal of Plant Production, 2014.
The use of leaf mulch as a soil cover is effective in improving yield and soil fertility. The field experiment was conducted during 2010 and 2011 to study the effect of plant spacing (30 cm × 30 cm and 45 cm × 30 cm) and four mulches {pine needles (Pinus roxburghii), poplar leaf (Populus deltoides), silver oak (Grevillea robusta) tree leaf mulch and unmulched control} on growth, yield, quality of stevia and soil fertility. Weed count and dry weed weight was not affected by spacing levels during August and at the time of harvest, whereas, in unmulched plots it was significantly higher than mulched plots. Dry leaf yield, total dry biomass and leaf area index (LAI) were significantly higher in 30 cm × 30 cm spacing level and poplar leaf mulch. All the mulched plots significantly increased organic carbon (OC), available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), bacterial and fungal population compared to unmulched plots. Rebaudioside-A content was higher in plots mulched with poplar leaves. Steviol glycosides were not significantly affected by different treatments. Soil biological activities were also enhanced by tree leaf mulches. Leaf mulch enhanced microbial biomass, relative to non-mulched soils, likely via improving C and water availability for soil microbes.
A. Kumar, A. Goswami, A. Sagar, P. Kumar, and R. Singh, “Effect of Plant Growth Regulator on In-Vitro Callus Induction and Shoot Proliferation of a Natural Sweetening Crop, Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni),” Progressive Agriculture, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 118, 2019.
doi: 10.5958/0976-4615.2019.00015.2.
R. Kumar, S. Sharma, K. Ramesh, and B. Singh, “Effects of Shade Regimes and Planting Geometry on Growth, Yield and Quality of the Natural Sweetener Plant Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) in North-Western Himalaya,” Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 963–979, Jul. 2013.
doi: 10.1080/03650340.2012.699676.
During 2008 and 2009, field experiments were conducted at the research farm of CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India to assess the effect of shade levels (no shade, 25% shade, 50% shade, 75% shade) and plant geometry levels [30 × 15 cm (north–south, N–S), 45 × 10 cm (N–S), 30 × 15 cm (east–west, E–W) and 45 × 10 cm (E–W)] on the growth, yield and quality of stevia. Plant development was fastest in controls and slowest in stevia plants growing at minimum light (75% shade). These plants showed delayed bud formation and flowering. Significantly, higher dry leaf yield was recorded when the crop was grown under 25% shading than under 50 and 75% shade. Total steviol glycosides content decreased with increasing shade levels. All shade levels resulted in the same leaf-to-stem ratio, which was significantly higher than that obtained under ambient light. Plant geometry significantly affected the number of leaves and leaf dry weight plant–1. During both years, dry leaf weight was highest in the wider row spacing (45 × 10 cm) than in the narrow row spacing (30 × 15 cm). Stevia spaced at 30 × 15 cm in an E–W direction recorded significantly higher total steviol glycosides at 2 months after transplanting (MAT).
R. Kumar, S. Sharma, and M. Sharma, “Growth and Yield of Natural-Sweetener Plant Stevia as Affected by Pinching,” Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 119–126, Jun. 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s40502-014-0085-8.
Leaf is the main economic part of stevia plant (Steviarebaudiana Bertoni), hence production of more leaf biomass with higher steviol glycosides is the main criterion for crop performance. A field experiment was conducted during 2009 and 2010 to assess the effect of pinching on growth, yield and quality of stevia. The experiment consisted of eight treatments of pinching; six treatments were executed at 20, 30 and 40 days after transplanting (DAT) at 10 and 20 cm height (main branches only), one at 40 DAT (main + secondary branches) at 20 cm height and one control (no pinching). The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete-block design with three replications. Pinching treatments significantly affected number of leaves, branches per plant, plant spread and leaf yield, as compared with the control. Stevia plants pinched at 40 DAT (main + secondary branches) at 20 cm height recorded significantly higher number of leaves plant−1 (213), fresh leaf weight (93.8 g plant−1) at first harvest and 27.7 % higher total leaf dry biomass as compared with control. This treatment also recorded higher net returns (Rs. 1,86,998 ha−1) and benefit-cost (B:C) ratio because of higher production of leaf biomass as compared with other treatments. Steviol glycosides (stevioside and rebaudioside–A) were not affected significantly by pinching treatments. Interaction effects of years and pinching treatments were significant for all the growth traits and yield during both the harvests. We conclude that pinching enhances leaf biomass and profits in stevia.
Stevia rebaudiana is an herbaceous plant of family Asteraceae. The plant of Stevia rebaudiana commonly known as sweet leaf or sugar leaf. It is widely used as a natural sweetener to diabetics and others on carbohydratecontrolled diet. The experiment was conducted to study the germination of Stevia seeds in different media i.e. soil, soil + rice husk, sand and vermiculite. Number of seeds germinated was observed daily starting from fifth to twelfth day of sowing the seeds. The data was analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The observations showed that variation among different media, in terms of germination percentage was highly significant, statistically. Highest germination per cent was recorded in soil medium (67.5%) followed by soil + rice husk (57.4%), sand (48.4%) and minimum germination in vermiculite i.e. 41.1%. The data reveals that early germination was noticed in all media except vermiculite. In vermiculite the germination was observed on fifth day, first time. Therefore, it is concluded that soil and combination of soil & rice husk can be relied for better germination of Stevia seeds.
P. Kumar and P. K. Mishra, “Stevia Cultivation: Scope of Remunerative Venture to Farmers,” 2015.
R. Kumar, S. Sharma, and R. Prasad, “Yield, Nutrient Uptake, and Quality of Stevia as Affected by Organic Sources of Nutrient,” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 44, no. 21, pp. 3137–3149, Nov. 2013.
doi: 10.1080/00103624.2013.832285.
A field experiment was conducted during 2008 and 2009 at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India, to study the effect of organic sources of nutrient on yield, nutrient uptake, fertility status of soil, and quality of stevia crop in the western Himalayan region. The experiment comprised eight different combinations of organic manure [farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC), and apple pomace manure (AP)]. Total leaf dry biomass increased by 149% over the control with application of VC 1.5 t ha−1 + AP 5 t ha−1. Application of organic manures enhanced organic carbon and available nutrient status of soil more than the control. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content in stem were significantly affected by the application of organic manures over the control. Stevia plants supplied with FYM 10 t ha−1 + AP 2.5 t ha−1 recorded more total glycoside than other treatments. Stevioside yield (kg ha−1) was greater with application of FYM 10 t ha−1 + AP 2.5 t ha−1.
R. Kumar, S. Sharma, and S. Sood, “Yield Components, Light Interception and Marker Compound Accumulation of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) Affected by Planting Material and Plant Density under Western Himalayan Conditions,” Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 1731–1745, Dec. 2014.
doi: 10.1080/03650340.2014.909029.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of planting material and plant density on stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) under western Himalayan conditions during 2011 and 2012. The experiment conducted in a split plot design consisted of two types of planting material (rooted slips and fresh seedlings) in the main plot and five inter- and intra-row spacing in subplots with three replications. Yield attributes and dry leaf biomass yield of stevia were not affected by the type of planting material; however, plant density significantly influenced the yield attributes and leaf and stem dry biomass. Although the wider spacing (60 × 45 cm) gave more leaves, higher leaf area index, higher leaf dry mass per plant as compared to closer spacing, it resulted in lower values of these attributes per unit area. Plants spaced in 30 × 30 cm accumulated 41.2% and 42.8% more total biomass than 60 × 45 cm. Steviol glycoside content did not change due to different planting materials and plant densities; however, closer plant spacing (30 × 30 cm) recorded 114.8% and 70.0% higher steviol glycoside accumulation compared to wider row spacing (60 × 45 cm) in 2011 and 2012, respectively.
\relax N. E. E. N. A. KUMARI, \relax R. A. V. I. N. D. E. R. RAINA, and \relax Y. A. S. H. SHARMA, “Interpopulation Variations in Morphochemical Characteristics of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Turkish Journal of Botany, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 491–501, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.3906/bot-1712-26.
S. Kumari, G. Ghosh, and M. K. Mesharm, “Total Soluble Solids, Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Energetics of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana) as Influenced by Nitrogen Levels and Spacing under Eastern U.P. Conditions,” Current Advances in Agricultural Sciences(An International Journal), vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 117–120, 2020.
doi: 10.5958/2394-4471.2020.00024.6.
S. Kumari, G. Ghosh, and M. R. Meshram, “TSS, Yield and Energetics of Stevia as Influenced by Nitrogen Levels and Spacing under Eastern U.P. Conditions,” Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal, no. Of, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.18805/ag.D-5199.
Background: Stevia is a natural sweetener plant with zero calorie content which is used as an alternative source of sugar. Stevioside extract from stevia is considered to be 300-350 times sweeter than sugar. It is safe for use by both diabetics and hypo glycaemics due to its low glycaemic index.Stevia has some bitter aftertaste along with sweetness due to the presence of some essential oils, tannins and flavonoids.
E. A. Kutac and S. C. Caran, Birds and Other Wildlife of South Central Texas: A Handbook. University of Texas Press, 1994.
Nature takes a surprising turn in the heart of Texas. The flat Gulf Coastal Plains, which become the fertile Blackland Prairies in Central Texas, end abruptly at the Balcones Escarpment, one of the state’s most dramatic geological features, and the rolling, more sparsely vegetated Hill Country begins. The animal life varies as dramatically as the land. More than 400 species of birds alone, nearly three-fourths of all Texas birds, can be spotted in the region. This handbook offers a concise natural history of Central Texas and a complete checklist of all native and naturalized vertebrate animals, including birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, as well as invertebrates that include butterflies and land snails. The listings cite both scientific and common names for each species, relative abundance in the region, and preferred habitats. A distinguishing feature of the handbook is its list of parks and recreational areas in the region, which includes the counties of Bastrop, Bell, Bexar, Blanco, Burleson, Burnet, Caldwell, Comal, Fayette, Gillespie, Gonzales, Guadalupe, Hays, Kendall, Lee, Llano, Milam, Travis, and Williamson. The authors describe the recreational facilities available in each park and list the animal species likely to be encountered there. For birdwatchers, naturalists, visitors, and residents alike, this popular handbook will be the essential "where-to-find-it" reference.
E. A. Kutac and S. C. Caran, “Introduction and Acknowledgments,” in Introduction and Acknowledgments, University of Texas Press, 2021, pp. vii-xiv.
doi: 10.7560/755505-002.
Introduction and Acknowledgments was published in Birds and Other Wildlife of South Central Texas on page vii.
The first results of the evolution of an organic-biodynamic cultivation of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) in Extremadura (Spain) are shown here. The organic-biodynamic approach permits experimentally for a more holistic view of the crop development process what means the understanding and quantification of its evolution at different scales. The research methodology applied includes not only quantitative individual parameters of the crop development but also global parameters which make a contribution of very relevant information concerning unbalances between growth and differentiation processes, as well as other aspects linked to the product intrinsic quality. The crop cultivation has been done over a plot of 2.5 has, on acid soils (pH 5.18) and very poor organic matter content (0.5 %). On this first year of cultivation two cuts were given to the plant with an average total yield of 4,500 kg/ha without any supply of solid organic matter, only with the application of the biodynamic preparations. So far results regarding soil improvement and crop productivity, taking into consideration the practices used, let us introduce this pioneer crop in Extremadura, not only as an alternative crop to the current tobacco crop in this area, but also as a development resource for the rural environment of this region. Key words: Agroecology, Organic Biodynamic Agriculture, Stevia Rebaudiana
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.) of Family Asteraceae, also known as sweet herb or honey leaf, is the only natural sweetener in the world. Stevia is native to northeastern Paraguay. Stevia powder is extracted from the leaves of the plant and refined powder has been rated at 200 to 350 times sweeter than sugar. The medicinal uses of stevia are as a natural sweetener for diabetics, treating, obesity, hyperactivity, hypertension, carbohydrate cravings, tobacco and alcohol cravings, hypoglycaemia, indigestion, yeast infections, skin toning and healing. Its consumption is very high in Japan, Korea and China making upto 90% of the world’s consumption. Under the genetic improvement programme of stevia by applying half sib family selection followed by cloline breeding approach, elite plants were selected on the basis of their performance in different field evaluation trials for high herb type quality- high steveoside, rebaudioside with low dulcoside -A content. CIMAP Madhu was found to highly promising for high fresh and dry leaf yield (4.3 t) with high steveoside (12.57%), rebaudioside (5.8%) with low Dulcoside –A content (0.2) and less pungent stevia leaves/powder against check (herb yield 2.6 t/ha, stevioside 3.63, rebaudioside 3.32 and dulcoside 3.69%). The variety CIMAP Madhu of stevia has been developed by CIMAP through intensive breeding efforts. This variety will find direct utility in pharmacological/medical industries.
C. Lankes, U. M. Zabala, and V. Müller, “Performance of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Genotypes Under European Temperate Zone Conditions,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 936, pp. 273–276, Aug. 2012.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.936.33.
A. Lavini, M. Riccardi, C. Pulvento, S. D. Luca, M. Scamosci, and R. d’Andria, “Yield, Quality and Water Consumption of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Grown under Different Irrigation Regimes in Southern Italy,” Italian Journal of Agronomy, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 135–143, Jun. 2008.
doi: 10.4081/ija.2008.135.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a herbaceous perennial plant originating in the north-east of Paraguay. Its leaves contain low-calorie sweetening agents that can be used as a natural alternative to artificial sweeteners. The leaves are consumed in special human diets and for the treatment of various diseases. The aim of the present work is to study water consumption, yield potential and quality characteristics of this species under different irrigation levels in southern Italy. The field work was carried out in 2006-2007. Irrigation treatments consisted of a control (T100), irrigated with 100% restitution of water consumption and two treatments that received a water depth of 33% (T33) and 66% (T66) of treatment T100. Watering volume was estimated to replenish the soil profile to field capacity for a depth of 0.40 m. The crop was harvested twice a year, and agronomic performance as well as the major cation and glycoside contents (stevioside and rebaudioside A) were evaluated. Overall, the crop coefficients were similar between the two years, although in each year the second growing period showed higher values due to the higher evaporative demand of this period. Interactions of years with irrigation treatments and harvest time were not significant either for yield or yield components. In both cuts the T100 treatments achieved 40% higher leaf dry yield than T33, while T66 showed intermediate values. The harvest index and water use efficiency showed no differences between the two cuts for the same treatments, while the values of both indices decreased with the increase in irrigation regime. Stevioside, rebaudioside A and cation content in the leaves were unaffected by irrigation regime. In order to develop the field cultivation of this species, field experiments are required to prepare a cultivation protocol as well as a genetic improvement program to develop varieties that better respond to the local environment.
Z. Le Bihan, P. Cosson, D. Rolin, and V. Schurdi-Levraud, “Phenological Growth Stages of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) According to the Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt and Chemical Industry (BBCH) Scale,” Annals of Applied Biology, vol. 177, no. 3, pp. 404–416, 2020.
doi: 10.1111/aab.12626.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a perennial crop belonging to the Asteraceae family. Its main agronomic and industrial interest is the accumulation in its leaves of steviol glycosides (SG), natural acaloric sweeteners which are 300 times sweeter than sucrose. In order to expand phenotyping knowledge on this emerging crop, researchers and breeders need a universal scale to describe the development of this plant. The objective of this study was to describe the phenological growth stages of stevia through the use of the Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt and Chemical Industry (BBCH) scale to provide a standard scale for stevia grown under temperate conditions of production and climate. The observation of phenological stages was performed on genetic resources and validated on stevia progenies grown in field conditions. The 10 phenological stages, namely germination, bud development, foliar development, side shoots appearance, stems elongation, development of harvestable part of the crop, inflorescence emergence, flowering, development of fruit, seeds ripening and senescence, were used to describe the stevia, supplemented with pictures. The chronology and duration of each stage were also observed and described according to the accumulation of degree days during the growing season. This study presents the first BBCH scale established for S. rebaudiana cultivated in temperate conditions and a chronology of phenological stages based on the accumulation of thermal time, through growing degree day calculation (°C/day). This work provides a tool that can be widely used by farmers, breeders and researchers leading to better agronomic management and scientific communication.
A. Lebeda, I. Doležalová, E. Křístková, and B. Mieslerová, “Biodiversity and Ecogeography of Wild Lactuca Spp. in Some European Countries,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 153–164, Apr. 2001.
doi: 10.1023/A:1011265614395.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.
A. Lebeda, “Evaluation of Wild Lactuca Species for Resistance of Natural Infection of Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Cichoracearum),” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 55–57, Jan. 1994.
doi: 10.1007/BF00051424.
The 99 accessions of seven wild Lactuca species (L. serriola, L. saligna, L. virosa, L. viminea, L. perennis, L. tenerrima, L. tatarica) and Mycelis muralis (syn. L. muralis) were tested for natural infection of Erysiphe cichoracearum L. serriola accessions were highly susceptible. L. saligna showed highly variable levels of resistance. Other Lactuca species were mostly resistant or only moderately susceptible.
A. Lebeda et al., “Wild Lactuca Germplasm for Lettuce Breeding: Current Status, Gaps and Challenges,” Euphytica, vol. 170, no. 1, p. 15, Mar. 2009.
doi: 10.1007/s10681-009-9914-7.
In this review, we present a critical analysis of the current status of wild Lactuca L. germplasm in relation to its utility for lettuce breeding. We discuss wild Lactuca germplasm in ex situ collections from the perspectives of taxonomy, biogeography, biology and ecology, gene pools, field exploration and acquisition, descriptor development, characterization and evaluation, and enhancement. Future research and other activities related to wild Lactuca germplasm and their continued exploitation in lettuce breeding are considered.
A. Lebeda, I. Doležalová, and A. Novotná, “Wild and Weedy Lactuca Species, Their Distribution, Ecogeography and Ecobiology in USA and Canada,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 59, no. 8, pp. 1805–1822, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s10722-012-9805-y.
During 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008, trips were undertaken in the United States and Canada by members of the Department of Botany, Palacký University in Olomouc (Czech Republic) to record distributions and sample the diversity of wild and weedy Lactuca species. In that period, 16 states in the USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming) and two provinces in Canada (Ontario, Quebec) were visited. Seven wild and weedy Lactuca species (L. serriola, L. saligna, L. virosa, L. canadensis, L. biennis, L. floridana, L. ludoviciana), an interspecific hybrid (L. canadensis × L. ludoviciana), and an undetermined Lactuca species were recorded, and 343 seed samples were collected from 200 locations. The largest number of wild Lactuca species that we observed was recorded in Iowa, and the largest number of samples was collected in California. The most common habitats of weedy species (L. serriola, L. saligna and L. virosa) were along transport corridors, such as roadsides, road ditches, parking sites and petrol stations, grassy slopes and ruderal places. The most frequent species was L. serriola, an Old World introduction, which we observed in all states and provinces visited, except for New York, and in broad range of elevations (up to 2,358 m a.s.l.). Lactuca saligna was recorded only one time in Salinas, California. Lactuca virosa was found repeatedly in Washington State along the road to the Mt. St. Helens and in Redwoods, California. Native North American taxa (L. canadensis, L. floridana, L. ludoviciana) were recorded only in Iowa. Lactuca biennis was found only in Canada in the southern part of Quebec. Records of diseases and pests showed only occasional occurrences of downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) and powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum). Most plant-disease findings were made in Canada. Results of these efforts enrich our knowledge of the distribution, ecogeography and ecobiology of Lactuca species occurring spontaneously in North America. Seed collections (accessions) will be conserved in the working collection of the genebank at Palacký University to support future research in ecogeography, ecobiology, resistance and genetic polymorphisms, and to enrich of germplasm diversity available for lettuce breeding.
A. Lebeda, E. Křístková, M. Kitner, B. Mieslerová, M. Jemelková, and D. A. C. Pink, “Wild Lactuca Species, Their Genetic Diversity, Resistance to Diseases and Pests, and Exploitation in Lettuce Breeding,” European Journal of Plant Pathology, vol. 138, no. 3, pp. 597–640, Mar. 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s10658-013-0254-z.
Current knowledge of wild Lactuca L. species, their taxonomy, biogeography, gene-pools, germplasm collection quality and quantity, and accession availability is reviewed in this paper. Genetic diversity of Lactuca spp. is characterized at the level of phenotypic and phenological variation, variation in karyology and DNA content, biochemical traits, and protein and molecular polymorphism. The reported variation in reaction to pathogens and pests of wild Lactuca spp. is summarized, including the viral pathogens (Lettuce mosaic virus-LMV, Mirafiori lettuce virus/Lettuce big vein virus-LBV, Beet western yellows virus-BWYV, Tomato spotted wilt virus-TSWV, Cucumber mosaic virus-CMV, Lettuce necrotic stunt virus-LNSV), bacterial pathogens (corky root-Rhizomonas suberifaciens, bacterial leaf spot-Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians), fungal pathogens (downy mildew-Bremia lactucae, powdery mildew-Golovinomyces cichoracearum, anthracnose-Microdochium panattoniana, stemphylium leaf spot-Stemphylium spp., sclerotinia drop-Sclerotinia spp., verticillium wilt-Verticillium dahliae, fusarium wilt-Fusarium spp., pythium wilt-Pythium tracheiphylum, P. uncinulatum), nematodes (potato cyst nematode-Globodera rostochiensis, root-knot nematode-Meloidogyne spp., incognita, hapla, javanica, enterolobii), insects and mites (the green lettuce aphid-Nasonovia ribisnigri, the green peach aphid-Myzus persicae, the potato aphid-Macrosiphum euphorbiae, leafminer-Liriomyza spp., L. langei). The approaches used to exploit wild Lactuca spp. in lettuce breeding (interspecific hybridization, cell and tissue culture, transformation) are dicussed, and known examples of lettuce cultivars with traits derived from wild Lactuca spp. are described.
Stevia rebaudiana (BERT.) is a very remarkable plant that is starting to gain ground in the United States. Stevia rebaudiana has been used in numerous countries for thousands of years as a source of sweetener that is all natural and will not raise a person’s glycemic index, which is especially important for diabetics. Propagation of Stevia rebaudiana is problematic with low seed germination rates and limited research done in the United States. Stevia rebaudiana has potential to be a prominent crop in the southern United States but growers need to know how to produce the plants efficiently as the demand for natural products continues to rise. The main objective of this work was to identify specific methods of propagation for Stevia rebaudiana using readily available materials to produce healthy transplants can be grown. Seed germination for Stevia rebaudiana is typically poor with seeds planted right after harvest, due to a variety of reasons, such as: low viability; fungus produced on pappus bristles of seed coats; and poor pollination in some areas. Little literature is available on Stevia rebaudiana seed propagation. In Chapter 2, 3 experiments looking at seed germination with light or without light, in 4 substrate types were completed. Substrates of 50% pine bark:50% peat moss, 100% sand, 100% perlite, and 100% vermiculite by volume were evaluated. Cell pack trays with poly lids either blacked out or left clear were used. Under no-light conditions 100% vermiculite and 100% perlite performed best for germinating Stevia rebaudiana seeds. One hundred percent sand:light had maximum germination rates at 14 days after seeding (DAS). Fungal growth on the 50% pine bark:50% peat moss substrate and substrates such as 100% vermiculite:light led to the lowest germination rates. Seeds germinated under both light conditions and therefore 100% sand:light is recommended since most growers germinate seeds in a greenhouse under light conditions. Stevia rebaudiana can be 250 to 300 times sweeter than sucrose with no calories. Propagation is usually done by stem cuttings due to seed propagation usually having low germination rates. To produce transplants needed for increasing production demand, more efficient propagation techniques are being tested in order to increase plant production. In a second study stem cutting propagation in the Southeastern Unites States was evaluated (chapter 3.) This asexual propagation study looked at stem cuttings and the effect that substrate and cutting type played. The stem cuttings were taken from container grown stock plants and planted in 32 cell packs with one cutting per cell. The two node cuttings were placed in one of 4 types of substrates: 1:1 pine bark:sand by volume, 1:1 peat moss:perlite by volume, 100% sand, or 1:1 sand:vermiculite by volume. Two cutting types were evaluated, medial and terminal. Stem and cuttings were placed under mist for 15 seconds every 10 minutes for the first 4 weeks, then 5 seconds every 10 minutes the remaining 4 weeks of the studies. Data analyzed included: foliar color rating of both old and new foliage, shoot breaks over 2.54 cm (1 inch long), and root length was also looked at. No interactions were found between substrate and cutting type were found. Greatest root length occurred in the 1: sand to 1: vermiculite substrate while 1:1 part pine bark:sand substrate had a greater root length. Medial cuttings had more shoot breaks than terminal cuttings regardless of the substrate used. When looking at old and new foliage, medial cuttings had a greater color rating than terminal cuttings on a rating scale of 1-5 (scale of 1-5 with 1-dead, 3-yellow, 5-dark green). Pinebark:sand or sand:vermiculite would be recommended for use as substrates for liners as root length and new growth are important factors in producing liners. Removing apical dominance in liners is also recommended.
S. Y. Lee and K. Shaari, “LC–MS Metabolomics Analysis of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Leaves Cultivated in Malaysia in Relation to Different Developmental Stages,” Phytochemical Analysis, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 249–261, 2022.
doi: 10.1002/pca.3084.
Introduction Stevia is known for its sweet taste, attributed to the presence of steviol glycosides. Although reports on the dynamic changes of steviol glycosides during development of stevia are available, the data are mainly focused on stevioside and rebaudioside A. Information concerning the comprehensive metabolite profile of stevia in relation to different developmental stages is still lacking. Objective This study investigated the metabolite changes along the developmental stages of a local stevia cultivar. Methodology Stevia leaves were harvested at 4 different developmental stages (early vegetative, late vegetative, budding, and flowering). Samples were then subjected to LC–MS metabolomics analysis to determine the metabolite variations. Results A total of 55 metabolites, comprising phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids were identified by MS/MS analysis of the stevia leaf extracts, revealing a metabolite profile which was comparatively similar with those of cultivars grown in other countries. PLS-DA differentiated the early vegetative stage stevia leaf samples from those of the later stages by higher content of phenolic acids. The leaf metabolomes of the later 3 stages (late vegetative, budding, and flowering) were collectively richer in flavonoids. Meanwhile, the content of steviol glycosides is highest during the late vegetative and budding stages. Conclusion The present study provided, for the first time, a general overview of the metabolite variations with regard to the different developmental stages of stevia. The information may facilitate decision making of suitable harvesting times for higher yields of steviol glycosides or a more balanced metabolite profile in terms of pharmacologically useful metabolites.
A new high rebaudioside-A and high dry leaf-yielding stevia variety "Suweon 11" was developed as a new sweetening resource crop at Crop Experiment Station in 1981. This variety was selected from bulk seedling stocks of open pollinated seed, and propagated by cutting. "Suweon 11" showed remarkably high rebaudioside-A content with good characteristics of thick leaves, many branches and high plant height
J. I. Lee, K. H. Kang, and E. U. Lee, “Studies on new sweetening resource plant Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in Korea. I. Effects of transplanting-date shifting by cutting and seeding dates on agronomic characteristics and dry leaf yields of Stevia,” The Research reports of the Office of Rural Development. Crops, 1979.https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/647121713c73b155c84953ee.
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION
S. A. Leis, D. M. Engle, D. M. Leslie, and J. S. Fehmi, “Effects of Short- and Long-Term Disturbance Resulting from Military Maneuvers on Vegetation and Soils in a Mixed Prairie Area,” Environmental Management, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 849–861, Dec. 2005.
doi: 10.1007/s00267-004-0373-6.
Loss of grassland species resulting from activities such as off-road vehicle use increases the need for models that predict effects of anthropogenic disturbance. The relationship of disturbance by military training to plant species richness and composition on two soils (Foard and Lawton) in a mixed prairie area was investigated. Track cover (cover of vehicle disturbance to the soil) and soil organic carbon were selected as measures of short- and long-term disturbance, respectively. Soil and vegetation data, collected in 1-m2 quadrats, were analyzed at three spatial scales (60, 10, and 1 m2). Plant species richness peaked at intermediate levels of soil organic carbon at the 10-m2 and 1-m2 spatial scales on both the Lawton and Foard soils, and at intermediate levels of track cover at all three spatial scales on the Foard soil. Species composition differed across the disturbance gradient on the Foard soil but not on the Lawton soil. Disturbance increased total plant species richness on the Foard soil. The authors conclude that disturbance up to intermediate levels can be used to maintain biodiversity by enriching the plant species pool.
R. Lemus-Mondaca, A. Vega-Gálvez, L. Zura-Bravo, and K. Ah-Hen, “Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni, Source of a High-Potency Natural Sweetener: A Comprehensive Review on the Biochemical, Nutritional and Functional Aspects,” Food Chemistry, vol. 132, no. 3, pp. 1121–1132, Jun. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.140.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, an ancient perennial shrub of South America, produces diterpene glycosides that are low calorie sweeteners, about 300 times sweeter than saccharose. Stevia extracts, besides having therapeutic properties, contain a high level of sweetening compounds, known as steviol glycosides, which are thought to possess antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Stevioside and rebaudioside A are the main sweetening compounds of interest. They are thermostable even at temperatures of up to 200°C, making them suitable for use in cooked foods. S. rebaudiana has a great potential as a new agricultural crop since consumer demand for herbal foods is increasing and proximate analysis has shown that Stevia also contains folic acid, vitamin C and all of the indispensable amino acids with the exception of tryptophan. Stevia cultivation and production would further help those who have to restrict carbohydrate intake in their diet; to enjoy the sweet taste with minimal calories.
W. H. Lewis, A. S. Rawat, M. C. Nautiyal, and A. J. G. H. Kostermans, “Early Uses of Stevia Rebaudiana (Asteraceae) Leaves as a Sweetener in Paraguay,” Economic Botany, vol. 46, no. 3, p. 5, 1992.
G. Q. Li, X. Y. Liu, and Y. Shi, “The Effect of Different Harvest Date on the Quality and Yield of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Advanced Materials Research, vol. 524–527, pp. 2109–2112, 2012.
doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.524-527.2109.
The effect of different harvest date on the quality and yield of stevia has been studied in the open field. The results showed that if the stevia was harvested at 65-85 days after transplanted, not only the yield was lower, but also the total content of glycosides of stevia and the content of Rebaudioside A (RA) and Stevoiside (STV) were lower. And the stevia harvested at 105 days after transplanted had similar results to that harvested at 65-85 days after transplanted. The results from the analysis to all the records of this experiment were that stevia could get the best quality and yield if they were harvested at 95 days after transplanted.
X. Li, M.-H. Yu, G.-D. Ding, Y. He, W. Liu, and C.-Y. Wang, “Soil Biocrusts Reduce Seed Germination and Contribute to the Decline in Artemisia Ordosica Krasch. Shrub Populations in the Mu Us Sandy Land of North China,” Global Ecology and Conservation, vol. 26, p. e01467, Apr. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01467.
The sand-stabilising, xeric shrub Artemisia ordosica Krasch. has experienced widespread decline decades after being widely distributed through seeding in the Mu Us Sandy Land in China. The role of biocrusts in the decline of A. ordosica populations has received attention but has not been directly confirmed. To clarify the effects of biocrusts on shrub decline, a field study was conducted with different biocrust treatments (bare sand, lichen biocrust, moss biocrust, biocrust removed) in August 2019 in the Mu Us Sandy Land in North China. In each biocrust treatment, the age structure, dynamic indices, and reproductive allocation patterns of the A. ordosica population were determined, in addition to soil characteristics. A separate laboratory study was conducted to determine the effects of soil moisture and nutrients on seed germination. With the development of biocrust, the age structure of A. ordosica populations began to decline, but when the biocrust was removed, A. ordosica seedlings re-established. Soil moisture and nutrient contents were higher under lichen biocrust (earlier stage of biocrust development) and biocrust removal than under moss biocrust (later stage of biocrust development). In response to the adverse conditions under biocrust, A. ordosica increased reproductive output while reducing vegetative growth, thereby increasing the possibility for offspring dispersal and colonisation of new habitats. By contrast, with biocrust removal, A. ordosica reduced reproductive allocation. In addition, with the development of biocrust, soil moisture was reduced, and seed germination was limited. Thus, biocrusts are important in the decline of A. ordosica in sandy lands because of reductions in seed germination, which further suggests that moderate removal of biocrusts to improve seed germination can be key in the sustainable development of sandy land vegetation.
M. Libik-Konieczny et al., “Steviol Glycosides Profile in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Hairy Roots Cultured under Oxidative Stress-Inducing Conditions,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 104, no. 13, pp. 5929–5941, Jul. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s00253-020-10661-5.
The ability to synthesize particular steviol glycosides (SvGls) was studied in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni hairy roots (HR) grown in the light or in the dark under the influence of different osmotic active compounds. Manipulation of culture conditions led to changes in the morphology and growth rate of HR, as well as to an increase in oxidative stress manifested as an enhancement in endogenous hydrogen peroxide concentration in the cultured samples. The highest level of H2O2 was noted in HR cultured under light or in the medium with the highest osmotic potential. This correlated with the highest increase in the expression level of ent-kaurenoic acid hydroxylase, responsible for the redirection of metabolic route to SvGls biosynthesis pathway. An analysis of transcriptional activity of some UDPglucosyltransferase (UGT85c2, UGT74g1, UGT76g1) revealed that all of them were upregulated due to the manipulation of culture conditions. However, the level of their upregulation depended on the type of stress factor used in our experiment. Analysis of SvGls content revealed that HR grown under all applied conditions were able to synthesize and accumulate several SvGls but their concentration differed between the samples across the different conditions. The level of rebaudioside A concentration exceeded the content of stevioside in HR in all tested conditions. Concomitantly, the presence of some minor SvGls, such as steviolbioside and rebaudioside F, was confirmed only in HR cultured in the lowest osmotic potential of the medium while rebaudioside D was also detected in the samples cultured in the media supplemented with NaCl or PEG.Key Points● Several steviol glycosides are synthesized in hairy roots of S. rebaudiana.● Light or osmotic factors cause enhancement in oxidative stress level in hairy roots.● It correlates with a significant increase in the level of KAH expression.● UGTs expression and steviol glycosides content depends on culture conditions.
C. LiHua, C. YiJun, W. ChangChun, S. XiaoHou, and M. QiSong, “Biocontrol of the Fusarium wilt of Artemisia selengens seedling with bioorganic fertilizer of Bacillus subtilis D9.,” Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 66–71, 2016.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20163139649.
The pathogen of Fusarium oxysporum in the Artemisia selengens continuously cropped soil infects seedlings from the incision of the cutting stem, which causes Fusarium wilt of A. selengens seedlings and decreases the survival ratio of the seedlings. This study isolated biocontrol microorganisms and developed a bioorganic fertilizer for biocontrol of the Fusarium wilt. The isolated bacterium was...
O. F. de Lima Filho, E. Malavolta, O. A. de Sena, and J. W. P. Carneiro, “Absorção E Acumulação De Nutrientes Em Estévia Stevia Rebaudiana (bert.) Bertoni: Ii. Micronutrientes,” Scientia Agricola, vol. 54, pp. 23–30, Jan. 1997.http://www.scielo.br/j/sa/a/47bmbnR68mBVWGHbGN7nNYs/abstract/?lang=pt.
Estudou-se a absorção e o acúmulo de micronutrientes pela estévia, em condições de cultivo comercial no campo. Foram avaliados dois índices nutricionais: Taxa de Absorção Relativa do Nutriente e Taxa de Acumulação Líquida Organogênica do Nutriente. Foram realizadas 7 coletas a cada 15 dias a partir do transplante. Pouco antes ou no início do florescimento, a produção de 1 tonelada de folhas secas exigiu, em g: B-89; Cu-26; Fe-638; Mn-207; Zn-13. Para a produção de sementes, correspondente a 1 tonelada de folhas secas, a extração de micronutrientes, em g, foi: B-226; Cu-76; Fe-2550; Mn-457; Zn-33.
O. Lima Filho, E. MALAVOLTA, J. O. A. SENA, and J. Pedroza Carneiro, “Uptake and Accumulation of Nutrients in Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni): Ii. Micronutrients,” Scientia Agricola, vol. 54, Aug. 1997.
ABSTRACT: Uptake and accumulation of micronutrients by stevia were studied under field conditions. Two nutritional indices were evaluated: Nutritional Relative Absorption Rate and Nutritional Organogenic Net Accumulation Rate. Seven samplings with fortnight intervals were made beginning after transplanting. Shortly before or at flowering the production of 1 ton of dry leaves demands, in g: B-89; Cu-26; Fe-638; Mn-207; Zn-13. For seed production corresponding to 1 ton of dry leaves, the extraction of micronutrients, in g, is: : B-226; Cu-76; Fe-2550; Mn-457; Zn-33.
T. C. Lima, R. de Jesus Souza, F. A. da Silva, and M. W. Biavatti, “The genus Calea L.: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activities,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 769–795, 2018.
doi: 10.1002/ptr.6010.
Calea L. is a genus of shrubs and perennial herbs belonging to Asteraceae family. It is a very well-known genus, consisting of approximately 125 neotropical species. Calea genus is a rich source of phytochemicals, and some of its species have been used in folk medicine to treat several health problems such as diabetes, arterial hypertension, respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, gastric ulcers, and inflammation. Many studies have demonstrated the pharmacological potential of this genus, including antinociceptive, antihypertensive, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiproliferative, and cytotoxic activities. Moreover, bioactive constituents related to these properties are mainly sesquiterpene lactones and phenolic derivatives. In this review, we compiled the literature data up to December 2016, furnishing a comprehensive survey about medicinal uses, chemistry, and biological activities from Calea species. Bibliographic search was performed in several search engines using “Calea” as search keyword. Further, a manual literature search of references found in the selected studies was also conducted. There was no initial time limit.
X. Liu, G. Ren, and Y. Shi, “The Effect of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilizer on Growth and Development of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Energy Procedia, vol. 5, pp. 1200–1204, Jan. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.210.
The effect of organic manure and chemical fert ilizer on growth and development of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni had been studied in experimental plots in Qingdao Agricultural University. The results showed that organic manure cultivation promoted root activity in 40 days after transplanting compared with the chemical fertilizer cultivation, and the dry weight of the above-ground has exceeded chemical fert ilizer cultivation in 60 days after transplanting. The glycosides synthesis and accumulation main period was in the later growth stage, and organic manure improved the root activity and enhanced the photosynthesis rate in later growth stage, finally the biomass of stevia and the content of glycosides were also increased.
F. Liu and Y. Xu, “Effect of Seed Preservation Technique on the Germination of Artemis- Ia Annua Seeds,” p. 1.
X. Liu, G. Li, and Y. Shi, “Effects of Collocation of Different Fertilizers on Photosynthesis Characteristics of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Research on Crops, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 259, 2014.
doi: 10.5958/j.2348-7542.15.1.037.
C. Z. Liu, S. J. Murch, M. EL-Demerdash, and P. K. Saxena, “Regeneration of the Egyptian Medicinal Plant Artemisia Judaica L.,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 525–530, Feb. 2003.
doi: 10.1007/s00299-002-0561-x.
An in vitro propagation system for Artemisia judaica L., a traditional Egyptian medicinal plant, has been developed. De novo shoot organogenesis was induced by culturing etiolated hypocotyls and intact seedlings on medium supplemented with thidiazuron [N-phenyl-N′-(1,2,3-thidiazol-yl) urea] via callusing at the cotyledonary notch region. Up to 16 shoots formed per seedling cultured on a medium containing 1 µmol l−1 thidiazuron for an optimal duration of exposure of 20 days. Regenerated shoots formed roots when subcultured onto a medium containing 1 µmol l−1 indole-3-butyric acid. The regeneration protocol developed in this study provides a basis for germplasm conservation and for further investigation of medicinally active constituents of A. judaica.
B. Liu, Z. Liu, and D. Guan, “Seedling Growth Variation in Response to Sand Burial in Four Artemisia Species from Different Habitats in the Semi-Arid Dune Field,” Trees, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 41–47, Feb. 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s00468-007-0167-6.
We compared seedling growth of four Artemisia species dominated at different habitats to determine whether interspecific seedling growth variation of a same genus in tolerance to burial can be used to explain plant distribution in the sand dune field. Interdune lowland species, Artemisia gmelinii, stabilized dune species, A. frigida, semi-stabilized dune species, A. halodendron, and active dune species, A. wudanica were selected. Seedlings grown for 3 weeks were treated at five burial depths for three burial times in pot experiments. Species from the habitats with little burial had smaller survival rate, dry weight and stem elongation speed than those from the habitats with intensive burial when buried. Furthermore, when buried, the former tended to adjust biomass allocation between shoot and root and produce adventitious buds, while the latter tended to maintain a constant root:shoot ratio and produce adventitious roots. We conclude that (1) seedlings of species with a long evolutionary history of exposure to sand burial (from the active sand dune), show quicker stem growth when buried than do seedlings of species from the habitats with little or no sand burial; (2) seedlings of species which do not change root:shoot ratio might be more tolerant of sand burial than those do; (3) seedlings of species from the habitats with intensive sand burial is prone to produce adventitious roots and seedlings of species from the habitats with little or no sand burial tend to produce adventitious buds when buried.
A. LÖfgren, “Effects of Isolation on Distribution, Fecundity, and Survival in the Self-Incompatible Achillea Millefolium (L.),” Écoscience, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 503–508, Jan. 2002.
doi: 10.1080/11956860.2002.11682737.
In this study I investigate how isolation affects fecundity in a self-incompatible plant species, Achillea millefolium (L.), on islands in the Stockholm archipelago. According to preliminary results, the distribution pattern of A. millefolium in this region is affected by both patch size and isolation; this was more thoroughly investigated. Individuals were transplanted to non-isolated and isolated islands, keeping resource availability, population size, and inter-individual spacing constant. I examined whether reproductive success in isolated island populations is reduced compared to non-isolated populations, and if so, whether this is due to pollen limitation. The germinability of the seeds was also investigated, along with seed predation and survival. I found no significant difference in pollen deposition and fecundity between individuals on non-isolated and isolated islands. Furthermore, there were no differences in seed germinability, seed predation, and survival associated with isolation. The fecundity of A. millefolium in this region is unaffected by pollinator availability as isolation increases. A generalist pollinator fauna may ensure persistence in isolated habitats where more specialised pollinator services are unreliable during the flowering season.
T. Lombardi, S. Bedini, and A. Bertacchi, “Germination Ecology of the Aromatic Halophyte Artemisia Caerulescens L.: Influence of Abiotic Factors and Seed after-Ripening Time,” Folia Geobotanica, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 115–124, Jun. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s12224-019-09345-4.
Artemisia caerulescens L. is a rare aromatic perennial shrub growing in saline or brackish environments of the central and western part of the Mediterranean region. On the other hand, despite its distribution in unstable and highly selective environments such as salt marshes, no data are available on its ecological adaptability or on its growth strategy. In an effort to fill these gaps, we performed three experiments in order to evaluate the effects of selected environmental abiotic factors on the seed germination of A. caerulescens. In the first experiment, we determined the effect of different temperatures, photoperiod regimes and salinity on the germination of 120 days old seeds. Secondly, we tested the germination behaviour of the seeds in relation to seed after-ripening time and salinity. The results showed that a temperature regime of 10/20°C and a photothermoperiod of 12/12 h were optimal conditions for seed germination. Salinity affected the final germination rate and mean time to germination. Until 60 days of after-ripening, the seeds exhibited a primary dormancy state. Then, their germination performance was affected by seed after-ripening time and salinity. The data obtained in this study allow us to outline a fairly accurate picture of the ecological requirements of A. caerulescens during germination and of the degree of viability of its seeds at least in the first year of their life. The significant different susceptibility of the seeds to salinity leads to the conclusion that the spread of this species by seeds strongly depends on soil salinity fluctuations. Knowledge of optimal germination requirements could also be useful for the possible use of plant seeds as propagation material in restoration and biodiversity conservation programmes.
B. Long and E. Trimmer, “Propagation Protocol for Bareroot Sagebrush (Artemisia Spp.),” Native Plants Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 149–151, 2004.
doi: 10.1353/npj.2005.0011.
Native Plants Journal 5.2 (2004) 149-151
S. M. S. Lopes, G. Krausová, J. W. P. Carneiro, J. E. Gonçalves, R. A. C. Gonçalves, and A. J. B. de Oliveira, “A New Natural Source for Obtainment of Inulin and Fructo-Oligosaccharides from Industrial Waste of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Food Chemistry, vol. 225, pp. 154–161, Jun. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.100.
Fructan-type inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are reserve polysaccharides that offer an interesting combination of nutritional and technological properties for food industry. Stevia rebaudiana is used commercially in the sweetener industry due to the high content of steviol glycosides in its leaves. With the proposal of using industrial waste, the objective of the present study was to isolate, characterize and evaluate the prebiotic activity of inulin and FOS from S. rebaudiana stems. The chemical characterization of the samples by GC–MS, NMR and off-line ESI-MS showed that it was possible to obtain inulin molecules from the S. rebaudiana stems with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 12, and FOS with a DP<6. The in vitro prebiotic assay of these molecules indicates a strain specificity in fermentation capacity of fructans as substrate. FOS molecules with a low DP are preferably fermented by beneficial microbiota than inulin molecules with higher DP.
N. Lovering and R. Reeleder, “First Report of Septoria Steviae on Stevia ( Stevia Rebaudiana) in North America,” Plant Disease, vol. 80, p. 959, Jan. 1996.
doi: 10.1094/PD-80-0959D.
First Report of Septoria steviae on Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) in North America. N. M. Lovering, Royal Sweet Intl. Technol. Ltd., P.O. Box 186, Delhi, Ontario, Canada, N4B 2W9 . R. D. Reeleder, Pest Management Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 186, Delhi, Ontario, Canada, N4B 2W9. Plant Dis. 80:959. Accepted for publication 28 May 1996. Copyright 1996 The American Phytopathological Society. DOI: 10.1094/PD-80-0959D. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, family Asteraceae) is the source of highly sweet glycosides that arc popular low-caloric sweeteners in southeast Asia. In 1995, diseased stevia plants were observed in British Columbia and Ontario, Canada. Symptoms included depressed, angular, shiny olive-gray foliar lesions that rapidly coalesced and were often surrounded by a chlorotic halo. Leaves quickly became necrotic and often dropped off the plant. Septoria was consistently isolated from diseased leaves on acidified potato dextrose agar, and on water agar amended with streptomycin sulfate and chlortetracycline. Single-spore isolates were made on V8 agar. Pycnidia from these cultures were black, spherical, partially immersed, and measured 60.0 to 300.0 µm in diameter. Conidia were hyaline, filiform, and measured 1.3 to 2.5 x 33.6 to 126.0 µm. This description is consistent with that given for Septoria steviae Ishiba, Yokoyama, & Tani (1). Isolates from British Columbia and\Ontario were morphologically indistinguishable. To confirm pathogenicity, a mixed conidial suspension was prepared from four isolates (two from each province). Six- and 9-week-old stevia plants were inoculated with a conidial suspension (one million spores per ml), placed in a dew chamber for 72 h, and then in a growth chamber for 10 days (240C during the day and 200C at night). The inoculated plants developed angular shiny, olive-gray lesions, often bounded by a vein, and surrounded by a chlorotic halo. S. steviae was re-isolated from diseased tissue. This is the first report of Septoria steviae on Stevia rebaudiana in North America. Reference: (1) C. Ishiba et al. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn 48:34, 1982.
M. Lozano-Contreras, R. Cauich Cauich, J. Tun-Suárez, E. Herrera-Parra, and J. Cristóbal-Alejo, “Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis as Sustainable Alternative in the Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Production,” Agro Productividad, Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.32854/agrop.v15i1.2093.
L Objective: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a crop that can meet the demand for natural sweeteners; however, this demand requires a sustainable production, as a result of the inclusion of its steviol glycosides or active ingredients in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Design/methodology/approach: Modern agriculture implies the integrated use of valid natural resources, such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These microorganisms establish a symbiotic relationship with, at least, 80% of the plants, to which they provide multiple benefits. They can directly and indirectly improve crop productivity, through nutrient (particularly, phosphorus) translocation of the soil solution. Results: As a sustainable alternative for the production of S. rebaudiana, they improve its nutritional state, resulting in a higher biomass production and glycoside concentration —fundamental yield parameters. Additionally, they promote resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors and improve soil quality. Limitations/implications: It is worth mentioning that this fungi-plant mutualism is approximately 400 million years-old; however, it has only aroused interest during the last few years. Findings/conclusions: Although arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are an exploitable resource, their communities are threatened by biotic factors —such as the interaction with other microorganisms— and abiotic factors —which involve bad agricultural practices.
M. G. Lozano-Contreras, G. Ramírez-Jaramillo, and J. H. Ramírez-Silva, “Interaction Effects between Organic Fertilizers and Biofertilizers on the Growth of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Open Access Library Journal, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 1–13, Oct. 2021.
doi: 10.4236/oalib.1108065.
In the last decade Stevia rebaudiana, has become one of the most demanded crops in the market dedicated to health care and food. However, the main consuming countries, from Asia and Europe, are constantly demanding organic products. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizers in combination with biofertilizers in the growth of Stevia. A randomized block design with divided plots (large and small) and three replications were used. In the large plots, the cuttings of stevia were inoculated with 1) Rhizophagus intraradices fungus (Rhiz); 2) A mixture of bacterias Bacillusspp. (Bacl) and Azospirillum brasilense (Azo); 3) Trichoderma spp. fungus (Trch); 4) A treatment with no inoculant (c). These inoculation treatments were combined, in the smaller plots with three sources of organic fertilizers named: 1) Sheep manure (Shim); 2) Bocashi (Bcsh); 3) chicken manure (Chm); 4) A treatment with any organic fertilizer. The plot with no inoculants nor organic fertilizers was the Absolute Control (Ac). There was a positive relationship between organic fertilizers and biofertilizers in the growth of Stevia. The highest yield corresponded to the Rhiz + Bcsh with 450.00 kg·ha-1 followed by Rhiz + Shim, and Trch + Chmboth with 410.00 kg·ha-1. The treatment with the lowest yield was the Ac with 120.00 kg·ha-1.
W. Lualon, W. De-Eknamkul, H. Tanaka, Y. Shoyama, and W. Putalun, “Artemisinin Production by Shoot Regeneration of Artemisia Annua L. Using Thidiazuron,” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, vol. 63, no. 1-2, pp. 96–100, Feb. 2008.
doi: 10.1515/znc-2008-1-218.
An efficient in vitro method for multiple shoot bud induction and regeneration has been developed in Artemisia annua L. using leaf and stem explants in various concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators to evaluate the frequency of regeneration. The sources of explants as well as plant growth regulators in the medium were found to influence the multiple shoot induction. The result shows that the stem segment cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l thidiazuron (TDZ) gave a perfect shoot formation (100%) and good shoot multiplication (57 shoots/explant) after 2 weeks of culture. Healthy regenerated shoots were elongated and rooted in MS medium without hormones. The artemisinin content in plants regenerated from stem explants using 0.1 mg/l TDZ was (3.36 ± 0.36) μg/mg dry weight and two-fold higher than that of in vitro grown plants of the same age [(1.73 ± 0.23) μg/mg DW]. This system exhibited a potential for a rapid propagation of shoots from the stem explant and makes it possible to develop a clonal propagation of A. annua.
S. R. Lucho et al., “Elicitor-Induced Transcriptional Changes of Genes of the Steviol Glycoside Biosynthesis Pathway in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 971–985, Sep. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s00344-018-9795-x.
Stevia rebaudiana is a medicinal plant widely used as a sweetener, and the sweetening power comes from the diterpenoid glycosides known as steviol glycosides (SGs). The studies of gene expression patterns in response to elicitors treatment are of extreme importance for biotechnological purposes. Methyl jasmonate (MeJa), spermidine (SPD), salicylic acid (SA), and paclobutrazol (PBZ) (100 µM) were applied to stevia plants growing in a hydroponic system to examine the effect of these elicitors along the time (24, 48, 72, and 96 h). SGs’ contents and transcription levels of fifteen genes involved in the three stages comprising their biosynthesis pathway were evaluated. The results provide direct evidence that HDR, GGDPS, CDPS, KS, KO, and KAH are elicitor-responsive genes and they can be effectively regulated at least at the transcriptional level. MeJa and SPD treatments resulted in positive effects on the transcription of SGs biosynthetic genes, with SPD exhibiting the highest number of regulated genes at 48 h of exposure. PBZ treatment down-regulated genes encoding kaurenoid enzymes. SA treatment did not affect transcription of UGT85C2, UGT74G1, and UGT76G1 and decreased stevioside levels. Overall, this study offers new insights into the transcriptional response mechanisms in S. rebaudiana plants under the effect of the elicitors MeJa, SPD, SA, and PBZ.
S. R. Lucho et al., “Plant Growth Regulators as Potential Elicitors to Increase the Contents of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Stevia Plants,” Sugar Tech, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 696–702, Aug. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s12355-018-0673-4.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is mainly used as a sweetener in many countries without any reported negative effects on health. This species is also abundant in phenolic compounds, which makes this plant a good candidate to satisfy the growing demand of natural sources for sweeteners and antioxidant compounds. Exogenously applied plant growth regulators (PGRs), acting as elicitors, influence the biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites. In this context, methyl jasmonate (MeJa), spermidine (SPD), salicylic acid (SA), and paclobutrazol (PBZ) (100 µM) were applied to stevia plants growing in a hydroponic system to assess their effects on temporary changes (at 24, 48, and 96 h) of antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds (total soluble phenols, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids) levels. Overall, it was observed that MeJa increased total soluble phenolic content and antioxidant activity in extracts from Stevia leaves. By contrast, the addition of SPD, SA, and PBZ did not show a significant increase in any of the evaluated parameters. The results also showed a positive and strong correlation between phenolic compounds contents and antioxidant capacity. In short, results suggest that the application of MeJa could be a feasible way to enhance the biosynthesis of high added value phytochemicals that have notable antioxidant properties, and consequently potential health benefits, in stevia plants.
M. Macchia, L. Andolfi, L. Ceccarini, and L. G. Angelini, “Effects of Temperature, Light and Pre-Chilling on Seed Germination of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni Accessions,” Italian Journal of Agronomy, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 55, Mar. 2007.
doi: 10.4081/ija.2007.55.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni is a perennial shrub of the Asteraceae family native to Paraguay and Brazil where it has been used for several years as a sweetener. It is a short-day species, with a critical light requirement for flowering of roughly 13 hours. In plants whose biological cycle is strongly photoperiod-dependent, latitude is one of the major factors influencing reproduction. Late flowering may adversely affect seed production if this occurs during a season that is unfavorable to pollination. At Italian latitudes, this species often gives scanty seed production, with low germination rate and poor germination energy of seeds produced. In 2001 four accessions have been grown for seed production in a field plot experiment in Central Italy. The various accessions were found to exhibit noticeably different photoperiod requirements, which affected flowering time (from late August to the end of September) and consequently also the conditions of achene filling and ripening. Late flowering and seed ripening occurred during autumn season, unfavourable to complete seed formation, leading to an increase in the empty seed percentage recorded for each accession. Detailed germination trials were therefore undertaken using seeds collected from plants of the different accessions in order to assess the quality of the seeds produced. Various germination methods have been tested in a controlled environment adopting four different temperatures (20° C, 25° C constant temperature and 15/25° C, 20/30° C (16/8h) alternating temperature) in light or darkness with or without pre-chilling. Germination rates varied over an extensive range (germination percentage from 9 to 83%), mainly due to the divergent specific characteristics of the material examined and the different treatments studied. At all temperatures tested, the most earlier accession, showed the higher germination percentages (54-83%) while the latest accession was among those with the lowest germination values (9-44%). Overall, at the constant temperatures assayed, pre-chilling gave a higher germination percentage as compared to no pre-chilling, while at alternating temperatures higher germination rates were obtained in the absence of pre-chilling. The great variability observed between accessions for photoperiodic requirement as well as in seed germinative characteristics was probably due to the fact that this species was not subjected to any genetic improvement program.
B. R. MacRoberts, M. H. MacRoberts, C. S. Reid, and R. Ohlsson-Salmon, “Further Additions and Emendations to the Vascular Flora of Caddo Parish, Louisiana,” Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 279–281, 2012.https://www.jstor.org/stable/41972397.
The vascular flora of Caddo Parish, Louisiana, is updated. Field and herbarium research has yielded 18 species new to the parish. The total parish count is now 1441 species, of which 16.8% are non-natives. Se pone al día la flora vascular de Caddo Parish, Louisiana. Las investigaciones de campo y herbario han dado como resultado 18 especies nuevas para la parroquia. En total se conocen actualmente 1441 especies, de las que el 16.8% no son nativas.
M. Mahajan, Anuradha, and P. K. Pal, “Attaining Higher Biomass and Steviol Glycosides Yields of Stevia Rebaudiana through Adjustment of Plant Population and Nitrogen Rate,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 165, p. 113426, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113426.
Stevia rebaudiana is being cultivated in many parts of the world for its industrial uses as a low-caloric natural sweetener. However, the effects of plant population and nitrogen (N) levels and their interactions on biomass yield and steviol glycosides accumulation are not properly known in the mild-temperate conditions. Therefore, an experiment was laid out with ten treatment combinations having two plant densities (50,000 and 100,000 plants ha−1) and five N levels (0 to 160 kg ha−1). The overall dry leaf yield of stevia ranged from 1.74 to 3.35 Mg ha−1, while total steviol glycosides (SGs) concentration of the stevia leaf varied from 7.6 to 9.3%. The dense population (100,000 plants ha−1) registered about 64.9 and 71.8% higher dry leaf yields compared with thin population (50,000 plants ha−1) during 2014 and 2015, respectively. Irrespective of plant density, N at 120 kg ha-1 recorded significantly (P\,≤ 0.05) higher dry leaf yields (3.35 and 2.83 Mg ha−1) compared with control during both the experimental years. However, substantially higher apparent N-recovery and agronomic N-efficiency were registered with lower doses (40−80 kg ha−1) of N. The total SGs yield (g plant−1) was not reduced with dense plantation. Similarly, the significantly higher total SGs yield was recorded with the application of N at 120 kg ha−1. The response curve suggests that the dense plantation and N up to 143 kg ha−1 can be practiced to increase dry leaf yield of stevia without sacrificing the production of total SGs under mild temperate conditions.
B. Maisonneuve, V. Chovelon, and H. Lot, “Inheritance of Resistance to Beet Western Yellows Virus in Lactuca Virosa L.,” HortScience, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 1543–1545, Dec. 1991.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.26.12.1543.
Beet western yellows virus (BWYV), a member of the Luteovirus group, In preliminary tests, we included four causes severe losses in many lettuce-growing areas. Attempts to identify complete re- accessions of L. serriola L. (two from INRA, sistance to BWYV in lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa L.) or in L. serriola L. and L. LS 162 and LS 169, collected in France, and saligna L. were unsuccessful. Among three accessions of L. virosa tested, one, IVT 280, two others from D. Globerson, Volcani Cenappeared to be extremely resistant to BWYV. Heredity of this resistance was studied ter, Israel, supplied by B. Moreau, Graines in crosses with susceptible L. virosa IVT 1398. The results were compatible with the Caillard, France), three accessions of L. salhypothesis of one gene, with resistance being dominant. The symbol Bw for Beet western igna L. (one collected in France by B. Mois proposed for this gene.
B. Maisonneuve, “Lactuca Virosa, a Source of Disease Resistance Genes for Lettuce Breeding: Results and Difficulties for Gene Introgression,” p. 7.
Four L. virosa accessions have been used as sources of disease resistance. Resistance to Bremia lactucae and two viruses, BWYV and LMV, were identified. To transfer these resistances to lettuce, in vitro embryo rescue must be used to obtain the first BC with L. sativa. Two resistances to Bremia were studied in fertile lines of lettuce issued from interspecific crosses followed by several BCs and selfing. The resistance introgressed from each L. virosa was efficient against all tested isolates. The hypothesis of two dominant genes will be discussed in relation with segregation obtained in segregating populations (F2 and F3). The study of inheritance of virus resistance was conducted in a segregating population between L. virosa genotypes. The hypotheses of one dominant gene (Bw) for resistance against BWYV and one partly dominant gene (Mo3) for resistance to LMV were proposed. Many heterozygous plants for Mo3 were necrotic after LMV inoculation. The introgression into L. sativa of the virus resistance genes from L. virosa was very laborious due to physiological problems of plants growth especially with Mo3. After several BCs with different varieties and self-pollinations, the plants were still necrotic; many plants died at the vegetative stage due to very weak roots, especially the heterozygous one, or at the bolting due to stem necrosis. The BWYV resistant lines, several self-pollinations after only one BC, had small heads or had not yet headed. Nevertheless, after several BCs, some fertile resistant lettuce plants were obtained.
B. Maisonneuve, M. C. Chupeau, Y. Bellec, and Y. Chupeau, “Sexual and Somatic Hybridization in the Genus Lactuca,” Euphytica, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 281–285, Feb. 1995.
doi: 10.1007/BF00023957.
Various genes for disease resistance identified in wild Lactuca are difficult, even impossible to exploit in lettuce breeding, due to sexual incompatibility between L. sativa and wild Lactuca sp. We adapted two cellular biology techniques to overcome these interspecific barriers: in vitro embryo rescue and protoplast fusion. In vitro rescue of immature embryos was used successfully for sexual hybridization between L. sativa and L. virosa. Vigorous hybrid plants were produced between L. sativa and seven accessions of L. virosa. Protoplast fusion permitted the regeneration of somatic hybrids between L. sativa and either L. tatarica or L. perennis. Hybrids between L. sativa and L. tatarica were backcrossed to L. sativa.
J. Malarz and W. Kisiel, “Effect of Methyl Jasmonate on the Production of Sesquiterpene Lactones in the Hairy Root Culture of Lactuca Virosa L.,” Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 119–121, 1999.
doi: 10.5586/asbp.1999.017.
Hairy roots of Lactuca virosa L. transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes and treated with methyl jasmonate, are capable of producing sesquiterpene lactones - crepidiaside B and lactuside A in amounts higher than in untreated roots. An HPLC analysis showed the highest content of crepidiaside B after 24 hours of methyl jasmonate treatment (60% above the control). The increase in the content of lactuside A was relatively small and reached 27% after 48 hours of the treatment, in comparison with the control.
J. Malarz and W. Kisiel, “Effect of Pectinase on the Production of Sesquiterpene Lactones in the Hairy Root Culture of Lactuca Virosa L.,” Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 115–117, 2000.
doi: 10.5586/asbp.2000.014.
Direct addition of pectinase as an elicitor to the hairy root culture of Lactuca virosa L. transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes stimulates the accumulation of constitutive sesquiterpene lactones - lactuside A and crepidiaside B. The highest amounts of lactuside A (80% above the control level) and crepidiaside B (39% above the control level) have been found 24 and 48 hours, respectively, after pectinase treatment.
C. R. Malwade, R. El-Houri, and H. Qu, “Crystallization of Steviol Glycosides from Stevia Rebaudiana Extracts: BIWIC 2018,” 2018.
Recovery of steviol glycosides, known for their sweetness as well as therapeutic properties, from dried leaves of the plant Stevia rebaudiana is investigated in this work. Firstly, the steviol glycosides were isolated from the dried leaves by the extraction with solvents ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, water and ethanol – water mixtures at room temperature. The yield and composition of the extract was clearly affected by the solvent with highest yield observed in water. Seeded and unseeded cooling crystallization of glycosides directly from the extracts did not yield any crystals indicating the strong influence of impurities on crystallization. In further investigations, methanol extract was fractionated with column chromatography and cooling crystallization of individual fractions yielded crystals of stevioside (96% purity). However, the yield of the process was very low, which needs to be optimized further.
B. A. Mamatkulovich and S. A. Sattarovich, “Bioecological Properties Of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni In Introduction Conditions,” The American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 63–68, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.37547/tajabe/Volume02Issue10-11.
In the soil and climatic conditions of the Surkhandarya region, the biological characteristics of the tropical plant S. rebaudiana at the stages of ontogenesis have been studied for the first time. The regularities of growth and development, the timing of the onset of the phases of budding, flowering, fruiting during the propagation of plants by seed have been established.
S. Mandal, H. Evelin, B. Giri, V. P. Singh, and R. Kapoor, “Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances the Production of Stevioside and Rebaudioside-A in Stevia Rebaudiana via Nutritional and Non-Nutritional Mechanisms,” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 72, pp. 187–194, Oct. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.07.003.
The sweet herb of Paraguay, Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), is becoming more important worldwide in herbal care for diabetes, as it produces the zero-calorie sweeteners steviol glycosides (SGs)—stevioside and rebaudioside-A. While arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been shown to enhance production of secondary metabolites in many plant species, their effect on S. rebaudiana has not been studied. Moreover, relatively little is known about the mechanisms that may be involved in the increased accumulation of phytochemicals in mycorrhizal plants. Therefore, this study was performed to test the ability of Rhizophagus fasciculatus (Thaxt.) C. Walker & A. Schüßler to improve the yield of SGs in S. rebaudiana and to relate this with some AMF-induced physiological changes in addition to improved phosphorus (P) uptake. The performance of plants inoculated with R. fasciculatus was compared with that of non-mycorrhizal plants with similar P concentrations. Mycorrhizal (M) and non-mycorrhizal plants with P-supplementation (NM+P) produced higher concentrations of SGs compared with control plants. However, M plants had more SGs than did NM+P plants. The higher content of SGs in M plants is due to increased concentrations of SGs and to the enhanced biomass of the shoots. The increase in biomass is directly due to the improved uptake of nutrients (N, K, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn), and chlorophyll and carbohydrate concentrations in M plants. Higher concentrations of total carbohydrates and jasmonic acid in M plants than in NM+P plants contribute to more biosynthesis of SGs via the methyl erythritol phosphate pathway. This study suggests that AMF-mediated increases in SGs involve both nutritionally and non-nutritionally linked mechanisms.
M. Maniruzzaman, T. Chowdhury, M. A. Rahman, and M. A. H. Chowdhury, “Potassium Requirement for Leaf Biomass Yield and K Nutrition of Stevia,” Fundamental and Applied Agriculture, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 297–302, Sep. 2017.
doi: 10.5455/faa.276431.
Potassium (K) is an essential plant nutrient affecting most of the biochemical and physiological processes. It is classified as a macronutrient due to large quantities being taken up by plants during their life cycle. With the aim of establishing a scientific basis of K fertilization on the growth, leaf production, minimum K requirement and critical leaf K concentration of stevia, a pot experiment was carried out in the net house of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Six levels of K viz. 0 (K0), 50 (K50), 100 (K100), 150 (K150), 200 (K200) and 250 (K250) kg ha-1 were used in acid and non- calcareous soils. Plants were harvested at 60 days after planting (DAP). Results showed that K application significantly influenced the growth attributes, leaf yield and other parameters. Highest values of most of the parameters were obtained at 200 kg K ha-1. Dry weight of stevia leaves at harvest was increased from 0.77-7.41g and 0.99-7.74g Pot-1 in acid and non-calcareous soils, respectively over control. Potassium content was directly proportional with the increased levels of K though uptake did not follow the same trend. Leaf critical K content was estimated to be ca 1.75 and 1.71% in the plants grown in acid and non-calcareous soils, respectively. The minimum K requirement for maximum leaf biomass production (80%) of stevia was also estimated to be ca 220 and 199 kg ha-1 grown in acid and non-calcareous soils, respectively. This study would contribute to improve K fertilization of stevia in various types of soil.
A. Mannan et al., “Effect of growth regulators on in vitro germination of Artemisia absinthium,” Scientific Research and Essays, vol. 7, no. 14, pp. 1501–1507, Apr. 2012.
doi: 10.5897/SRE11.1894.
The present study was carried out to optimize the plant growth regulator conditions of callus formation, shoot regeneration and root induction, by using various explants ofArtemisia absinthium. Leaf, hypocotyl and root explants of 1 to 3 weeks oldin vitrogrown seedlings were used for callogenesis and direct organogenesis at different concentrations and combinations of phytohormone added in B5 medium. The best callus formation and shoot regeneration response was observed from leaf explants obtained from 1 week oldin vitrogrown seedlings ofA.absinthium. The leaf explants produced the best callus cultures when grown on B5medium and contains either 0.1 mg/L benzyl aminopurine (BAP) or 0.1 mg/L kinetin (Kin) while root explants produced the best callus culture when placed on B5medium containing 0.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 1 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Callus cultures obtained from leaf explants when placed on 0.1 mg/L BAP were green and more compact led to shoot formation. Direct shoot regeneration response of leaf explants was the best when placed on B5medium with either 0.1 mg/L BAP or 0.1 mg/L Kin. The produced healthy shoot induced the good roots when placed on B5medium containing 0.025 mg/L NAA and 0.1 mg/L BAP. Key words:Artemisia absinthium, plant growth regulators, callogenesis, organogenesis, Gamborg’s B5 medium.
P. A. A. Marques, G. B. Fontinelle, A. G. de Lima, J. V. José, H. S. da Rocha, and D. S. Alves, “Artemisia Seedlings Quality Produced in Greenhouse Under Different Irrigation System and Fertilizer Doses,” IRRIGA, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 301–313, Jul. 2017.
doi: 10.15809/irriga.2017v22n2p301-313.
ARTEMISIA SEEDLINGS QUALITY PRODUCED IN GREENHOUSE UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND FERTILIZER DOSES PATRICIA ANGÉLICA ALVES MARQUES¹; GABRIEL BLAIR FONTINELLE¹; ALEXANDRE GIBAU DE LIMA¹; JEFFERSON VIEIRA JOSÉ2*; HERMES SOARES DA ROCHA3 E DANIEL SOARES ALVES4 [1]Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Sao Paulo/ESALQ, C.P. 09 – 13418-900 – Piracicaba, SP – Brazil. E-mail: pamarques@usp.br, fontinelleblair@gmail.com, alexandre.gibau.lima@usp.br, 2Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, C.P. 78735-910 – Rondonópolis, MT – Brazil. E-mail: jfvieira@usp.br3Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, C.P. 38610-000 – Unaí, MG – Brazil. E-mail: hermes.rocha@ufvjm.edu.br4Department of Agricultural Engineering, Estate University of Mato Grosso, C.P. 78300-000 – Tanagra da Serra MT – Brazil. E-mail: danielsoares@usp.br ~1 ABSTRACT The Artemisia annua L. is a source of essential oils used in perfumery and cosmetics industry, and the yield of oil is affected by the quality of the seedlings used. The present study was carried out in order to evaluate the production of Artemisia annua L. seedlings grown in greenhouse, under two irrigation systems and four levels of commercial fertilizer of high solubility, in a completely randomized design in a 2x4 factorial arrangement and four replications. Germination and growth of roots and shoots seedlings (stems and leaves) were assessed. It was observed at 36 days of sowing (DAS), that plant height was 743% higher on floating system than plants under micro sprinkler system, and that the relationship between root’s and shoot’s dry matter is inversely proportional to the doses of nutrient solution applied. Seedlings showed Dickson quality index greater than 1.3 for all the doses of fertilizer under the floating system. On the other hand, values less than 0.6 were observed for plants under micro sprinkler system. Keywords: seedling production; floating system; medicinal plants irrigation ~MARQUES, P. A. A; FONTINELLE, G. B.; LIMA, A. G.; JOSÉ, J. V.; ROCHA, H. S.; ALVES, D. SQUALIDADES DE MUDAS DE ARTEMISIA PRODUZIDAS EM CASA DE VEGETAÇÃO SUBMETIDAS A DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE IRRIGAÇAO E DOSES DE FERTILIZANTES ~2 RESUMO A Artemisia annua L. é uma fonte de óleos essenciais utilizados na indústria de perfumaria e cosméticos, e o rendimento do óleo é afetado pela qualidade das mudas. O presente estudo foi realizado para avaliar a produção de mudas de Artemisia annua L. cultivadas em casa de vegetação, sob dois sistemas de irrigação e quatro níveis de fertilizante comercial de alta solubilidade, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente aleatorizado, em esquema fatorial 2x4 e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados a germinação e o crescimento das mudas de raízes e parte aérea (caule e folhas). Foi observado aos 36 dias após a semeadura (DAS) que a altura das plantas era 743% maior no sistema de flutuação do que das plantas sob microaspersão, e que a relação entre massa seca da raiz/massa seca da parte aérea foi inversamente proporcional às doses de solução nutritiva aplicada. As mudas apresentaram índice de qualidade de Dickson superior a 1,3 para todas as doses de fertilizante no sistema flutuante. Por outro lado, valores inferiores a 0,6 foram observados para as plantas sob microaspersão. Palavras-chave: produção de mudas; floating system; irrigação de plantas medicinais
Marta Libik-Konieczny et al., “Growth, Development and Steviol Glycosides Content in the Relation to the Photosynthetic Activity of Several Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Strains Cultivated under Temperate Climate Conditions,” Scientia horticulturae, vol. 234, pp. 10–18, 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.02.015.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the development and the quality of leaves from several S. rebaudiana Bertoni strains cultivated under temperate climate conditions in the tunnel and in the open field in the relation to the photosynthetic activity. Investigated stevia strains differed significantly in terms of whole plant and leaf morphology, photosynthetic efficiency as well as in the content of steviol glycosides, and antioxidant capacity, independently of cultivation place. On the basis of several chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters analysis it was stated that plants of all examined strains, did not exhibit photosynthesis inhibition. The studies of the relationship between photosynthetic activity and the level of secondary metabolites indicated that the highest content of steviol glycosides and phenolic compounds had plants showing also the highest value of the energy fraction photochemically converted in PS II (YII), while the highest ratio of rebaudioside A to stevioside content corresponded with low amount of energy dissipated as a heat (YNPQ). This results might indicate that steviol glycosides play a role in the better adaptation to environmental conditions. Karyology and cytometric studies revealed that all investigated stevia strains were diploids without significant differences in 2C DNA amount. Therefore, observed diversity in the content of steviol glycosides and phenolic compounds between investigated S. rebaudiana strains was not the effect of polyploidization but probably resulted from the differences in the metabolic activity of the examined plants.
A. Martelli, C. Frattini, and F. Chialva, “Unusual Essential Oils with Aromatic Properties—I. Volatile Components of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3–7, 1985.
doi: 10.1002/ffj.2730010103.
By combination of liquid-solid chromatography, capillary GLC and mass spectrometry, the essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the dried leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Asteraceae) imported from Brazil, was analyzed. Caryophyllene oxide and spathulenol accounted for about 43% of the oil, which contained more than a hundred compounds, most of which were present only in traces; 54 components were identified. Also the essential oil obtained by steam distillation from fresh plants of Stevia, cultivated in the Botanical Garden of Turin University, was analyzed.
A. Martini, S. Tavarini, M. Macchia, G. Benelli, A. Canale, and L. G. Angelini, “Floral Phenology, Insect Pollinators and Seed Quality of 36 Genotypes of Stevia Rebaudiana Bert. Cultivated in Italy,” in Proceedings of the 8th Stevia Symposium 2015 Organised by EUSTAS, Bonn, 2015, pp. 13–26.https://arpi.unipi.it/handle/11568/721465.
The complex reproductive mechanisms and the poor seed germination represent serious obstacles towards large scale establishment of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. The main goal of this study was to evaluate differences in the reproductive development of 36 F1 open-pollinated genotypes during flowering formation, pollination and seed production in order to identify the best genotypes, environmental condition and plant-pollinator interactions, for seed production and quality. Germination characteristics of seeds obtained from different genotypes grown under greenhouse without pollinators, were analyzed. Reproductive phenology, from the beginning of flowering to seed maturity, have been studied and the numbers of corymbs quantified for every genotype. Pollinators’ diversity and abundance have been quantified over the whole flowering period. In Central Italy the flowering stage spans from beginning of September to the end of October, whereas seed formation and maturity lasts until the end of November. Flowering and seed formation overlap each other. The rainy conditions during flowering and seed formation hampered pollinators’ activity and the seed filling. All F1 genotypes showed a large variability in terms of flowering time, length of flowering and number of corymbs per plant. All genotypes were visited by insects during anthesis. Main pollinators were Hymenoptera and Diptera. Honeybees and hoverflies represented the most abundant species, followed by sweatbees and blowflies. Seed germination rate and mean energy time differed among the genotypes. Further differences were found in the seed quality as consequence of pollinator abundance and spectrum. Overall, our findings suggest that the genotype choice, cross-pollination, and environmental conditions during the reproductive stage, together with support of pollinators are important parameters for achieving high seed yield and quality in S. rebaudiana.
A. Martini, S. Tavarini, A. Luciano, C. Sbrana, M. Giovannetti, and L. G. Angelini, “Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Phosphorus Fertilization On Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) Growth, Yield and Steviol Glycosides.,” in Proceedings of the 9th Symposium of the European Stevia Association, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2016, vol. 1, pp. 101–114.https://arpi.unipi.it/handle/11568/813007.
This study aims to evaluate the effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) symbiosis and phosphorus fertilization on stevia growth, yield and steviol glycosides (SVglys) content and composition. Six treatments have been compared in a pot trial, testing three phosphorus doses (0, 25 and 50 mg P2O5/kg of soil) in plants with and without AMF (control). Rhizoglomus intraradices has been used as inoculum. Aboveground and belowground samplings have been done at 89 and 123 d after transplanting (DAT) for quantifying the main biometric characteristics, plant biomass and SVglys. R. intraradices successfully established mycorrhizal symbioses, with root colonisation above 75 % in inoculated plants. At both sampling dates, mycorrhizal inoculation influenced plant height and branch number, independently of P level, with AMF-treated plants characterised by lower stem height and increased branching. At 123 DAT, inoculated plants showed a leaf dry yield higher than control (+16 %). On the other hand, stem dry yield and below-ground biomass were not significantly influenced by AMF, while P fertilization seemed to be the main factor affecting their production level. A clear effect of AMF was evident in leaf SVglys content and composition at 89 DAT, with highest values in AMF-treated plants. Interestingly, in all P-treated plants Dulcoside A and Rebaudioside B could be detected, but not in control leaves. In plants harvested at 123 DAT, AMF positively influenced the total SVglys content only of treated plants grown without phosphorus (0P). Anyway, at 123 DAT, AMF-treated plants showed the highest yield (g plant-1) of Stevioside, Rebaudioside A and C, as a consequence of the enhanced leaf production. In conclusion, this study showed that AMF symbiosis could represent a valid biofertilization strategy to improve biomass in stevia, since AMF, in association with P supply, increased stevia leaf production and SVglys content, even if it was not possible to define a clear trend for all the analysed parameters.
A. Martini et al., “Influence of Insect Pollinators and Harvesting Time on the Quality of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni Seeds,” Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 341–351, Mar. 2017.
doi: 10.1080/11263504.2016.1174173.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni has sporophytic self-incompatibility and this may lead to poor seed yield and quality, which are obstacles to large-scale crop establishment. This research investigated the influence of insect pollinators and the harvesting time on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the ripe seeds. A pot trial under open field conditions was established to evaluate the abundance of insect pollinators and three harvesting times on the production of ripe seeds, germination percentage, mean germination time and thousand seed weight (TSW) in 36 F1 open-pollinated genotypes. Large variability in the number of corymbs of capitula, flowering time, reproductive period and seed yield was observed among the genotypes. Genotypes with promising phenological and reproductive properties were identified. The worst germination percentage and TSW were recorded in the latest harvest. Significant linear regressions were found among the investigated parameters (insect number, germination percentage, TSW, seeds yield per plant and cycle length), confirming complex interactions on the yield and quality of stevia seeds. Results indicate that earlier flowering genotypes produced higher seed quantity, due to favourable weather conditions during the reproductive phase. Moreover, cross-pollination and the insect abundance, as Apidae and Syrphidae, play a crucial role for enhancing the stevia seed yield and quality.
P. M. Martins, B. N. Thorat, A. D. Lanchote, and L. A. P. Freitas, “Green Extraction of Glycosides from Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) with Low Solvent Consumption: A Desirability Approach,” Resource-Efficient Technologies, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 247–253, Dec. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.reffit.2016.11.007.
The sweet flavor of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) leaf extract is well known and has raised the interest of huge food companies due to its natural bid. The extraction of their main glycosides stevioside and rebaudioside A is an important step on the preparation of final Stevia granules. The aim of the work reported here was to study and optimize the dynamic maceration of Stevia leaves using water and ethanol as green solvents. For instance, a fractional factorial design was chosen to evaluate the individual effects of the drug powder size, weight ratio of drug to solvent, temperature, agitation, and time on the yield of these glycosides. The glycosides were quantified by high pressure liquid chromatography. An exhaustive extraction by successive maceration steps showed that ethanol 70% was superior to water and ethanol 90% for stevioside and rebaudioside extraction. The liquid extract composition in dry basis and the yield of stevioside and rebaudioside A were significantly affected by the drug to solvent weight ratio, showing that larger volumes of solvent should be used. Furthermore, increasing solvent volume favors the extraction of the stevioside by a twofold factor as compared to rebaudioside A. Among the other factors, only drug powder size affected the yield of rebaudioside A significantly. The optimal solution for S. rebaudiana leaves dynamic extraction estimated by desirability functions methodology led to a condition which allows obtaining extraction yields of 2.31 and 1.24% for stevioside and rebaudioside A and their concentrations in dried extract corresponding to 8.38 and 4.51%, respectively. These high yields were obtained with drug to solvent ratio (1:10, w/w) much higher than previous works, thus resulting in a more sustainable and green process.
R. Mata, A. J. Contreras-Rosales, J. A. Gutiérrez-González, J. L. Villaseñor, and A. Pérez-Vásquez, “Calea Ternifolia Kunth, the Mexican ‘Dream Herb’, a Concise Review,” Botany, pp. 1–14, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.1139/cjb-2021-0063.
J. Matías and V. Sobrado, “Yield, Quality, and Nutrient Uptake of Stevia under Continental Mediterranean Climate,” Acta Agronómica, vol. 70, Aug. 2022.
doi: 10.15446/acag.v70n4.84795.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is gaining attention due to its sweetening power. The stevia crop is still relatively unknown in Europe, and very little is known about its nutrient requirements. Therefore, agronomic studies are needed. Field trials were carried out in inland Spain in 2014 and 2015, in order to evaluate the yield, quality, and nutrient requirements of stevia according to planting density and harvest regime, under a continental Mediterranean climate. In 2014, the dynamics of growth, quality and accumulation of nutrients were studied during the vegetative period according to three planting densities (5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 plants m-2). No significant influence was found. The steviol glycosides concentration decreased sharply at flowering, while the leaf and steviol glycosides yields continued to increase for another 30 days or more. Yield, quality and nutrient uptake were studied during 2015 according to the three same planting densities, and three harvest regimes (one, two, and three cuts per year; all before flowering). Both factors had significant influence on most of the studied parameters. The best quality and the highest yield were not obtained under the same crop management. The highest yield was achieved with 10 plants m-2 and with 2 cuts per year, achieving around 6000 kg ha-1 of dry leaf and 650 kg ha-1 of steviol glycosides. The best quality was achieved with one cut just before flowering (12.2 % of steviol glycosides, 0.35 of Reb A to Stev ratio). The average uptakes of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were 35.6, 4.8, 59.9, 14.2, 5.2, and 1.6 kg t-1 of leaf.
E. Matsumoto, “Interspecific Somatic Hybridization between Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa) and Wild Species L. Virosa,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 531–534, Feb. 1991.
doi: 10.1007/BF00232325.
Somatic hybrids between cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and a wild species L. virosa were produced by protoplast electrofusion. Hybrid selection was based on inactivation of L. sativa with 20mM iodoacetamide for 15 min, and the inability of L. virosa protoplasts to divide in the culture conditions used. Protoplasts were cultured in agarose beads in a revised MS media. In all 71 calli were formed and 21 of them differentiated shoots on LS medium containing 0.1mg/l NAA and 0.2mg/l BA. Most regenerated plants exhibited intermediate morphology. These plants were confirmed as hybrids by isoenzyme analysis. The majority of somatic hybrids had 2n=4x=36 chromosomes, and had more vigorous growth than either parent. Hybrids had normal flower morphology, but all were sterile.
A. Matzarakis, H. Mayer, and F.-M. Chmielewski, “Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Biometeorology.”
S. K. Maurya and S. K. Garg, “Effects of Macronutrients (N, P and K) on the Morphological and Biochemical Parameters of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertani),” Biotech Today : An International Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 49, 2019.
doi: 10.5958/2322-0996.2019.00006.1.
J. D. McCreight, “Potential Sources of Genetic Resistance in Lactuca Spp. to the Lettuce Aphid, Nasanovia Ribisnigri (Mosely) (Homoptera: Aphididae),” HortScience, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 1355–1358, Aug. 2008.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.43.5.1355.
Lettuce aphid, Nasanovia ribisnigri (Mosely) (Homoptera: Aphididae), is an economically important pest of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). High-level resistance found in a wild relative, Lactuca virosa L. accession PIVT 280, is conditioned by the Nr gene, which has been transferred to European cultivars and is being commercially transferred to U.S.-adapted cultivars. New sources of resistance to guard against possible resistance-breaking strains of lettuce aphid were sought in a greenhouse screening of 1203 accessions of lettuce, which included 1047 accessions of L. sativa L., seven accessions of Lactuca perennis L., 18 accessions of Lactuca saligna L., 125 accessions of L. serriola L., and six accessions of L. virosa L. Two new and potentially unique sources of resistance to lettuce aphid were found in L. serriola accession PI 491093 and L. virosa accession PI 274378. The genetic relationship of resistance in PI 491093 and PI 274378 with that in PIVT 280 remains to be determined.
N. W. Megeji, J. K. Kumar, V. Singh, V. K. Kaul, and P. S. Ahuja, “Introducing Stevia Rebaudiana, a Natural Zero-Calorie Sweetener,” Current Science, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 801–804, 2005.https://www.jstor.org/stable/24111270.
Two accessions of Stevia rebaudiana were successfully introduced in the experimental farm at the Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur in 2000. Cultivation trial of these accessions was conducted during 2001–03. Overall crop performance was satisfactory for both the accessions and they were least affected by biotic and abiotic factors like high rainfall, frost, and infestation by insects and diseases. Quantitative differences were found in stevioside content of the two accessions, ranging between 6 and 8%. Accession 1 was superior in stevioside content and Accession 2 was superior in leaf biomass. Higher content of stevioside was found in the regenerated crop in January, during the second year of plant growth. With improved management practices, there is further scope for improvement in stevioside content. A laboratory-scale process was developed for the extraction of stevioside up to 63% purity. Although the crop is self-incompatible in its breeding behaviour, the prevalence of two diverse accessions has facilitated seed production under Palampur conditions. This has triggered the production of plant material for its introduction amongst interested growers in large numbers. The present communication outlines the growing pattern and stevioside yield from the North Indian region. Three cuts could be obtained during the two-year growing period of the crop.
A. Mehdi, R. Jamshid, and R. Mehdi, “Effect of Different Harvest Time on Quantitative and Functional Characteristics of Yarrow (Achillea Millefolium L.),” 621/01/01.https://www.sid.ir/paper/941878/fa.
YARROW IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANTS THAT ITS YIELD, YIELD COMPONENTS AND PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY MAY BE AFFECTED BY HARVESTING TIME. THEREFORE, THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HARVESTING TIMES ON QUANTITATIVE AND FUNCTIONAL TRAITS OF YARROW WAS DETERMINED USING A SPLIT PLOT BASED ON A COMPLETELY RANDOM BLOCK DESIGN WITH THREE REPLICATIONS AT RESEARCH FARM OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN 2012.
A. Mehmed, S. Enchev, and S. Bozhimirov, “Assessment of Initial Material for Stevia Selection (Stevia Rebaudiana B.),” vol. 27, pp. 536–540, Jun. 2021.
Mehmed, A., Enchev, S. & Bozhimirov, S. (2021). Assessment of initial material for stevia selection (Stevia rebau-diana B.). Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 27 (3), 536-540 The leaves of South American plant-Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana B.) contain low-calorie but highly effective glycosides (stevioside and rebaudiside) that are extracted as a commercial product, which is 300 to 320 times sweeter than sugar and can be safely used by diabetics. The enhanced interest in stevia cultivation (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) as a source for natural, non-calorific sweeteners requires constant enrichment of the gene pool of initial material for the selection. Propagation of ste-via is carried out by seeds, vegetative and in vitro methods. Seed germination is usually very poor, and vegetative propagation by cutting the stem requires large stocks of stems, and therefore this method is limited. An alternative approach to successfully replicate and maintain stevia is to use in vitro methods. The soil and climatic conditions in Bulgaria also allow the successful cultivation of S. rebaudiana B., but due to its high sensitivity to low temperatures, stevia in Bulgaria is only grown as an annual plant. The current study was carried out in 2017 in Agricultural Institute-Shumen (Bulgaria). The used selection material in this study is seedlings of 33 origins, obtained by 3 different methods: from seeds, from stem cuttings and in vitro propagation. Around May 10 th when the danger of frosts has passed, the plants are planted in the field at 50/30cm distance. The selection materials Stevia differ in the evaluated morphological and productive traits. From the comparative tests, the most perspective for effective production were the seedlings from in vitro regenerates. A tendency was established for more stable yields in some stabilized populations as a result of prolonged selection. Based on dry mass yield, the R-3 population was most productive-115 g. The method for obtaining seedlings did not have a significant effect on the height trait of the plants. An evaluation of the gene pool of Agricultural Institute-Shumen was made and the perspective stevia origins for fresh and dry leaf mass production were selected.
T. E. Melchert, “Chemo-Demes of Diploid and Tetraploid Thelesperma Simplicifolium (Heliantheae, Coreopsidineae),” American Journal of Botany, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 1015–1020, 1966.
doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1966.tb06868.x.
Selected secondary biochemical constituents (mainly flavanoids) contained in methanol leaf extracts of 11 taxa in the genus Thelesperma were analyzed via two-dimensional paper chromatography. With but one exception all produce an essentially identical array of these compounds. Since this common or “generic” biochemical profile is present regardless of the morphological, ecological, and cytological differences among and within the various species, it is impossible to make accurate specific identifications on the basis of chromatographic data alone. Recently, however, morphologically identical, but allopatric, diploid and tetraploid races of T. simplicifolium were discovered which differ radically in respect to these secondary biochemical components. Their infraspecific biochemical differences are so absolute that it is possible to predict accurately the ploidy level and geographic source of any given individual from its chromatographic profile. The evolutionary implications of these biochemical differences are also discussed briefly.
E. Meskelu, “Determination of Optimal Soil Moisture Depletion Level for Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) at Wondo Genet, South Ethiopia,” vol. 10, 2021.
The study was conducted based on the objective to evaluate the optimal soil moisture depletion level of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Six levels of soil moisture depletion (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 100%) with four replications were used in a randomized complete block design. Different levels of total available water depletion significantly (p<0.05) affected all recorded yield and yield components. Significantly highest plant height, fresh and dry leaf weight, fresh and dry stem weight, aboveground fresh and dry biomass, and water productivity were obtained as stevia was irrigated below 40% TAW depletion level. However, water productivity was decreased both at higher and lower depletion levels and higher was at 30 and 40% depletion levels. The pooled mean revealed that irrigating stevia under different soil moisture depletion levels had a significant (p<0.05) effect on fresh leaf weight, fresh stem weight, dry stem weight, fresh biomass, and water productivity. Moreover, plant height, dry leaf weight, and dry biomass of stevia were also highly significantly (p<0.01) affected due to different soil moisture depletion levels. The maximum plant height (23.95 cm), fresh leaf weight (3300.3 kg/ha), fresh stem weight (1213.3 kg/ha), fresh biomass (4513.6 kg/ha) and water productivity (1.92 kg/m3) were recorded at 30% TAW. Moreover, the maximum dry leaf weight (1155.8 kg/ha), dry stem weight (869.0 kg/ha) and dry aboveground biomass (2024.7 kg/ha) were recorded at 40% TAW. On the other hand, the minimum growth, yield and yield component, and water productivity were recorded at 100% TAW. The current study revealed that irrigating stevia after 40% of the total available water in the soil depleted could be practiced in the study area and similar agroecology and soil type as the wider irrigation interval could be achieved without significantly affecting yield and water productivity.
J. Metivier and A. M. Viana, “The Effect of Long and Short Day Length upon the Growth of Whole Plants and the Level of Soluble Proteins, Sugars, and Stevioside in Leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana Bert.,” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 1211–1222, 1979.
doi: 10.1093/jxb/30.6.1211.
K. Michalska, E. Szneler, and W. Kisiel, “Sesquiterpene Lactones from Lactuca Canadensis and Their Chemotaxonomic Significance,” Phytochemistry, vol. 90, pp. 90–94, Jun. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.02.005.
A total of 19 sesquiterpene lactones were isolated from roots of Lactuca canadensis L., of which 10 were reported for the first time from Lactuca species and two were unknown. This is also the first report on the co-occurrence of three pairs of zaluzanin C-type guaianolides, epimeric at C-3, and on the presence of six eudesmanolides, oxygenated at C-1 and C-3, in Lactuca species. The new compounds were characterized as 3-epizaluzanin C-3-O-β-glucopyranoside and 11,13-dehydrolactuside C using 1D and 2D NMR and high resolution mass spectroscopy. The sesquiterpene lactone profile of this species is dominated by zaluzanin C-type guaianolides (9 compounds) and eudesmanolides (8 compounds). The dissimilarity of this profile compared to that of other taxa of the genus is discussed.
K. Michalska, A. Beharav, and W. Kisiel, “Sesquiterpene Lactones from Roots of Lactuca Georgica,” Phytochemistry Letters, vol. 10, pp. 10–12, Dec. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2014.06.016.
The wild lettuce Lactuca georgica Grossh. is a member of the section Lactuca of the genus Lactuca L. (Compositae). It belongs to the subsection Lactuca, along with Lactuca sativa L. and several other closely related species, and it is of interest for cultivated lettuce improvement. From roots of L. georgica 15 sesquiterpene lactone aglycones and glycosides were isolated, including 10 lactucin-type guaianolides. This is the first report on the co-occurrence in Lactuca species of seven lactucin derivatives esterified at C-8 with acetic, methacrylic and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acids. Therefore, the esters can be regarded as characteristic for L. georgica. The new natural product lactucin-8-O-methacrylate and its 11β,13-dihydroderivative were characterized in detail following a comparative analysis of their 1D- and 2D-NMR and high resolution mass spectral data. Moreover, a case of mistaken identification of the former in a species of the family Bignoniaceae is discussed.
K. Michalska, A. Stojakowska, J. Malarz, I. Doležalová, A. Lebeda, and W. Kisiel, “Systematic Implications of Sesquiterpene Lactones in Lactuca Species,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 174–179, Jul. 2009.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2009.02.001.
A chemosystematic study of eleven species from the genus Lactuca (Asteraceae) was performed, based on the distributional data for eight sesquiterpene lactones as diagnostic characters. The lactones were identified in leaf and root extracts by comparison of their HPLC retention times and on-line UV spectra with those of reference compounds. Our results support the status of the section Lactuca, subsection Lactuca as a recognizable group within the genus, although Lactuca aculeata is a distinct species. Moreover, sesquiterpene lactone patterns of Lactuca perennis, Lactuca tatarica, Lactuca indica and Lactuca capensis are also given. It is worth noting that the sesquiterpene lactones are absent from Lactuca tenerrima. The chemosystematic impact of lactucin-type guaianolides and the germacranolide lactuside A is discussed briefly.
Stevia is a plant with carbohydrate-based compounds that are 200-300 sweeter than sugar. These compound, steviosides, can be extracted and used as alternative sweeteners to sugars, of particular benefit to diabetics and those wishing to reduce sugar intake for health reasons. A review of current literature, and visits to Japan and China were undertaken to determine the likely benefits or otherwise of establishing a stevia industry in Australia. While steviosides are not currently permitted as food additives in Australia, they are in China, Japan, Taiwan and Korea. During discussions with potential stakeholders in a stevia industry, it was determined to address the requirements by Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ – formerly ANZFA) for registration of stevia for use in the food industry, and to determine the economic feasibility of growing and processing stevia within Australia. These two sets of activity, which will be supported by industry, university and RIRDC funding, will draw heavily upon the literature review prepared, the contacts made during the overseas trips and on the reports that support use of steviosides in the aforementioned countries.
P. G. Milani, M. Formigoni, A. S. Dacome, L. Benossi, C. E. M. D. Costa, and S. C. D. Costa, “New Seminal Variety of Stevia Rebaudiana: Obtaining Fractions with High Antioxidant Potential of Leaves,” Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 89, pp. 1841–1850, Aug. 2017.
doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201720170174.
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the composition and antioxidant potential of leaves of a new variety of Stevia rebaudiana (Stevia UEM-13). Stevia leaves of UEM-13 contain rebaudioside A as the main glycoside, while most wild Stevia plants contain stevioside. Furthermore can be multiplied by seed, which reduces the cost of plant culture techniques as other clonal varieties are multiplied by buds, requiring sophisticated and expensive seedling production systems. Ethanol and methanol were used in the extraction to determine the bioactive compounds. The methanolic extract was fractionated sequentially with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and isobutanol, and the highest concentration of phenolic compounds and flavonoids was obtained in the ethyl acetate fraction (524.20 mg galic acid equivalent/g; 380.62 µg quercetin equivalent/g). The glycoside content varied greatly among the fractions (0.5% - 65.3%). Higher antioxidant potential was found in the methanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction with 93.5% and 97.32%, respectively. In addition to being an excellent source for obtaining of extracts rich in glycoside, this new variety can also be used as raw material for the production of extracts or fractions with a significant amount of antioxidant activity and potential to be used as additives in food.
S. Mirzaei, S. M. Banijamali, and P. Azadi, “Evaluating Domestic Achillea Millefolium as a Suitable Plant to Use in the Urban Landscaping of Dry and Semi-Dry Regions,” Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product, Oct. 2022.
doi: 10.22092/jmpb.2022.357501.1447.
n this project, domestication of one of the wild flowering plants, Achillea millefolium (yarrow plant) was done to find out its resistance to drought stress condition. Plant samples were collected from the Isfahan region of Iran and were further multiplied by divisions of plants. The study was conducted on the improvement of seeds germination using GA3, morphological and phenological study and to estimate drought tolerance of yarrow plants. The seeds of selected plants were treated with GA3 hormone (0, 250 and 500 ppm) to break the dormancy and improve the germination percentage. GA3 treatment improved the seed quality parameters and the best results were obtained with GA3 @ 500 ppm. The plants propagated through division were cultivated in the field for the domestication of plants and to estimate their potential for landscape purposes. Also, the Phenological cycle of plants was monitored. Attractive flowers, Long duration of flowering and applying green cover during the year was positive points of yarrow for using in the landscape. Irrigation was applied at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% levels of availablewater from April to September. Morphological and physiological parameters showed that Achillea millefolium could significantly tolerate drought treatments until 50% of available water and even at 75%, plants could survive and produce new stems.
H. Mitsuhashi, J. Ueno, and T. Sumita, “[Studies on the cultivation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Determination of stevioside. II. (author’s transl)],” Yakugaku Zasshi: Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, vol. 95, no. 12, pp. 1501–1503, Dec. 1975.
doi: 10.1248/yakushi1947.95.12_1501.
H. Miyagawa, N. Fujioka, H. Kohda, K. Yamasaki, K. Taniguchi, and R. Tanaka, “Studies on the Tissue Culture of Stevia Rebaudiana and Its Components; (II). Induction of Shoot Primordia,” Planta Medica, no. 4, pp. 321–323, Aug. 1986.
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-969165.
Shoot primordia, which were able to propagate vegetatively with a very high rate and to redifferentiate easily to new plants, were induced from shoot tips of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni on Gamborg B5 medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) under light. The propagation of the shoot primordia of Stevia rebaudiana is rapid, and they are highly stable in chromosome number and karyotype. The shoot primordia can propagate at a high rate for a long time without differentiation. At any time, the shoot primordia readily developed into plantlets with shoots and roots within 2 or 3 weeks in static culture on B5 medium containing 0.02 mg/l BAP and 2% sucrose. The plantlets were transplanted to sterilized soil to grow to normal adult plants.
Y. Miyazaki, A. Kanematsu, and H. Watanabe, “Studies on the Cultivation of Stevia Rebaudiana BERTONI,” Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 158–163, 1974.
doi: 10.11248/jsta1957.17.158.
1) With the plants introduced from Paraguay and those raised at Izu from the seeds of Paraguay origin, studies on the growth and stevioside content of Stevia rebaudiana were carried out.2) Although the plant showed active growth under relatively high temperature conditions, it also tended to considerably be resistant to cold, and seemed to winter over in warmer districts with seldom frost even in Japan.3) Stevioside was found to be richest in the leaves, and very little in the stem. About 6% of stevioside was seen in the leaves harvested at Izu, whereas a leaf sample of Paraguay origin showed 7.6% stevioside.
Y. Miyazaki, H. Watanabe, and T. Watanabe, “Studies on the cultivation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. III. Yield and stevioside content of 2-year-old plants,” Eisei Shikenjo hokoku. Bulletin of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, 1978.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/750051/.
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION
H. Mizukami, K. Shiiba, and H. Ohashi, “Enzymatic Determination of Stevioside in Stevia Rebaudiana,” Phytochemistry, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 1927–1930, Jan. 1982.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(82)83016-1.
A simple enzymatic method is described for the determination of stevioside in Stevia rebaudiana. The method is based on the hydrolysis of stevioside with crude hesperidinase. The reaction is followed by monitoring the production of glucose with a glucose oxidase-peroxidase-2, 2′-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) system. The results for the stevioside content in S. rebaudiana leaves correlate with those obtained by other methods. The stevioside content in S. rebaudiana plants showed large variation.
A. R. Modi, G. Patil, N. Kumar, A. S. Singh, and N. Subhash, “A Simple and Efficient In Vitro Mass Multiplication Procedure for Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni and Analysis of Genetic Fidelity of In Vitro Raised Plants Through RAPD,” Sugar Tech, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 391–397, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s12355-012-0169-6.
An investigation was carried out to develop an efficient micropropagation protocol for Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Experiments were conducted to optimize suitable media for in vitro shoot multiplication and root induction and to study the effect of culture vessel on shoot multiplication. Out of the different media compared for in vitro shoot multiplication, hormone-free liquid medium was found the most suitable. The results also revealed that strength of Murashige and Skoog (MS) salt, culture medium consistency (solid or liquid) and type of culture vessel significantly influenced the in vitro shoot multiplication rate. The shoots when placed on half strength hormone free half MS medium and 100 ppm charcoal showed cent percent root induction with maximum number of roots per shoot (21.2) as well as maximum root length (4.22 cm). Hardening of rooted plants on biopeat showed more than 80 % of survival rate. Further, clonal fidelity of the in vitro raised plants was carried out using RAPD markers and results indicated that all the tissue cultured derived plants are true-to-type and there are no somaclonal variations among these plants.
A. Mohammad, P. Alam, M. M. Ahmad, A. Ali, J. Ahmad, and M. Z. Abdin, “Impact of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) on Callogenesis and Artemisinin Content in Artemisia Annua L. Plants,” IJBT Vol.13(1) [January 2014], Jan. 2014.http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/28710.
Callus cultures were initiated from leaf explants of Artemisia annua L. plants for artemisinin production using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs), \emphviz., BAP, NAA, 2,4-D and TDZ. The combination of all PGRs at different concentrations showed a better response in induction of undifferentiated friable calli in the light phase as compared to the dark phase. The calli of transgenic plants over-expressing \emphhmgr gene yielded a biomass of 0.13 g dw/explant in the light in comparison to 0.06 g dw/explant in the dark, when grown on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg L-1) and NAA (2.0 mg L-1). The non-transgenic (untransformed plant) calli, however, yielded a biomass of 0.10 g dw/explant in the light when grown on MS medium supplemented with the same concentrations of BAP and NAA, while yield was 0.06 g dw/explant in the dark in MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg L-1) and 2, 4-D (1.0 mg L-1). Further, the maximum artemisinin content (0.006% on dw basis) was recorded in both transgenic and non-transgenic calli that were grown on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg L-1) and NAA (2.0 mg L-1) under light phase.
A. Mohammad, “Traditional Use of Kahu (Lactuca Scariola L.) - a Review,” vol. 2, no. 6, p. 10, 2013.
Lactuca scariola Linn (prickly lettuce) is an important drug in Unani system of medicine. Tukhme kahu (Prickly lettuce seed) has traditionally been used for the treatment of headache, insomnia, nervousness, hypertension, palpitation, fever etc. Recently the discovery of active components from the plant and their biological function in disease control has led to active interest in the plant across the globe. It is easily available and cost effective drug which has drawn interest of many researchers and is screened for various bioactive substances. The present article explores the Unani classical and published scientific literature to compile the traditional and scientific data comprising pharmacognostic description, pharmacological studies, therapeutic uses, and safety profile of Lactuca scariola to date. The drug exhibits varied pharmacological activities such as sedative, hypnotic, diuretic, deobstruent, antipyretic, anti inflammatory, blood purifier, demulcent, refrigerant, anesthetic and antispasmodic, anti cancer, antibacterial, bronchodilator and vasorelaxant. The present review will provide comprehensive information on phytochemical and therapeutic uses with special reference to Unani medicine which will help to tap its unexplored potential with more scientific approach.
Callogenesis and Direct Organogenesis from Aseptic Plant of Artemisia Absinthium L. Growing Wild in Kashmir
M. Moktaduzzaman and S. Rahman, “Regeneration of Stevia Rebaudiana and Analysis of Somaclonal Variation by RAPD,” Biotechnology, vol. 8, Apr. 2009.
doi: 10.3923/biotech.2009.449.455.
The objectives of this experiment were to develop the optimal concentration of auxin and cytokinin for regeneration of Stevia rebaudiana and finally analysis somaclonal variation by RAPD. Various degrees of callus induced from the leaf segments cultured on MS medium supplemented with the different concentrations and combinations of NAA+BA and 2,4-D +BA. Among them, 1.5 mg L-1 NAA with 1.0 mg L-1 BA was the best for callus induction (91.67%) which also produced highest fresh weight (621.7 mg) and dry weight (79.00 mg) of callus. For shoot formation, calli were transferred on to MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of BA and NAA with control. The highest number of shoots (2.17) and the highest average length of the shoot (3.22 cm) per culture was observed at 1.8 mg L-1 of BA with 0.12 mg L-1 of NAA. The regenerated shoots were then transferred to MS liquid medium supplemented with same concentration of IBA and NAA. All the treatments produced roots and 1.50 mg L-1 IBA produced highest percentage of root (93.33%), but 1.00 mg L-1 NAA produced highest number (no. 7.66) of roots and highest length of roots (13.33 cm) per culture. The regenerated plantlets were successfully transferred into pots containing 75% soil and 25% sand and finally transferred into the field. Apparently somaclonal variations were examined among regenerated plants along with mother plant by RAPD. DNA samples from mother plant and 9 randomly selected regenerated plants were subjected to RAPD analysis. Bands generated through RAPD-PCR were scored according to whether they were present (1) or absent (0) to determine the extent of somaclonal variation. The estimation of genetic similarity coefficient based on RAPD band-sharing data analyzed indicated that some regenerated plants were 100% similar to the mother plants and some were 71, 57 or 14% similar may be due to variation in vitro condition.
U. Mora Zabala, “Optimierung von Wachstum und Ertrag (Süßstoffbildung) bei Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni unter mitteleuropäischen Standortbedingungen,” Thesis, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2011.https://bonndoc.ulb.uni-bonn.de/xmlui/handle/20.500.11811/4749.
Um Wachstum und Süßstoffertrag von Stevia rebaudiana in den Klimabedingungen der gemäßigten Breiten Mitteleuropas zu verbessern, wurde diese Studie im Bereich Gartenbauwissenschaften an der Universität Bonn (50°43’30” N, 7°22’08” O, 75 Höhenmeter) unternommen. Im Jahr 2009 wurde ein Versuch durchgeführt, in dem die Pflanzen in einem randomisierten Blockversuch unter drei Einstrahlungsvarianten verteilt wurden: ein Folientunnel mit einer Abdeckung aus Norton FEP-Film, FG (Perfluorethylenpropylen-Copolymer); ein Folientunnel mit einer Abdeckung aus PE-Gärtnerfolie FVG Sun 5 pro (Polyethylen 200 µm); und Aufstellung der Pflanzen unter Freilandbedingungen. Dabei wurden die Stevia-Genotypen ’Gawi’ (lokale, institutseigene Selektion), A, B, C, D, E und F untersucht. Sie wurden nach agronomischen Variablen gewertet: Höhe (cm), Anzahl an Nodien, Anzahl an Seitentrieben, Gehalt an Chlorophyll-a (mg/g TM), Gehalt an Chlorophyll-b (mg/g TM), Verhältnis Chlorophyll-a/b, Gesamtgehalt an Chlorophyll (mg/g TM), Gesamtgehalt an Chlorophyll (µg/cm2 Blattfläche), spezifisches Blattgewicht (SLW) (mg/cm2), SPAD-Wert (502 Minolta), Trockengewicht der Stängel (g/Pflanze), Trockengewicht der Blätter (g/Pflanze), Gesamtgewicht (g/Pflanze), Gesamtgehalt an Süßstoff (%), Gehalt an Steviosid (%), Gehalt an Rebaudiosid A (%). Die besten Reaktionen waren in den Folientunneln zu beobachten, aber es gab keine Unterschiede zwischen dem FEP- und PE-Versuch. Genotyp ’Gawi’ mit 138,3 cm und Genotyp D mit 167,4 cm wiesen das stärkste Wachstum auf. Im Freilandversuch zeigten Genotyp ’Gawi’ und Genotyp C den geringsten Gesamtgehalt an Chlorophyll (jeweils 2,2 mg/g TM und 3,7 mg/g TM). Die größte Blattproduktion hatte Genotyp ’Gawi’ (134 g TM/Pflanze) im FEP-Versuch und Genotyp C im Freilandversuch (117 g TM/Pflanze). Bezüglich der Steviosid- und Rebaudiosid A-Produktion gab es keine Unterschiede zwischen den Folientunneln-FEP und -PE und der Freilandbedingung. Die Genotypen mit der höchsten Produktion an Rebaudiosid A waren C (10,8%), D (7,1%) und F (9,2%). Es wurden auch anatomische Untersuchungen der Blätter vorgenommen. Allgemein konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Pflanzen im Freilandversuch eine größere Blattdicke aufwiesen. Genotyp ’Gawi’ hatte die dicksten Blätter (493µm). Eine Zunahme in der Anzahl der Palisadenparenchymschichten konnte beobachtet werden, ebenso eine Erhöhung der Dicke des Schwammparenchyms. Im Jahr 2010 wurde eine zweite Untersuchung vorgenommen, in einem randomisierten Blockversuch unter sechs Einstrahlungsvarianten (FEP ab Mitte April, PE ab Mitte April, Freiland direkt ab Mitte April; ein Monat unter FEP-Bedingung und dann Freiland ab Mitte Mai; ein Monat unter PE-Bedingung und dann Freiland ab Mitte Mai; Freiland direkt ab Mitte Mai). Außerdem wurde die Hälfte der Versuchspflanzen zweimal beerntet (ein Schnitt und zwei Schnitte). Dabei wurden die Genotypen C, D und F mit Genotyp ’Gawi’ (Standard) verglichen. Aufgrund der ungünstigen klimatischen Bedingungen (Globalstrahlung und Temperatur) fielen die Ergebnisse für alle Parameter schlechter aus als im Jahr 2009. Der Gebrauch von Folientunneln mit den verschiedenen Abdeckungen hatte einen positiven Einfluss auf die untersuchten Parameter. Generell zeigten sich die Erträge bei Kulturbeginn Mitte April höher als die des Freilandversuches ab Mitte Mai. Der Genotyp mit der besten Anpassung an die lokalen Bedingungen ist Genotyp ’Gawi’. Die Genotypen C, D und F zeigten positive Eigenschaften, so dass sie als Gen-Quellen für die züchterische Verbesserung des Genotyps ’Gawi’ angesehen werden können, mit dem Ziel den Gehalt an Rebaudiosid A zu erhöhen. Zwei Schnitte pro Jahr bringen einen geringeren Ertrag, so dass ein einmaliger Schnitt vorzuziehen ist.
R. M. Moraes, M. A. Donega, C. L. Cantrell, and S. C. Mello, “Yield of Diterpene Glycosides from the Leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana: A Specialty Crop for Mississippi,” Planta Medica, vol. 79, no. 5, p. P4, Mar. 2013.
doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1336446.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
H. S. Mostafa, “Impact of NPK Fertilization and Lithovit Rates on Growth, Yield Components and Chemical Constituents of Stevia Rebaudiana Bert. Plant,” Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 412–420, 2019.http://w.curresweb.com/mejas/mejas/2019/412-420.pdf.
In order to investigate the effect of NPK fertilization rates (0.0, 50, 75 and 100 of recommended rate), lithovit concentrations (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 g/liter) and their combinations on Stevia rebaudiana growth and productivity, two field experiments were done. This trial was carried out at Experimental Farm (Ghazala), Fac. Agric., Zagazig University, Egypt, during the two consecutive summer seasons of 2017 and 2018. The recommended rate (RR) of NPK was 60, 30 and 50 kg/fed. as N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively. The obtained results demonstrated that the maximum values of plant height, branch and leaf number/plant, fresh and dry weight of leaves/plant, fresh yield of leaves/fed., fresh and dry weights of herb/plant, dry yield of herb/fed., total N, P and K and total sugars percentages as well as total chlorophyll content (SPAD unit) and active ingredients were detected when plants were applied with the highest concentration of lithovit and fertilized with 100% RR of NPK compared to the other combinations under study. The main glycosides of Stevia rebaudiana leaves as detected by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were Rebaudioside A, Rebaudioside B, Rebaudioside C, Rebaudioside D, Rebaudioside E, Dulcoside A and Steviolbioside.
S. Mounkaila et al., “Evaluation of germination and growth of Artemisia annua L. in Niger.,” International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 108–120, 2015.
doi: 10.4314/ijbcs.v9i1.11.
A trial was conducted in Niger to study the germination, growth and development of A. annua (M and F2 hybrids) to determine the best conditions for growing this plant and the best substrate for its adaptation. Plants from the nursery were transplanted into pots with three types of substrates (dune, lowland and river sand). The lowland substrate offered the best values for height, collar diameter...
Z. Muhammad, Riaz ur Rehman, and F. C. Muhammad, “Hormonal Regulation for Callogenesis and Organgenesis of Artemisia Absinthium L,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 6, no. 16, pp. 1874–1878, Aug. 2007.
doi: 10.5897/AJB2007.000-2281.
Callus cultures were induced from leaf and stem explants of Artemisia absinthium, at different auxin and cytokinin concentrations. Moderate concentrations of growth regulators either in combination or in single in MS medium produced friable, light green and non-embryogenic callus from both explants. These totipotent cells gave rise to shoots when transferred to same or different growth regulator containing medium as second subculture. Complete rooting was achieved on full and half strength basal MS medium supplemented with different auxin concentrations. Synergetic effect of plant growth regulator plays an important role in callus induction and cell differentiation.
S. Munz, A. Präger, N. Merkt, W. Claupein, and S. Graeff-Hönninger, “Leaf Area Index, Light Interception, Growth and Steviol Glycoside Formation of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni under Field Conditions in Southwestern Germany,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 111, pp. 520–528, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.11.021.
For the optimization of agronomic practices in stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) cultivation in Europe, more knowledge is required concerning the influence of temperate environmental conditions on plant growth and yield of steviol glycosides (SVgly). The objectives of this study were to evaluate growth and SVgly yield of two stevia genotypes with different plant architecture under field conditions in southwestern Germany and to investigate the influence of the different plant architecture on light interception. Two stevia genotypes were grown at two planting dates in 2014 and 2015. Measurements comprised leaf area index (LAI), biomass growth, SVgly yield, and continuous measurements of light interception over a 33-day period. This study demonstrated that high yields of dry leaves (6000–7800kgha−1), total SVglys (720–1023kgha−1), and rebaudioside A (RA, 220–376kgha−1) can be achieved under temperate climate conditions. Under higher radiation and lower precipitation in 2015, LAI was considerably lower, however, final leaf and SVgly yield were not decreased and concentrations of RA were higher. Regressions of LAI on light interception showed large differences with a 95% light interception at an leaf area index of 5.22 compared with 2.83 between genotypes. This study highlights the importance of future studies regarding physiological responses of stevia under dynamic environmental conditions also taking into account genotypic architectural traits in relation to light interception.
W. Muslihatin, M. F. Sholihah, I. V. Meidita, T. Nurhidayati, and N. Jadid, “The Effect of Sucrose and Photoperiod on the Growth of Synthetic Seeds of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2679, no. 1, p. 040001, Jan. 2023.
doi: 10.1063/5.0116637.
M. M. Nadim, A. A. Malik, J. Ahmad, and S. K. Bakshi, “The Essential Oil Composition of Achillea Millefolium L. Cultivated under Tropical Condition in India,” 2011.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of tropical climatic conditions on essential oil content and composition of the temperate plant, Achillea millefolium L. 30 components were identified in its essential oil by GC and GC-MS, making up 93.43% of the oil content (0.70±0.05%). The predominant constituents were sabinene (17.58%), 1,8-cineole (13.04%), borneol (12.41%), bornyl acetate (7.98%), -pinene (6.28%), -pinene (6.26%), terpinine-4-ol (6.17%) and chamazulene (5.28%). The present trial, first effort in this direction, resulted in slight change in A. millefolium essential oil profile, suggesting its ability and plasticity to resist the change in climatic conditions.
L. E. S. Nascimento et al., “Phytochemical Profile of Different Anatomical Parts of Jambu (Acmella Oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen): A Comparison between Hydroponic and Conventional Cultivation Using PCA and Cluster Analysis,” Food Chemistry, vol. 332, p. 127393, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127393.
Jambu [Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen] is an edible plant with a wide range of constituents of biological interest. In this study, the chemical composition of leaves, flowers and stems of jambu cultivated in hydroponic and conventional systems was investigated. In both crop systems, the leaves showed the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant capacity. The extracts were characterized by determining 45 compounds, including phenolic acids, glycosylated flavonoids, alkamides and fatty acids, by LC-MS analysis. Of these compounds, 31 are described for the first time in this species, five of which are reported for the first time in the literature. The PCA and cluster analysis results distinguished different anatomical parts (PC1 and PC2) and cultivation systems (PC3) into well-defined groups.
B. Nedjimi and H. Zemmiri, “Salinity Effects on Germination of Artemisia Herba–Alba Asso: Important Pastoral Shrub from North African Rangelands,” Rangeland Ecology & Management, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 189–194, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.rama.2018.07.002.
Artemisia herba–alba Asso (known in Arabic as Shih) is an evergreen aromatic shrub endemic in North African rangelands with high pastoral and medicinal relevance. The present work was designed to determine the effect of four soluble salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and CaCl2) on germination of A. herba–alba seeds. Four concentrations (0, 50, 10, and 150 mM) of each salt were used to test the influence of salinities on germination percentage (GP), rate of germination (RG), and germination tolerance index (GTI %). The experiment was conducted in a controlled incubator with a 12h–photoperiod under 15°C dark/25°C light. The results showed that both GP and (RG) decreased significantly with salinity, and the highest GP was observed in the distilled water control (~80%). The germination tolerance index (GTI %) revealed that A. herba–alba seeds were more tolerant to CaCl2 than other soluble salts. Comparatively, at high salt concentrations, MgCl2 and Na2SO4 were generally the most toxic salts followed by NaCl and CaCl2. The germination of A. herba–alba over a wide range of soluble salts suggests that this species can establish in salt-degraded soils. Therefore, this species appears a promising candidate for the rehabilitation of rangeland with saline soils.
A. D. Nelson and S. Kieschnick, “A Comparison of a Walnut Limestone Glade and Peripheral Barren Habitats for Dalea Reverchonii (Fabaceae),” Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 569–574, 2016.https://www.jstor.org/stable/44858602.
Dalea reverchonii is hypothesized to be a Walnut Limestone glade endemic in North Texas. We compare a population discovered in 2010 on a Walnut Limestone glade in Parker County, Texas to populations found in a peripheral prairie barren. For three years, numbers of D. reverchonii, diameter of plants, number of flowering spikes, as well as richness and coverage associated with plants significantly differed between glade and barren populations. Associated species also were different in the two habitats. Length of the longest spike was not significantly different when comparing D. revorchonii in glade and barren populations. This data provides supports for the hypothesis that D. reverchonii is found mostly in and is best adapted to Walnut Limestone glades. Se hace la hipótesis de que Dalea reverchonii sea un endemismo del Walnut Limestone glade del norte de Texas. Se compara la población descubierta en 2010 en Parker County, Texas con poblaciones encontradas en una pradera periférica árida. Durante cuatro años, los núméros de D. reverchonii, diámetro de las plantas, número de espigas floridas, asi corno la riqueza y cubierta asociada con las plantas difirió significativamente entre las poblaciones del humedal y del árido. Las especies asociadas fueron también diferentes en los dos habitats. La longitud de la espiga más larga no fue significativamente diferente cuando se comparó D. revorchonii de poblaciones del humedal y del árido. Estos datos dan soporte a la hipótesis de que D. reverchonii se encuentra mayormente y está mejor adaptada a los Walnut Limestone glades.
A. Nepovím and T. Vanek, “In Vitro Propagation of Stevia Rebaudina Plants Using Multiple Shoot Culture,” Planta Medica, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 775–776, Dec. 1998.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957584.
A multiple shoot culture was induced from nodal segments on MS medium containing half concentration of macroelements, 1% sucrose, and supplemented with NAA (0.01 mg/l). A bioreactor with hormone-free MS medium (300 ml) was inoculated with 1.5 g of the multiple shoot culture and cultivated for a month. The cultivating process of the multiple shoot culture in the bioreactor and the transfer into ex vitro conditions took about 8-9 weeks and produced approx. 600 new seedlings, that could be transferred from greenhouse to field conditions.
E. Nikolova, Growth and Development of the Plant Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana B) in Different Areas of Cultivation. 2015.
It’s hard to imagine life of modern mankind without sugar plants. There are sugar substitutes ( natural and artificial ) that have virtually no calories. Not accidentally stevia is called honey grass, because in its natural form stevia is much sweeter than sugar and at present it is considered for the best natural sweetener and sugar substitute. Various climatic conditions impose specific studies about selection of suitable soil and climatic conditions for growing; irrigation norms and fertilization. Aim of this report a part of development for cultivation of Stevia in Bulgaria in Plovdiv region, Ivaylovgrad region and Dobrich region, as a source of natural sweeteners. Analyzed are the signs: height of the whole plant (HWP); number of stems (NS); weight of stems (WS); weight of root (WR), weight of fresh leaves (WFL); weight of dry mass leaves (WDML), weight of whole plant (WWP) and herb yield (HY), stevioside of dry mass leaf, Leaf: Stem ratio and Leaf: Whole plant ratio. It has been founded that plants of Stevia in the study are botanical and morphological good developed, forming well-shaped root and powerful vegetative mass, with well expressed luxuriant habitus. In applied method of cultivation Stevia reaches to formation of reproductive organs too.
K. Nishimura, T. Miyase, A. Ueno, T. Noro, M. Kuroyanagi, and S. Fukushima, “Sesquiterpene Lactones from Lactuca Laciniata,” Phytochemistry, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 2375–2379, Jan. 1986.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81699-4.
From the roots of Lactuca laciniata, six new sesquiterpene lactones, 9a-hydroxyzaluzanin C, 9α-hydroxy-11,13α-dihydrozaluzanin C, lactucopicriside, lactulide A, lactuside A and lactuside B, have been isolated together with known compounds, macrocliniside A, glucozaluzanin C, 11, 3α-dihydroglucozaluzanin C,11β,13-dihydrolactucin and dihydrosantamarin. The structures were established by spectral data and X-ray diffraction analysis.
P. Nishiyama, M. Alvarez, and L. G. E. Vieira, “Quantitative Analysis of Stevioside in the Leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana by near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 277–281, 1992.
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740590302.
Stevioside, a diterpenic glycoside extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni, is a natural sweetener 300 times sweeter than sucrose. HPLC is routinely used to measure stevioside content in Stevia leaves. Our objectives were to investigate the use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to analyse stevioside concentration in Stevia leaves. The NIRS calibrations were developed from 64 samples covering the range normally found in Stevia leaves (4-13%). Another 30 samples were used for validation. Standard error of calibration and coefficient of multiple determination (R2) were 1.47 and 0.90 respectively, using the first derivative mathematical treatment. The validation results, although less accurate, suggest that NIRS is a precise and simple method for routine stevioside determination in Stevia leaves.
An experiment was conducted with Stevia rebaudiana in which plant height, leaf number and branch number were defined as growth variables, whereas l...
“Determine the Best Density and Appropriate Planting Time of Achillea Millefolium,” International Journal of Biosciences (IJB), pp. 239–243, Jan. 2014.
doi: 10.12692/ijb/4.2.239-243.
In order to investigate the effect of planting time and density of Achillea millefolium under field condition, this project was performed at Forest and Rangelands Research Institute, Karaj, Iran in 2011. The experiment was conducted as split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was four planting times (6 March, 26 March, 14 April and 5 May) and the sub factor was three density included 100 plants per square meter (10×10cm), 25 plants per square meter (20×20cm) and 11 plants per square meter (30×30cm). The analysis of variance showed that the effect of planting time, density and their interaction significantly affected all measured traits. The highest plant fresh weight (161.23g), inflorescence (4.75cm) and stem height (57.77cm) was observed in the second planting time. The highest number of sub stem (14.83n/p) and canopy diameter (22.58cm) belonged to planting spaces of 30×30cm. The highest plant weight (139.33g), root length (20cm), inflorescence (4.06cm) and stem height (54.75cm) was observed in treatment 20×20cm. The results indicated that among the four planting times, the first and second planting time provide more opportunities for growth and density of 30×30cm provides sufficient space for plant growth. So, For high production in the first year of planting, it’s recommended from 15 March to late April. Spacing of 30×30cm was detected the best planting interval for the first year. And considering that Achillea millefolium is a perennial plant, planting intervals greater than 30×30cm may be more suitable for the next years.
“Development of the Female Gametophyte in Stevia Rebaudiana, Asteraceae, after Introduction in the South Coast of the Crimea,” Buletinul Academiei de Stiinte a RSSMoldova, Stiinte Biologice si Chimice (2): 3-9, pp. 3–9, Jan. 1994.https://eurekamag.com/research/002/800/002800162.php.
In connection with the failure of the species to set seed after introduction in this area of the Ukraine, a detailed examination of the various sta...
“The Effect of Cutting Material and Internode Number on the Growth and Yield of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni M,” Menara Perkebunan, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 96–101, Jan. 1988.https://eurekamag.com/research/001/971/001971456.php.
Cuttings taken from the top, middle or lower part of the main stem, or from the top of side shoots were planted and assessed for rooting 17 days la...
“Effect of the Leafiness of Cuttings and of Daylength on the Rooting and Transplant Growth of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Fiziologiya i BiokhimiyaKul’ turnykh Rastenii 23(4): 407-411, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 407–411, Jan. 1991.https://eurekamag.com/research/002/361/002361024.php.
Apical cuttings with 2, 3 or 4 pairs of leaves, cut below or above the axillary bud of the lowest node, were rooted in sand:perlite (1:3) under pol...
“Effects of Exogenous Growth Regulators on Callusogenesis and Growth of Cultured Cells of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 770–774, Jan. 1998.https://eurekamag.com/research/003/118/003118054.php.
The effects of growth regulators such as NAA, 2,4-D, kinetin and benzyladenine (BA) on the callusogenesis and growth of Stevia rebaudiana (a perenn...
“Influence of Seed Number on Evaluation of Germination Performance in Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni),” Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1–5, Jan. 1996.https://eurekamag.com/research/003/176/003176067.php.
Seeds of S. rebaudiana harvested in the field or in the greenhouse were placed in batches of 50, 100, 150 or 200 on germitest paper at 25 degrees C...
“Journal of Tropical.”
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Hemsl. is a non-caloric bio-sweetener wherein seed propagation is difficult. Propagation of stevia through stem cuttings was evaluated under two environmental conditions (natural shade and greenhouse with intermittent mist) and four combinations of sand, soil, FYM, vermicompost, and coir dust, with growth regulator (IBA), bio-inoculants (Trichoderma viride), and cow’s urine treatments. Stem cuttings treated with T. viride, placed in soil, sand, and vermicompost rooting media (1:1:1) under greenhouse conditions recorded better shoot and root growth parameters, besides better field establishment (90%), over other treatment combinations.
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“Plant Neo-Formation from Leaf Explants of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni in Defined Media,” Taiwan, Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica: Annual report, July 1979 June 1980: 5-6, pp. Annual report, July 1979 June 1980: 5–6, Jan. 1980.https://eurekamag.com/research/000/951/000951019.php.
Rapid plant regeneration was achieved by culturing leaflets of seedlings.
“Principles of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant (MAPs) Propagation, Production and Collection; Artemisia Absinthium L,” https://www.eurekaselect.com. .http://www.eurekaselect.com/chapter/11101.
Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) is a perennial plant known for its antifungal, parasitic and nematicidal effects. Its essential oil is rich in thujone which limits its industrial use due to neurotoxic effects. With the aim of domesticating plants free of thujone without sacrificing essential oil levels for use as a potential biopesticide, the study was conducted during 8 growing seasons at an experimental field located in Ejea de los Caballeros, Aragón, Spain. It compared two populations: the original population of wild plants collected in the Sierra Nevada National Park (Gr-75) and the selected population from a pre-trial in Teruel (Te-68). The trial was arranged according to a randomized block design with 3 replications. The experimental plot consisted of 6 rows of plants 20 meters long with 738 plants per population. Plants were harvested every year except for year one. The following variables were evaluated: production (in kilograms of fresh and dry biomass), essential oil obtained from steam-distilled biomass (l/ha) and plant mortality. All variables were checked annually. According to yearly averages, the Teruel population maintained a stable percentage of dry material with higher production of essential oil compared to the Granada population (39 l/ha on average). It was also apparent that essential oil production has a significant direct correlation with dry material. The result of the study is the ®Candial variety registered under Decision No EU 36714 of 27 January 2014 at the Community Plant Varieties Office.
This publication discusses the symptoms and management of septoria leaf spot in stevia production in North Carolina.
“Specificities of the Growth and Development of Stevia Plants under Different Controllable Light Conditions,” Russian Agricultural Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 9–11, Jan. 1996.https://eurekamag.com/research/002/962/002962885.php.
Rooted Stevia rebaudiana cuttings were grown in photoperiods of 12, 14, 16 or 18 h at irradiances of 50 or 100 W/msuperscript 2. Increasing the pho...
This publication discusses the symptoms and control of stem and root rot of stevia in North Carolina.
“Stevioside Content and Morphological Variability in a Population of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni from Paraguay.” .https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/211246.
“Stimulation of Rooting of Stevia Cuttings and Growth of the Transplants by Phytohormones,” Doklady Vsesoyuznoi Ordena Lenina i Ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni AkademiiSel’ skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk im VI Lenina 2: 16-18, vol. 2, pp. 16–18, Jan. 1991.https://eurekamag.com/research/002/229/002229053.php.
Treatment of cuttings of Stevia rebaudiana (grown for the glycoside sweetening agents present in the leaves) with exogenous phytohormones by dippin...
The experiment was conducted to study the effects of different cultivation methods on growth, yield and nutrient content of stevia at the experimental farm of Bangladesh Sugarcrop Research Institute, Pabna, Bangladesh. The treatments were T1: Field cultivation, T2: Under mango tree cultivation and T3: Pot cultivation. The experiment was laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with five (5) replications. Data were recorded on the following parameters plant height (cm), number of branch plant-1, number of leaves plant-1, leaf area plant-1 (cm2), fresh weight plant-1 (g), dry weight plant-1 (g), fresh leaf yield plant-1 (g), dry leaf yield plant-1 (g), N (%), P (%), K (%), S (%), Ca (%), Mg (%) and Zn (µg g-1) contents of Stevia leaf. Significant different was recorded among different cultivation methods. Significantly the highest plant height was obtained in T2 (under mango tree cultivation) treatment (127.93 cm) at 147 DAT. The highest primary and secondary branches at 147 DAT were recorded in T1 (field cultivation) treatment (12.72) and (31.83), respectively. The number of leaf plant-1 and leaf area plant-1 of stevia were significantly influenced by different cultivation methods and the highest was recorded in T1 treatment. The highest fresh weigh (165.92 g plant-1) and dry (44.15 g plant-1) plant-1 were obtained from T1 treatment. Significantly the highest fresh leaf yield (91.37 g plant-1 and 4512.12 kg ha-1) and dry leaf yield (24.83 g plant-1and 1226.17 kg ha-1) were obtained from T1 treatment also. The N content in stevia leaf ranged from 1.62 to 1.71%. The highest (0.128%) and the lowest (0.085%) Phosphorus content was obtained in T1 and T2 treatment, respectively. The K content in stevia leaf ranged from 0.13 to 0.14%. The highest Sulphur content was recorded in T1 treatment (0.25%).The Ca and Mg content in stevia leaf ranged from (1.12 to 1.24%) and (0.102 to 0.104%), respectively. The highest Zn content was recorded in field cultivation (62.87 µg g-1). Results indicated the strong possibilities of field cultivation of stevia in Bangladesh.
W. Noranida, N. F. Zainal Abedin, and N. Ibrahim, “The Growth and Yield of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) Grown on Organically Amended Sandy Medium,” vol. 5, Feb. 2015.
The purpose of this study was to determine suitable medium that give best growth performance of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. The experiment was conducted under open rain shelter at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The organic medium used were empty fruit bunch (EFB) compost, chicken manure and sugarcane fibre.The growth parameter taken included number of leaves, plant height and stem diameter of stevia, while for yield parameter was fresh weight and dry weight of stevia leaves. All the parameters were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). The results show that there are significant different in the number of leaves, plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry leaves of stevia planted on different organic medium. Stevia plants grown on sandy soil mixed with 10% EFB compost and 10% chicken manure indicate the best growth in term of plant height, stem diameter and leaves production. From this study, it provides information for further research on the effect of organic medium to economic yield, photosynthesis rate and the content of rebaudioside A (RA) and stevioside (STV) in leaves.
B. Novak, B. Benko, A. M. Spicnagel, S. Fabek, and M. Mesic, “Yield, Nitrate and Steviol Content of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) Leaves as Affected by Fertilization Rate,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 939, pp. 249–254, Nov. 2012.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.939.32.
A. A. Nower, “In Vitro Propagation and Synthetic Seeds Production: An Efficient Methods for Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Sugar Tech, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 100–108, Mar. 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s12355-013-0228-7.
Germplasm can be effectively stored in the form of synthetic seeds. Shoot tips obtained from in vitro shoot cultures of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni were encapsulated in 4 % calcium alginate. The present work discussed the role of components of culture medium on morphogenic response of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni encapsulated buds to various MS strengths and sugar alcohol (Mannitol or sorbitol) in different concentrations for long term storage. Germination ability of the synthetic seeds was investigated. Shoots were regenerated from nodal explants of Stevia through axillary shoot proliferation. The induction of multiple shoots from nodal segments was the highest in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l−1 BA. Maximum shoot formation was obtained with fructose at 20 and 40 g l−1 fructose, while with fructose at 20 g l−1 gave the highest leaves number/explants). The longest shoot length obtained with sucrose and fructose than other sugar. Different media type (NN and WPM) were suitable for best shoot number of Stevia, leaf number and shoot length than other media. Growth of shoot was increased and observed in capsules stored for 5 weeks on MS than other MS strengths. The growth of capsules dependent on mineral concentration and storage time. The most suitable conversions of capsules was using 0.05 M mannitol after 6 weeks from storage of synthetic seeds of Stevia. For rooting, when Stevia shoots cultured on MS medium supplemented with IAA, at 0.2 mg l−1 resulted in the maximum number of roots/explant while, IBA at 1.0 and 2.0 mg l−1 resulted in longest root/plant and gave the same length of root.
K. Ohtani and K. Yamasaki, “Methods to Improve the Taste of the Sweet Principles of Stevia Rebaudiana,” in Stevia, CRC Press, 2001, p. 22.
doi: 10.1201/9780203165942-15.
Stevioside (1) is a natural sweetener isolated from the herb, S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni (Compositae) which is indigenous to Paraguay and has long been used to sweeten local beverages. It is a diterpene glucoside having the ent-kaurene diterpene aglycone, steviol, and is sweeter than sugar by about 150 times. The final structure elucidation of Stevioside (1) was performed by Mosettig et al. (1963). More than ten years later, several congeners of Stevioside were isolated from the same plant by two Japanese groups, such as rebaudiosides A (2) (Kohda et al. 1976), C (3) (Sakamoto et al. 1977a), D (4) and E (5) (Sakamoto et al. 1977b), and dulcoside A (6) (Kobayashi et al. 1977). All of these glycosides have the same aglycone, steviol (13-hydroxy-ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid), but have different sugar moieties. All compounds are sweet, but the magnitude and quality of the taste differ from each other (Figure 7.1). Among these, rebaudioside A (2) has the greatest degree of sweetness, and the quality of its taste is pleasant. In most individual plants of S. rebaudiana, the yield of Stevioside (1) is the highest (2-10%), rebaudioside A (2) follows next (ca. 1%), and the other glycosides are minor components.
B. K. Oliya, M. Y. Kim, and S.-H. Lee, “In Vitro Propagation, Lactucin Quantification, and Antibacterial Activity of Indian Lettuce (Lactuca Indica L.),” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, Oct. 2021.
doi: 10.1007/s11627-021-10234-9.
Lactuca indica L. (Asteraceae), a wild lettuce, is used as a vegetable and in traditional medicine. This study aims to establish in vitro propagation protocol and evaluate lactucin and antibacterial property from in vitro and natural plant tissues. Leaf blades and petioles were cultured in vitro on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1.2 mg L–1 indoleacetic acid (IAA). Leaf petioles and a lower BAP concentration (0.5 mg L–1) were optimal for direct shoot induction, while the leaf blade and a higher BAP (4 mg L–1) concentration performed best for callus induction. When the callus was subcultured, 98.7% of samples regenerated plants on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L–1 BAP and 0.5 mg L–1 IAA. MS medium containing 1 mg L–1 IAA was best for in vitro rooting. A high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the in vitro samples revealed a higher amount of lactucin (sesquiterpene lactones) in the root than the callus and the leaf, whereas in naturally grown plants, higher lactucin amounts were obtained from the juvenile root followed by the root of the flowering plant and juvenile leaf as the lowest concentration. All tissue extracts showed antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas fuscovaginae (a rice pathogen) and Escherichia coli, which was directly proportional to amount of lactucin produced. This in vitro regeneration and phytochemical investigation will facilitate the further exploitation of this useful wild plant.
M. Osman, N. S. Samsudin, G. Faruq, and A. Nezhadahmadi, “Factors Affecting Microcuttings of Stevia Using a Mist-Chamber Propagation Box,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2013, p. e940201, Dec. 2013.
doi: 10.1155/2013/940201.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a member of Compositae family. Stevia plant has zero calorie content and its leaves are estimated to be 300 times sweeter than sugar. This plant is believed to be the most ideal substitute for sugar and important to assist in medicinal value especially for diabetic patients. In this study, microcutting techniques using a mist-chamber propagation box were used as it was beneficial for propagation of Stevia and gave genetic uniformity to the plant. The effects of different treatments on root stimulation of Stevia in microcuttings technique were evaluated. Treatments studied were different sizes of shoot cuttings, plant growth regulators, lights, and shades. Data logger was used to record the mean value of humidity (>90% RH), light intensity (673–2045 lx), and temperature (28.6–30.1°C) inside the mist-chamber propagation box. From analysis of variance, there were significant differences between varieties and treatments in parameters studied ( ). For the size of shoot cuttings treatment, 6 nodes cuttings were observed to increase root number. As compared to control, shoot cuttings treated with indole butyric acid (IBA) had better performance regarding root length. Yellow light and 50% shade treatments showed higher root and leaf number and these conditions can be considered as crucial for potential propagation of Stevia.
H. S. Othman and Z. Zainuddin, “Development of Stevia Rebaudiana Hybrids Through Trigona-Assisted Pollination,” Sains Malaysiana, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 2013–2023, Jul. 2022.
doi: 10.17576/jsm-2022-5107-06.
Hybridization is an important method to widen variations and to develop novel varieties in plants. The increasing interest in Stevia rebaudiana over the last decade soared by its potential as an alternative source of sugar. In this study, improvement in stevia has been conducted through hybridization using Trigona for the development of stevia hybrids. Trigona, which consists of small to medium-sized bees, is usually found in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. They are common visitors to flowering plants and pose an important function as crop pollinators. A field experiment was conducted using 17 stevia accessions (from Malaysia and Paraguay), and the F1 hybrids were morphologically and chemically evaluated. Among the F1 individuals, a wide range of variability with regards to qualitative and quantitative morphological parameters was observed. A selection of seven F1 hybrids namely MS007HYB1, MS007HYB2, LangatHYB, EireteIIHYB, NilaiHYB1, NilaiHYB2, and NilaiHYB3 was made based on their promising features. Improvements were observed in total stevioside content for MS007HYB1 (45%) and MS007HYB2 (30%), rebaudioside content for MS007HYB2 (4.2%), NilaiHYB2 (3.8%), NilaiHYB3 (3.6%) and LangatHYB (14.4%), and delay in flowering for MS007HYB1 (46 days), MS007HYB2 (46 days), LangatHYB (51 days), EireteHYB (47 days), NilaiHYB1 (49 days), NIlaiHYB2 (46 days) and NilaiHYB3 (46 days) when compared to their respective mother plants.
H. S. Othman, M. Osman, and Z. Zainuddin, “Genetic Variabilities of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Cultivated in Malaysia as Revealed by Morphological, Chemical and Molecular Characterisations,” AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 267–283, Apr. 2018.
doi: 10.17503/agrivita.v40i2.1365.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni originally from Paraguay belongs in Asteraceae family. It is an alternative source of non-caloric sweetener due to the sweet steviol glycosides contained in the leaves. As an introduced species in Malaysia, it is important to elucidate the genetic variabilities and relatedness among stevia accessions in order to broaden the genetic basis for future stevia breeding. This study described morphological and chemical variations and investigates genetic relationships among stevia accessions derived from across Malaysia and Paraguay using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) analysis also revealed high variability with stevioside content between 4.54 % (Taman Pertanian) to 20.36 % (Bangi) and rebaudioside A content varied between 0.3 % (Nilai) to 2.04 % (MNQ). From 32 ISSR markers, a total of 332 bands were scored, of which 264 (78 %) were polymorphic. The dendrogram from UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) cluster analysis separated 17 stevia accessions into 3 main groups. Rawang and Nilai were found to be closely related. The wide genetic variabilities among stevia accessions are a promising indicator towards the development of new stevia varieties. This valuable information will be able to assist parental selection in future stevia breeding programmes.
L. Pace, M. Pellegrini, S. Palmieri, R. Rocchi, L. Lippa, and M. Del Gallo, “Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria for in Vitro and Ex Vitro Performance Enhancement of Apennines’ Genepì (Artemisia Umbelliformis Subsp. Eriantha), an Endangered Phytotherapeutic Plant,” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 134–142, Feb. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s11627-019-10035-1.
Apennines genepì (Artemisia umbelliformis Lam. subsp. eriantha), is a high-altitude plant endangered by illegal and indiscriminate harvesting to produce the homonymous liqueur. Even if synthetic seeds represented a valid propagation technique to respond to this threat, this technology still requires methods to improve the low germination and plantlet development rates. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of the bacterial consortium formed by Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Burkholderia ambifaria, and Herbaspirillum seropedicae, as an enrichment agent of Apennines Genepì synthetic seeds. To evaluate the effectiveness as an improving agent, the consortium was incorporated in the synthetic seeds, compared to a control, and followed until ex vitro cultivations. Plants were evaluated for their growth and development parameters, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant properties, polyphenolic compounds concentrations, and volatile fractions. The results demonstrated that the investigated consortium is a good candidate as an enrichment agent in synthetic seed technology. The rhizobacterial presence induced an improved response in plant propagation and the acclimatization process. Plant quality was also enhanced, with an increased accumulation of plant secondary metabolites and higher antioxidant capacity. The investigated bacterial consortium is a good candidate as an enrichment agent in synthetic seed technology. Plant clones can be translocated for species conservation and also commercialized to reduce the illegal and undiscerning collections.
L. Pace, G. Pacioni, and L. Spano, “In Vitro Propagation of Artemisia Petrosa Ssp. Eriantha: Potential for the Preservation of an Endangered Species,” Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, vol. 138, no. 3, pp. 291–294, Nov. 2004.
doi: 10.1080/11263500400008874.
A micropropagation method was developed for Artemisia petrosa ssp. eriantha (Genepì), a central Apennines’ endemic which represents, at present, an endangered species due to indiscriminate harvest for commercial purposes, mainly liqueur production. Medium composition, and in particular the presence of CaCO3, influenced the rate of propagation which, under optimal conditions, reached an average of 30 - 35 shoots/explant. After in vitro rooting, and transfer to soil, a number of plantlets suitable for reintroduction in nature were produced.
S. Pacifico, S. Piccolella, P. Nocera, E. Tranquillo, F. Dal Poggetto, and M. Catauro, “Steviol Glycosides Content in Cultivated Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni: A New Sweet Expectation from the Campania Region (Italy),” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 63, pp. 111–120, Oct. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.07.041.
Stevia rebaudiana was experimentally cultivated in the Volturno river plain (Caserta, Italy). Considering three diverse irrigation levels (T0, T50 and T100 – 0, 50 and 100% of restitution of soil water) and four harvesting times (from June to August 2015; Jn, Jl, A1 and A2), steviol glycosides (SGs) leaf production was monitored. To achieve this goal, an extraction/fractionation protocol, investigated through FT-IR (Fourier Transform-InfraRed spectroscopy) and LC–MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) techniques, was preliminarily developed. The Steviol Glycosides enriched fraction (SG-f), isolated as a white powder, consisted in seven SGs, whose identity was confirmed by tandem MS experiments. Thus, SG-f samples from plants differently irrigated, and harvested at the considered phenological stages were prepared. The application of MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) analysis mode favored the relative quantitation of each SG. Data acquired highlighted that SGs were produced similarly under both irrigation and drought stress conditions, but irrigation management exerted a greater influence on dry leaf matter productivity. In fact, SG-f extraction yield (kg per ha) was 6.9-fold higher from T100 than from T0 plants. The local production of high quality Stevia plants rich in active ingredients and their purification could also encourage new scientific programs for new “km 0” sweet expectations.
P. K. Padhiyar and M. C. Rathod, “Study of Various Combinations of Soil on Stevia Cuttings for Herbage Yield and Root Parameters,” World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 6, no. 17, pp. 792–797, 2017.https://wjpr.net/abstract_show/8620.
P. K. Pal, R. Prasad, and V. Pathania, “Effect of Decapitation and Nutrient Applications on Shoot Branching, Yield, and Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 170, no. 17, pp. 1526–1535, Nov. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.06.017.
The axillary buds of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) often remain dormant for a long time and sometimes remain dormant permanently until the plants enter into the reproductive stage. The present study was conducted to ascertain whether decapitation and foliar fertilization enhance the productivity and quality of stevia through breaking the apical dominance and increasing physiological activities. Ten treatment combinations comprising two cultural operations (non-decapitation and decapitation) and five foliar spray treatments (water spray control, KNO3 @ 5.0gL(-1), Ca(NO3)2 @ 4.06gL(-1), CuSO4·5H2O 2.0gL(-1) and (NH4)6Mo7O24 @ 1.0gL(-1)) were applied. The decapitation of apical buds of stevia increased the branches and increased dry leaf yield by 13 and 17% compared with non-decapitation during 2010 and 2011, respectively, without affecting quality. Foliar application of nutrient solutions also exerted a considerable effect on growth parameters, yield attributes and chlorophyll content, and significantly (P=0.05) higher dry leaf yield ranging from 8 to 26% over the control. Among the foliar spray treatments, KNO3 @ 5.0gL(-1) and Ca (NO3)2 4.06gL(-1) were found most effective in dry leaf yield. Thus, the decapitation of apical buds and foliar application of KNO3 and Ca (NO3)2 could enhance the productivity of stevia through improving the growth of axillary buds and physiological activities.
P. K. Pal, M. Mahajan, R. Prasad, V. Pathania, B. Singh, and P. S. Ahuja, “Harvesting Regimes to Optimize Yield and Quality in Annual and Perennial Stevia Rebaudiana under Sub-Temperate Conditions,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 65, pp. 556–564, Mar. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.09.060.
Uses of the perennial crops have been proven to increase the sustainability in agriculture. However, information about the relative efficiency of annual versus perennial stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) under different harvest regimes is unknown in the sub-temperate region of western Himalaya in India. The harvesting time of stevia is generally controlled by growth behavior and accumulation pattern of the steviol glycosides (SGs). Our objectives were to standardize the harvesting regimes in both the cropping modes for higher yield and quality of stevia leaf. Thus a field experiment with six treatment combinations comprising two life cycles (annual and perennial) and three harvest regimes (single-cut, double-cut and triple-cut) was conducted. The total dry leaf yield was in the range of 1.40–4.11tha−1, and significantly (P≤0.05) highest dry leaf yield was recorded with the perennial stevia under three-cut management system (PH3) but remained statistically at par with PH2 (perennial with two-cut). However, PH2 produced maximum SGs (10.29g plant−1). The results of Principle component analysis reveal that PH2 and PH3 are equally effective and suitable management practices for dry leaf and SGs yield. Thus, our results suggest that the perennial stevia with two-cut management system is suitable for sustaining the stevia production in this condition.
E. Palacio-Vasquez, J. D. Arroyave-Roa, M. Cardona-Caicedo, J. H. Hurtado-ibarbo, and J. M.- Giron, “Glycosides Extraction from Stevia Rebaudiana (bertoni) Using Green Extraction Technologies/ Extraccion De Glucosidos De Stevia Rebaudiana (bertoni) a Partir De Tecnologias De Extraccion Verdes.,” Revista de Investigacion Agraria y Ambiental, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 43–56, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.22490/21456453.2336.
Gale Academic OneFile includes GLYCOSIDES EXTRACTION FROM STEVIA REBAUDIANA (BERTONI) by Esteban Palacio-Vasquez, Juan Diego Arr. Click to explore.
S. S. Pande, e, and P. Gupta, “Plant Tissue Culture of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni): A Review,” Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 26–33, Feb. 2013.
doi: 10.5897/JPP13.0258.
Plant tissue culture is a technique used forin vitroregeneration of plants. It relies on maintaining plant cells in aseptic conditions on a suitable nutrient medium. The culture can be sustained as a mass of undifferentiated cells for an extended period of time or regenerated into whole plants.Plant tissue culture techniques are also central to innovative areas of applied plant science, including plant biotechnology and agriculture. This review paper outlines the work done onStevia rebaudiana,a herbaceous perennial plant of the Asteraceae family. It is gaining lot of importance for the production of diterpene glycosides which are non-nutritive, non-toxic, high-potency sweeteners, and may substitute sucrose as well as other synthetic sweeteners, being 300 times sweeter than sucrose. The taxonomy, botanical description of the plant, its distribution and uses, are discussed in this paper. Various tissue culture methods to get mass propagation ofS. rebaudianaare reviewed. Key words:Stevia rebaudiana,asteraceae, tissue culture.
H. Pandey, P. Pandey, S. S. Pandey, S. Singh, and S. Banerjee, “Meeting the Challenge of Stevioside Production in the Hairy Roots of Stevia Rebaudiana by Probing the Underlying Process,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 126, no. 3, pp. 511–521, Sep. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-016-1020-7.
Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated “hairy root cultures” of the renowned bio-sweetener producing plant—Stevia rebaudiana, were generated to explore their yet undetected biosynthetic potentials concerning the low calorie diterpene glycoside—stevioside. Four stable rhizoclones were studied under light and dark conditions showing better growth under dark. Two of these rhizoclones revealed substantially higher photosynthetic pigment accumulation under light. Evidently, capitalization on the available inter-clonal variability first time showed the stevioside synthesizing exclusivity in the SRA4 rhizoclone under light condition, while the rest failed. The dualities of the glycoside synthesizing power amongst the two photosynthetically active rhizoclones were resolved through quantitative RT-PCR analysis of UGT85C2 gene showing positive expression in the stevioside producing rhizoclone. These findings elucidated the decisive role of UGT85C2 in combination with photosynthetic proficiency of the studied hairy root cultures in regulating the biosynthetic pathway of S. rebaudiana.
C. A. Parris, C. C. Shock, and M. Qian, “Dry Leaf and Steviol Glycoside Productivity of Stevia Rebaudiana in the Western United States,” HortScience, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 1220–1227, Oct. 2016.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI11149-16.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Paraguay, where it was used by the native Guarani peoples for centuries. Although steviol glycosides from stevia are powerful natural noncaloric sweeteners, stevia has been cultivated and commercially available only for the past 50 years. Cultural practices are still in development, and productivity potential in the United States is largely unknown. Currently commercial growers and processors worldwide are seeking to maximize the productivity of rebaudioside A, a steviol glycoside. The trials reported here examined the effects of location, harvest strategy, and cultivar on stevia dry leaf yield, steviol glycoside content, and steviol glycoside yield. Six or seven stevia cultivars were grown for ≈5 months at four western U.S. locations, with an irrigation criterion of 20 kPa. Stevia at every location was subjected to two harvest strategies: either one harvest at the end of the season or two harvests, one midseason and another at the end of the season. The main plots at each location were the stevia cultivars, and the split plots were the harvest strategies in a randomized complete block, split-plot design with four replicates. Dry leaf yield, leaf steviol glycoside content, and leaf steviol glycoside yield varied by cultivar, location, and cultivar by location, but not by harvest strategy or interactions of harvest strategy with location or cultivar. Dry leaf yield averaged 4.12 Mg·ha−1 with significant differences by cultivar and location. One of the steviol glycosides, rebaudioside A yield averaged 300 kg·ha−1 with significant differences by cultivar and by interactions of location with cultivar. Leaf productivity was greater at Ontario, OR, than at Hanford, CA, Indio, CA, or Yuma, AZ. Dry leaf yield greater than 7 Mg·ha−1 and rebaudioside A yields greater than 500 kg·ha−1 were observed at Ontario. Stevia perenniated at Hanford and Indio, providing the option of multiyear harvests from a single planting.
C. A. Parris, C. C. Shock, and M. Qian, “Soil Water Tension Irrigation Criteria Affects Stevia Rebaudiana Leaf Yield and Leaf Steviol Glycoside Composition,” HortScience, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 154–161, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI11352-16.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is of interest for the production of steviol glycosides due to their noncaloric sweetening properties. Commercial stevia leaf production to date has focused on rebaudioside A and stevioside. Relatively little is known about the cultural practices necessary for the efficient production of stevia leaf and steviol glycosides. Irrigation management is an important agronomic technique that growers can use to obtain high yield while also pursuing water use efficiency (WUE). This trial investigated the effect that irrigation onset criteria measured as soil water tension (SWT) had on dry stevia leaf yields, steviol glycoside content and yield, and steviol glycoside ratios. Two stevia cultivars, SW 107 and SW 129 (S&W Seed Company Inc., Fresno, CA), were subjected to SWT irrigation criteria of 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kPa over a 57-day trial period at the Oregon State University (OSU) Malheur Experiment Station, Ontario, OR. Harvested plant material was evaluated for dry leaf yield and content of several steviol glycosides. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant cultivar differences in leaf yield, leaf stevioside and rebaudioside A content and yield, and steviol glycoside ratios (P = 0.05). Examining the data by ANOVA, dry leaf yield, stevioside percent, rebaudioside C percent, total steviol glycoside (TSG) percent, rebaudioside C yield, and TSG yield were significantly greater among the wetter (closer to 10 kPa) compared with the drier (closer to 80 kPa) SWT criteria treatments, yet a preferred treatment regime was not clearly evident. When comparing cultivars by regression analysis, there was a highly significant decrease in the stevioside content, and an increase in the ratio of rebaudioside A to stevioside from wetter to drier irrigation onset criteria (due to lower stevioside), whereas the rebaudioside A content did not respond significantly to differing irrigation criteria. Increasing dry leaf productivity with wetter irrigation criteria (closer to 10 kPa), directly increased the total rebaudioside A yield also, which in turn could provide increased crop value to the grower. Irrigating near 10 kPa produced higher dry leaf yield and total rebaudioside A yield, than irrigating at drier criteria.
N. Parveen, S. K. Tamrakar, R. Tigga, and R. R. Minz, “Effect of Varying Levels of Fertilizer and Plant Geometry on Growth, Flowering and Yield of Calendula (Calendula Officinalis L.),” Journal of Krishi Vigyan, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 123–129, 2022.
doi: 10.5958/2349-4433.2022.00117.9.
To effectively use stevia glycosides as a sugar substitute its bitter taste has to be removed. The bitter taste is associated to some specific terpenic compounds as well as to the glycosides themselves. Therefore a two step process can be considered where some of the “bitter compounds” are removed previously to the glycoside extraction. Presently, the pretreatment of stevia leaves with carbon dioxide followed by glycoside extraction with a CO2/ethanol, CO2/water or low pressure water extraction process is been considered. The objective of this work was to investigate the pretreatment of stevia leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide. The kinetics of extraction and the chemical characterization of the extract were studied. Dried stevia leaves (Maringá, Paraná, Brazil) from de 1995 crop were used. The solvent was CO2 at the following conditions: 200 and 80 bar, 25 and 40°C. The solid particle size varied from mesh 8 to 24. The chemical composition was established using GC-MS and thin-layer chromatography. Sesquiterpenes, fatty acids, aliphatic hydrocarbons, steroids, and triterpenes were identified.
\relax B. A. R. B. A. R. A. PASSERA, “Evaluation of the effect of arbuscular mycorrhization on qualitative and quantitative production of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.” Oct-2016.https://etd.adm.unipi.it/t/etd-09232016-090409/.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is well known because it accumulates, in its leaves, ent-kaurene diterpenoid glycosides, namely steviol glycosides (SVglys), that are non-caloric natural sweeteners, possessing a 250-300 times higher sweetening property than sucrose. Furthermore, stevia leaves contain others important compounds, such are sterols, triterpenoids, essential oils, polyphenols (flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids), vitamins, alkaloids, water-soluble chlorophylls, xanthophylls, that can explicate antioxidant and biological activities with potential beneficial effects on human health. In the European market, the introduction of SVglys as food additives, with a purity of more than 95%, was given only at the end of 2011, thanks to the positive opinion issued by EFSA, on their safety, raising the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 4 mg/kg BW/day, expressed as steviol equivalents (Reg. EU 1131/2011).Whereas dried stevia leaves approval in Europe must pass through the legislative procedure of the regulation on novel foods (Reg. EU 2283/2015). Arbuscolar mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are soil-borne mutualistic fungi belonging to the phylum of Glomeromycota, that can improve plants growth rate, pathogens resistance, water and mineral nutrient uptake. Thus, these soil-dwelling symbiotic microorganisms are useful for agriculture and for cultivation of medicinal plants, stevia included. There is a crescent interesting for AMF, as agro-system providers able to sustain crop productivity and quality. In fact they are efficient when nutrient availability is low and when nutrients are bound to organic matter and soil particles. Especially for phosphorus uptake in low P soil and plants under stressed environments. This thesis aims to evaluate the effect of AMF symbiosis and phosphorus fertilization on stevia plants. Six treatments have been compared in a pot trial, testing three phosphorus doses (0, 25 and 50 mg P2O5/kg of soil) in plants with and without AMF. Rhizoglomus intraradices has been used as inoculum. Aboveground and belowground samplings have been done at 69, 89 and 123 days after transplanting (DAT) for quantifying root colonization by AMA, the main biometric and productive characteristics, N and P uptake at 123 DAT, SVglys yield and characterization, phenols and flavonoids content, the antioxidant activity assessed by different assay. The results achieved showed as stevia can be successfully colonized by R. intraradices and how both AMF and P fertilization can enhanced the yield and improve phytochemical profile of the stevia leaf extract. AMF symbiosis could represent a valid biofertilization strategy to improve biomass in stevia, even if it was not possible to define a clear trend for all the analysed parameters.
J. D. Payzant, J. K. Laidler, and R. M. Ippolito, “Method of Extracting Selected Sweet Glycosides from the Stevia Rebaudiana Plant,” Oct-1999.https://patents.google.com/patent/US5962678A/en.
Individual sweet glycosides are obtained from the stevia rebaudiana plant. A mixture of sweet glycosides extracted from the stevia rebaudiana plant are processed to remove impurities by using two ion exchange columns. After removing the mixed sweet glycosides from the second column with methanol the solution is dried. Upon refluxing the dried solids in a methanol solution and then cooling the solution, Stevioside precipitates out. The filtrate is further concentrated and cooled to precipitate out Rebaudioside A. This Rebaudioside A can be further purified as can the previously obtained Stevioside.
J. Pedroza Carneiro, “Determinação Do Número de Sementes Para Avaliar o Desempenho Germinativo de Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni),” Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 18, pp. 1–5, Jun. 1996.
doi: 10.17801/0101-3122/rbs.v18n1p1-5.
J. Pedroza Carneiro and T. Guedes, “Influência Do Contato Das Sementes de Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni) No Substrato Avaliada Pela Função de Weibull,” Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 14, pp. 65–68, Jun. 1992.
doi: 10.17801/0101-3122/rbs.v14n1p65-68.
Performance of Stevia seeds under germination based on the contact of fruit-like seeds with the substratum. Abstract – The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the percentage of seed germination of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni based on the morphology of the achene fruit-like seeds and their position on germitest paper trade mark Cell 065 using the germination plastic box. The treatment were the following: A-) Clean achene-like seeds in contact with the substratum; B-) Achene fruit-like seeds with only both the bristles and the scar from the mature opposite fruit side were in contact with the substratum, and C-) Achene fruit-like seeds with only the bristles in contact with the substratum. The germination temperature was 25 °C. Water quantity followed recommendation in rules of seed germination. The records of seed germination were evaluated at 8 hrs intervals along 10 days. We applied methods of repeated measures of variance, and fit to every data set the three parameters model from the Weibull distribution. The treatment A had 84.50% of seed germination unlike 61.68% from the treatment C. Each treatment required respectively 3.59 and 5.91 days to estimate 63.21% of the maxima. The treatment B had 76.85% of seed germination and required 4.43 days to estimate 63.21% of the maximum.
J. Pedroza Carneiro, Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni: Produção de Sementes. 1990.
The current book is an English summary of the results from the research project Stevia rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni: Produção de Sementes. Universidade Estadual de Maringá: Maringa. 65 p. 1990. The complete edition was written in Portuguese and it is free available from the author for research, teaching and educational purposes. The original copy has Tables, Figures and Images described in Portuguese and English. This book is the result of field application and observation of research results from 1983 to 1990. Some levels of seed germination, for example, was overcome by further investigation along the period we have been cropping Stevia rebaudiana at Iguatemi Research Station.
J. Pedroza Carneiro, “Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni: Stages of Plant Development,” Canadian Journal of Plant Science, vol. 87, pp. 861–865, Oct. 2007.
doi: 10.4141/P06-040.
Vegetative and reproductive codes were developed to describe seeds under germination, normal seedlings, seedling growth, plant growth and branching, plant regrowth, flower buds, crop flowering (anthesis), developing seeds, seed dispersion, and senescent plants as V 0 , V 1.i , V 2.i , V 3.i.k , V 4.i.k , R 1.i , R 2.i , R 3.i , R 4.i and R 5.i , respectively. The numerical code attached to both capital letters indicates the stage, and the lower case letters i or k indicate a number or a percentage. Key words: Natural sweetener, plant regrowth, anthesis, seed, seedling, transplant
E. Pereira, V. Janeiro, T. Guedes, and J. Pedroza Carneiro, “Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni: Regression Models with Mixed Effects for Investigating Seed Germination Data,” Acta Scientiarum Agronomy, vol. 41, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v41i1.39609.
We investigated regression models with mixed effects using generalized linear statistics to evaluate germination data from Stevia rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni. Estimates and validation of statistical parameters were conducted using the “gamlss” package in the R software. Generalized linear mixed effects followed the binomial, the beta-binomial and the multinomial distribution with the logit link to explain data based on the following explanatory variables: seed germinator, plastic tray position on every tier of shelves, illuminance conditions (light and darkness) and seed lots. We did not find differences in proportional responses from seed germinators, but we did find differences in the illuminance conditions, plastic tray position on the tiers of shelves in the seed germinators and seed lots. The estimates of the generalized Akaike information criterion (GAIC), Akaike information criterion (AIC), global deviance (GD) and Bayesian information criterion of Schwarz (BIC) indicate similar goodness-of-fit for the binomial and beta-binomial models. All of the models indicate that the position of the germination tray on every tier of shelves and illuminance conditions affected the proportions of normal seedlings. The seed germination in the plastic tray on the uppermost position under fluorescent day light lamps had an effect on the proportion of normal seedlings of Stevia.
A. Periche, M. L. Castelló, A. Heredia, and I. Escriche, “Influence of Drying Method on Steviol Glycosides and Antioxidants in Stevia Rebaudiana Leaves,” Food Chemistry, vol. 172, pp. 1–6, Apr. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.029.
The application of different drying conditions (hot air drying at 100°C and 180°C, freeze drying and shade drying) on steviol glycosides (stevioside, dulcoside A, rebaudioside A and rebaudioside C) and antioxidants in Stevia leaves was evaluated. Stevioside, the major glycoside found in fresh leaves (81.2mg/g), suffered an important reduction in all cases, although shade drying was the least aggressive treatment. Considering the antioxidant parameters (total phenols, flavonoids and total antioxidants), the most suitable drying method was hot air at 180°C, since it substantially increased all of them (76.8mg gallic acid, 45.1mg catechin and 126mg Trolox, all equivalent/g Stevia, respectively), with respect to those present in fresh leaves (44.4, 2.5 and 52.9mg equivalent/g). Therefore, the ideal method for drying Stevia leaves depends on their final use (sweetener or antioxidant), although, hot air at 180°C is the most recommendable if only one treatment has to be chosen.
V. Pieri, A. Belancic, S. Morales, and H. Stuppner, “Identification and Quantification of Major Steviol Glycosides in Stevia Rebaudiana Purified Extracts by 1H NMR Spectroscopy,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 4378–4384, May 2011.
doi: 10.1021/jf104922q.
The use of 1H NMR spectroscopy for the characterization of Stevia rebaudiana extracts is presented. The developed method allows qualitative and quantitative determination of the major steviol glycosides in purified extracts and fractions obtained from various stages of the purification process. Moreover, it proved to be a powerful tool to differentiate between glycosides which are naturally occurring in the stevia plant and artifacts formed in the course of the manufacturing process. Identification of steviol glycosides was achieved by the use of 2D NMR techniques, whereas quantification is based on qHNMR using anthracene as internal standard. The solvent mixture pyridine-d5−DMSO-d6 (6:1) enabled satisfactory separation of the signals to be integrated. Validation of the method was performed in terms of specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness, and stability. Quantitative results were compared to those obtained with the JECFA HPLC−UV method and were found to be in reasonable agreement. NMR analysis does not rely on the use of reference compounds and enables significantly faster analysis compared to HPLC−UV. Thus, NMR represents a feasible alternative to HPLC-based methods for the quality control of Stevia rebaudiana extracts.
D. Pljevljakušić, M. Ristić, and K. Šavikin, “Screening of Yarrow (Achillea Millefolium Agg.) Populations in Serbia for Yield Components and Essential Oil Composition,” Lekovite Sirovine, vol. 37, no. 0, pp. 25–32, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.5937/leksir1737025P.
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium Agg.) is well-known medicinal plant, with a wide spectrum of applications and it is one of the most frequently used plant drug in Serbia. In this study, we have observed cultivation and essential oil chemical properties of 28 A. millefolium populations collected from Serbian sites. In the second vegetation, the yield of useful part (upper 15 cm) ranged from 925 – 3630 kg/ha, while the yield of essential oil ranged from 0.40 – 0.82%. %. The most dominant compounds in monoterpene fraction were b-pinene (max. 36.3%), sabinene (max. 35.7%), 1,8-cineol (max. 26.6%) and borneol (max. 20.2%), while in the sesquiterpene fraction the most abundant compounds were trans-caryophyllene (max. 18.6%) and lavandulyl acetate (max. 18.1%). Among aromatic compounds, the most abundant was chamazulene (max. 29.1%). This screening has shown that only 10 populations out of 28 satisfied official quality requirement of 0.02% of chamazulene in the dried drug. Four populations had higher yield than commercial variety ProA, while one of them had even higher level of chamazulene.
L. M. Porensky, J. D. Derner, D. J. Augustine, and D. G. Milchunas, “Plant Community Composition After 75 Yr of Sustained Grazing Intensity Treatments in Shortgrass Steppe,” Rangeland Ecology & Management, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 456–464, Jul. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.rama.2016.12.001.
Plant community responses to livestock grazing lack conformity across studies, even those conducted within similar ecosystems. Variability in outcomes can often be traced back to short-term or mid-term weather patterns, differences in grazing timing or intensity, or interactive effects of management and weather. Long-term experimental data are needed to determine how grazing intensity affects plant community composition in semiarid ecosystems where precipitation is low and highly variable. However, long-term grazing intensity experiments, particularly experiments with more than two grazing intensity treatment levels, are quite rare. We capitalized on one of the longest-term grazing studies, with 75 yr of sustained stocking rate treatments (none, light, moderate, and heavy), to identify long-term effects of livestock grazing on plant community composition in shortgrass steppe. Plant community composition was similar between moderately and heavily grazed pastures after 75 yr of continuous, season-long (May to October) grazing treatments, and heavy grazing did not extirpate cool-season perennial graminoids. These findings support the long-term sustainability of livestock grazing in the shortgrass steppe, which has high resistance to season-long heavy grazing. Conversely, ungrazed and lightly grazed pastures experienced relatively large shifts in plant community composition, especially in the past 25 yr. Light or no grazing was associated with increased abundance of cool-season perennial graminoids, as well as several weedy and invasive species. Moreover, across most grazing treatments, several aspects of plant community composition have been shifting directionally during the past 25 yr, which recent experiments in this grassland suggest may be a response to increasing atmospheric (CO2). The shortgrass steppe is not only tolerant of fairly high grazing intensities but also likely requires some level of grazing to resist invasion by weedy annuals and to maintain cover of blue grama, a highly drought-tolerant species.
R. Pude, M. Schmitz-Eiberger, and G. Noga, “Development, Yield and Selected Contents of Stevia Rebaudiana,” Zeitschrift für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen, no. 1, pp. 37–43, 2005.https://pub.h-brs.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/5199.
M. Puri, D. Sharma, C. J. Barrow, and A. K. Tiwary, “Optimisation of Novel Method for the Extraction of Steviosides from Stevia Rebaudiana Leaves,” Food Chemistry, vol. 132, no. 3, pp. 1113–1120, Jun. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.063.
Stevioside, a diterpene glycoside, is well known for its intense sweetness and is used as a non-caloric sweetener. Its potential widespread use requires an easy and effective extraction method. Enzymatic extraction of stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana leaves with cellulase, pectinase and hemicellulase, using various parameters, such as concentration of enzyme, incubation time and temperature, was optimised. Hemicellulase was observed to give the highest stevioside yield (369.23±0.11μg) in 1h in comparison to cellulase (359±0.30μg) and pectinases (333±0.55μg). Extraction from leaves under optimised conditions showed a remarkable increase in the yield (35 times) compared with a control experiment. The extraction conditions were further optimised using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was used for experimental design and analysis of the results to obtain optimal extraction conditions. Based on RSM analysis, temperature of 51-54°C, time of 36-45min and the cocktail of pectinase, cellulase and hemicellulase, set at 2% each, gave the best results. Under the optimised conditions, the experimental values were in close agreement with the prediction model and resulted in a three times yield enhancement of stevioside. The isolated stevioside was characterised through 1H-NMR spectroscopy, by comparison with a stevioside standard.
Qi Song, M. L. Gomez-Barrios, E. L. Hopper, M. A. Hjortso, and N. H. Fischer, “Biosynthetic Studies of Lactucin Derivatives in Hairy Root Cultures of Lactuca Floridana,” Phytochemistry, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1659–1665, Dec. 1995.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00478-P.
Biosynthetic studies of the guaianolide-type sesquiterpene lactones 11βH,13-dihydrolactucin-8-O-acetate and 8-desoxylactucin were performed in Agrobacterium rhizogenes—transformed hairy root cultures of blue-flowered lettuce, Lactuca floridana. The 13C NMR spectra of the two guaianolides labelled by incorporation of [1-13C], [2-13C], [1,2-13C2]acetate and [2-13C]mevalolactone showed patterns of enrichment consistent with a previously proposed biogenetic pathway for guaianolide-type sesquiterpene lactones via the acetate-mevalonate-germacradiene route.
Z. Qing, L. LongYun, and S. NianXi, “Changes of physiology and biochemistry during the process of Artemisia annua seeds germination.,” Seed, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 10–13, 2011.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20123079254.
In this paper, dynamic changes in the physiological index of Artemisia annua seed during germination were studied. During germination, the content of soluble sugars increased rapidly after 24h, reached a climax at 71 h and then decreased gradually, while the content of starch showed the opposite trend. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased at first, and then decreased, while the content...
N. R. Abdelsalam, A. S. M. Haraz, H. Ahmed E. Khalid, M. S. H. Saleh, and A. E. A. Elsheikh, “Genetic Improvement through Selection of Different Stevia Rebaudiana Genotypes,” Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, vol. 37, no. January-March, pp. 10–25, Mar. 2016.
doi: 10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2016.1902.
The present investigation was carried out at Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University and Sabahia Agricultural Research Station during two succesive seasons 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 from nature population of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in order to study the genetic improvement through selection for different Stevia genotypes. Ninteen stevia accessions were collected from healthy plants of nature population and selected randomly. The data showed high significant variations between all tested genotypes and there is high genetic diversity between these genotypes and this might be, due to the open pollination for these genotypes for several years and theses genotypes could used in the future in breeding programme. Also, it can conculad that the difference in rebaudioside A due to the difference in the genetic and the negatively correlation between stevioside and rebaudioside-A. can be partially explained by the biosynthetic relationships between the individual glycosides because stevioside is the substrate for the synthesis of rebaudioside A.
D. Rachmawati, S. Sudjino, and I. J. Asiyah, “Response and Stevioside Levels of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) Grown at Different Light Intensity and Water Availability,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 49, pp. 1689–1695, Jan. 2017.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni has a great potency to be cultivated and developed as a raw material for natural sweetener, sugar cane substitution, and as synthetic sugar substitution because it has sweetness level of 300 times higher than sugar cane. Suitable cultivation techniques are needed to increase crop productivity. Whereas environmental factors such as light intensity and water availability play an important role on plant growth and development. The objectives of this research was to study the response and stevioside level of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) grown at different light intensities and water availability. The experiment was designed in Completely Randomized Design consisted of two factors: light intensities (100%, 50%, and 25%) and water availability (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of feld capacity). The variables observed were the plant height, number of nodes, number of leaves, plant biomass, shoot-root ratio, chlorophyll content, density and stomata index and stevioside level. The results showed that the light intensity and water availability significantly affected growth attibutes, but there was no effect on levels of chlorophyll as well as the density and index of stomata. Light intensity of 100% and water availability of 100% caused a greater increased of plant height, number of nodes, number of leaves, and plant biomass compared to other treatments. Stevioside level tended to increase at low light intensity, whereas water availability did not affect the stevioside level.
M. Rafiq, M. U. Dahot, S. Muhamamd, H. A. Naqvi, and I. A. Qarshi, “In Vitro Clonal Propagation and Biochemical Analysis of Field Established Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 39, no. 7, p. 2474, 2007.
An experiment was conducted to optimize growth medium and growth conditions for In vitro propagation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni through nodular stem sections. Varying concentrations of different growth regulators BAP, Kn, and IAA were applied through growth medium to assess their effects on shoots development while NAA and IBA were applied to assess their role in root formation. Although all plant growth regulators promoted shoot formation, maximum shoot formation was observed by supplementing 2.0 mgL-1 BAP. In contrast 0.5 mgL-1 NAA caused the maximum root formation in nodular stem sections of S. rebaudiana. Furthermore, survival rate of regenerated plants were 92 and 83% during hardening and shifting to green house, respectively. Various biochemical attributes (carbohydrates, proteins) in the leaves were also measured and compared with leaf extract of Egyptian cultivar to assess its quality.
R. Raina, S. K. Bh, ari, R. Ch, and Y. Sharma, “Strategies to Improve Poor Seed Germination in Stevia Rebaudiana, a Low Calorie Sweetener,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 7, no. 24, pp. 1793–1799, Jun. 2013.
doi: 10.5897/JMPR12.226.
Expanding cultivation of exotic ‘stevia’ in mid- and low-hill areas of Himachal Pradesh, India, is difficult because of the problem of low seed fertility. The objectives of the present study were to devise strategies to produce fertile seed. Two distinct compatible morphotypes were isolated, which when used in pollination produced fertile seeds, whereas self-pollination always resulted in sterile seed set, indicating sporophytic self-incompatibility in the species. To obtain fertile seeds, a mixed population of compatible genotypes should be raised. Although sporophytic chromosome numbers ranging from 22 to 70 are reported in literature, both the morphotypes investigated had only 22 chromosomes but differed on the basis of leaf shape, shoot collar diameter, plant type (compact or loose) and stevioside/rebaudiosideA content. Key words:Stevia rebaudiana, chromosome number, pollination, stevioside, rebaudioside A.
G. Ramakrishnaiah and T. Vijaya, “Influence of VAM Fungi, Azotobacter Sp. and PSB on Soil Phosphatase Activity and Nutrients (N, P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) Status in the Rhizosphere of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Plants,” vol. 2013, Jul. 2013.
doi: 10.4236/ajps.2013.47176.
The pot culture experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of different combinations of microbial inoculants (VAM + AZO + PSB) on soil phosphatase activity andnutrients (N, P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cu & Mn) of Steviarebaudia plant rhizosphere on 20th, 40th and 60th day. The study revealed that the combined application of microbial inoculants onsoil Alkaline and Acid phosphatase activity has been found maximum at 60th day in triple inoculated plants than dual inoculated and control. The results also showed that the soil macronutrients (N, P & K) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu & Mn) have been found to be maximum at 40th day and 60th day respectively in triple inoculated plants than dual inoculated and control.
K. Ramesh, V. Singh, and N. W. Megeji, “Cultivation of Stevia [Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni]: A Comprehensive Review,” in Advances in Agronomy, vol. 89, Academic Press, 2006, pp. 137–177.
doi: 10.1016/S0065-2113(05)89003-0.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni is one of the 154 members of the genus Stevia. It is a sweet herb of Paraguay. The leaves of the shrub contain specific glycosides, which produce a sweet taste but have no caloric value. For centuries, this herbal sweetener has been used by native Guarani Indians to counteract the bitter taste of various plant‐based medicines and beverages. Many countries have shown interest in its cultivation, and research activities have been initiated. Incorporation of this species in agricultural production systems, however, depends upon a thorough knowledge of the plant and its agronomic potential. The published literature on research and development of this crop is meager. The aim of this chapter is to describe the ecology, importance of the plant, and its production requirements, but major emphasis is given to the agronomic and management aspects of the plant to be grown as a crop. Further, this chapter represents an effort to compile the literature on S. rebaudiana and review the current status of understanding of the plant and its potential as an alternate source of cane sugar.
K. Ramesh, V. Singh, and P. S. Ahuja, “Production Potential of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni. under Intercropping Systems,” Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 443–458, Aug. 2007.
doi: 10.1080/03650340701474949.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana[Bert.] Bertoni.) is a crop of recent domestication in many countries. The cultivation of this plant in hilly and frost-prone areas provides an opportunity for intercropping of various food crops since the crop undergoes winter dormancy in India. This was studied through intercropping (additive series) at two spacings of the main crop, namely, 45×45 cm and 60×45 cm. Wheat, barley, lentil and gobhi sarson were intercropped. Intercropping reduced the production of S. rebaudiana up to 50% when compared to sole cropping. However, a row spacing of 60×45 cm resulted in less competition than the former, although, single cropping of S. rebaudiana produced the maximum stevioside. Intercropping with wheat increased the stevioside content when compared to other intercrops. The introduction of wheat resulted in higher monetary benefits at 60×45 cm spacing. Results indicated that reduction in S. rebaudiana biomass was mainly due to overlapping of the emergence period of the main crop with rapid growth and development of the intercrops. In conclusion, to lower competitive effects, the intercrop needs to be early maturity. Identifying suitable varieties for intercropping should be the priority research area to increase the productivity of the system.
G. Ramírez-Jaramillo, M. G. Lozano-Contreras, Y. B. Moguel-Ordoñ, ez, W. I. Aviles-Baeza, and J. H. Ramírez-Silva, “A Review of Research Results on Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni in Yucatan Mexico from 2010 to 2017,” Open Access Library Journal, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1–15, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.4236/oalib.1108164.
This paper integrates information on research studies carried out, in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, by the Southeast Regional Research Center (CIRSE) of the National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research (INIFAP) in Mexico. Stevia is an ancient plant of Paraguayan origin with great potential to produce natural sweeteners. There is a constant demand at the national and international levels for this crop so new varieties adapted to different environments are required in order to reduce production costs, avoid dependence from abroad, improve yields and increase the acreage. The Mexican CIRSE has documented a series of innovations since 2010 in stevia such as: 1) studies of the productive potential, 2) production of seedlings with biological rooters, 3) population densities, 4) pre-emergence control of weeds, 5) fertilization doses, 6) materials better adapted to Mexican environment conditions and 7) evaluation of main stevia glycosides such as Stevioside and Rebaudioside-A among the most important. The main scientific findings are reported in this paper with the hope that stevia producers use it as a guide to improving their stevia production crop.
K. Rangappa and D. S. Aind, “High Frequency Multiplication of Shoots Using Axillary Buds for Production of Elite Lines of Stevia Rebaudiana,” vol. 2013, Jul. 2013.
doi: 10.4236/abb.2013.47102.
An efficient repeatable protocol has been developed for rapid clonal multiplication of an endemic, perennial herb Stevia rebaudiana using juvenile axillary buds from in vivo grown seedlings. MS basal medium supplemented with BAP (8.88 μM) and NAA (5.37 μM) was found to be the most suitable medium for initiation of shoots with 92% response. The repeated subculture resulted in high-frequency shoot multiplication (9.82 ± 1.93) at the average rate of 3-fold per subculture. The axenic multiple shoots were rooted ex-vitro on horticultural grate soilrite mix-peat:perlite:vermiculate (1:1:1 v/v) with half strength MS salts fortified with NAA (5.37 μM). The complete plantlets were successfully established in soil with 86% survival frequency. The statistical analysis of the data pertaining to multiple shoots and root formation revealed significant difference between and within the treatments.
Z. Rashid, M. Rashid, S. Inamullah, S. Rasool, and F. A. Bahar, “Effect of Different Levels of Farmyard Manure and Nitrogen on the Yield and Nitrogen Uptake by Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni),” African Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 8, no. 29, pp. 3941–3945, Aug. 2013.
doi: 10.5897/AJAR2013.6819.
Two independent field experiments were conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India in 2006 and 2007 in a loamy sand soil normal in soil reaction and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in phosphorus and potassium status in a complete randomized design with four replications to study the effect of different levels of farmyard manure (FYM) and nitrogen on the yield and nitrogen uptake of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Four levels of farmyard manure (0, 15, 30 and 45 t/ha) and four levels of nitrogen (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha) were tested. Biomass yield (kg leaves/ha) and several other yield parameters (dry leaf yield, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation per plant) were highest in plants grown at the highest level of farmyard manure (45 t FYM ha-1). Maximum nitrogen uptake was also recorded under 45 t FYM ha-1 in both experiments. Plants grown at 40 and 60 kg N ha-1 produced significantly higher number of branches, number of leaves per plant, and showed higher leaf area index and nitrogen uptake compared to lower nitrogen levels. Dry leaf yield and dry matter accumulation per plant was highest at 60 kg N ha-1.
B. Rashwan and H. Ferweez, “Effect of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization and Compost on Stevia Yield and Its Profitability.,” Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 215–222, Jun. 2017.
doi: 10.21608/jssae.2017.37379.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) was recently introduced to Egyptian agriculture in order to produce a natural sweetener (Steviol glycosides ) instead of sugar (Sucrose) to cover some of the lack of sugar production, which reached annually about 0.8 million ton. So, a field experiment was carried out at Mallawi Agriculture Research Station , Minia Governorate , Egypt, during two successive seasons (2014 and 2015) to study the effect of different levels of mineral N fertilization and compost on yield and its quality of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) under Middle Egypt conditions. The experimental design was a split plot in three replicates and the main plot were devoted N fertilizer levels ( 40, 60 and 80 kg N fed-1) while compost levels (0, 3 and 6 ton fed-1) were allocated in the sub plot. The obtained results revealed that N fertilizer level and/or compost level had a significant effect on plant height (cm) , fresh and dry leaves weight (g plant-1) , N, P& K contents of stevia leaves and N uptake kg fed-1, dry leaves yield kg fed-1 , stevioside (St %), rebaudioside A (Rb%), stevioside yield (kg/fed) and rebaudioside A yield (kg fed-1), the remained nutrients ( N,P & K (ppm) and OM % ) in the soil post-harvest of stevia in two growing seasons, except P% of leaf in the 2nd season for N fertilization. A significant interaction was scored between N fertilizer level and compost rate with regard to plant height (cm) , fresh and dry leaves weight (g plant-1) , N % of stevia leaves and N uptake kg fed-1 , dry leaves yield kg fed-1 , stevioside (St %), rebaudioside A (Rb%), stevioside yield (kg fed-1) and rebaudioside A yield (kg fed-1) of steviain the two growing seasons. From the present study , it may be concluded that the application of 60 kg mineral N fertilizer + 6.0 ton compost fed-1 was the best treatment for improving the yield and quality of stevia and is advisable to achieve the highest values of rebaudioside A (298.99 and 297.74 kg fed-1) ,and net profit of stevia.
B. R. A. Rashwan, Reem M. Abd-El Raouf, Nagwa R. Ahmed, and H. Ferweez, “Efficacy of K-Humate, Compost and Biofertilizer Application as Well as Cutting Number on Yield and Quality of Stevia (Stevia rebaudianaBertoni) as Natural Sweetener,” Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 48, no. 1-1, pp. 251–268, Feb. 2017.
doi: 10.21608/ajas.2016.3745.
Stevioside is natural sweetener isolated from the leaves of plant stevia and it is up to 300 times sweetener than sucrose, since it is a sweetener with no caloric value and with proven non-toxic effect on human health. Steviol glycosides are used as a sweetener in many industrial foods, such as soft drinks or fruit juices. So, two field experiments were conducted at Mallawi Agricultural Research Station, El-Minia Governorate during 2014 and 2015 seasons to deduce the effect of different sources of nutrient, i.e. Control (80 kg N fed-1), K-humate + (40 kg N fed-1), biofertilizer +(40 kg N fed-1) and compost + (40 kg N fed-1)] and number of cutting , i.e. 1st , 2nd and 3rd cutting on yield and quality of stevia (Stevia rebaudianaBertoni) under Middle Egypt conditions. The obtained data pointed out that different sources of nutrient had a significant effect on plant height, fresh plant weight, dry plant weight, fresh leaves weight/plant, dry leaves weight/plant, N, P and K % of stevia leaf, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield , fresh leaves yield, dry leaves yield and fresh stem yield, total stevioside % (St %), rebaudioside A% (Rb%), stevioside yield and rebaudioside A yield of stevia in two growing seasons. The studied cutting number of stevia had a significant influence on plant height, fresh plant weight, dry plant weight, fresh leaves weight/plant, dry leaves weight/plant, dry leaves weight: dry stem weight, P % of stevia leaf, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, fresh leaves yield, dry leaves yield and fresh stem yield and dry stem yield of stevia, rebaudioside A%, total stevioside yield (kg/fed) and rebaudioside A yield (kg/fed) of stevia rebaudiana in two growing seasons. From the present study, it may be concluded that the application of compost at 2.0 ton/fed+(40 kg N fed-1) with 3rd cutting was the best treatment for improving the yield and quality of stevia (Stevia rebaudianaBertoni) and is advisable because it is achieved the highest value of rebaudioside A(102.80 kg/fed) of stevia. This helps in reducing the great gap in sugar production, which amounted to 0.7 million tons between production and sugar consumption at the national level production under the experimental conditions.
U. N. A. A. Razak, C. B. Ong, T. S. Yu, and L. K. Lau, “In Vitro Micropropagation of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni in Malaysia,” Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol. 57, pp. 23–28, Feb. 2014.
doi: 10.1590/S1516-89132014000100004.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a medicinal plants and commercially use as non-caloric sweetener for diabetic patient. In the present study, a protocol was developed for in vitro micropropagation using 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) and Kinetin (Kn) for the formation of multiple shoot proliferation and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for the induction of roots. Maximum shoot formation (7.82 ± 0.7 shoots per explants) was observed on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 BAP and 0.25 mg L-1 Kn. The maximum number of roots (30.12 ± 2.1 roots per explants) was obtained on a MS medium containing 1.0 mg L-1 IBA. The well rooted plantlets were successfully weaned and acclimatized in plant soil with survival rate of 83.3 %.
B. Reza et al., “The Study of Genetic Diversity in Different Plant Populations of Artemisia Annua L. Native to Northern Iran by Molecular Marker AFLP,” p. 9, 2016.
Artemisia annua L. is an annual, medicinal and aromatics plant that is widespread in Asia, Europe and North America and has been wide distribution in northern areas of Iran. In this study, AFLP markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity of 15 populations of A. annua. 86 scorable bands were produced by using four primer combinations )E/M(, that 58 of them) were polymorphic. The highest number of polymorphic bands (24 bands) using primer combination EcoR11-Mse20 and the lowest number of polymorphic (6 bands) using primer combinations EcoR2-Mse35 were produced. Data matrix using similarity coefficient was converted to similarity matrix (distance matrix), and then using the algorithm (UPGMA) was drawn relevant dendrogram. Dendrogram obtained from UPGMA put 15 populations in four groups. The obtained cluster of cases was consistent with the geographic diversity in some cases. Then correlation coefficient based on the Mantel test was obtained 7.0, indicating good agreement drawn dendrogram with the similarity matrix. The results of principal component analysis and almost coincided with the results of cluster analysis. The results showed that the use of AFLP method to assess molecular diversity in these masses is appropriate.
D. L. Rodenburg, K. Alves, W. H. Perera, T. Ramsaroop, R. Carvalho, and J. D. McChesney, “Development of HPLC Analytical Techniques for Diterpene Glycosides from Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni: Strategies to Scale-Up,” Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, vol. 27, pp. 1406–1412, Aug. 2016.
doi: 10.5935/0103-5053.20160082.
Stevia rebaudiana is a plant well-known as a source of dozens of high potency non-caloric natural sweeteners, many of them still uncharacterized. Herein, we describe the development of several routine HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) analytical techniques to better separate steviol glycosides. Different stationary phases/columns were used: reverse phase C-18, amino, HILIC (hydrophilic interaction chromatography), Sepaxdiol and Synergi. The advantages and disadvantages of each method for resolving the very polar and less polar elution regions are demonstrated. Strategies for scale up of the purification process of steviol glycosides to make it more economic are also summarized, emphasizing the advantages of using high efficiency normal phase chromatography in relation with reverse phase. Additionally, we also developed an easy and useful way for predicting yields and composition of the pools resulting from the preparative chromatography. The development of these analytical and preparative liquid chromatography techniques allowed the isolation of several steviol glycosides in gram quantities at relatively low cost.
D. S. Rodrigues, M. S. Camargo, E. S. Nomura, V. A. Garcia, J. N. Correa, and T. C. M. Vidal, “Influence of the Fertilization with Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Production of Jambu (Acmella Oleracea (L) R.K. Jansen),” Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, vol. 16, pp. 71–76, Mar. 2014.
doi: 10.1590/S1516-05722014000100010.
Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de doses de nitrogênio e fósforo na cultura do Jambu, foi instalado experimento na fazenda experimental da APTA Polo Vale do Ribeira utilizando-se sementes da cultivar Nazaré. Os tratamentos foram conduzidos em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, e quatro repetições dos seguintes tratamentos: quatro doses de nitrogênio, (0; 37,5; 75 e 112,5 kg ha-1 N), quatro doses de fósforo (0; 75; 150 e 300 Kg ha-1 de P2O5). O solo foi inicialmente preparado recebendo calagem e adubação de plantio conforme recomendação em função da analise de solo. Após essas operações foi feito o transplante das mudas no espaçamento de 0,50 x 0,50 m e aplicado os tratamentos. A área útil da parcela foi de 1,0 m x 1,0 m. Foram analisadas as massas frescas e secas de folhas e flores, e o número de flores. A produção de matéria fresca e seca das folhas e flores foi influenciada pela adubação. Houve efeito das doses de nitrogênio, que proporcionaram aumento linear em todas as variáveis analisadas e, para a adubação fosfatada, a dose com 75 Kg ha-1 de P2O5 proporcionou a maior produção do número de flores e na massa fresca e seca das flores.
M. Rokosa and D. Kulpa, “Micropropagation of Stevia Rebaudiana Plants,” Ciência Rural, vol. 50, Jan. 2020.
doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20181029.
The aim of the study was to develop optimum composition of plant growth regulators in media for the propagation and rooting of shoots of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in in vitro cultures. Single-node shoot fragments obtained from plants propagated on MS medium were placed onto media supplemented with: BAP, 2iP and KIN at concentrations: 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg∙dm-3, whereas at the rooting stage with addition of: IAA, IBA and NAA at concentrations 1, 2, 4 and 8 mg∙dm-3. The highest number of shoots and leaves was reported for plants propagated on MS medium enriched with 0.5 mg∙dm-3 BAP. The greatest number of the longest roots was developed by stevia on the MS medium enriched with 1 mg∙dm-3 IAA.
A. G. Rosnani, R. A. Halim, M. K. Yusop, and M. A. M. Shukri, “Effects of Rate and Application Frequency of Nitrogen Fertiliser on Biomass Yield and Sweetness Quality of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni),” Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 305–313, 2016.http://jtafs.mardi.gov.my/jtafs/44-2/stevianew.pdf.
Human life styles have changed so much and awareness on the use of sugar or sweeteners has become an integral part in our daily diet. Sweeteners which are high in calorie like white sugar, brown sugar, corn syrup, maple syrup, molasses and fruit syrups found in natural and processed are hazardous to our health. Stevia is very popular and ideal to substitute sugarcane. A study was conducted to determine optimum nitrogen (N) level and fertiliser application frequency (A) for high biomass yield and sweetness quality (content, yield, ratio) of stevia. A total of seven different levels of N and two application frequencies (after every harvest, A1 and after every two harvest, A2) were tested. Results indicated that biomass yield escalated with increased level of N up to 250 kg N/ha. At this level, total dry matter yield from four times of the harvesting frequency was 6 t/ha. There were interaction between N and A on glycoside content and glycoside yield of stevia. The maximum stevioside (St) content was about 85 mg/g at A2, under control treatment (0 N). Meanwhile, the maximum rebaudioside-A (Reb-A) content was 25 mg/g, better at A1 when plant treated with 40 kg N/ha as compared with A2. The St and Reb-A yield were better with application of 210 kg N/ha and 170 kg N/ha, respectively, at A2. Sweetness index of stevia was calculated by ratio of Reb-A to St because Reb-A possess the sweetest compound in stevia. It was found that application of N fertiliser at 50 kg/ha and at A1, the sweetness of stevia was high with the ratio of Reb-A to the St of 0.4.
D. B. Rowe, “345 Incorporation of Slow-Release Fertilizer Accelerates Growth during Adventitious Rooting of Artemisia, Gaura, and Nepeta,” HortScience, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 451D–451, Jun. 2000.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.35.3.451D.
Accelerating growth of nursery stock can produce marketable plants in less time, thus potentially increasing profits. The primary objective of this study was to compare adventitious rooting and initial growth of cuttings of three perennials species in response to slow-release fertilizer incorporated into the propagation media. The experiment was a split-plot consisting of four blocks, nine nutrient treatments, three species, and four cuttings per replication within each block-nutrient, species treatment. Treatments consisted of Nutricote 13-13-13 Type 180 and Nutricote 18-6-8 Type 180 incorporated into the rooting media, each at 3, 6, 9, and 12 g·L-1, and a control with no Nutricote. Species studied were Artemisia ludoviciana ‘Valerie Finnis’, Gaura lindheimeri ‘Whirling Butterflies’, and Nepeta ×faassenii ‘Six Hills Giant’. There were of 144 cuttings per species for a total of 432 cuttings. Fertilizer treatments did not influence rooting percentage, and no significant differences were found between the two formulations of fertilizer for top growth, root growth, rooting percentage, or root number. However, regardless of formulation or rate, the eight fertilizer treatments resulted in greater top and root dry weights when compared to the control. Top and root dry weight increased linearly within both fertilizer formulations.
S. N. Sadat, B. Morteza, and D. Mehdi, “Effect of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Leaf Yield, Root Colonization Percentage and Some Features of Stevia Rebaudiana Root in a Soilless Culture System,” vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 189–204, Jan. 2019.https://sid.ir/paper/180727/en.
Gale Academic OneFile includes The effect phosphorus on the productivity of feverfew ( by M.J. Saharkhiz and R. Omidbaigi. Click to explore.
M. Saifi, N. Nasrullah, A. Ali, and M. Z. Abdin, “In Silico Analysis, Expression Profiling and Correlation of miRNAs Targeting Genes of Steviol Glycosides Biosynthesis with Steviol Glycosides Contents in Different Tissues of Stevia Rebaudiana,” Planta Medica, vol. 81, no. 5, p. PB18, Mar. 2015.
doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1545173.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
P. Sairkar, M. K. Ch, ravanshi, N. P. Shukla, and N. N. Mehrotra, “Mass Production of an Economically Important Medicinal Plant Stevia Rebaudiana Using in Vitro Propagation Techniques,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 266–270, Apr. 2009.
doi: 10.5897/JMPR.9000862.
Experiments were conducted for standardization ofin vitroculture technique ofstevia rebaudiana, an important non-caloric sweetening herb to explore its potential for micro-propagation and callus culture. Nodal segments of the selected herb as explants were cultured for micro-propagation on MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l N6-benzyl amino purine for shoot initiation. Maximum plantlets (83.2 ± 0.445033) were found in MS medium treated with 3.5 mg/l N6-benzyl amino purine at multiplication stage. Young leaves were placed on MS medium containing 2 mg/l 2-4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid+1 mg/1 Kinetin was given best result of callusing. Higher regeneration of plantlets (3.8 plantlets/calli) was obtained by placing callus on MS medium with 5 mg/l BA + 1 mg/l NA. Highest rooting average (11.1 ± 0.264052) was recorded on1/2MS medium with 100 mg/l activated charcoal. The rooted plantlets were hardened in 1:1:1 ratio of sand: soil: vermicompost and successfully established in soil. Key words:Stevia rebaudiana,in vitropropagation, regeneration of callus, non-caloric sweetener, medicinal plant, N6-benzyl amino purine,2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
A field experiment was carried out at Giza Agricultural Research ýStation, during the two successive seasons 2007-08 and 2008-09 aiming ýto investigate the effect of two growth regulators GA3 and IBA with ýthree concentrations (0, 250 and 500 ppm), applied in single or double ýfoliar sprays on the botanical, yield and chemical characteristics of ýstevia (Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Hemsl.) plants. In addition, a ýgreenhouse experiment, was carried out to study the effect of the ýplanting date (spring, summer and fall), cutting position (tip, mid and ýbasal) and IBA concentration (0,500 and 1000 ppm) on the success of ýstevia propagation by stem cuttings. The field experiment showed that ýGA3 induced significant promotion effect on all morphological traits ýý(plant height, number of branches/plant, leaves fresh and dry ýweights/plant, stem fresh and dry weights/plant and total dry weight of ýleaves over the four cuts (the yield)), while decreased flowering ýbranches percentage comparing with control. The effect of ýconcentration regardless of type of growth regulators, 500 ppm induced ýsignificant effects on the previous morphological traits. Also, the result ýexplained the role of number of sprays on promoting the vegetative ýgrowth,as plants sprays twice showed increases in all morphological ýtraits compared with theþ þsingle spray. Studying the anatomy, GA3 ýinduced different effects on the anatomical structure of the main stem ýand leaf of stevia according to the used concentration. The maximum ýreduction in stem diameter was observed with 500 ppm GA3 ýtreatments. It is observed that, both cortex and vascular tissues in GA3 ýtreated plants showed relatively decrease in thickness as compared with ýtheir respective control. Treatment with IBA, induced thicker stem due ýto increasing the thickness of all included tissues, especially phloem and ýxylem tissues and pith diameter, also there are positive effects on ýanatomical structure of the leaf blade. The highest stevioside percentage ýý(8.85%) was in the 4thþ þý cut followed by the 1st cut of plants treated with ýdouble sprays of 500 ppm GA3. The interaction between the studied ýfactors proved that plants sprayed twice with 500 ppm IBA showed the ýhighest rebaudioside A (4.94%). Non treated plants showed the highest ýcarbohydrates percentage (57.2%) as compared with that of GA3 ýý(55.8%) and IBA treatments (55.9%). Maximum percentage of survival ýcuttings was obtained from basal cuttings treated with 1000 ppm IBA ýconcentration in spring (89.3%) while the lowest value was obtained ýfrom tip cuttings with 0 ppm IBA in fall (20.3%).ý
P. Salehi Shanjani, S. E. Seyedian, and H. Javadi, “Effects of Irrigation Intervals on Morphological Characteristics of Different Achillea Millefolium L. Populations,” Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 386–399, Jul. 2017.
doi: 10.22092/ijmapr.2017.105684.1739.
In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation intervals on morphological characteristics of different Achillea millefolium L. populations, an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands during 2012 and 2013. Three irrigation intervals (7, 14 and 21 days) and 19 A. millefolium populations were compared in a factorial experiment based on a complete randomized block design with three replications. As many plants were lost in irrigation interval of 21 days, comparison was continued with irrigation intervals of 7 and 14 days. Results showed that irrigation intervals and population origins had significant effects (P≤0.005) on the plant height, crown diameter, stem number, dry matter yield (g plant -1 ), flower diameter, flower number and flowering time. In almost all populations the plant height, crown diameter and flower diameter decreased, whereas flower number per plant and the full flowering time increased in irrigation interval of 14 days. The 19 populations were grouped into three clusters. Populations in the cluster I had higher plant height, yield and flowering time. Populations in the cluster III showed higher crown diameter, flower diameter, stem number and flower number, and shorter full flowering time. These results indicated that populations in the cluster III had favorable potential production in semi-arid regions.
B. Salehi et al., “Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Bioactive Effects: From in Vivo to Clinical Trials towards Future Therapeutic Approaches,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 2904–2917, 2019.
doi: 10.1002/ptr.6478.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a plant from South America and indigenous of Paraguay, has shown several biological effects and healthy properties, although it is especially used in South America and some Asiatic regions. In addition, it is a natural sweetener, almost 300 times sweeter than sucrose, being attributed to its phytoconstituents prominent antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic (antihyperglycemic, insulinotropic, and glucagonostatic), antiplatelet, anticariogenic, and antitumor effects. In this sense, this work aims to provide an extensive overview on the historical practices of stevia and its effects in human health based on its chemical composition and applications for both food and pharmaceutical industries.
R. H. Sammour, “Biochemical Evaluation of Lactuca L. Germplasm,” p. 7, 2014.
G. Santos, C. Guerrero, M. Reis, G. Miguel, and U. Kienle, Stevioside and Rebaudioside a Foliar Leaf Content Changes in Plants of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni as a Response to the Potassium Fertilization. 2000.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni is a plant of Compositae family with origin in Paraguay used by native people to food purposes. Nowadays stevia can be used as food (replacing sugar), hygiene or medicinal purposes (mouth hygiene, contraceptives and other products). In Japan stevia takes a great part of the sweeteners market. In this work, the leaf content of the sweeteners stevioside and rebaudioside A (diterpenes) was evaluated in a population of stevia, under four different levels of potassium fertilization. Diterpenic quantitative determination by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was carried out on freeze-dried leaves. Potassium increment induced a significant variation in stevioside and total (stevioside plus rebaudioside A) leaf content, at the level of significance 0.01. Moreover, stevioside:rebaudioside A ratio varied significantly with potassium increment. A significant positive linear correlation (R 2 =0.93) was observed between potassium fertilization (0 Kg ha -1 , 200 Kg ha -1 , 300 Kg ha -1 and 400 Kg ha -1) and stevioside leaf content. Resume Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni est une plante de la famille des Compositae, avec origine au Paraguay, qui les amérindiens ont utilisé avec des propos alimentaires. Aujourd’hui stevia peut être utilisé avec des propos alimentaires (remplacent le sucre) aussi q’hygiénique et médicinaux (produits pour l’hygiène de la bouche, contraceptives, et d’autres.). Au Japon, stevia représente une grande partie du marché des edulcolorantes. Le contenu foliaire des edulcolorantes stevioside et rebaudioside A (diterpènes) a été évalué dans une population de plantes de l’espèce Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, exposée à quatre différents niveaux de fertilisation potassique. La détermination quantitative des diterpènes par Chromatographie Liquide de Haute Pression a été effectuée sûr des feuilles lyophilisées. L’accroissement de potassium a fait varier significativement le contenu an stevioside et le total (stevioside plus rebaudioside A) au niveau de signifiance de 0,01. Aussi la raison rebaudioside A:stevioside a varié significativement avec l’incrément de potassium. On a trouvé une corrélation linéaire positive (R 2 =0,93), avec une régression significative au niveau de signifiance de 0,05, entre le potassium fourni au sol (0 Kg ha -1 , 200 Kg ha -1 , 300 Kg ha -1 et 400 Kg ha -1) et le contenu en stevioside.
H. B. Saravi, A. Gholami, H. Pirdashti, M. B. Firouzabadi, and H. Asghari, “The Response of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) Photosystem II Photochemistry to Fungi Symbiosis and Spermidine Application under Saline Water Irrigation,” Russian Agricultural Sciences, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 32–36, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.3103/S106836742101016X.
Since the medicinal plants mainly are cultivated in marginal areas, are exposed to environmental stresses such as salinity, more than other plants. Salt stress causes damage to photosynthetic process, carbohydrates assimilation and photosystem I and II. However, recently, the role of fungi coexistence and polyamines in plants tolerance to saline conditions are pronounced. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of endophyte symbiosis and spraying of polyamine spermidine (Spd) on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) medicinal plant under irrigation with saline water. Treatments included non-inoculation (Control) or co-inoculation of Piriformospora indica + Trichoderma virens (Pi + Trich), foliar application of Spd (0 and 0.75) and three salinity levels of Caspian sea water (0, 6 and 12 dS m–1). Seedlings of stevia were transplanted in field conditions and were sprayed with Spd solutions after 9 weeks of planting. Seven days later, the plants were irrigated with three saline treatments for two weeks. The results showed that the foliar application of Spd had a positive effect on Fm, Fv and Fv/Fm and negative effect on Y(NO). Irrigation of plants with saline water had an adverse effect on fluorescence parameters. However, fungi inoculation markedly increased Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm and Y(II) while decreased Fo, Y(NPQ) and Y(NO) in all levels of salt stress. Fungal inoculation and Spd application with 0.75 mM remarkably enhanced Fm. Generally, inoculation of endophytic fungi and Spd spraying improved the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and adjusted adverse effects of salinity stress in stevia plants.
M. C. Scheffer, P. Ronzelli Junior, and H. S. Koehler, “Influence of Organic Fertilization on the Biomass, Yield and Composition of the Essential Oil of Achillea Millefolium L.,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 331, pp. 109–114, Sep. 1993.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1993.331.14.
P. T. L. Seixas, A. J. Demuner, H. G. de Castro, and L. C. A. Barbosa, “Analysis of the Essential Oil of Artemisia Absinthium in Two Harvest Times,” REVISTA FOCO, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. e1224–e1224, Mar. 2023.
doi: 10.54751/revistafoco.v16n3-008.
Artemisia absinthium, also known as wormwood, is used in traditional medicine as anti-parasitic and analgesic. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of four doses of mineral fertilization in two harvest times on the content and composition of the essential oils produced by A. absinthium. The tested doses of mineral fertilization were the following: without fertilization (D0); 50% of the recommended dose (D1); recommended dose (D2); and 150% of the recommended dose (D3). The plants were cultivated in 10 L pots kept in greenhouse. The samples for extracting the essential oils were collected at 60 and 125 days after transplantation (DAT). The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Identification and relative percentage of the compounds in the essential oils were performed by GC-MS. The essential oils content varied from 0.04% to 0.41% w/w. The highest essential oil content obtained was 0.41% using the dose D3 at 120 DAT. Myrcene and Z-isocitral were the major constituents of essential oils. According to the results obtained, A. absinthium can be used as a source of myrcene, depending on the dosage of mineral fertilization used and the time of harvest.
M. Serfaty, M. Ibdah, R. Fischer, D. Chaimovitsh, Y. Saranga, and N. Dudai, “Dynamics of Yield Components and Stevioside Production in Stevia Rebaudiana Grown under Different Planting Times, Plant Stands and Harvest Regime,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 50, pp. 731–736, Oct. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.08.063.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni is well known because of its accumulation of the sweet-tasting ent-kaurene diterpeneoid glycoside, which tastes about 300 times as sweet as sucrose. Although stevioside is one of the most abundant and best analyzed, more than 30 additional steviol glycosides so far have been identified and described. Stevioside concentration in the leaves is known to vary widely, depending on the growing conditions and agricultural practices. The present study aimed to examine the feasibility of growing Stevia as an open-field crop in Israel. In order to determine the agricultural practices required for optimizing Stevia biomass production and stevioside yield, effects of planting and harvest times upon plant development, biomass yield components, and stevioside content were examined. The optimal planting season, manifested in intensive plant development and maximal plant biomass yield, was at the beginning of spring, i.e., mid-March to early April. A minimal stand of 10 plants/m2 was found more favorable than lower stands of 6, 8, or 10 plants/m2′‘. The optimal harvesting time, with the highest stevioside yield of about 30g/m2 was at the beginning of September, prior to flowering initiation. Moreover, harvesting at this time yielded increased leaf biomass, highly suitable for commercial stevioside extraction. Thus, Stevia rebaudiana offers substantial potential for introduction as a commercial agricultural crop for stevioside production in Israel.
S. Sharma, S. Walia, B. Singh, and R. Kumar, “Comprehensive Review on Agro Technologies of Low-Calorie Natural Sweetener Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni): A Boon to Diabetic Patients,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 96, no. 6, pp. 1867–1879, 2016.
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.7500.
M. Shaverdi, “Morpho-Physiological Response of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) to Salinity Under Hydroponic Culture Condition (A Case Study in Iran),” Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 17–28, 2018.
doi: 10.15666/AEER/1601_017028.
Salinity stress caused reduces root characteristics and changes in physiological traits (protein content, activity of CAT, POD, PPO and total antioxidant activity DPPH), and at the lowest salinity level (30 mM), the highest amount SVglys was obtained. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a relatively unknown crop in Iran and many countries of world, with great potential as a natural sweeteners source. Stevia has a high content of sweeteners, which are up to 150 times sweeter than sugar, but virtually with no calories. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of salinity stress on root characteristics and physiological traits of stevia using six different concentrations of NaCl (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mM) in Hoagland solution with four replications in open shading structures at Medicinal Plant Research Center, Shahed University of Tehran, Iran. The results showed that root characteristics (such as root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), root volume (RV), root length (RL), root area (RA), root diameter, root mass density (RMD), and dry root mass density (DRMD)) reduced with the intensification of NaCl. The effect of NaCl was significant on the protein content, activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and DPPH. The increasing of NaCl caused significantly enhancement of protein content, CAT activity, and total antioxidant activity. The POD activity showed a significant decrease by the increasing of sodium chloride rate. The PPO and POD activities by the increasing sodium chloride rate showed a significant decrease. Steviol glycosides (SVglys) compositions: stevioside (Stev), rebaudioside A (Reb A), rebaudioside B (Reb B), rebaudioside C (Reb C) and dulcoside A (Dulc A) and SVglys content showed changes under the influence of salinity. In 30 mM NaCl treatment was obtained the highest value of total SVglys yield and SVglys content. The findings from this study lead to the conclusion that, salinity stress caused reduces root characteristics and changes in physiological traits (protein content, activity of CAT, POD, PPO and total antioxidant activity DPPH). On the other hand, at the lowest salinity level (30 mM), the highest amount SVglys was obtained. It seems that the high level of SVglys at lower salinity levels is one of the reasons for salinity tolerance in Stevia, which requires further investigation.
M. S. Shekhawat and M. Manokari, “Efficient In Vitro Propagation by Ex Vitro Rooting Methods of Artemisia Absinthium L., an Ethnobotanically Important Plant,” Chinese Journal of Biology, vol. 2015, pp. 1–8, Oct. 2015.
doi: 10.1155/2015/273405.
Artemisia absinthium is an important medicinal plant. Owing to the increasing anthropogenic activities and demand from the pharmaceutical industry, this plant species is overexploited; thereby this endangered its genetic stock in the wild. Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop nonconventional methods for conservation of A. absinthium . Nodal segments obtained from the field grown 2-month-old plants were used as explants. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.25 mg/L kinetin (Kn) were reported to be optimum for induction of shoots (6.0 ± 0.52 shoots per explant). The shoots were multiplied by repeated transfer of original explants and by subculturing of in vitro raised shoots on MS medium augmented with 1.0 mg/L each of BAP and Kn and 0.1 mg/L α -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). All in vitro regenerated shoots (100%) were rooted (4.4 ± 0.35 roots) on one-fourth strength MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L indole-3 butyric acid (IBA). Cent percentage shoots rooted ex vitro on sterile Soilrite under the greenhouse conditions when the shoots were treated with 200 mg/L of IBA for 5 min. Plantlets rooted in vitro and ex vitro were acclimatized successfully in the greenhouse and exhibited 87% and 95% survival rate.
S. H. E. N. G. Wentao, J. DENG, X. CHAI, R. A. O. Yousheng, and B. ZHOU, Eds., “High-Yield Cultivation Techniques of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Hemsl. in Gannan Area of Jiangxi Province,” Asian Agricultural Research, 2018.
doi: 10.22004/ag.econ.279507.
In order to expand the production of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Hemsl., the main points of high-yield cultivation techniques of a two-year-old stevia cultivar Shoutian No.3 in Gannan area of Jiangxi Province were summarized: cutting and transplanting in early spring; fine management, applying more basic and additional fertilizers and retaining stubbles two times in summer, retaining roots for seeding in late autumn, and mulching membrane for safe overwintering in winter. This study will provide certain guidance for the planting of S. rebaudiana in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province
B. W. Sheu, F. Tamai, and Y. Motoda, “Effects of boron on the growth, yield and contents of stevioside and rebaudioside A of Kaa He-e (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni),” Journal of Agricultural Science - Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku (Japan), 1987.https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6471c79577fd37171a6f31b7.
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION
O. M. Shevchuk, L. A. Logvinenko, T. D. Mezenova, and D. A. Konovalov, “Artemisia Scoparia Waldst. & Kit. and Artemisia Annua L. in the Collection of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden,” E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 254, p. 06011, 2021.
doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202125406011.
The article presents the results of the study of Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. (paniculate wormwood) and Artemisia annua L. (annual wormwood), grown in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden - National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (NBG-NSC RAS). The Nikitsky Botanical Garden is the originator of Artemisia scoparia cv. varieties. Tavrida and Artemisia annua cv. Novichok, which are included in the Register of varieties of Russia allowed for distribution in the south of Russia. Both varieties are of interest as resource varieties having a significant potential for use as sources of essential oil, biologically active compounds, as well as aromatic and medicinal. Analysis of samples of the aboveground part of plants showed that the maximum content of essential oil in Artemisia scoparia accumulates at the end of flowering (1.78±0.15% of the dry weight), and in Artemisia annua – at the beginning of flowering (2.95-3.14% of the dry weight). In addition, the essential oil of Artemisia scoparia is a valuable source of polyacetylene compounds (capillin, capillene), and the aboveground part of Artemisia annua is a source of artemisinin sesquiterpene lactone.
H. Shibata, S. Sonoke, H. Ochiai, H. Nishihashi, and M. Yamada, “Glucosylation of Steviol and Steviol-Glucosides in Extracts from Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Plant Physiology, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 152–156, Jan. 1991.
doi: 10.1104/pp.95.1.152.
R. A. Shibli, S. A. Sharaf, M. A. Kasrawi, and T. S. Al-Qudah, “In Vitro Multiplication of the White Wormwood, Artemisia Herba-Alba Asso,” vol. 11, no. 3, p. 7, 2018.
Artemisia herba-alba is a wild aromatic medicinal shrub which grows in the arid areas of North Africa and the Middle East. It is heavily subjected to loss and threats due to heavy grazing, cultivation and collection by the people who used it in folk medicine. In vitro propagation was experimented with different combinations of plant growth regulators to develop a suitable protocol to propagate this plant. In vitro microshoots of A. herba-alba were initiated from seeds. A maximum germination of seeds (94 %) was obtained using Paper-Bridge inserted in half Murashige and Skoog (MS) media and supplemented with 15 g/L of sucrose and 1.0 mg/L Gibberellic Acid (GA3). Proliferation of the in vitro plant was experimented at different concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L) of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin, or 6(gamma, gamma- Dimethylallylamino) purine (2iP). Rooting was experimented at different concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L) of, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or alpha-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The maximum proliferation of the A. herba-alba (23.6) microshoots was obtained when MS medium was supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2iP and 1.5 mg/L GA3. The maximum root number (18.8) and length (14.08 cm) was achieved using 0.5 mg/L IBA. Both IAA and NAA failed to promote root induction. The rooted plants acclimatized successfully with 50 % of survival and were grown in the greenhouse. These results indicate the enormous potential of A. herba-alba for a large-scale multiplication, and it represents the first step to conserve its germplasm.
S. Shinde, J. K. Sebastian, J. R. Jain, M. S. Hanamanthagouda, and H. N. Murthy, “Efficient in Vitro Propagation of Artemisia Nilagirica Var. Nilagirica (Indian Wormwood) and Assessment of Genetic Fidelity of Micropropagated Plants,” Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 595–603, Oct. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s12298-016-0379-6.
A reliable protocol has been established for in vitro propagation of Artemisia nilagirica var. nilagirica (Indian wormwood), a valuable medicinal plant from India. A highly proliferating organogenic callus was obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.5 µM IAA when nodal explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various growth regulators. Further, highest regeneration frequency (83.3 %) of adventitious shoots was observed, when the callus was sub-cultured on MS medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP; 2.5 µM) along with 7.5 µM 2-isopentenyl adenine (2-iP). An optimal of 10.16 ± 2.24 shoots were regenerated on medium supplemented with 2.5 µM BAP + 7.5 µM 2-iP. Quarter strength MS medium supplemented with 10 µM IBA was effective for rooting of the shoots. Ex-vitro plants were normal and were established successfully. Cytological and molecular marker studies showed that regenerated plants showed genetic stability in micro-propagated plants.
K. Shivani, G. Gautam, G. Sukany, and M. Mr, “Impact of Spacing and Levels of Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni).”
A field experiment was conducted during Zaid season 2018 to investigate “Impact of spacing and levels of Nitrogen on the growth and yield of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)” under eastern Uttar Pradesh conditions. The research was conducted using Randomized Block Design (RBD) replicated thrice, which comprised of two factors. The first factor was dosage of the nitrogen with three levels i.e., 50, 75, 100 kg N ha-1. The second factor was different inter row spacing i.e., 30cm x 20cm, 40cm x 20cm and 50cm x 20cm. The results showed that the growth and yield attributes have been found to be significantly affected by different treatments. Application of 100 kg ha-1 Nitrogen with 50cm x 20cm spacing recorded significantly higher plant height and number of branches. The total fresh leaf yield and fresh stem yield per hectare increased significantly with application of 100 kg ha-1 Nitrogen with 30cm x 20cm spacing.
K. Shivani and G. Gautam, “Influence of Different Levels of Nitrogen on Yield and Economics of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) under Different Planting Geometry,” International Journal of Chemical Studies, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 806–809, 2019.https://www.chemijournal.com/archives/?year=2019&vol=7&issue=3&ArticleId=5610.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a crop of economic importance due to its utilization as the alternative source of sugar. The productivity of stevia depends on many agronomical factors such as planting density, nutrient levels, field preparation, spacing etc. A field experiment was conducted during Zaid season 2018 in a clayey soil under irrigated conditions to study the “Influence of different levels of nitrogen on yield and economics of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) under different planting geometry. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design which comprised of 2 factors viz., Nitrogen levels (50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1) and Plant spacing S1 (30 cm x 20 cm), S2 (40 cm x 20 cm), and S3 (50 cm x 20 cm). The combination of 100 kg ha-1 N at (30 cm x 20 cm) spacing was proved to be best treatment in terms of highest fresh biomass yield (24.35 t ha-1), fresh leaf yield (10.54 t ha-1) and dry leaf yield (2.63 t ha-1). However, maximum leaf to stem ratio on fresh weight basis (0.78) and harvest index (0.44) was obtained in treatment T4 i.e., 75 kg ha-1 N at (30 cm x 20 cm) spacing.
Leaves of Rebaudi’s stevia, a plant used historically in Paraguay as a sweetener and herbal remedy, contain compounds about 250 times as sweet as table sugar. Preliminary trials at the University of California, Davis, have shown that production of one of the compounds, stevioside, could be equivalent to the sweetening power of 28 tons per acre of sucrose. However, much needs to be learned about production. problems before the plant can be grown commercially. The plant, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, belongs to the eupatory tribe of the composite family and is native to northeastern Paraguay. It is related to other members of the genus found in the United States and in Central and South America. The chemicals of interest are stevioside, rebaudioside A, and at least six other sweet compounds that have glucoside groups attached to a three-carbon-ring central structure. Stevioside concentrations usually range between 3 and 10 percent of the leaf dry weight; rebaudioside A is less concentrated, ranging from 1 to 3 percent. Stevioside has also been of interest as a source of gibberellins, plant growth hormones, most of which are not available com- mercially. The glucoside groups are removed from stevioside to yield steviol. Modified or normal steviol has been placed in the growth medium of Gibberella fujikuroi mutants to produce several gibberellic acids. Gibberellic acid, GA, is known to occur naturally in stevia leaves but not in commercial quantities. Possible health risks from human consumption of the various compounds in Stevia rebaudiana are not well defined and are being studied by others.
J. Šic Žlabur, S. Voća, N. Dobričević, D. Ježek, T. Bosiljkov, and M. Brnčić, “Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni - A Review of Nutritional and Biochemical Properties of Natural Sweetener,” Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 25–30, Mar. 2013.https://hrcak.srce.hr/99317.
Stevia as a natural sweetener with zero calories, and proven non-toxic effects on human health, recently found widespread use in the food and baking industry. Steviol glycosides that are concentrated in the plant leaves are: even 300 times sweeter th...
S. U. Sikdar, N. Zobayer, F. Azim, M. Ashrafuzzaman, and S. H. Prodhan, “An Efficient Callus Initiation and Direct Regeneration of Stevia Rebaudiana,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 11, no. 45, pp. 10381–10387, 2012.
doi: 10.4314/ajb.v11i45.
The experiment was carried out to establish an efficient callus induction system of Stevia rebaudiana from a variety of explants as well as direct regeneration from nodes. Callus initiation was done to extract secondary metabolites. However direct regeneration is essential for rapid large-scale clonal propagation. Among leaf, node and inter-nodal explants, the best callus initiation performance was observed by nodes. MS medium fortified with α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) 2.0 mg/L + 6-benzyladenine (BA) 2.0 mg/L showed the highest (93.33 ± 6.67%) callus induction by nodal explants. Though inter-nodal explants showed a moderate response (73.33 ± 6.67%) for callus induction in MS medium complemented with NAA 3.0 mg/L + BA 1.0 mg/L, nodal explants showed higher response (86.67 ± 13.33%) than inter-nodal explants in that nutritional environment. Leaf explants always showed very poor callus. However, the best direct regenerating medium was MS medium + BA 1.0 mg/L for multiple shoot proliferation and then transferring those shoots to ½ MS medium + NAA 1.0 mg/L for root formation.Key words: In vitro, Stevia rebaudiana, 2,4-D, α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzyladenine (BA), plant growth regulators.
M. Simlat, P. Ślęzak, M. Moś, M. Warchoł, E. Skrzypek, and A. Ptak, “The Effect of Light Quality on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Selected Biochemical Properties of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 211, pp. 295–304, Nov. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2016.09.009.
Poor germination of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni seeds is a phenomenon with unknown reason and the research concerning the improving of germination are still in progress. We investigated the influence of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) spectra on Stevia seed germination as well as seedling growth and selected morphological and biochemical parameters. Blue LED light increased seed germination and affected the development of the largest number of leaves and roots in 4-week-old Stevia plantlets. It has also the most favourable effect on the number and opening of stomata. Red LED light however, significantly increased the length of stems and roots, although there was not correlation with the fresh weight (FW). The highest FW of Stevia plantlets achieves under combined red and white LED light at temperature of 20°C as well as under white fluorescent light at temperature of 25°C. Blue LED light also positively affected the carotenoids concentration, whilst the highest concentration of chlorophyll a and b was found, in plantlets grown under white fluorescent light. The less favourable effect on the synthesis of all the examined pigments was exerted by red LED light. The largest amounts of phenolics and soluble sugars accumulated plantlets growing in the darkness and irradiated blue LED light. In addition, all LEDs affected the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The blue LED light increased the activity of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), especially at 25°C. Red LED light significantly increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) whilst for the activity of CAT and POD opposite effect was observed. The combined red with white LED light was the most favourable for the activity of CAT at 25°C. We conclude that the seed germination and the quality of Stevia plantlets could be improved by controlling light quality.
M. Simlat, E. Skrzypek, M. Warchoł, I. Maciaszek, and A. Ptak, “Evaluation on Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Seed Germination and Seedling Development under Phytohormones Treatment,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 257, p. 108717, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108717.
Poor germination and the long period required for the development of seedlings suitable for planting in the field are among the major problems that affect the cultivation of Stevia rebaudiana. We investigated the abilities of different phytohormone concentrations to improve stevia seed germination and seedling growth. Seeds were germinated on agar gel (AG), supplemented with various concentrations (0, 1, 10 and 100 μM) of gibberellic acid (GA3), thidiazuron (TDZ), kinetin (KN) and N6-benzyladenine (BA) under in vitro conditions. The resultant seedlings were transferred onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium for further growth. In most cases, a phytohormone concentration of 1 μM was most favorable for germination. The highest germination was achieved in cases of AG enrichment at a concentration of 1 μM GA3. Regarding the seedlings, the optimal effect on fresh weight, stem, and root length, as well as leaf number was observed when KN was added at a concentration of 10 μM during the germination stage. Generally, a high negative correlation was observed between the phytohormone concentration and the plantlets’ appearance. Conversely, higher chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were observed when 100 μM of GA3, KN and BA was applied at the germination stage. In most cases, antioxidant enzyme activity was also higher under phytohormone treatments. We concluded that the addition of a certain phytohormone concentration at the germination stage enhanced stevia germination and improved seedling development.
B. Singh, J. Singh, and A. Kaur, “Agro-Production, Processing and Utilization of Stevia Rebaudiana as Natural Sweetener,” vol. 1, no. 1, 2014.
Leaves of Stevia rebaudiana contains diterpene glycosides which taste sweet but with zero calories in food products. Stevia has been used by native Guarani Indians of South America for centuries as sweetener to counteract the bitter taste of various medicines and beverages. Diterpene glycosides produced by this plant are 100–300 times sweeter than sucrose and are now used as sweeteners to replace sugar in foods and beverages. They remain stable at wide range of temperature and pH conditions in food products during processing and offer no shelf life limitations. These glycosides do not induce glycemic response when ingested, making them suitable for diabetics and obese persons. India has huge demand potentials for this natural sweetener because of increasing diabetic and obese population. In this article effort was made to discuss briefly about plant profile and basic techniques of cultivation, harvesting, drying and extraction of steviol glycosides. Further, this article represents an effort to compile information on safety issues and approval made by regulatory agencies regarding utilization of steviol glycosides in food products around the world.
D. P. Singh, Rajiv, M. Kumari, H. G. Prakash, and P. Kumar, “Augmenting Commercial Yield of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana) through Agronomic Interventions in Indian Sub-Tropics,” Sugar Tech, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1583–1589, Oct. 2022.
doi: 10.1007/s12355-022-01110-w.
Field experiments were conducted to ascertain the effect of agronomical interventions on vegetative-yield and quality traits of stevia. The experiments were laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments of inorganic fertilizers (NPK @ 80:50:40 kg/ha) alone and integrated with organic sources (25, 50 and 75% N through FYM and vermi-compost) and relative efficacy of these treatments were evaluated on the yield of stevioside. The pooled data for two year showed that the combined application of 75% NPK through inorganic and 25% N through vermi-compost produced highest plant height (64.26 cm), number of branches/plant (14.12), number of leaves/plant (136.54), leaf area/plant (1698 cm2), fresh leaves weight (34.62 g/plant), dry leaves weight (10.18 g/plant) and dry leaves yield (13.92 q/ha). However, the maximum yield of commercial product, i.e. stevioside content (11.88%) and stevioside yield (1.47 q/ha), was recorded in dry leaves of plant fertilized with 50% NPK through inorganic combined with 50% N through vermi-compost. These studies have conclusively established that supplementing NPK with vermicompost or FYM in the range of 25–50% has significant stimulatory effect on stevioside yield (1.09–1.47 q/ha) compared to recommended application of NPK alone (0.68 q/ha). It is therefore surmised that in order to get higher economic yield of stevia under central plain zone of North India, recommended dosage of NPK application should invariably be supplemented with 50% vermi-compost/FYM.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is a calorie free sweet herb belongs to Asteraceae family which have highpotency sweeteners and excellent substitute to sugar. Stevia plants collected from various places of Rajasthan were grown in poly-house to evaluate different morphological characters before flowering stage. Five superior stevia plants (S36, S53, S81, S34, S37) were selected on the basis of morphological characters association and evaluated for stevioside and rebaudioside-A contents by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among the selected plants ‘S36’ mother plant exhibited highest leaf length (7.84 cm), leaf width (2.68 cm) and stevioside (3.4%) and rebaudioside (1.0%) content. In this study, leaf length and leaf width is positively correlated with stevioside and rebaudioside-A content. Therefore, this method is use for selection of superior stevia plant having high stevioside and rebaudioside-A content for propagation establishment.
H. P. Singh, S. K. Dhir, and S. Dhir, “Stevia,” in Compendium of Transgenic Crop Plants, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2009, pp. 97–116.
doi: 10.1002/9781405181099.k0703.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)) is a small bush native to Paraguay. Stevia has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb for hundreds of years in various parts of the world. Stevia leaves are a rich source of a natural sweetener “stevioside” which is up to 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Stevia products are primarily known to be used as artificial low-calorie sweetener while other important characteristics include antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiyeast activity. However, studies have shown that the stevioside content of leaves can vary substantially (5–20%) between individual plants. Such inherent natural variability could be partially explained by self-incompatible nature of the flowers. Moreover, it is difficult to increase the commercial scale production by conventional means of sexual seed production due to poor seed germination. In addition, limited vegetative propagation is also a major constraint in Stevia production. The worldwide demand for high potency sweeteners is expected to increase in the near future that implicates developing alternative methods for rapid production of plants with high and uniform yields of sweeteners. Various efforts including in vitro clonal propagation, gene transfer using cutting edge DNA delivery systems, rapid production and high frequency regeneration of transgenic homogenous population plants have been discussed in detail. Maximizing Stevia production through unconventional methods will unleash its potential to become an important nutritional and therapeutic supplement for the growing natural food market in the future.
A. Singh and P. P. S. Verma, “Survival and Growth Performance of Stevia Cutting under Different Growing Media.”
This study was carried out to explore the survival and growth performance of stevia cutting under different growing media at CIMAP, Research Centre Purara, Uttarakhand. Results indicate that vermicompost + soil + FYM in ratio 1:1:1 had recorded highest survival of cutting (74.51 %), number of branches (12), plant height (17.14 cm), number of leaves/plant (35), fresh weight/plant (7.74 g), dry weight/plant (1.92 g), number of root/plant (20) and root length (14.34 cm). Finally concluded that growing media significantly influenced the survival rate of cutting, growth and development parameter of stevia sapling in which media vermicompost + soil + FYM was best media since the survival of cutting and development parameters were higher than those on the other media, therefore this result suggested that vermicompost + soil + FYM should be used as a growing media.
M. Singh, V. Saharan, J. Dayma, D. Rajpurohit, Y. Sen, and A. Sharma, “In Vitro Propagation of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni): An Overview,” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 1010–1022, Jul. 2017.
doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.122.
K. Sivasankarreddy, K. Abha Manohar, G. Shukla, Vineeta, M. M. Rather, and S. Chakravarty, “In Vitro Approaches for Mass Propagation of Stevia Rebaudiana,” in Biotechnology of Anti-Diabetic Medicinal Plants, S. Gantait, S. K. Verma, and A. B. Sharangi, Eds. Singapore: Springer, 2021, pp. 117–132.
doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-3529-8_5.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), commonly known as a natural sweetener plant or sweet herb grabs the economic and scientific interests owing to its sweetness and therapeutic properties present in its leaves mainly due to the presence of steviol glycosides (SGs), with stevioside being the most abundant, followed by rebaudioside. Stevioside, the most abundant active component, is greatly preferred by diabetic patients since it is a non-calorie sweetener and is approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a dietary supplement. This shows the benefits of stevia over other artificial sweeteners as an ingredient for the food business, subsequently, making stevia an increasingly appropriate substitute for saccharine in various drinks, beverages, and bakery products. Stevia also offers therapeutic benefits having anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypertensive, and immunomodulatory effects. These beneficial effects largely focused on the importance of stevia. Sexually developed plants were not efficient because of low fertility and reduced viability. However, quality planting material can be produced through biotechnological approaches like micropropagation. To date, a great deal of studies has been completed on the tissue culture intervened approaches for the mass propagation of stevia. In this chapter, the above-mentioned approaches and their significance are emphasized for the large-scale production of identical plant materials and for the improvement of important calorie-free SGs.
G. R. Smitha and K. Umesha, “Vegetative Propagation of Stevia [ Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Hemsl.] through Stem Cuttings,” Journal of Tropical Agriculture, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 72–75, Oct. 2012.http://jtropag.kau.in/index.php/ojs2/article/view/271.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Hemsl. is a non-caloric bio-sweetener wherein seed propagation is difficult. Propagation of stevia through stem cuttings was evaluated under two environmental conditions (natural shade and greenhouse with intermittent mist) and four combinations of sand, soil, FYM, vermicompost, and coir dust, with growth regulator (IBA), bio-inoculants (Trichoderma viride), and cow’s urine treatments. Stem cuttings treated with T. viride, placed in soil, sand, and vermicompost rooting media (1:1:1) under greenhouse conditions recorded better shoot and root growth parameters, besides better field establishment (90%), over other treatment combinations.
D. D. Soejarto, “Botany of Stevia and Stevia Rebaudiana,” in Stevia, CRC Press, 2001, p. 22.
doi: 10.1201/9780203165942-10.
In view of the fact that only a portion (about 50%) of the members of the genus Stevia has been surveyed for the occurrence of the sweet-tasting compounds (Soejarto et al. 1982; 1983; Kinghorn et al. 1984), a review of the entire genus, in the context of its economic importance, will be useful in setting the stage for other discussions on chemistry, biology and economics. Thus, this chapter begins with an overview on the taxonomy of Stevia and species relationships within the genus, with the aim of providing a better perspective in the future search for sweet compounds in other members of the genus that have not been studied. Following a review of the genus, the discussion will shift into the subject plant, S. rebaudiana, for the remainder of the chapter.
H. Souksu, “Determination of nitrogen requirement of sugar plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in the soil of Kahramanmaras Turkoglu,” Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ., Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dep. of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2017.https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/64746b9f425ec3c088f0c47d.
In this study, the effects of increasing nitrogen applications on the yield parameters and plant nutrient concentrations on the Stevia plant, which is thought to be important for human nutrition and health, were studied and adapted to the regional soil.As a result of the research a statistically significant change in the concentrations of phosphorus and potassium in which the total nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese concentrations were affected by different nitrogen applications and total nitrogen, nitrogen and sodium concentrations decreased with the same application. On the other hand, it was observed that the concentrations of boron and nickel were not influenced by nitrogen applications, while the concentrations of zinc and manganese decreased by 4 kg da-1 application and the copper concentration decreased by 8 kg da-1 nitrogen dose.It was observed that increased nitrogen doses in terms of plant growth were significant effects on plant weights, increased nitrogen doses as well as statistically increased amounts of leaf, stem and total dry matter in plants. In terms of leaf yield parameters, the highest yield (129.48 g) was reached with 16 kg da-1 nitrogen dose on a dry basis. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the adaptation of the sugar weed plant to Kahramanmaraş conditions is good, there are the significant effects of different nitrogen applications on the yield parameters and plant nutrient element concentrations and the 16 kgda-1 nitrogen dose is suitable level for Stevia growing.
M. Sounon, R. G. Kakai, J. Avakoudjo, A. E. Assogbadjo, and B. Sinsin, “Study on the germination and growth of Artemisia annua L. on different substrates in Benin.,” International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2, 2009.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20133012202.
The results are presented of an experiment that investigated the effects of various substrates and plant densities on the germination and growth of A. annua from China under Benin conditions. Seeds were germinated over a period of two weeks in traditional and modern seedbeds. The seedlings were transplanted in pots in the nursery with sand or ferrallitic soil as substrate. These plants were then...
F. L. de Sousa, “Agronomic Performance of Jambu (Acmella Oleracea) Using Organic Fertilization,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 151–156, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.3316/informit.460208515141744.
Jambu is a plant species from the northern region of Brazil, where it is widely used in food as a seasoning in typical regional dishes, and in folk medicine. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of jambu under organic fertilization. The experiments were conducted under field conditions for the periods January to February, 2015 (Period 1) and May to June, 2015 (Period 2), in soil classified as dystrophic yellow latosol of medium texture. The experimental design was randomized complete block, using a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of two jambu accesses (Purple Flower and Yellow Flower), and six doses of organic fertilizer (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kg m-2) produced from a mixture of organic compost (mixture of leaves of Syzygium malaccense, Inga edulis, Mangifera indica, and Zoysia japonica) and vermicompost in a volume ratio of 1:1. The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, fresh mass, and productivity. The best jambu agronomic performance (in terms of yield) was obtained with the application of 10 kg m-2 of organic fertilizer, with higher productivity in the cultivation performed between May and June, 2015. The Yellow Flower access was more productive than the Purple Flower access.
R. V. Sreedhar, L. Venkatachalam, R. Thimmaraju, N. Bhagyalakshmi, M. S. Narayan, and G. A. Ravishankar, “Direct Organogenesis from Leaf Explants of Stevia Rebaudiana and Cultivation in Bioreactor,” Biologia Plantarum, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 355–360, Jun. 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s10535-008-0073-9.
Shoot buds were induced directly on either side of midrib from adaxial surface of immature leaf explants in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni five weeks after culturing in Murashige and Skoog’s nutrient medium supplemented with 8.88 µM of N6-benzylaminopurine and kinetin ranging from 4.65 to 6.98 µM. Immature leaves of 0.6 to 1 cm were found to produce best response (93 %) with a highest number of 4.93 shoot buds per explant. For elongation of regenerated shoot buds, MS medium supplemented with 30 g dm−3 sucrose and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) ranging from 4.92 to 7.38 µM were found most suitable. The medium was further modified to suit bioreactor cultivation of regenerated shoots wherein the use of two-fold MS salts and 60 g dm−3 sucrose resulted in a high biomass yield of 50.68 g dm−3 (m/v) accounting for about 590 micro-cuttings in three weeks. Best rooting of micro-cuttings occurred in half strength MS medium supplemented with IBA ranging from 4.92 to 7.38 µM, 15 g dm−3 sucrose and gelled with 0.8 % agar. Rooted plants were successfully established in substrate containing sand, Vermicompost and garden soil in equal proportions and grown in greenhouse. This is the first report on direct shoot regeneration from Stevia leaves.
V. Srivastava and R. Chaturvedi, “An Interdisciplinary Approach towards Sustainable and Higher Steviol Glycoside Production from in Vitro Cultures of Stevia Rebaudiana,” Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 358, pp. 76–91, Nov. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.08.018.
Stevia rebaudiana is one of the vastly acclaimed commercial plant in the world and belongs to Asteraceae family. The exclusive advantage of Stevia over artificial sweeteners is impeccable and targets its potentiality to the presence of diterpene glycosides. Moreover, the flaunting sweetness of steviol glycosides with associated medicinal benefits, turns the plant to be one of the most economic assets, globally. As compared to vegetative propagation through stem-cuttings, plant tissue culture is the most suitable approach in obtaining true-to-type plants of superior quality. During last few decades, significant in vitro propagation methods have been developed and still the research is ongoing. The present review discusses the tissue culture perspectives of S. rebaudiana, primarily focusing on the mineral nutrition, growth regulators and other accessory factors, motioning the optimum growth and development of the plant. Another crucial aspect is the generation of sweeter varieties in order to reduce the bitter-off taste, which is noticed after the consumption of the leaves. The in vitro cultures pose an efficient alternative system for production of steviol glycosides, with higher rebaudioside(s) content. Moreover, the review also covers the recent approaches pertaining to scale-up studies and genome editing perspectives.
A. N. Starratt, C. W. Kirby, R. Pocs, and J. E. Brandle, “Rebaudioside F, a Diterpene Glycoside from Stevia Rebaudiana,” Phytochemistry, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 367–370, Feb. 2002.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00416-2.
The sweet diterpenoid glycoside, rebaudioside F, was isolated from leaves of a high rebaudioside C producing line of Stevia rebaudiana, and its structure was established by chemical and spectral studies.
A. Stojakowska, J. Malarz, R. van der Heijden, and R. Verpoorte, “Accumulation of Ixerin F and Activities of Some Terpenoid Bisynthetic Enzymes in a Cell Suspension Culture of Lactuca Virosa L.,” Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 185–188, 1997.
doi: 10.5586/asbp.1997.023.
A cell suspension culture of Lactuca virosa L. (Asteraceae, tribe Lactuceae) is capable of synthesizing sesquiterpene lactones of which ixerin F is the main compound. The culture was characterized on growth (by dissimilation rates), on ixerin F accumulation (by RP-HPLC) and on some enzyme activities involved in early steps of terpenoid biosynthesis. Acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase (AACT, E.C. 2.3.1.9) and 3S-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase (HMGS, E.C. 4.13.5) activities of the cells were assayed spectrophotometrically. HMGS activity increased during the culture period and reached a maximum during the stationary phase (190 pkat/mg protein), while AACT showed relatively high level of activity throughout the growth cycle, with transient decrease at the logarithmic growth phase and the beginning of stationary phase. Ixerin F accumulated inside the cells and the maximum concentration of 0.08% (on dry weight basis) was found in the early stationary phase of the growth cycle of the culture.
A. Stojakowska, J. Malarz, A. Szewczyk, and W. Kisiel, “Caffeic Acid Derivatives from a Hairy Root Culture of Lactuca Virosa,” Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 291–298, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s11738-011-0827-4.
In a search for biologically active phenolics, a hydroalcoholic extract from the hairy roots of Lactuca virosa was fractionated by chromatographical methods. The procedure led to the isolation of a substantial amount of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA)—a potent free radical scavenger. An analytical RP-HPLC separation of the hydroalcoholic extract from the hairy roots allowed identification of further hydroxycinnamates: caftaric acid (CTA), chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and cichoric acid (DCTA), as well as small amounts of unbound phenolic acids. A time course of growth and caffeic acid derivatives accumulation in the hairy root culture was also investigated. The highest contents of the compounds in the examined roots were detected at the logarithmic phase of growth. The average content of 3,5-DCQA in the roots (ca. 2.5% DW) was at least one order of magnitude higher than that found in roots of Lactuca species and callus culture of L. virosa.
A. Stojakowska, J. Malarz, W. Kisiel, and S. Kohlmünzer, “Callus and Hairy Root Cultures of Lactuca Virosa,” Planta Medica, vol. 59, no. S 1, pp. A658–A658, Dec. 1993.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-959920.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
A. Stojakowska, J. Malarz, W. Kisiel, and S. Kohlmünzer, “Hairy Root Culture of Lactuca Virosa L.,” Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 33–39, 1995.
doi: 10.5586/asbp.1995.006.
A hairy root culture of Lactuca virosa L. (Asteraceae) was initiated by infection of the leaf explants of the aseptic plants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes - strain LBA 9402. One of the obtained clones which showed the most favourable growth rate was used for further investigation. An influence of different nutrient media and sucrose concentrations on the biomass accumulation was studied. The most advantageous for the biomass increment were media: MS and MS containing macronutrients reduced to half concentration, supplemented with 5% sucrose. A preliminary chromatographic analysis of the tissue extract revealed the presence of sesquiterpene lactones characteristic of the roots of the intact plant.
A. Stojakowska, J. Malarz, and W. Kisiel, “Lactuca Virosa L. (Bitter Lettuce): In Vitro Culture and Production of Sesquiterpene Lactones,” in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants XI, Y. P. S. Bajaj, Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1999, pp. 261–273.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-08614-8_15.
Lactuca virosa L. (family Asteraceae), also known as Lactuca silvestris Lam. or Wiestia virosa C.H. Schultz, is indigenous to south west Europe, North Africa and West Asia, and is also distributed in other regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including America. It grows singly or in clusters, on rocky soil and as a ruderal plant, on plains and uplands up to 1000m above sea level (Hallier 1887; Hegi 1929; Bremer 1994).
A. Stojakowska, J. Malarz, and W. Kisiel, “Sesquiterpene Lactones in Tissue Culture of Lactuca Virosa,” Planta Medica, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 93–94, Feb. 1994.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-959419.
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M. Stramarkou et al., “Optimization of Green Extraction Methods for the Recovery of Stevia Glycosides,” Chemical Engineering Transactions, vol. 87, pp. 43–48, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.3303/CET2187008.
In recent years, the rising rate of obesity and health problems associated with metabolic syndrome indicators (diabetes, cardiovascular, blood pressure) are turning consumers to exploring healthy, low-sugar and low-fat diets, as well as to using low-calorie sweeteners. In the current food market, sweeteners of synthetic origin, such as aspartame, sucralose, cyclamates etc. are available, which although they provide a sweet, calorie-free taste, they have often been accused of toxicity. This fact promotes the growing need for consumption of natural sweeteners, such as sweeteners from the plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, which are 200-300 times sweeter than sugar and contain zero calories. The main objective of this work was to optimize the recovery of glycosides by dried stevia leaves. Dried samples were treated using green extraction techniques, namely ultrasound and microwave assisted extraction, using water as solvent, and extracts were compared with the conventional method. Several parameters, such as stevia / water ratio, time, temperature and power (microwave, ultrasound) were tested in order to optimize the glycoside recovery. The final extracts were evaluated for their total yield, antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content. The quantity and type of glycosides was also evaluated using HPLC. Based on the results, differences were observed between the extracts in terms of yield, antioxidant capacity and glycoside content. The optimum conditions were then used for the extraction of glycosides from samples that were dried and fertilized with different methods, to examine the effect of cultivation conditions on the quality and quantity of glycosides. Oven drying resulted in samples containing higher quantity of RebA and stevioside, while fertilization resulted in lower stevioside content.Keywords: ultrasound and microwave assisted extraction, freeze drying, phenolics, antioxidant activity, RebA, stevi
T. Sumida, “Studies on Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni as a new possible crop for sweetening resource in Japan,” Kenkyu hokoku. = Journal of the Central Agricultural Experiment Station-Japan, Nogyo Shikenjo, Konosu, 1980.
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION
C. Y. Sun, Y. H. Zeng, J. Q. Ma, L. Liu, H. L. Liao, and J. H. Huang, “Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation on Allelopathic Potential of Artemisia Annua L. Root Exudates.,” Allelopathy Journal, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 175–190, 2019.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20203322811.
We investigated the effects of residual allelochemicals in crop rotation on the succeeding crops (radish, cucumber and ryegrass) sown after Artemisia annua L. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus mosseae and without inoculation and sown in pots to collect root exudates from hydroponic solution and matrix by extractives and direct concentration. The main component of A. annua L. root...
Y. Sun et al., “Nitrogen Drives Plant Growth to the Detriment of Leaf Sugar and Steviol Glycosides Metabolisms in Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni),” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 141, pp. 240–249, Aug. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.008.
Steviol glycosides (SGs) in Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) leaves are important due to their high sweetness and low calorific value. The yield of SGs is dependent on fertilization regimes, but the relationship between nitrogen (N) administration and SGs synthesis is still unclear. In this study, we investigate the effects of N rates on SGs production through hydroponic and plot experiments. The SGs yield was not significantly changed by N fertilization, but leaf SGs concentrations were significantly reduced due to the “dilution effect”. Additionally, N addition decreased leaf carbon (C)/N ratio and soluble sugar concentration, accompanied with the inhibited phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and L-phenylalanine ammonia_lyase activities. A significant positive correlation between leaf SGs concentrations, C/N ratio and soluble sugar concentration was observed. Overall, we suggest that N-driven Stevia growth negatively affects SGs concentrations. The leaf C/N ratio and soluble sugar changes indicated the occurrence of metabolic reprogramming.
S. Sut et al., “Comparison of Biostimulant Treatments in Acmella Oleracea Cultivation for Alkylamides Production,” Plants, vol. 9, no. 7, p. 818, Jul. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/plants9070818.
Acmella oleracea is a promising cosmetic, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical ingredient, and plants with high levels of active compounds are needed in the market. Cultivation can be valuable if sufficient levels of alkylamides are present in plant material. In this regard the application of biostimulants can be an innovative approach to increase yield of cultivation or bioactive compound levels. A. oleracea plants were cultivated in Northern Italy in an experimental site using three different types of biostimulants, triacontanol-based mixture (Tria), an extract from plant tissues (LL017), and seaweed extract (Swe). Plants were grown in the field in two different growing seasons (2018 and 2019). After treatments inflorescences were harvested and the quali-quantitative analysis of alkylamides and polyphenols was performed. Treated and control plants were compared for yields, morphometric measurements, quali-quantitative composition in secondary metabolites. Overall results show that both triacontanol-based mixture and the LL017 positively influenced plant growth (Tria >+ 22%; LL017 >+ 25%) and flower production (Tria >+ 34%; LL017 >+ 56%). The amount of alkylamides and polyphenols in flowers were between 2.0–5.2% and 0.03–0.50%, respectively. Biostimulant treatments ensure higher cultivation yields and allow maintenance of the alkylamide and polyphenol levels based on % (w/w), thus offering an advantage in the final quantity of extractable chemicals. Furthermore, data revealed that samples harvested in late season show a decrease of polyphenols.
S. M. Swanson, G. B. Mahady, and C. W. W. Beecher, “Stevioside Biosynthesis by Callus, Root, Shoot and Rooted-Shoot Cultures in Vitro,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 151–157, Feb. 1992.
doi: 10.1007/BF00055510.
Leaf explants of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Compositae), an herb which produces the sweet ent-kaurene glycoside stevioside, were cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium with vitamins, sucrose (30 g l−1), agar (0.9% w/v) and supplemented with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 0.5 mg l−1) and benzylaminopurine (BAP, 0.5 mg l−1). These conditions yielded friable callus cultures. Differentiation of the callus tissue was then achieved by eliminating the agar and modulating the medium’s hormone concentrations. Thus, medium containing increased auxin concentration (1.0 mg l−1) and no cytokinin or increased cytokinin (1.0 mg l−1) and no auxin yielded root or shoot cultures respectively. Supplementation of the shoot medium with NAA (1.0 mg ml−1) induced shoot cultures to grow roots thereby differentiating into rooted-shoot cultures. Only the rooted-shoot cultures tasted sweet. Feedings of [2-14C]acetic acid to callus, shoot or rooted-shoot cultures demonstrated that only the rooted-shoot cultures are capable of de novo biosynthesis of the aglycone moiety of stevioside (steviol). In addition, [methyl-3H(N)steviol feedings to shoot or rooted-shoot cultures illustrated that both types of cultures are capable of the glycosylation reaction. The ability of these tissues to glycosylate steviol to stevioside was also demonstrated employing crude enzyme preparations derived from shoot or rooted-shoot cultures. These results suggest that stevioside biosynthesis is a function of tissue differentiation since both roots and leaves are required for cultured S. rebaudiana to biosynthesize stevioside from acetate, while the final biosynthetic steps can be performed at all levels of differentiation.
A. Szparaga, S. Kocira, I. Kapusta, and G. Zaguła, “Prototyping Extracts from Artemisia Absinthium L. for Their Biostimulating Properties Yield-Enhancing, and Farmer Income-Increasing Properties,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 160, p. 113125, Feb. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113125.
A number of alternative solutions to be implemented in the sustainable agriculture have appeared in recent years that not only improve crop yield but also reduce environmental pollution. They include, i.a., the use of biostimulants which are believed to stimulate plants growth. The objective of study was to produce a novel and natural biostimulant from leaves of Artemisia absinthium L. and to evaluate its properties under field conditions. This work is the first ever to report a complex approach to the use of plant extracts in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivation based on the evaluation of not only crop yield but also economic effects. To accomplish this goal, two methods of aqueous extraction were applied, and the extracts obtained were administered to soybean plants, in the form of foliar application and soil treatment, at two stages of plant phenological development. Nineteen phenolic compounds were identified in the infusions, whereas eleven in the cold-soaked extracts. The total concentration of phenolics was over twofold higher in infusions. The extracts differed in terms of contents of macro- and microelements. The cold-soaked extracts were rich especially in macroelements (they had twofold higher contents of calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, and sulfur). The reported study proved the extracts examined can be successfully used as effective biostimulants in soybean cultivation. The improvement in soybean yield (in each tested combination) was noted as an effect of the application of the extracts from Artemisia absinthium, regardless of the method of their application. Nevertheless treating plants with cold-soaked extracts and infusions, in the form of foliar application, caused the average highest yield increase (31.41 % and 23.70 % respectively increasing over control). Considering both their effect on crop yield and also the economic concerns, they should be administered in the form of spraying. Our findings indicate that foliar application of both the infusions and the cold-soaked extracts brought similar profits from soybean cultivation (average 181 EUR ha−1). In addition, results allowed verifying the advanced hypothesis that extracts from Artemisia absinthium are candidates for ideal biostimulants. This study was the first to prove that this agronomic practice would represent a designed tool that would meet requirements of farmers by ensuring incomes from cultivation.
P. Taak, B. Koul, M. Chopra, and K. Sharma, “Comparative Assessment of Mulching and Herbicide Treatments for Weed Management in Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Cultivation,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 140, pp. 303–311, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2020.05.016.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a commercially important natural sweetener plant and a boon to the diabetics. Unfortunately, its cultivation faces several abiotic and biotic constraints. Among the biotic ones, the most important is its poor competition with the weeds which culminates in 2-25% yield penalty and further raises the cultivation and production cost. Hence, weed management for successful Stevia cultivation is a major challenge faced by Stevia-farmers. Present study aimed at assessing the effects of mulching (organic and synthetic) and herbicides treatments for efficient weed control and improving the yield of Stevia. Maximum weed control was recorded with herbicides spray while significant improvement in plant growth characteristics like, plant height (98.2 cm average), branch number (5.1 plant−1), leaf number (415 plant−1) and dry weight were recorded in plots treated with rice straw (organic mulch: @ 15t. h−1). Maximum leaf biomass was recorded in plots treated with eucalyptus leaves (organic mulch: @ 15t. h−1) during the year 2017. It is concluded that herbicide spray controlled the weed growth while the crop yield and growth parameters were successfully enhanced by the use of mulche(s), in both the years (2017–18). Meticulous use of mulches or mulch plus limited herbicide(s) application for weed control, may ensure sustainable agriculture and shall ultimately decrease the dependability on synthetic herbicides.
D. Tadesse and A. Wariyo, “Determination of Critical Weed Competition Period for Stevia Rebaudiana Cultivation,” Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 9–13, Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.36347/sjavs.2022.v09i01.002.
The experiment was conducted during 2019/2020 at Wondogenet agricultural research center, Sidama region Ethiopia. It was initiated to find a critical weed competition period for Stevia rebaudiana production as weed management plays a great role in agriculture. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and consisted of three replication and fourteen treatments. Stevia rebaudiana growth and yield, as well as weed data, were assessed during the experiment and subjected to ANOVA using SAS computer software version 9.3, and differences between means were assessed at 5% probability level. Stevia plant height, branch number, and leaf yield were affected significantly due to treatments effects. Weed-free season treatment showed significantly higher stevia fresh yield (6.1 ton/ha) and dry yield (1.20 ton/ha) which was similar to the significantly higher results of the weedy for fifteen days after transplanting. Variation in the weedy period from fifteen days after transplanting (15DAT) to thirty days after transplanting (30DAT) resulted in 33.27% fresh stevia leaf yield reduction and 44.40% dry stevia leaf yield reduction. Weedy season treatment was used as a check and showed significantly lower stevia leaf yield which was also similar to the results of the weedy period for ninety days after transplanting (90DAT). On the other hand, the weedy period for fifteen days after transplanting (15DAT), the weed-free period for ninety days after transplanting (90DAT), and weedfree season treatments showed similar significantly lower weed density. An increase in the weedy period showed higher weed density and weed biomass results. Therefore, as weeds greatly affect stevia growth and yield, early weeding at 15DAT is important and recommended based on the present finding, however, for comprehensive results the experiment should be repeated over site and year.
M. S. Tahir and S. Sufiyanu, “Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Vegetative Growth of Worm Wood (Artemisia Annua Linn.).,” Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 184–189, 2019.
doi: 10.26538/tjnpr/v3i6.1.
The propagation of Artemisia annua is hindered by shortage of seeds, germination problem and effective protocol. Field experiments were conducted during both rainy and dry seasons to determine the effect of levels of organic and inorganic manure on the vegetative growth of A. annua. Results of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicated no significant difference between the seasons with respect to the...
S. M. Tahir, I. S. Usman, M. D. Katung, and M. F. Ishiyaku, “Micro Propagation of Wormwood ( Artemisia Annua l.) Using Leaf Primordia,” Science World Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2013.
doi: 10.4314/swj.v8i1.
A study was carried out to determine the effect of varying concentrations of some plant growth hormones on the in vitro propagation of Artemisiaannua from leaf primordial in the Biotechnology Laboratory of Plant Science Department of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Leaf primordial from aChinyong variety were sterilized, excised and inoculated on a full and half strengths Murashige & Skoog basal media supplemented with differentconcentrations of GA3, BAP and NAA. Highest regeneration percent was observed using full strength MS media supplemented with a combination of 1.5µm/l GA3 and 0.5µm/l BAP. However, a combination of 0.5µm/l GA3 and 0.5µm/l NAA had the fewer days to regeneration. Highest height wasobserved at 1.0µm/l GA3 and 0.5µm/l BAP. Similarly, 2.0µm/l GA3 and 0.5µm/l BAP followed by 0.5µm/l GA3 and 0.1µm/l BAP produced the best vigor with no response from half strength MS media. Results of Analysis of Variance indicated significant difference among the treatments compared with the control which did not respond (P.0.05). Regeneration of Artemisia through leaf primordial provides a biomass of leaf material needed for Artemisinin production. Therefore, this is a viable approach to the supply ofthe raw materials needed for the production of anti malaria drugs for the fight against malaria fever.Key Words: Artemisia annua, Plant growth hormones, in vitro propagation, leaf primordial
S. M. Tahir, I. S. Usman, M. D. Katung, and M. F. Ishitaku, “In Vitro Regeneration of Artemisia Annua (Wormwood) Using Seed Explants,” The International Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 171–181, 2013.
The most effective concentration of some plant growth hormones on the in vitro regeneration of Artemisia annua using seed explants was investigated in the Biotechnology Laboratory of Plant Science Department of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Fresh and healthy seeds of a Chinyong variety were sourced, sterilized and inoculated on a full and half strengths Murashige & Skoog basal media supplemented with varying concentrations of plant growth hormones using the procedure of Hamish, 1998. Combined treatment of GA3 (1.0 µm/l) and NAA (0.5 µm/l) in a half strength MS media recorded the fewer days to germination. Highest germination percentage was observed at combination of GA3 (2.0 µm/l) and BAP (0.5 µm/l) in a full strength MS media. Equal concentration of combined GA3 and BAP (ie 0.5 µm/l) in a full strength MS media had the best vigor, followed by varying concentration of GA3 (2.5 µm/l) and NAA (0.5 µm/l) in a half strength MS media. Highest seedling height was observed at equal concentration of combined GA3 and BAP (ie 0.5 µm/l) in a full strength MS media. This was followed by varying concentration of GA3 (0.5 µm/l) and NAA (1.0 µm/l) in a full strength MS media. Result of Analysis of Variance indicated significant difference among some of the treatments compared with the control (P≤0.05). Treating Artemisia seeds using these plant growth hormones had reduced the effect of the phenolic secretions reported on the seeds thereby enhancing its germination. Therefore, this is a promising approach to faster in vitro regeneration of Artemisia plant.
M. Takács-Hájos, T. Rubóczki, F. M. Szabó, and A. Kiss, “Effect of Environmentally Friendly Nutrition Supply on Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana B.) Production,” Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 201–206, 2019.
doi: 10.15835/nbha47111232.
The experiment was carried out on raised bed (3 rows) with 33 cm row distance and 25 cm between the plants and 24 plant m-2 density. The plantation was prepared on 28 May, 2015 with about 10 cm high transplants. The soil surface was mulched with wooden chips (5 cm layer). The aim was to evaluate the environmentally friendly fertilizers (Dudarit - 150 g m-2, Sprintalga – 0.04% concentration four times 200 mL per plant). During the vegetation period pruning was applied at 30 cm plant height at the 4th double leaf from the soil surface and two cuttings (13 Aug and 29 Sept). By evaluating the effect of treatment on the leaf surface and chlorophyll content, statistically significant results were not found. Higher SPAD (relative chlorophyll content) value was measured in the middle of the growing period compared to the end of the vegetation when the plants were older and the temperature started to decrease. The positive effect of Dudarit and Sprintalga was clear on the plant height and biomass production. The dried herb yield was higher (4 kg m-2) on treated plots comparing to control (3 kg m-2). Although increased photosynthetic intensity was not detected on treated plots, the plantation showed greater vitality and side shoot improvement to control plots. Under our circumstances, the environmentally friendly fertilization (Dudarit and Sprintalga) has increased the dried leaves yield with 20% by similar stevioside and rebaudioside-A content.
One experiment was carried out to verify the influence of 20, 25 and 30°C on the performance of seed germination of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni). Data sets from cumulative frequencies, at intervals of 12 hrs, were combined with the cumulative distribution of Weibull using three parameters. The best performance was verified at 25°C. The seeds required 101.36 hours to germinate 63.21% of the maximum. The performance of the parameters of the cumulative distribution of Weibull was close to linearity in temperatures of 20 and 25°C and reasonably close to linearity in temperatures of 30°C. In this case, the parameter c was asymmetric and had high percentage of bias.
N. Taleie, Y. Hamidoghli, B. Rabiei, and S. Hamidoghli, “Effects of Plant Density and Transplanting Date on Herbage, Stevioside, Phenol and Flavonoid Yield of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” 2012.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a natural sweetener plant. The leaves of Stevia are the source of glycosides. Even more, stevia contains a high percentage of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Planting density and transplanting date are the most important agronomical factors that may affect the quality and quantity of yield. This study was conducted in Guilan province, on the base of a split-plot field experiment in a randomized complete block design for two cultivation seasons (2009-2010 and 2010-2011). Tissue culture-derived stevia plantlets were transplanted on 15 March, 30 March and 15 April in rows 50-cm apart with an inter-row spacing of 20, 25, 35, and 50 cm. Transplanting date and spacing significantly (P < 0.05) affected plant height, herbage (leaf and stem) fresh and dry weight and also stevioside, phenol and flavonoid yield. Maximum plant height (80 cm), total fresh (2017.21 g/m2) and dry (588.69 g/m2) herbage weight, and the highest stevioside (34.51 g/m2), phenol (1.5 g/m2) and flavonoid (1.97 g/m2) yield were obtained in the 50×20 cm spacing when plants were transplanted on the 15 March.
H. Tamaki, R. W. Robinson, J. L. Anderson, and G. S. Stoewsand, “Sesquiterpene Lactones in Virus-Resistant Lettuce,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 6–8, Jan. 1995.
doi: 10.1021/jf00049a002.
Y. Tamura, S. Nakamura, H. Fukui, and M. Tabata, “Clonal Propagation of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni by Stem-Tip Culture,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 183–185, Oct. 1984.
doi: 10.1007/BF00270195.
Clonal propagation of Stevia rebaudiana has been established by culturing stem-tips with a few leaf primordia on an agar medium supplemented with a high concentration (10 mg/l) of kinetin. Anatomical examination has suggested that these multiple shoots originate from a number of adventitious buds formed on the margin of the leaf. Innumerable shoots can be obtained by repeating the cycle of multiple-shoot formation from a single stem-tip of Stevia. These shoots produce roots when transferred to a medium containing NAA (0.1 mg/l) without kinetin. The regenerated plantlets can be transplanted to soil.
Y. Tamura, S. Nakamura, H. Fukui, and M. Tabata, “Comparison of Stevia Plants Grown from Seeds, Cuttings and Stem-Tip Cultures for Growth and Sweet Diterpene Glucosides,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 180–182, Oct. 1984.
doi: 10.1007/BF00270194.
The growth and sweet diterpene glucosides of Stevia plants propagated by stem-tip cultures were compared with those of the control plants propagated by seeds. There was no significant difference between the two groups both in growth and in chemical composition. As for the contents of sweet diterpene glucosides, however, the clonal plants showed significantly smaller variations than the sexually propagated plants; they were almost as homogeneous as the plants propagated by cuttings. These results suggest that the clonal propagation by stem-tip culture is an effective method of obtaining a population of uniform plants for the production of sweet diterpene glucosides.
Accessions of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) were introduced from Russia, Paraguay, Canada, USA and Japan. After vegetative propagation, they were field planted for observations on their leaf yield over 11 harvests in the period of one year. Of the 67 accessions, six with high rates of success in vegetative propagation (thus, yielding more plants) were selected. All of these originated from Canada, except for one from Russia. The selected accessions were evaluated in two field trials, over seven and six harvests. The highest yielding accessions were MSR 028, MR 012 and MR 007. MSR 028 topped 10 t/ha in cumulative fresh leaf yields, which is equivalent to 2.8 t/ha dry leaf yield and similar to what has been reported in Canada where stevia is planted as an annual. Thus, ratooning may be able to overcome the problem of early harvests (after 1 month) necessitated by the short daylength conditions in Malaysia.
L. S. Tansı, E. Samadpourrigani, and S. Gedik, “Effects of Different Plant Density and Cutting Times on Yield of Stevia under the Çukurova Conditions,” International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, vol. 4, no. 3, Special Issue 2, pp. 355–358, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.21448/ijsm.373822.
Stevia ( Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is perennial shrub form plant belonging to Asteraceae. It is indigenous to Paraguay and Brazil. Stevia is a natural sweetening and it has using potential to diets of obesity patients with non-caloric specialty and treatment of diabetes with insulin secretagogue specialty. In this study, the effects of different planting spaces and two cutting times on yields of two-year old Stevia plant were investigated. The highest dry leaf yield (515.96 kg/da) was obtained from blooming stage, cuttings in spring and 30x60 cm planting density.
L. S. Tansi, E. Samadpourrigani, and N. E. Kafkas, “The Effects Of Planting Density, Cutting Stage and Cutting Number On Yield and Quality Of Stevia Rebaudiana B.,” Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 81–90, 2019.
doi: 10.13002/jafag4266.
To avoid harmful health effects of synthetic sugar and also due to human attention to supply sugar from natural sources, the interests of the sugar plants cultivation, especially Stevia rebaudiana have been increased. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of planting density, cutting stage and cutting number on Stevia. In Çukurova region, which is classified as Mediterranean climate. The experiment conducted in a split plot design consisted of three planting density, 30 × 60, 45 × 60 and 60 × 60 cm in themain plot and two cutting time in various growth stages in subplots with three replications. Since there were two cuttings in the season, the differences between cuttings, statistical analysis was valued by using split-split plot design in time. Planting density significantly affected the dry leaf yield and the higher yield (110.9 kg da1) was obtained from the plants, spaced 30 × 60 cm. Plants cutting at flowering stage had high dry leaf weight (20.55 g plant-1) and yield (84.70 kg da-1). Also, more dry leaf weight and yield were obtained from first cuttings. Leaves of closer plant densities produced high content of stevioside. Pre-flowering stage had significant effect on stevioside in the affirmative way.
S. Tavarini, B. Passera, and L. G. Angelini, “CHAPTER 1 Crop and Steviol Glycoside Improvement in Stevia by Breeding,” pp. 1–31, 2018.
doi: 10.1039/9781788010559-00001.
S. Tavarini, C. Sgherri, A. M. Ranieri, and L. G. Angelini, “Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Harvest Time on Steviol Glycosides, Flavonoid Composition, and Antioxidant Properties in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 63, no. 31, pp. 7041–7050, Aug. 2015.
doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02147.
This work investigated the effect of nitrogen fertilization and harvest time on the flavonoid composition and antioxidant properties of Stevia rebaudiana leaves. At the same time, changes in stevioside (Stev) and rebaudioside A (RebA) contents were recorded. A pot trial under open air conditions was set up, testing five N rates and three harvest times. The results showed that, by using an adequate N rate and choosing an appropriate harvest time, it was possible to significantly increase and optimize the bioactive compound levels. In particular, higher RebA, RebA/Stev ratio, total phenols and flavonoids, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and apigenin-7-O-glucoside levels and antioxidant capacity were recorded by supplying 150 kg N ha(-1). Reduced or increased N availability in comparison with N150 had no consistent effect on Stevia phytochemicals content. Significant correlations were also found between stevioside and some of the flavonoids, indicating a possible role of flavonoids in the stevioside metabolic pathway, which deserves more investigations.
S. Tavarini and L. G. Angelini, “Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: The Effect of Harvest Time, Experimental Site and Crop Age on Steviol Glycoside Content and Antioxidant Properties,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 93, no. 9, pp. 2121–2129, 2013.
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6016.
A. Tehranifar, A. Ghani, S. Shooshtarian, and M. Boghrati, “Comparative Study of Ornamental Potential of Six Achillea Species From Iran,” South Western Journal of Horticulture, Biology and Environment, vol. 2, Jun. 2011.http://profdoc.um.ac.ir/paper-abstract-1028844.html.
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C. J. M. ten Broeke, M. Dicke, and J. J. A. van Loon, “Resistance to a New Biotype of the Lettuce Aphid Nasonovia Ribisnigri in Lactuca Virosa Accession IVT280,” Euphytica, vol. 193, no. 2, pp. 265–275, Sep. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s10681-013-0941-z.
Host plant resistance is an effective protection strategy to control aphids in many crops. However, the evolution of insensitive aphid biotypes necessitates the search for new resistance sources. Wild relatives of crop plants can be important sources for resistance genes to be introgressed into new cultivars. Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosely) (Homoptera: Aphididae) is an important pest of cultivated lettuce, Lactuca sativa. Since 1982, resistance introduced into lettuce cultivars has relied on the Nr-gene, originating from a wild relative, Lactuca virosa. In 2007 first reports appeared that Nr-based resistance had become ineffective against certain populations of N. ribisnigri. The objective of this study was to establish if the original donor of the Nr-gene L. virosa accession, IVT 280, is resistant against recently emerged virulent (Nr:1) N. ribisnigri biotypes. To this end we investigated feeding and penetration behaviour of virulent and avirulent (Nr:0) aphids on the resistant L. virosa, IVT 280, and two susceptible L. virosa accessions, using the electrical penetration graph method. Additionally, aphid performance was analysed in terms of survival, development time and reproduction on these accessions. L. virosa accession IVT 280 was resistant against all populations of N. ribisnigri tested. The ingestion of phloem was strongly reduced on the resistant accession compared to the susceptible L. virosa accessions. Additionally, none of the aphids survived on the resistant accession that, therefore, constitutes a good source of resistance in lettuce against both biotypes of N. ribisnigri.
N. Tian et al., “An Improved Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Mediated Transformation of Artemisia Annua L. by Using Stem Internodes as Explants,” Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, vol. 49, no. No. 3, pp. 123–129, Sep. 2013.
doi: 10.17221/105/2012-CJGPB.
Tian N., Liu S., Ting H., Huang J., van der Krol S., Bouwmeester H., Liu Z. (2013): An improved Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation of Artemisia annua L. by using stem internodes as explants. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 49: 123–129.
S. T. M. Tolba, M. Ibrahim, E. A. M. Amer, and D. A. M. Ahmed, “First Insights into Salt Tolerance Improvement of Stevia by Plant Growth-Promoting Streptomyces Species,” Archives of Microbiology, vol. 201, no. 9, pp. 1295–1306, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s00203-019-01696-y.
The present study aimed to investigate the potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to improve the salt stress and alleviate its impact on Stevia crop plant under different levels of salt concentration. Two Streptomyces spp. isolated from the rhizosphere of halophytic plants (Cucumis sativus L. and Salicornia europaea L.) have shown potential for plant growth promotion in Stevia plant. The streptomycetes isolates were identified by classical microbiological techniques and partial sequencing of 16S rRNA gene as Streptomyces variabilis (4NC) and S. fradiae (8PK). The results have shown that inoculation of Stevia plant by these isolates has enhanced plant growth parameters under applied salt stress. Moreover, total cellular proteins were extracted from the two Streptomyces isolates and SDS-PAGE technique was conducted. Mass spectrometric analysis has identified unique polypeptide of the elongation factor thermos unstable (EF-Tu) indicating the elevation of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein genes transcription. On the same context, alleviation of salt stress in Stevia plants inoculated with the two Streptomyces isolates has potentially promoted the accumulation of the major pronounced RuBisCO large subunit protein band detected approximately at 53 kDa. These results may give novel insights and accretion our understanding of salinity tolerance mechanisms using PGP streptomycetes to develop resistant sugar crops of highly important economic value. This study has presented the integration of microbiological, biochemical, and molecular techniques to evaluate the effect of salt stress and to assess the level of stress amelioration using PGPR on proteostasis of sugar crops in Egypt.
A. Trojanowska, “[Lettuce, lactuca sp., as a medicinal plant in polish publications of the 19th century],” Kwartalnik historii nauki i techniki, vol. 50, no. 3-4, pp. 123–134, Jan. 2005.
Mentions of lettuce Lactuca sp. that have appeared since antiquity contained similar information on its curative properties, but such properties were ascribed to different species or varieties. Apart from the wild and poisonous lettuce, also garden or common lettuce were identified as having curative action, and some publications lacked information enabling the precise identification of the lettuce in question. In the 19th century, attempts were made to put some order into the knowledge of lettuce as a medicinal plant. Information contained in Polish medical studies of the 19th century on lettuce points to the poisonous species, Lactuca virosa, and the common or garden lettuce, Lactuca sativa v. Lactuca hortensis, as being used as a medicinal plant. In that period, lettuce and especially the the desiccated lactescent juice obtained from it, lactucarium, were considered to be an intoxicant, and were used as a sedative and an analgesic. The action of the substance was weaker than that of opium but free of the side-effects, and medical practice showed that in some cases lactucarium produced better curative effects than opium. To corroborate those properties of lettuce and its lactescent juice, studies were undertaken to find the substance responsible for the curative effects of the juice. However, such studies failed to produce the expected results, and the component responsible for the curative properties of letuce was not identified. Medical practice thus had to restrict itself to the uses of the desiccated lactescent juice and extracts obtained from it. The possibility of obtaining lactucarium from plants cultivated in Poland caused Polish pharmacists and physicians to take an interest in the stuff and launch their own research of lettuce and the lactescent juice obtained from it. Results of research on lettuce were published in 19th-century journals by, among others, Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang, Florian Sawiczewski and Józef Orkisz.
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K. Turgut, Y. Ozyigit, E. Ucar, and B. Tutuncu, “Cultivation Studies of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni in Turkey,” Planta Medica, vol. 79, no. 13, p. PN112, Aug. 2013.
doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1352454.
The leaves of the stevia ( Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) plant, a perennial plant from the Asteraceae family, contain glycosides such as Stevioside, Rebaudioside A, B, C, D, E and Dulcoside A, which are sweeter than sucrose. However, among these glycosides, Stevioside (Stv) and Rebaudioside A (Reb A) give the plant the main sweetening properties. Especially, the higher the amount of Reb A in the leaves, the higher the sweetener quality of the products. This sweetener is known to be 200-300 times sweeter than sugar. Since the sweetener obtained from the stevia does not need insulin secretion during digestion, it can be used by diabetics. It is also preferred in diet products due to its zero-calorie feature. Adaptation studies carried out in Antalya conditions have shown that stevia can be cultivated perennially. It is important to know the change of Reb A amount and Reb A / Stv ratio, which are very important for the sweetener quality of the stevia leaves, according to the plant’s development period (ontogenetic) and the position of the leaves in the plant. In order to determine the most suitable harvest time, trial samples were taken on 20 July, 5 August, 20 August, 5 September and 20 September 2020 and the amounts of Reb A and Stv were determined. Also, Reb A and Stv analyses were performed in the lower, middle and upper leaf samples on the same plant. It is found that the 4th harvest time (September 5th) is superior to other harvest times in terms of both high leaf yield and high SGs amount in Antalya conditions. At this harvest date, Reb A / Stv ratio, which is important for leaf quality, was found to be high as well. On the other hand, the change in Reb A / Stv ratios in lower, middle and upper leaves at different harvest times was found to be significant.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is an herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, the leaves of which contain steviol glycosides, a family of zero calorie natural sweeteners that are 200-300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done in the experimental field of the Agriculture Faculty at Akdeniz University in Antalya, located in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey, between 2011-2013. This location is characterised by a Mediterranean climate with very warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Terra-rossa-type soil characteristics of the experimental field were clay loam, with large amounts of lime, little salt and very alkaline. The aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of Stevia production in the Mediterranean climate of Turkey. Initially, seed germination of cross-pollinated plants were examined under different light and temperature regimes. The greatest germination percentages were determined at 25 °C (71 %) and 20 °C (68 %) in darkness. In the field experiments, Stevia plants were planted at 65 cm row and 45 cm row intra-row spacing, respectively. Plants were irrigated by drip irrigation during the summer. No fertilizers were applied. Plants were harvested at the beginning of the flowering time, weighed and dried at 40 °C, after which dry biomass and leaf mass were determined and HPLC analyses done. The results show that plants yielded significantly greater amounts of biomass and leaves in their second and third years than after their first year. Maximal fresh biomass was 24340 kg/ha in the second year, whereas leaf yield rose to 12250 kg/ha in the third year. On the other hand, the levels of stevioside and rebaudioside A varied between 6.8-16.0 % and 4.6-11.3 %, respectively. In conclusion, Stevia can be cultivated successfully as a perennial crop in the conditions of the Mediterranean region of Turkey.
B. L. Turner, “INFRASPECIFIC CATEGORIES IN THELESPERMA FILIFOLIUM (ASTERACEAE: COREOPSIDEAE),” 2010.
Based largely upon the doctoral dissertation of Melchert (1963), Thelesperma filifolium is accepted as having two widely distributed infraspecific categories: var. filifolium in the eastern part of its range; var. intermedium in the western part. Populations of the two taxa intergrade near regions of contact, making varietal identifications in such areas difficult. Distinctions between the two taxa are called to the fore, and an account of their chromosomal variation is given. Maps showing the distribution of the complex are provided. Phytologia 92(1): 27-30 (April, 2010).
B. L. Turner, “Thelesperma Nuecense, a New Species from South Texas and Its Bearing on the Status of T. Filifolium,” Rhodora, vol. 61, no. 729, pp. 243–246, 1959.https://www.jstor.org/stable/23305838.
E. Uçar, Özyi̇ği̇t Yaşar, and K. Turgut, “The Effect of Different Pollination Methods on Seed Yield and Germination Features in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni,” Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 114–117, Sep. 2015.
doi: 10.19159/tutad.44673.
Pollination is a prerequisite system for reproductive of many plants and it is more important in self-compatible plants. Since, these plants need other flowers pollen for flower fertilization and seed production. In this study, the effects of different pollination methods (open/cross pollination, self-pollination with hand and control) on some features associated with seed production in Stevia rebaudiana were investigated. Stevia which belongs to the Asteraceae family and is used as sweetener has a self-incompatibility problem. In the experiment, ten plants which were planted in a row were covered with net in the field condition and five of them were selfed with hand pollination and remaining 5 plants were left as it is. Furthermore, five uncovered plants were left to cross-pollination by insects. At the end of the experiment, seed yield per plant, 1000 seed weight, black/filled seed rate, number of day to first germination and germination rate were determined in harvested seeds. According to the results, cross-pollination was more superior in respect to all features in Stevia. This status shows that insect population (especially bee) must be present in Stevia fields for successful seed production.
E. Ucar, Y. Ozyigit, A. Demirbas, D. Yasin Guven, and K. Turgut, “Effect of Different Nitrogen Doses on Dry Matter Ratio, Chlorophyll and Macro/Micro Nutrient Content in Sweet Herb (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni),” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 1231–1239, May 2017.
doi: 10.1080/00103624.2017.1341917.
With this study, the effect of different nitrogen (N) doses applied to sweet herb (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 N kg ha−1) on the macro/micro nutrient element content, dry matter ratio and on the chlorophyll amount in the plant leaves is examined. The research was carried out in the research and trial field of Faculty of Agriculture Agronomy department, Akdeniz University, during the 2012–2013 growing season under field conditions for 2 years with four replications according to the randomized block trial design. Chlorophyll amounts were determined and the average was obtained with three readings from each leaf by a chlorophyll meter when the plants were in the beginning of flowering. Post-harvest macro and micro nutrient elements of the sweet herb were also investigated. According to the obtained data, while the highest chlorophyll and N amounts in the leaf for both the first and second years were determined as 46.97 SPAD (Minolta Corp, NJ, USA) and 1.34 N% 44.9 SPAD, 1.42 N%, respectively, under 200 kg ha−1 N application, the lowest chlorophyll and N amounts were determined in the control group. In addition, N application in different doses for both years increased the phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents and increased the microelement contents, especially in the second year. At the same time, a correlation between the chlorophyll content in the plant leaves and the N amount was determined and a linear increase was observed in the chlorophyll amount with the increased green part.
E. Uçar, K. Turgut, Y. Özyiğit, T. Özek, and G. Özek, “The Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Quality of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bert.),” Journal of Plant Nutrition, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 1130–1137, May 2018.
doi: 10.1080/01904167.2018.1431673.
In the present work, the efficiency of different nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha−1) on growth, yield, and quality of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.) was investigated in 2011–2013. The study was conducted in Antalya located in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Terra rossa type soil (LVx, FAO) characteristics of the experimental field were clay loam, with high amounts of lime (33,9%) and slightly alkaline (pH 7.7). The experiment was carried out in randomized block design with four replications. All the results were summarized as mean of three years. The highest fresh and dry biomass yields (26.75 t ha−1 and 7.5 ha−1, respectively) were obtained from 150 kg ha−1 N dose and followed by 100 kg ha−1 N dose (26.29 t ha−1 and 7.24 ha−1, respectively). Whereas the highest fresh and dry leaf yields (13.27 t ha−1 and 3.82 t ha−1, respectively) were realized in 100 kg ha−1 N dose. Actually, all nitrogen doses gave higher biomass and leaf yields compared to the control. On the hand, major steviol glycosides (stevioside and rebaudioside A) in the leaf were not influenced by nitrogen levels. In conclusion, 100 kg ha−1 N dose was found to be suitable for cultivation of stevia under field conditions.
E. Uçar, Y. Özyiğit, and K. Turgut, “The Effects of Light and Temperature on Germination of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana BERT.) Seeds,” Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 1, Mar. 2016.
doi: 10.19159/tutad.76528.
The Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni is a perennial herbaceous plant and belongs to family of Asteraceae (Compositae). The contents of S. rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni consist mainly non-caloric stevioside and rebaudioside A sweeteners. Low seed germination is an important problem in stevia cultivation. Therefore in this study, the effects of light and temperature on germination performance of stevia seeds were studied. Stevia rebaudiana seeds were treated with two lights (light/darkness) and four different temperatures (15 ºC, 20 ºC, 25 ºC, 30 ºC). For each treatment, 50 seeds were counted and placed into petri dishes. Experiments were conducted as a randomized complete design method with three replicates. Germination was started within 6 to 10 days depending on the treatments. The highest seed germination rate (71%) was observed in darkness/25 ºC temperature and followed by darkness/20 ºC (68%) and light/25 ºC (67%). On the other hand, the lowest seed germination rate (31%) was obtained from 15 ºC in both light and dark conditions and followed by darkness/30 ºC (43%) and light/30 ºC (49%). The results showed that lower (15 ºC) and higher (30 ºC) temperatures significantly decreased the germination rates of stevia independently from the light treatments.
K. Uchkunova, I. Uchkunov, A. Mehmed, and V. Uchkunov, “Growth and Development of the Stevia Plant Stevia rebaudiana B. with the Use of Different Planting Material,” Plant Science (Bulgaria), 2013.https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/64738c6b3ed73003714afebe.
All the parts of the agrotechnics of growing Stevia influence the dry matter yield and the sweet substances content. The aim of the present study is to establish the productive and economical qualities of Stevia using different planting material. It was found that the highest yield of dry mass leaves is received from the crop of first year rootage, where the exceeding is with 28.9%, in comparison with the crop from seedlings. There were not established differences in the content of steviozide and rebaudizide for the different types of crops
The productive and economical qualities of the Stevia plant has been studied for different distances of planting пїЅ 50/30 cm 6666 plants per da and 50/50 cm 4000 plants per da. It was established that that with the 50/30 planting distance, the dry leaves yield is 38% higher in comparison with the 50/50 cm distance. The formation of sowing seed with different density does not influence the contents of steviozide and rebaudizide.
The white sugar consumption in our country is one of the highest in Europe – 31.5 kg per inhabitant. In Japan, for instance the consumption is 21.8 kg. The lower white sugar use there is due to the increased use of other sweeteners, basically stevia. The stevia plant as a source of natural sweeteners was subject of researches in the 80 years of the last century in the former Sugar beet Institute, where the studies were directed to creating methods of cultivation and propagation in the conditions of our country. The results of our current study show that the tested genotypes reach 50 – 60 cm height of the bushes. Approximately 6% of the breeding materials bloom and go to seeds, and approximately the same is the percentage of plant damaged by the fungal disease alternaria. Five origins were assessed for quantity of raw mass, fresh leaves, dry leaves, and dry mass output. The plants were grown by planting at 50/30 cm in irrigation conditions, on carbonate black soil. Statistically proved differences were estimated in fresh mass weight and in dry leaves quantities for the different genotypes. The average quantity of dry leaves from a single plant reaches 31.6 g. The theoretical yield of dry leaves is 123.3 kg/da.
M. S. Uddin, M. S. H. Chowdhury, M. Khan, M. B. Uddin, R. Ahmed, and M. A. Baten, “In Vitro Propagation of Stevia Rebaudiana Bert in Bangladesh,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 5, no. 13, 2006.
doi: 10.4314/ajb.v5i13.43088.
An experiment was conducted on in vitro culture of Stevia rebaudiana Bert, an important non-caloric sweetening herb to explore its potential for micro-propagation. Leaf, nodal and inter-nodal segments of the selected herb as explant were cultured on MS medium containing 2,4-D at 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/L for callus induction. Inter-nodal segments initiated callus earlier than node and leaf. The highest amount of callus was found in MS medium with 3.0 mg/L 2,4-D and MS medium with 5.0 mg/L 2,4-D gave the poorest callus
S. Ullah et al., “Effect of Phosphorous and Zinc Under Different Application.”
To study the response of chickpea to phosphorus various (35, 70, 105 kg ha-1), zinc (10, 20, 30 kg ha-1) levels application methods (broadcast and band placement), an experiment was piloted at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar during Rabi season 2013-14. Chickpea variety “NIFA 2005” was sown in randomized complete block design having four replications. One control was used for both phosphorus and zinc levels. Fertilizer application methods (AM) had substantial effects on all the parameters excluding days to flowering. The effect of zinc (Zn) on days to flowering and seeds pod-1 was not significant at 5% level of probability. Plots supplied with Zn at 10 kg ha-1 had significantly higher 1000 seed weight (223.42 g) and grain yield (1694 kg ha-1). Phosphorus (P) application had significant influence on all the parameters. Phosphorus application at 70 kg ha-1 had considerably higher seeds pod-1 (1.5), 1000 seed weight (223.67 g) and grain yield (1696 kg ha-1). Early flowering (137 days) and higher grain yield (1694 kg ha-1) were noticed in the plots employed with 70 kg P ha-1 though it was at same level with 105 kg P ha-1 for seeds pod-1 (1.6). The treated plots had significantly more seed weight (223.67 g), grain yield (1694 kg ha-1) and early flowering (137 days) as compared with control plots. Placement method of application had significantly higher seed pod-1(1.6), seed weight (224.14 g), grain yield (1693 kg ha-1). The interaction between P×Zn showed that 70 kg ha-1 P × 10 kg ha-1 Zn produced heavy seed (229 g) and grain yield of (1693 kg ha-1). The interaction between AM×P exposed that greater grain yield of (1718 kg ha-1) was acquired at band placement at 70 kg P ha-1. It can be concluded from the present study that the placement of P (70 kg ha-1) and Zn (10 kg ha-1) enhanced the yield and its related traits in general as compared to other treatment hence, this combination is recommended for further study to conform its superior effects for higher yield.
K. Umesha, G. R. Smitha, B. S. Sreeramu, and A. A. Waman, “Organic Manures and Bio-Fertilizers Effectively Improve Yield and Quality of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana),” Journal of Applied Horticulture, vol. 13, no. 02, pp. 157–162, Dec. 2011.
doi: 10.37855/jah.2011.v13i02.36.
The influence of different organic manures, bio-fertilizers and green manures on growth, yield and glycoside content of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) was studied over a period of three years (2004-2007). Various organic supplements viz., farm yard manure (15 and 25 t ha-1), vermicompost (1 and 2 t ha-1), neem cake (0.5 and 1 t ha-1) and bio-fertilizers viz., Azospirillum, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and VAM (each @ 0 and 10 kg ha-1) were applied. The results of eleven harvests revealed that all the growth parameters viz., plant height, number of branches and plant spread were influenced by various organics and bio-fertilizers and showed variation from season to season (harvest to harvest) and plants responses did not followed a definite trend. Dry leaf yield during first (6.16 t ha-1) and second year (4.34 t ha-1) of cropping was maximum with the treatment receiving FYM (25 t ha-1) + vermicompost (2 t ha-1) + neem cake (1 t ha-1) + bio-fertilizers (10 kg ha-1) and differed significantly. However, in third year of cropping the treatments had no significant influence on the dry leaf yield. Both the glycosides i.e., stevioside (7.8 %) and rebaudioside content (3.4 %), and glycoside yield were also highest in the above said treatment.
M. Utumi, P. Monnerat, P. Pereira, P. Fontes, and V. Godinho, “Macronutrient Deficiencies in Stevia: Visual Symptoms and Effects on Growth, Chemical Composition, and Stevioside Production,” Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, vol. 34, pp. 1038–1043, Jun. 1999.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X1999000600016.
This experiment was carried out to describe visual symptoms of macronutrients deficiencies in Stevia rebaudiana, and the effects of these deficiencies on growth, chemical composition and stevioside production. The symptoms were: yellowing with -N; dark green leaves with -P; clorotic, mottled, and necrotic leaves, with -K; apical necrosis, with -Ca; leaves with clorosis and necrosis in inverted "V" shape, with -Mg, and small pale green leaves, with -S. N, K, and Mg deficiencies reduced the leaf growth, therefore the plant marketable part. Mg deficiency caused greater reduction on the development of the radicular system. N, P, K, and S deficiencies decreasead the shoot:root dry weigth ratio, while Mg deficiency increased it. All deficiencies decreased the absorption of macronutrients, except of Ca, which reduced only the absorption of Ca, and K, that did not affect the absorption of Mg and S. The chemical content of the last five fully expanded leaf pairs showed good correlation with the plant nutritional status. The deficiencies of K, Ca, and S decreased the concentration of stevioside while all deficiencies, except of P, decreased the stevioside content.
F. Vafadar, R. Amooaghaie, and M. Otroshy, “Effects of Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus on Plant Growth, Stevioside, NPK, and Chlorophyll Content of Stevia Rebaudiana,” Journal of Plant Interactions, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 128–136, Jan. 2014.
doi: 10.1080/17429145.2013.779035.
F. Vahabinia, H. Pirdashti, and E. Bakhshandeh, “Environmental Factors’ Effect on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Chicory (Cichorium Intybus L.) as an Important Medicinal Plant,” Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 27, Feb. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s11738-019-2820-2.
Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.; Asteraceae) is a small aromatic and medicinal biennial and perennial herb that is distributed in most parts of Europe and Asia including Iran. However, little information is available about seed germination (SG) and seedling growth of this plant in response to abiotic environmental factors. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of several environmental factors such as temperature (T), water stress (ψ), salinity, pH and burial depth on SG characteristics of chicory. Results indicated that all studied traits including germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), germination uniformity (GU), normal seedling percentage (NSP), root length (RL), shoot length (SL) and seedling dry weight (SDW) are significantly influenced by each environmental factor. Estimated cardinal Ts were 3.5, 28.9 and 40.2 °C for the base, optimum and ceiling T, respectively, with a thermal time 330.2 °C h after fitting a beta model in water. The drought tolerance threshold value was − 0.82 MPa for GP and − 0.75 MPa for NSP. The sensitive of each trait to ψ was ranking RL\,> SL\,> GR\,> SDW\,> NSP\,> GP. Increasing salinity level from 0 to 250 mM declined GP, GR, NSP, RL, SL and SDW by 75, 83, 88, 85, 80 and 60%, respectively, and also GU decreased seven times compared with the control. The salt tolerance threshold value was 223 and 194 mM for GP and NSP, respectively. Although chicory seeds were able to germinate at all pH levels (84%, ranged from 2 to 10), they could not produce an equivalent normal seedling in the same condition which indicates that seedling growth is more sensitive to pH relative to SG. The best pH for germination and seedling growth was estimated to be ~ 7 for this plant. Seedling emergence increased by 25% as burial depth increased from 0.5 to 2 cm and then sharply decreased by 87% when reached to 4 cm. The best burial depth ranged from 1 to 2 cm (> 88%) for chicory. Consequently, this information could help us to adequately manage the production of this plant under different environmental factors and also to determine its geographic range expansion in the world.
I. F. M. Valio and R. F. Rocha, “Effect of Photoperiod and Growth Regulator on Growth and Flowering of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Japanese journal of crop science, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 243–248, 1977.
doi: 10.1626/jcs.46.243.
[in Japanese]
D. I. Vârban, M. M. Duda, R. Vârban, and S. Muntean, “THE INFLUENCE OF THE NUTRITION SPACE UPON THE PRODUCTION, AT CALENDULA OFFICINALIS L. SPECIE, IN THE CONDITIONS OF CLUJ-NAPOCA.”
Flowers of calendula have colagog, healing, anti inflammatory and calming effect. The variant sown at the distance of 50 cm between rows and 10 cm between plants on row it is recommended for production. The period of vegetation at Calendula officinalis L. is about 154 days.
M. Varbanov, K. Slavov, K. Uchkunova, and K. Kirolov, “Biological Characteristics and Productive Abilities of the Sweet Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni),” in Proceedings of the III Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with International Participation, Struga, 2007, vol. 8.http://www.mes.org.mk/PDFs/3rd%20Congress%20Proceedings/09_Metodi%20Varbanov%20et%20al_2.pdf.
Varbanov M., Slavov K., Uchkunova K. & Kirolov К. (2008): Biological characteristics and productive abilities of the sweet stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Proceedings of the III Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with International Participation, 06-09.10.2007, Struga. Special issues of Macedonian Ecological Society, Vol. 8, Skopje.
I. Vasilakoglou, D. Kalfountzos, N. Gougoulias, and C. Reppas, “Productivity of Two Stevia Varieties under Reduced Irrigation and Fertilization Inputs,” Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 457–472, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.1080/03650340.2015.1060554.
A 3-year field study was conducted in central Greece to determine the productivity of two stevia [(Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni] varieties (‘Morita’ and ‘Candy-stevia’) under normal and reduced irrigation (100% and 75% of the evapotranspiration) and fertilization [1:0.8:1.1 or 1:0.4:0.8 N:P:K ratio in the first year and only N fertilization (100% or 74% of the recommended rate) in the second and third years] inputs. Averaged across years, stevia cv. Morita achieved greater dry leaf yield (3.48 t ha−1) than the cv. Candy-stevia (2.85 t ha−1). Irrigation and fertilization inputs did not significantly affect stevia cv. Morita dry leaf and steviol glycosides (stevioside plus rebaudioside-A) yields; however, decreasing irrigation and fertilization caused slight reduction of cv. Candy-stevia yields. In cv. Morita leaves, the concentrations of stevioside and rebaudioside-A ranged from 5.97% to 7.78% and 3.73% to 4.79%, respectively, while the corresponding concentrations in cv. Candy-stevia leaves were 8.21–9.36% and 3.89–6.33%. Conclusively, both stevia varieties could achieve satisfactory dry leaf biomass and steviol glycosides yield, even when grown under reduced irrigation (at 75% of evapotranspiration) and reduced N fertilization (74% of the recommended rate). Thus, stevia could represent an alternative crop to tobacco in the Mediterranean conditions.
F. M. L. Viveros, N. L. Valenzuela, G. J. A. Rodríguez, and M. Ehsan, “Utilización Del Ion Amonio En El Desarrollo De Plántulas De Estevia (stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) En Condiciones De Hidroponia,” Interciencia, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 106–110, Feb. 2018.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a plant grown in some regions of South America, whose leaves are the element of economic interest due to their high sweetening power. Stevia seedlings were irrigated with different nutrient solutions. For preparation of the nutrient solutions the percentages between anions and cations were used constant (35% NO 3 , 45% P 2 O 4, 20% SO 4 , 60% K + , 5% Ca ++ and 35% Mg ++ ). In some treatments included ammonium ion in varying concentrations from 0 to 3Meq. The results showed that the presence of ammonium ion in the nutrient affect the dry weight of the leaves. Values >1.7Meq caused a decrease in weight of the leaves. The concentration that showed the highest concentration of stevioles was 15Meq. The presence of ammonium ion did not affect this variable.
R. Vozhehova, P. Lykhovyd, I. Biliaieva, V. Shebanova, O. Rudik, and A. Sinhaievskyi, “Modeling Stevia Yields Depending on Plant Density and Mineral Fertilizers Rates,” Modern Phytomorphology, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 82–85, 2021.
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.5801191.
Stevia is one of the most prospective sweeteners and medicinal plants in dietic treatment. The crop is cultivated almost worldwide, however the cultivation technology is still studied insufficiently. The generalization of current achievements of Ukrainian and foreign scientists in the field of stevia cultivation was used as the basis for the creation of mathematical models of crop productivity depending on plant density and NPK fertilizers rates. The mathematical models, developed using the means of polynomial and multiple linear regression analysis, provided reasonable accuracy of the crop yield prediction (MAPE-28.77%-52.86%). The lowest errors (MAPE3.09%) were observed for the model of stevia productivity depending on plant density, which was created using an artificial neural network approach. It was determined that the best yields of stevia are obtained under the plant density of 80-120 thousand plant/ha and mineral nutrition with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, while nitrogen ones are less important.
Y. Wang, X. Sun, X. Jia, L. Zhu, and H. Yin, “Comparative Transcriptomic of Stevia Rebaudiana Provides Insight into Rebaudioside D and Rebaudioside M Biosynthesis,” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 167, pp. 541–549, Oct. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.028.
Rebaudioside D (Reb D) and rebaudioside M (Reb M) are commercially important low/no-calorie natural sweeteners. However, they are present in a minor proportion of all steviol glycosides (SGs) in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (S. rebaudiana). Strain-dependent deviation in Reb D and Reb M biosynthesis is one key breach for breeding of S. rebaudiana, which has not been studied at the transcriptional level. Herein, five different S. rebaudiana varieties with distinct SGs contents, one cultivar having high stevioside content (HST), one cultivar having high Reb A content (HRA) and three cultivars having high Reb D and Reb M content (HDM1, HDM2, HDM3), were selected for RNA-seq analysis. In total, 131,655 de novo assembled unigenes were found in the RNA-seq data. According to Reb D and Reb M content divergence of S. rebaudiana accessions, 2186 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected as potential genes related to Reb D and Reb M biosynthesis. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was used to explore the genes associated with the Reb D and Reb M biosynthesis. The unigenes from the positively associated turquoise module formed a layered co-expression network. There are 7 UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGT) and 76 transcription factors (TFs) distributing at different regions which represented varying coherence of Reb D and Reb M biosynthesis. Particularly, two TFs having a strong correlation with two UGTs in the network were also discovered. The present study provided a comprehensive insight into networks for regulation of Reb D and Reb M contents in S. rebaudiana.
Y. Wang et al., “The Role of Sexual vs. Asexual Recruitment of Artemisia Wudanica in Transition Zone Habitats between Inter-Dune Lowlands and Active Dunes in Inner Mongolia, China,” Solid Earth, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 621–629, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.5194/se-7-621-2016.
Abstract. Artemisia wudanica is an endemic, perennial, pioneering psammophyte species in the sand dune ecosystems of western Horqin Sand Land in northern China. However, no studies have addressed how sexual and asexual reproduction modes of A. wudanica perform at the transitional zones between active dune inter-dune lowlands and active dunes. In early spring, quadrats were randomly set up in the study area to monitor surviving seedling and/or ramet density and frequency coming from sexual/asexual reproduction of A. wudanica. Iron sticks were inserted near each quadrat to determine wind erosion intensity (WE). Additionally, soil samples were collected nearby each quadrat to test for soil moisture (SM), organic matter (OM) and pH. Surviving seedlings of A. wudanica showed an inverse response in comparison with ramets to SM, OM and WE. Soil moisture showed the most positive effect, and WE the negative effect, on surviving, sexual reproduction seedlings. Contrarily, WE had the most positive effect, and SM the negative effect, on asexual reproduction ramets. This suggests that increases in SM and decreases in WE should benefit recruitment of A. wudanica seedlings. On the contrary, ramets coming from asexual reproduction showed a different response to environmental factors in transition zone habitats. While SM was not a key constraint for the survival of seedlings, they showed a better, positive response to wind erosion environments. Overall, various study environmental parameters could be improved to foster A. wudanica invasion and settlement in the plant community through different reproductive modes, thereby promoting vegetation restoration and rehabilitation.
H. Wang, J. Han, S. Kanagarajan, A. Lundgren, and P. E. Brodelius, “Studies on the Expression of Sesquiterpene Synthases Using Promoter-β-Glucuronidase Fusions in Transgenic Artemisia Annua L,” PLOS ONE, vol. 8, no. 11, p. e80643, Nov. 2013.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080643.
In order to better understand the influence of sesquiterpene synthases on artemisinin yield in Artemisia annua, the expression of some sesquiterpene synthases has been studied using transgenic plants expressing promoter-GUS fusions. The cloned promoter sequences were 923, 1182 and 1510 bp for β-caryophyllene (CPS), epi-cedrol (ECS) and β-farnesene (FS) synthase, respectively. Prediction of cis-acting regulatory elements showed that the promoters are involved in complex regulation of expression. Transgenic A. annua plants carrying promoter-GUS fusions were studied to elucidate the expression pattern of the three sesquiterpene synthases and compared to the previously studied promoter of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), a key enzyme of artemisinin biosynthesis. The CPS and ECS promoters were active in T-shaped trichomes of leaves and stems, basal bracts of flower buds and also in some florets cells but not in glandular secretory trichome while FS promoter activity was only observed in leaf cells and trichomes of transgenic shoots. ADS, CPS, ECS and FS transcripts were induced by wounding in a time depended manner. The four sesquiterpene synthases may be involved in responsiveness of A. annua to herbivory. Methyl jasmonate treatment triggered activation of the promoters of all four sesquiterpene synthases in a time depended manner. Southern blot result showed that the GUS gene was inserted into genomic DNA of transgenic lines as a single copy or two copies. The relative amounts of CPS and ECS as well as germacrene A synthase (GAS) transcripts are much lower than that of ADS transcript. Consequently, down-regulation of the expression of the CPS, ECS or GAS gene may not improve artemsinin yield. However, blocking the expression of FS may have effects on artemisinin production.
Stevia rebaudiana (stevia) is a rapidly emerging new crop in the U.S., grown for the extraction of sweet-tasting steviol glycosides used as non-caloric sweeteners. Most stevia is currently produced in China, though production is increasing rapidly in the U.S. The combination of a favorable climate and existing infrastructure necessary for stevia production in the southeastern U.S. make this an ideal region for production of high quality stevia needed to meet the increasing demand for steviol glycosides. However, U.S. stevia growers confront multiple challenges, including a lack of varieties developed for U.S. conditions, a paucity of information on optimizing production practices, such as planting density, fertilization, weed and disease control, and a lack of information on costs of production, consumer preferences, and potential profitability. The specific objectives of this proposal, which were developed with stakeholders through an SCRI Planning Grant, are to: 1. Develop Best Management Practices to optimize stevia biomass and glycoside production in the southeastern U.S.; 2. Develop germplasm and genetic/genomic resources to enable selection and breeding of stevia cultivars adapted to U.S. growing conditions and producing consumer-desired steviol glycosides; 3. Develop consumer profile and market potential analyses for U.S. stevia products and determine consumer-preferred combinations of steviol glycosides.; 4. Develop cost of production estimates for stevia in different cropping systems; and 5. Conduct outreach programs for producers, extension service providers, and industry professionals. Completing these objectives will contribute substantially to filling the knowledge gaps, andfostering the development of new varieties to meet industry demand for "next-generation" sweeteners.
R. Ważny et al., “Does Co-Inoculation of Lactuca Serriola with Endophytic and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Improve Plant Growth in a Polluted Environment?,” Mycorrhiza, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 235–246, Apr. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s00572-018-0819-y.
Phytoremediation of polluted sites can be improved by co-inoculation with mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi. In this study, the effects of single- and co-inoculation of Lactuca serriola with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Rhizoglomus intraradices, and endophytic fungi, Mucor sp. or Trichoderma asperellum, on plant growth, vitality, toxic metal accumulation, sesquiterpene lactone production and flavonoid concentration in the presence of toxic metals were evaluated. Inoculation with the AM fungus increased biomass yield of the plants grown on non-polluted and polluted substrate. Co-inoculation with the AM fungus and Mucor sp. resulted in increased biomass yield of plants cultivated on the polluted substrate, whereas co-inoculation with T. asperellum and the AM fungus increased plant biomass on the non-polluted substrate. In the presence of Mucor sp., mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscule richness were increased in the non-polluted substrate. Co-inoculation with the AM fungus and Mucor sp. increased Zn concentration in leaves and roots. The concentration of sesquiterpene lactones in plant leaves was decreased by AM fungus inoculation in both substrates. Despite enhanced host plant costs caused by maintaining symbiosis with numerous microorganisms, interaction of wild lettuce with both mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi was more beneficial than that with a single fungus. The study shows the potential of double inoculation in unfavourable environments, including agricultural areas and toxic metal-polluted areas.
X. Weng, J. Sun, and R. Zang, “Study on the growth and physiological characteristics of Stevia rebaudiana SM,” Zhejiang nong ye da xue xue bao = Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Chekianensis, vol. 22, no. 5. pp. 538–540, Jan-1996.
Stevia rebaudiana SM4 and commmon Stevia rebaudiana were compared about yield and some physiological characteristics. The results showed that the individual plant leaf area of SM4 was higher than that of common Stevia rebaudiana. Compared with common Stevia rebaudiana, net photosynthetic rate, contents of chlorpophyll, protein, DNA and RNa of SM4 were always higher during leaf development. Especially, there were higher protein content and net photosynthetic rate in late growing stage. The contents of total steviosides in SM4 were 1.5 percent higher than that in common Stevia rebaudiana. of those, Stevioside slightly decreased and rebandioside increased significantly.
N. M. West, J. E. West, J. H. Revere, and M. C. England, “A New Approach to the Use of Silver Cones: The Effect of Negatively Charged Teflon: A Preliminary Study,” Journal of endodontics, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 208–213, Jul. 1979.
doi: 10.1016/s0099-2399(79)80045-x.
H. Y. Wetzstein, J. A. Porter, J. Janick, J. F. S. Ferreira, and T. M. Mutui, “Selection and Clonal Propagation of High Artemisinin Genotypes of Artemisia Annua,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 9, p. 358, 2018.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00358.
Artemisinin, produced in the glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua L. is a vital antimalarial drug effective against Plasmodium falciparum resistant to quinine-derived medicines. Although work has progressed on the semi-synthetic production of artemisinin, field production of A. annua remains the principal commercial source of the compound. Crop production of artemisia must be increased to meet the growing worldwide demand for artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) to treat malaria. Grower artemisinin yields rely on plants generated from seeds from open-pollinated parents. Although selection has considerably increased plant artemisinin concentration in the past 15 years, seed-generated plants have highly variable artemisinin content that lowers artemisinin yield per hectare. Breeding efforts to produce improved F1 hybrids have been hampered by the inability to produce inbred lines due to self-incompatibility. An approach combining conventional hybridization and selection with clonal propagation of superior genotypes is proposed as a means to enhance crop yield and artemisinin production. Typical seed-propagated artemisia plants produce less than 1% (dry weight) artemisinin with yields below 25 kg/ha. Genotypes were identified producing high artemisinin levels of over 2% and possessing improved agronomic characteristics such as high leaf area and shoot biomass production. Field studies of clonally-propagated high-artemisinin plants verified enhanced plant uniformity and an estimated gross primary productivity of up to 70 kg/ha artemisinin, with a crop density of one plant m-2. Tissue culture and cutting protocols for the mass clonal propagation of A. annua were developed for shoot regeneration, rooting, acclimatization, and field cultivation. Proof of concept studies showed that both tissue culture-regenerated plants and rooted cutting performed better than plants derived from seed in terms of uniformity, yield, and consistently high artemisinin content. Use of this technology to produce plants with homogeneously-high artemisinin can help farmers markedly increase the artemisinin yield per cultivated area. This would lead to increased profit to farmers and decreased prices of ACT.
K. R. Wilcox et al., “Plant Traits Related to Precipitation Sensitivity of Species and Communities in Semiarid Shortgrass Prairie,” New Phytologist, vol. 229, no. 4, pp. 2007–2019, 2021.
doi: 10.1111/nph.17000.
Understanding how plant communities respond to temporal patterns of precipitation in water-limited ecosystems is necessary to predict interannual variation and trends in ecosystem properties, including forage production, biogeochemical cycling, and biodiversity. In North American shortgrass prairie, we measured plant abundance, functional traits related to growth rate and drought tolerance, and aboveground net primary productivity to identify: species-level responsiveness to precipitation (precipitation sensitivity Sspp) across functional groups; Sspp relationships to continuous plant traits; and whether continuous trait–Sspp relationships scaled to the community level. Across 32 plant species, we found strong bivariate relationships of both leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and leaf osmotic potential Ψosm with Sspp. Yet, LDMC and specific leaf area were retained in the lowest Akaike information criterion multiple regression model, explaining 59% of Sspp. Most relationships between continuous traits and Sspp scaled to the community level but were often contingent on the presence/absence of particular species and/or land management at a site. Thus, plant communities in shortgrass prairie may shift towards slower growing, more stress-resistant species in drought years and/or chronically drier climate. These findings highlight the importance of both leaf economic and drought tolerance traits in determining species and community responses to altered precipitation.
M. L. Willcox, S. Burton, R. Oyweka, R. Namyalo, S. Challand, and K. Lindsey, “Evaluation and Pharmacovigilance of Projects Promoting Cultivation and Local Use of Artemisia Annua for Malaria,” Malaria Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 84, Apr. 2011.
doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-84.
Several non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are promoting the use of Artemisia annua teas as a home-based treatment for malaria in situations where conventional treatments are not available. There has been controversy about the effectiveness and safety of this approach, but no pharmacovigilance studies or evaluations have been published to date.
J. R. Witono and A. Chandra, “The Study on the Method for Maximizing Steviol Glycoside Extract from Stevia Leaves,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 742, no. 1, p. 012048, Jan. 2020.
doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/742/1/012048.
One of the 9 types of basic needs of Indonesian is sugar. The main resource as a sugar producer is sugar cane. However, currently with the increasing of population, the area for sugarcane plantation become limited. On the other side, Indonesia, with its wealth of natural resources, has the opportunity to use other raw materials as a source of sweetener. One of the potential sugar sources is Stevia rebaudiana. Its dry leaves contents of steviol glycosides around 5-10%. In addition, this sugar has a therapeutic function as well, since its sweetness level is quite high (200 - 300 times of sugarcane), contains vitamins, minerals and anti-oxidants. The aim of this research is to study the appropriate method that can maximize the extraction of glycoside from stevia leaves. The variables observed during the experiment were temperature generated by microwave and size of leaves. Stevioside separation process was carried out by extraction with using a microwave. Analysis of the glycoside yield was conducted using turbidity meter and colorimeter.
U. Woelwer-Rieck, C. Lankes, A. Wawrzun, and M. Wüst, “Improved HPLC Method for the Evaluation of the Major Steviol Glycosides in Leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana,” European Food Research and Technology, vol. 231, no. 4, pp. 581–588, Aug. 2010.
doi: 10.1007/s00217-010-1309-4.
A simple reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of the major steviol glycosides, the diterpene sweeteners derived from Stevia rebaudiana. The method is based on a water extraction step and a solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up. Different SPE cartridges and two HPLC columns were tested in the separation of the main steviol glycosides stevioside and rebaudioside A. A good separation was performed on a Luna HILIC analytical column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water (85:15 v/v). The calibration curves were linear from 10 to 800 µg/mL and the recoveries for stevioside and rebaudioside A were 99 ± 4.4 and 100 ± 5.0%, respectively. The applicability of this method was demonstrated in the analysis of stevioside and rebaudioside A from Stevia plants grown in two different areas in Germany. Stevioside and rebaudioside A contents showed statistically significant differences (F- and t-test) between the two harvests. Nevertheless, the total concentrations (>12%) and the ratio of stevioside to rebaudioside A (6:4) were similar to those found in the countries in which Stevia rebaudiana originates. Based on a comparison of yields from different harvests, we discussed whether Stevia rebaudiana can be economically grown in the temperate zones of the northern European hemisphere.
U. Wölwer-Rieck, “The Leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni), Their Constituents and the Analyses Thereof: A Review,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 886–895, Feb. 2012.
doi: 10.1021/jf2044907.
The plant Stevia rebaudiana is well-known due to the sweet-tasting ent-kaurene diterpenoid glycosides. Stevioside and rebaudioside A are the most abundant and best analyzed, but more than 30 additional steviol glycosides have been described in the scientific literature to date. Most of them were detected in the last two years. This paper reviews these new compounds and provides an overview about novel trends in their determination, separation, analysis, detection, and quantification. The detection and analysis of further constituents such as nonglycosidic diterpenes, flavonoids, chlorogenic acids, vitamins, nutrients, and miscellaneous minor compounds in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana are reviewed as well. A critical review of the antioxidant capacity of Stevia leaves and its analysis is also included. These different aspects are discussed in consideration of the scientific literature of the last 10 years.
U. Wölwer-Rieck, B. May, C. Lankes, and M. Wüst, “Methylerythritol and Mevalonate Pathway Contributions to Biosynthesis of Mono-, Sesqui-, and Diterpenes in Glandular Trichomes and Leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 2428–2435, Mar. 2014.
doi: 10.1021/jf500270s.
The biosynthesis of the diterpenoid steviol glycosides rebaudioside A and stevioside in nonrooted cuttings of Stevia rebaudiana was investigated by feeding experiments using the labeled key precursors [5,5-2H2]-mevalonic acid lactone (d2-MVL) and [5,5-2H2]-1-deoxy-d-xylulose (d2-DOX). Labeled glycosides were extracted from the leaves and stems and were directly analyzed by LC-(-ESI)-MS/MS and by GC-MS after hydrolysis and derivatization of the resulting isosteviol to the corresponding TMS-ester. Additionally, the incorporation of the proffered d2-MVL and d2-DOX into volatile monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes in glandular trichomes on leaves and stems was investigated by headspace–solid phase microextraction–GC-MS (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Incorporation of the labeled precursors indicated that diterpenes in leaves and monoterpenes and diterpenes in glandular trichomes are predominately biosynthesized via the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, whereas both the MEP and mevalonate (MVA) pathways contribute to the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes at equal rates in glandular trichomes. These findings give evidence for a transport of MEP pathway derived farnesyl diphosphate precursors from plastids to the cytosol. Contrarily, the transport of MVA pathway derived geranyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate precursors from the cytosol to the plastid is limited.
C. W. Wright, Ed., Artemisia, no. v. 18. London ; New York: Taylor & Francis, 2002.
J. Wu, Y. Wang, and X. Lin, “Purple Phototrophic Bacterium Enhances Stevioside Yield by Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni via Foliar Spray and Rhizosphere Irrigation,” PLOS ONE, vol. 8, no. 6, p. e67644, Jun. 2013.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067644.
This study was conducted to compare the effects of foliar spray and rhizosphere irrigation with purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) on growth and stevioside (ST) yield of Stevia. rebaudiana. The S. rebaudiana plants were treated by foliar spray, rhizosphere irrigation, and spray plus irrigation with PPB for 10 days, respectively. All treatments enhanced growth of S. rebaudiana, and the foliar method was more efficient than irrigation. Spraying combined with irrigation increased the ST yield plant -1 by 69.2% as compared to the control. The soil dehydrogenase activity, S. rebaudiana shoot biomass, chlorophyll content in new leaves, and soluble sugar in old leaves were affected significantly by S+I treatment, too. The PPB probably works in the rhizosphere by activating the metabolic activity of soil bacteria, and on leaves by excreting phytohormones or enhancing the activity of phyllosphere microorganisms.
J. Xu, Y. Feng, Y. Wang, and X. Lin, “Effect of Rhizobacterium Rhodopseudomonas Palustris Inoculation on Stevia Rebaudiana Plant Growth and Soil Microbial Community,” Pedosphere, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 793–803, Oct. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/S1002-0160(18)60043-8.
There is an increasing concern that the continuous use of chemical fertilizers might lead to harmful effects on soil ecosystem. Accordingly, a biocompatible approach involving inoculation of beneficial microorganisms is presented to promote plant growth and simultaneously minimize the negative effect of chemical fertilizers. In this study, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR), was inoculated into both fertilized and unfertilized soils to assess its influence on Stevia rebaudiana plant growth and microbial community in rhizosphere soils in a 122-d field experiment. Soil enzyme assays (dehydrogenase, urease, invertase, and phosphomonoesterase), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and a high-throughput sequencing technique were employed to determine the microbial activity and characterize the bacterial community. Results showed that the R. palustris inoculation did not significantly influence Stevia yields and root biomass in either the fertilized or unfertilized soil. Chemical fertilization had strong negative effects on soil bacterial community properties, especially on dehydrogenase and urease activities. However, R. palustris inoculation counteracted the effect of chemical fertilizer on dehydrogenase and urease activities, and increased the abundances of some bacterial lineages (including Bacteroidia, Nitrospirae, Planctomycetacia, Myxococcales, and Legionellales). In contrast, inoculation into the unfertilized soil did not significantly change the soil enzyme activities or the soil bacterial community structure. For both the fertilized and unfertilized soils, R. palustris inoculation decreased the relative abundances of some bacterial lineages possessing photosynthetic ability, such as Cyanobacteria, Rhodobacter, Sphingomonadales, and Burkholderiales. Taken together, our observations stress the potential utilization of R. palustris as PGPR in agriculture, which might further ameliorate the soil microbial properties in the long run.
S. Xu, G. Wang, R. Guo, Z. Wei, and J. Zhang, “Extraction of Steviol Glycosides from Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Leaves by High-Speed Shear Homogenization Extraction,” Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, vol. 43, no. 12, p. e14250, 2019.
doi: 10.1111/jfpp.14250.
An efficient high-speed shear homogenization extraction (HSHE) technique was employed for extracting stevioside (STV) and rebaudioside A (RA) from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves. The HSHE extraction procedure was optimized and compared with other conventional extraction techniques. HSHE showed a better extraction efficiency than solvent extraction (SE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods. Based on single-factor experiments, the extraction conditions of HSHE method were optimized by response surface method (RSM) modeling. The optimal conditions were 59% ethanol aqueous solution as extraction agent, 8 min extraction time, and 68°C extraction temperature. The yields of STV, RA, and rebaudioside C (RC) were 5.37 ± 0.10%, 8.68 ± 0.13%, and 0.99 ± 0.03%, respectively. In addition, the contents of other components in crude extract, such as pigments, proteins, and pectin, extracted by HSHE, were compared with SE, UAE, and MAE methods. The result showed that the HSHE method has the advantages of low extraction temperature, high efficiency, and low time and energy consumption. The study demonstrated that HSHE has a great potential for the extraction of steviol glycosides from S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves. Practical applications Steviol glycosides (SGs) are a new natural sweetener with high safety, good stability, and nonfermentation, which is herbal plant of the composite extracted from S. rebaudiana (Bertoni). It has the characteristics of high sweetness and low thermal energy. Its safety has been approved by the European Food Safety Administration (EFSA) and Joint Committee of Experts on Food Additives (JECFA). Generally speaking, SG is extracted from S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) by SE, UAE, and MAE methods. However, these methods have the disadvantages of low efficiency, low yield, and high solvent consumption. At present, there is no literature reported on the extraction of SG from S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) by HSHE method. Therefore, this study is to optimize the extraction process of HSHE and compare the contents of impurities in the crude extracts of different extraction methods, in order to provide a new method for extraction of SG from S. rebaudiana (Bertoni).
J. Xu, Y. Feng, Y. Wang, J. Wang, X. He, and X. Lin, “Soil Microbial Mechanisms of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Residue Returning Increasing Crop Yield and Quality,” Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 839–846, Oct. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s00374-013-0777-7.
Due to the ever-increasing worldwide plantation of sweet leaf Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), how to efficiently and effectively utilize the huge amounts of leaf residues that contain abundant nutrients after sweetener extraction becomes an eminent issue. One option is to return these residues into soil, as organic manure in the fresh or composted form, in order to both sustain soil fertility and avoid potential environmental pollution. In a field experiment, we studied if the Stevia leaf residue returning affected both plant and soil microbial growths as well as the possible change of soil microbial community composition. In doing so, four treatments were employed: (1) no chemical fertilization and no Stevia residue returning (no-fertilization control); (2) chemical N, P, and K fertilization (NPK); (3) fresh Stevia residue plus NPK (FS + NPK); and (4) composted Stevia residue plus NPK (CS + NPK). Responses of plant and soil microbial communities to Stevia residue input after 1-year fertilizations were investigated by multiple approaches, including soil enzyme assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that compared to the sole NPK and no-fertilization control, returning Stevia residues to soil stimulated the enzyme activities of dehydrogenase, invertase, and urease, except neutral phosphomonoesterase; thereby, both the Stevia leaf biomass and sweet glycoside of rebaudioside A were increased. The soil microbial community abundance was increased by the returning of Stevia residues, and their composition was shifted, evidenced by an increase of relative abundance of some genotypic groups, such as Bacillales. Further molecular analysis of Bacillus confirmed that this guild composition was positively influenced by Stevia residue returning, especially for Bacillaceae. Our results demonstrated an effective use of Stevia residues as organic manure for promoting Stevia yield and quality through stimulating soil microbial growth and enzyme activities.
A. K. Yadav, S. Singh, D. Dhyani, and P. S. Ahuja, “A Review on the Improvement of Stevia [Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni)],” Canadian Journal of Plant Science, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 1–27, Jan. 2011.
doi: 10.4141/cjps10086.
S. K. Yadav and P. Guleria, “Steviol Glycosides from Stevia: Biosynthesis Pathway Review and Their Application in Foods and Medicine,” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 988–998, 2012.
doi: 10.1080/10408398.2010.519447.
Stevia rebaudiana, a perennial herb from the Asteraceae family, is known to the scientific world for its sweetness and steviol glycosides (SGs). SGs are the secondary metabolites responsible for the sweetness of Stevia. They are synthesized by SG biosynthesis pathway operating in the leaves. Most of the genes encoding the enzymes of this pathway have been cloned and characterized from Stevia. Out of various SGs, stevioside and rebaudioside A are the major metabolites. SGs including stevioside have also been synthesized by enzymes and microbial agents. These are non-mutagenic, non-toxic, antimicrobial, and do not show any remarkable side-effects upon consumption. Stevioside has many medical applications and its role against diabetes is most important. SGs have made Stevia an important part of the medicinal world as well as the food and beverage industry. This article presents an overview on Stevia and the importance of SGs.
A. Yadavannavar, V. Singh, B. Patil, Y. Vishwanath, A. Patil, and J. Jhalegar, “Influence of Different Seed Treatments on Seed Quality Enhancement in Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni.),” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol. 10, p. 2, Feb. 2021.
doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1002.276.
Stevia is perennial herb belongs to asteraceae family. It is popularly known as sweet leaf, candy leaf, sweet herb and honey leaf which are used to treat diabetes to bring down glucose levels, enhance insulin secretion and in various pharmaceutical formulations. A laboratory experiment was conducted at University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot during 2019-2020 to assess the seed quality parameters of stevia by treating the seeds with different treatments. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with ten treatments in four replications. The seeds of stevia treated with GA3 at 10 ppm soaked for 12 hours had took minimum days for first seed germination (3.00 days), recorded maximum germination (62.25%), root length (10.30 mm), shoot length (14.15 mm), seedling vigour index (1522), seedling dry weight (2.90 mg per 10 seedlings) and field emergence (47.75%). The growth regulator GA3 at 10 ppm found to be superior in improvement of seed quality parameters of stevia compared to other treatments.
In recent decades, the increased interest in natural sweeteners has prompted manufacturers to develop mechanized technologies for the production of dry mass for stevioside for the food and pharmaceutical industry. The yield of dried leaves obtained from one plant affects all the elements of the technology. The results of a number of studies have shown that leaf fertilization is an appropriate method for stimulating the biological potential of plants and for the widespread farming practice, it is particularly important to establish the effect of different bio-fertilizers in a specific soil climate. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of various bio fertilizers on the productivity of Stevia leaves because of constantly growing organic farming areas. The results of the study found that the influence of the used foliar fertilizers influences the biological activity of the plants, leading to an increase in Stevia’s vegetative mass and is a prerequisite for higher yields. The highest values of the studied parameters are the organic liquid fertilizer Ecosyst-Arbanasi, followed by Gropaid NPA.
T. Yamazaki, H. E. Flores, K. Shimomura, and K. Yoshihira, “Examination of Steviol Glucosides Production by Hairy Root and Shoot Cultures of Stevia Rebaudiana,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 986–992, Jul. 1991.
doi: 10.1021/np50076a010.
J. Yang, X. Liu, and Y. Shi, “Effect of Different Mixed Fertilizer on Yield, Quality and Economic Benefits in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 588–591, May 2013.
doi: 10.19026/ajfst.5.3132.
The effect of different mixed fertilizer on yield, quality and economic benefits in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni had been studied in open field. The result showed that organic cultivation and the common had some remarkable difference in yield, quality, as well as the economic benefits. Leaf production of treatment that incorporating organic fertilizer with decomposed Stevia rebaudiana dregs lower than the one that incorporating organic fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer, yet higher than applying organic fertilizer only and inorganic fertilizer only; organic cultivation enable Stevia rebaudiana produced more Stevioside (STV) in leaf blade compared with common cultivation, especially in the content of Rebaudioside A (RA); and incorporating organic fertilizer with decomposed Stevia rebaudiana dregs led to a significantly higher economic benefit compared with others.
Y. W. Yang and W. C. Chang, “In Vitro Plant Regeneration from Leaf Explants of Stevia Rebaudiana BERTONI,” Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 337–343, Jul. 1979.
doi: 10.1016/S0044-328X(79)80267-6.
Rapid plant regeneration of Stevia rabaudiana BERTONI (Composite) was achieved by culturing leaflets of 12 to 16-day-old seedlings on a modified Murashige and Skoog formulation (MS). Multiple shoots were induced on MS media supplemented with 2–10 mg/1 benzyladenine. Then roots were induced by subculturing the regenerated shoots on the MS medium without hormonal factors or on the moistened vermiculite. Successful transferring of plantlets to soil was accomplished and complete flowering plant formation was feasible in large scale.
In this paper,the writer tells the meaning of defining types of Stevia and Steviosides:1)R-A(Rebaudioside A) overmatches St(Stevioside),Its sweet is 1.4～1.5 times of the St’s,and 385～450 times of sucrose’s, and the tast is more similar to sucrose than that of other’s. 2)The diversity of percentages of sweet ingredient in Stevia and Steviosides is the scientific bases to define types of Stevia and Steviosides. 3)Improving quality needs a process, it is necessary to define types and make standards.Then,the writer gives his opinion on type standard of Stevia and Steviosides on the bases of percentage of R-A,including the formulas to identify type R-A and type St,and the standard of three classes in each type.
Y. Yoneda, H. Shimizu, H. Nakashima, J. Miyasaka, and K. Ohdoi, “Effect of Treatment with Gibberellin, Gibberellin Biosynthesis Inhibitor, and Auxin on Steviol Glycoside Content in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Sugar Tech, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 482–491, Aug. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s12355-017-0561-3.
Steviol glycosides (SGs) are natural compounds present in Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni, which are approximately 200–400 times sweeter than sucrose. A biosynthetic pathway of SGs shares a biosynthetic pathway of gibberellin (GA) through a formation of ent-kaurenoic acid. Previous studies have demonstrated that SG-related genes are upregulated by exogenous GA treatment. However, the transcription level of UGT85C2, which is involved in a glycosylation step to steviol from steviolmonoside and suggests a rate-limiting step in the SGs biosynthesis, remains controversial in GA treatments. To have a detailed understanding of the relationship between SGs and GAs, a concentration gradient of exogenous GA3, GA inhibitor daminozide (DAM), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was used for treatment by the leaf infiltration method. Results showed that transcription level of UGT85C2 and the total number of stevioside and rebaudioside-A induced by GA3, DAM, or NAA treatment were significantly upregulated compared to an untreated group. These results suggest that the GA biosynthetic pathway affects the number of SGs and that hormonal crosstalk occurs between GA and auxin, which changes the number of SGs in S. rebaudiana. Controlling the GA biosynthesis could be considered to modulate the yield of SGs.
Y. Yoneda, H. Shimizu, H. Nakashima, J. Miyasaka, and K. Ohdoi, “Effects of Light Intensity and Photoperiod on Improving Steviol Glycosides Content in Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni While Conserving Light Energy Consumption,” Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 7, pp. 64–73, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2017.06.001.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni accumulates steviol glycosides (SGs) which are natural sweeteners. Leaf extracts have been widely used as a food additive because the strong sweetness intensity of SGs that is 300 times sweeter than sucrose. S. rebaudiana is a short-day (SD) perennial plant, and some studies claim that long-day (LD) treatment affects SGs accumulation. However, the optimal and detailed light regime required to increase total SGs content remains controversial. We analyzed the effect of various light intensities and day lengths to determine optimal light treatment for SGs accumulation with minimal energy consumption in growth chambers. Night-interruption (NI) treatments in conjunction with 8h photoperiod increased leaf biomass to amounts observed under LD conditions, and resulted in higher SGs content than that observed under 12h photoperiod while minimizing energy consumption. In addition, end-of-day far-red (EOD-FR) treatment for 15min at 50μmolm−2s−1 was associated with transcription upregulation of the SGs-related gene UGT85C2, higher SGs content, and similar leaf biomass compared to that observed under 16h photoperiod. These light treatments offer great potential for energy-efficient increases in S. rebaudiana total SGs content when plants are grown in a greenhouse or in the field with supplemental lights.
Y. Yoneda, H. Nakashima, J. Miyasaka, K. Ohdoi, and H. Shimizu, “Impact of Blue, Red, and Far-Red Light Treatments on Gene Expression and Steviol Glycoside Accumulation in Stevia Rebaudiana,” Phytochemistry, vol. 137, pp. 57–65, May 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.02.002.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni is a plant that biosynthesizes a group of natural sweeteners that are up to approximately 400 times sweeter than sucrose. The sweetening components of S. rebaudiana are steviol glycosides (SGs) that partially share their biosynthesis pathway with gibberellins (GAs). However, the molecular mechanisms through which SGs levels can be improved have not been studied. Therefore, transcription levels of several SG biosynthesis-related genes were analyzed under several light treatments involved in GA biosynthesis. We detected higher transcription of UGT85C2, which is one of the UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in catalyzing the sugar-transfer reaction, under red/far-red (R/FR) 1.22 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and blue LEDs treatment. In this study, it was demonstrated that transcription levels of SG-related genes and the SGs content are affected by light treatments known to affect the GA contents. It is expected that this approach could serve as a practical way to increase SG contents using specific light treatments.
Z. Yong-ping, L. I. N. Hai-ming, H. E. Qing-xiang, Z. En-he, and W. E. I. Yu-jie, “Comparative Study on Photosynthetic Physiological Characteristics, Yield and Quality of Different Genotypes of Stevia Rebaudiana,” Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, vol. 28, no. 5, p. 935, May 2014.
doi: 10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.05.0935.
In order to select the suitable Stevia rebaudiana for planting and hig...
M. A. Youssef et al., “Exogenously Applied Nitrogenous Fertilizers and Effective Microorganisms Improve Plant Growth of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) and Soil Fertility,” AMB Express, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 133, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.1186/s13568-021-01292-8.
The effects of different fertilizers and biofertilizers on crop production to increase plant growth, improve quality and yield components (dry leaves yield, leaf protein, and stevioside) of crops has been extensively studied. However, the combination of both types of fertilizers have rarely been investigated. To explore the effect of different fertilizers and biofertilizers on stevia plant, a two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the growth response of stevia plants under the influence of nitrogenous fertilizers (NFs) and effective microorganisms (EM). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, with EM as the main plot factor (−EM and +EM) and NFs as the subplot factor [control, chemical NFs (Ch-N) and organic NFs (Org-N)]. The results showed that, plants treated with EM and Org-N showed 2-, 2.2-, 2.4-, 2.5-, 3.3- and 3-fold increases in plant height, number of branches, total leaf area, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight and leaf dry yield, respectively, compared to untreated plants. Similarly, plants receiving EM along with Ch-N showed 1.86-, 1.7-, 2.2-, 2.12-, 3-, and 2.72-fold increases in the same traits. Total chlorophyll, protein, N, P, K and sativoside contents were increased by 88.8, 152, 138, 151.5, 43 and 137.5% when EM and Org-N were applied to stevia plants. Application of EM together with Ch-N increased these properties by 0.5, 127.7, 115, 216, 42.6 and 83.8%, respectively in the same traits. Overall, the combined application of NFs and EM improved growth, yield and nutrient accumulation in stevia plants.
X. Yu, J. Yang, E. Wang, B. Li, and H. Yuan, “Effects of Growth Stage and Fulvic Acid on the Diversity and Dynamics of Endophytic Bacterial Community in Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Leaves,” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 6, p. 867, 2015.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00867.
The aim of this study was to learn the interactions among the endophytic bacteria, the plant growth, the foliar spray of fulvic acid, and the accumulation of steviol glycosides in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from the Stevia leaves at different growth stages with or without the fulvic acid treatment; and the diversity of endophytic bacteria in Stevia leaves was estimated by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. As results, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were found to be the dominant phyla despite the growth stages and fulvic acid application. Stevia growth stages strongly regulated composition of endophytic community. The genera Agrobacterium (12.3%) and Erwinia (7.2%) dominated in seedling stage were apparently declined in the vegetable and initial flowering stages, while Sphingomonas and Methylobacterium increased in mature leaves at harvest time, which showed that the mature leaves of Stevia preferred to accumulate some certain endophytic bacteria. Sphingomonas and Methylobacterium constituted an important part of the core endophytic community and were positively correlated with the stevioside content and UGT74G1 gene expression, respectively; while Erwinia, Agrobacterium, and Bacillus were negatively correlated with the stevioside accumulation. Fulvic acid treatment accelerated the variation of endophytes along the growth stages and increased the steviol glycosides content. This is the first study to reveal the community composition of endophytic bacteria in the Stevia leaves, to evidence the strong effects of growth stage and fulvic acid application on the endophytes of Stevia, and to demonstrate the correlation between the endophytic bacteria and the steviol glycosides accumulation.
B. Yücesan et al., “An Efficient Regeneration System and Steviol Glycoside Analysis of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni, a Source of Natural High-Intensity Sweetener,” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 330–337, Jun. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s11627-016-9765-6.
Stevia is a natural, zero-calorie, intensively sweet extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. Its sweet taste derives from a group of compounds known as steviol glycosides. In this study, an efficient micropropagation protocol for S. rebaudiana was developed for possible commercial implementation using Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium without plant growth regulators for most of the process. Direct shoot formation was achieved after cultivation of nodal segments on MS medium with or without plant growth regulators (benzyl amino purine [BAP], kinetin [KIN]) at various concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg L−1). Although all treatments produced two shoots per explants after 3 wk of culture, high concentrations of KIN and BAP (1.0 or 2.0 mg L−1) induced more callus formation. Rooting was achieved on MS medium containing 0.25 mg L−1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which produced 8.1 roots per shoot after 3 wk of cultivation. After acclimatization of the regenerants in a portable greenhouse for 3 wk, all regenerants and seed-derived seedlings were transferred to field conditions for 16 wk. Steviol glycoside contents (% leaf dry weight) did not differ between leaves collected from regenerants and seed-derived plants. Rebaudioside A content ranged from 4.7 to 5.0% (w/w), while stevioside ranged from 6.4 to 6.9% (w/w). There was no significant difference between the two sampling periods (late vegetative and flowering stages) for the plants grown in the field. In this study, a cost-effective in vitro regeneration protocol was established that enables efficient, large-scale in vitro production of S. rebaudiana for field cultivation.
B. Yücesan et al., “In Vitro and Ex Vitro Propagation of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni with High Rebaudioside-A Content—A Commercial Scale Application,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 203, pp. 20–28, May 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2016.03.008.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a self-incompatible and the pollination is an entomophilous short-day plant. Rebaudioside A, as an individual steviol glycoside, is of particular interest in global sweetener market due to its most desirable flavour profile as compared to stevioside having aftertaste bitterness. In the present investigation, regenerant formation was performed for 6 weeks, in which randomly selected nodes excised from in vitro germinated seedlings were cultured on solid Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) with or without growth regulators (6-benzylaminopurine- BAP or kinetin- KIN) at various concentrations (ranging from 0.1 to 2.0mg/L). Irrespective of the medium composition, the results showed that all treatments were effective for shoot induction, producing an average of 2 shoots per explant after three weeks of culture. Following subsequent sub-culturing on MS medium at 3-week intervals, all the shoots regenerated from the nodes were transferred to MS medium with or without indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at two different concentrations (0.25 or 0.50mg/L) for root formation for 3 weeks. IAA was more effective for root formation, producing 7.6 roots per shoot with 100% rooting frequency. All the regenerants (∼13.5cm in length) were potted and successfully acclimatized in a greenhouse for 2 weeks, and then transferred to the field for 14 weeks with a high survival rate (>99%). Similarly, seedlings (8 weeks-old) derived from seed germination in pots were also transferred to the same field in a different plot. There was no significant difference in terms of morphological, yield performance and steviol glycoside compositions between regenerants and seedlings sampled from two developmental periods (late vegetative and flowering period). It was clearly shown that clonal propagation using nodal explants was effective for superior stock plant production with high Reb-A content (11.7% w/w).
M. M. Zaman, T. Chowdhury, K. Nahar, and M. a. H. Chowdhury, “Effect of Cow Dung as Organic Manure on the Growth, Leaf Biomass Yield of Stevia Rebaudiana and Post Harvest Soil Fertility,” Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 206–211, Dec. 2017.https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JBAU/article/view/35064.
Organic manures as a source of plant nutrients for the cultivation of field crops has received worldwide attention due to rising costs, rapid nutrient loss and adverse environmental impacts from inorganic fertilizers. A pot experiment was conducted in the net house of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, BangladeshAgriculturalUniversity, Mymensingh to observe the effects of cow dung on growth, yield of stevia along with post-harvest fertility status of soil. Four treatments of CD viz. 0, 5, 7.5 and 10 t ha–1 in two contrasting soils (acid and non-calcareous) were examined following Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Growth and yield attributes increased significantly with the advancement of growth period (60 DAP) and increased rate of CD up to 10 t ha–1. An overall performance of non-calcareous soil was better than acid soil. In non-calcareous soil, the leaf biomass yield was increased by 275% whereas in acid soil it was 268% over control. The acidity of both soils significantly decreased with the increased rate of CD. All essential plant nutrients viz. total N, available P exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, available S, Zn, B and organic matter content of soil were significantly increased with the increased levels of CD up to its highest dose (CD @ 10 t ha–1) in both soils. Thus from the findings of the present research work it can be concluded that for getting optimum leaf biomass yield of stevia along with fertility of both soils CD should be applied @ 10 t ha–1J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(2): 206-211, December 2017
M. M. Zaman, M. a. H. Chowdhury, M. R. Islam, and M. R. Uddin, “Effects of Vermicompost on Growth and Leaf Biomass Yield of Stevia and Post Harvest Fertility Status of Soil,” Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 169–174, 2015.
doi: 10.3329/jbau.v13i2.28772.
In view of the growing awareness about eco-friendly organic farming, vermicompost (VC) could be a very good option for increasing crops yield. The organic carbon in VC releases nutrients slowly and steadily into the system and enables the plant to absorb these nutrients. To assess the effect of VC on soil fertility, growth and yield of stevia in acid and non-calcareous soils, an experiment was undertaken in the net house of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during February to May, 2012. Four levels of VC viz. 0, 5, 7.5 and 10 t ha-1 in two contrasting soils (Acid and Non-calcareous) were examined following CRD with three replications. Growth and yield attributes such as plant height, branch and leaf number, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves were significantly influenced by different levels of VC. All the plant parameters increased with the advancement of growth period as well with increased rate of VC up to 7.5t ha-1 and then declined with further additions. The leaf biomass yield was 335% and 338% higher in acid soil and in non-calcareous soil, respectively over control. The overall performance of non-calcareous soil was superior to acid soil in terms of both plant and soil parameters studied. The acidity of both soils significantly decreased with the increased application of VC ranging from 4.9 to 5.7 in acid soil and 6.5 to 7.2 in non-calcareous soil. Total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, available S, Zn, B were also significantly increased with the increased levels of VC up to its highest level (VC @ 10t ha-1) in both soils. Thus the results suggest that VC @ 7.5t ha-1 should be applied for getting maximum leaf biomass yield of stevia and 10t ha-1 for increasing the fertility of both soils under the agro-climatic conditions of the studied area.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 13(2): 169-174, December 2015
M. M. Zaman, M. A. Rahman, T. Chowdhury, and M. a. H. Chowdhury, “Effects of Combined Application of Chemical Fertilizer and Vermicompost on Soil Fertility, Leaf Yield and Stevioside Content of Stevia,” Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 73–81, Apr. 2018.
doi: 10.3329/jbau.v16i1.36484.
Sustainable nutrient management with the combination of organic and chemical fertilizer amendment expects a key part in upgrading stevia yield without harming the environment and to build up the nutrient balance with increasing soil fertility. A pot experiment was conducted in the net house of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to study the combined effect of vermicompost (VC) and chemical fertilizer (CF) on the growth, leaf biomass yield and stevioside content of stevia in acid soil. Six combinations of VC and CF were applied following completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Results showed that VC along with different rates of CF exerted significant influence on the growth, leaf biomass yield and stevioside content of stevia and postharvest soil fertility. The highest values for most of the parameters were found from the plant receiving VC @ 7.5 t ha−1 along with 50% CF. About 578% higher leaf biomass yield was obtained from the treatment VC7.5+CF50 over control. Stevioside content was increased with the increasing levels of VC up to 7.5 t ha−1 along with 75% of CF and also with the advancement of growth period from 30 to 60 days after planting. The highest amount of stevioside (11.05%) was detected in the leaves of plant of the same treatment at harvest. Soil acidity was significantly decreased with the increased levels of VC and CF where as soil fertility in terms of organic matter and nutrient content was increased. Considering the overall performance, farmers may be advised to cultivate stevia in acid soil applying VC @ 7.5 t ha−1 along with 50% chemical fertilizer to boost up stevia production under the agroclimatic condition of the study area in the context of BangladeshJ. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(1): 73-81, April 2018
M. M. Zaman, M. a. H. Chowdhury, and T. Chowdhury, “Growth Parameters and Leaf Biomass Yield of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana, Bertoni) as Influenced by Different Soil Types of Bangladesh,” Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 31–37, 2015.
doi: 10.3329/jbau.v13i1.28708.
Soils of different types affect crop production according to their capability as a nutrient supplier based on plant requirement. Soil provides physical support to plant as well as supplies necessary water and nutrient elements for plant growth and development. Suitable soil for stevia cultivation in Bangladesh is yet to be identified. A high concentrate sweetness producer plant, stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) was grown in earthen pots in some soils of Bangladesh to choose the most suitable soil/s for the growth and leaf yield of stevia. Seven soil types namely acid, calcareous, non-calcareous, charland, saline, peat and acid sulphate were used as treatments. The soils were mostly light grey in colour and clay to clay loam in texture. Bulk density, particle density and field capacity ranged from 1.24-1.45, 2.20-2.58 and 27.03-30.19%, respectively. pH, EC and organic matter content ranged from 3.90-8.00, 0.25-14.00 dS m-1 and 0.88-16.40%, respectively. Total N, exchangeable K, available P and S contents ranged from 0.05-0.96%, 0.17-0.70 cmol kg-1 soil, 3-12 and 11-735 ?g g-1 soil, respectively. Different soil types significantly influenced the growth and leaf yield of stevia. The highest values of plant height, branch and leaf number, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves were obtained from the plant grown in non-calcareous soil which was identical with the plant those grown on acid soil while the lowest values of all the parameters were found from the plant grown in acid sulphate soil. Leaf biomass yield increase ranged from 16.18% in peat soil and 90.11% in non-calcareous soil over acid sulphate soil. The performance of the soils in terms of stevia leaf production was of the order non-calcareous> acid> calcareous> charland> saline(4.43 dS m-1)> saline(6.08 dS m-1)> saline(8.68 dS m-1)> peat >acid sulphate soils. The overall results suggest that farmers could be advised to grow stevia either in non-calcareous soil or acid soils of Bangladesh.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 13(1): 31-37, June 2015
M. M. Zaman, M. A. H. Chowdhury, and T. Chowdhury, Eds., “Integrated Effects of Poultry Manure and Chemical Fertilizer on the Growth, Leaf Yield and Stevioside Content of Stevia,” Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 2015.
doi: 10.22004/ag.econ.235278.
Stevia is important for its leaves which are used as non calorie sweetener and also in many therapeutic applications including diabetes. The present investigation was carried out in the net house of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to investigate the integrated effects of poultry manure (PM) and chemical fertilizer (CF) on the growth, leaf biomass yield and stevioside content of stevia grown in two contrasting soils (acid and non-calcareous) of Bangladesh. Six combinations of PM and CF viz. PM0+CF0, PM0+CF100, PM3+CF50, PM3+CF75, PM5+CF50, PM5+CF75 were used. The study revealed that PM along with different percentages of chemical fertilizers exerted significant influence on the growth, leaf yield and stevioside content of stevia. The highest values of all the parameters except stevioside were found from the plant receiving PM @ 3 t ha-1 along with 75% CF. The leaf biomass yield was 1088% and 867% higher in acid soil and non-calcareous soil, respectively, over control. Stevioside content was increased with increasing the levels of PM up to 5 t ha-1 and also with the advancement of growth period from 30 to 60 days after planting. The highest amount of stevioside (10.45%) was detected in the leaves of the plant that received PM @ 5 t ha-1 along with 75% CF at 60 DAP in acid soil and it was 9.11% in non-calcareous soil at the same period. The lowest values of all the parameters including stevioside content were obtained from the plant which received neither PM nor CF. Considering the overall performance, farmers may be advised to cultivate stevia in acid soil applying PM @ 3 t ha-1 along with 75% chemical fertilizer to boost up the production of stevia under the agro-climatic condition of the study area in the context of Bangladesh
A. Zamani, M. Karimi, A. Abbasi-surki, and F. Direkvand-moghadam, “The Effect of Humic Acid Application on Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana) Growth and Metabolites under Drought Stress,” Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 3651–3658, Apr. 2021.
doi: 10.30495/ijpp.2021.682479.
< p>The soil water limitation is a relevant abiotic stress that affects the plants life. In this respect, adoption an efficient strategy may improve the plant growth during this stress. The present study was conducted in order to find the likely useful effect of the humic acid (HA) on Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) in a pot trial, especially under drought stress condition. Therefore, five levels of humic acid (0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mg.kg-1 of soil) were applied in the soil containing Stevia seedling under normal (well-watered) and drought stress condition (resulted from 10-days irrigation intervals), based on a factorial experiment with three replications. Drought stress significantly reduced the Stevia leaf production and steviol glycosides (SVglys) content and compositions. Stevioside (Stev) and Rebaudioside A (Reb A) contents were significantly decreased by drought stress and all concentrations of HA. On the other hand, HA (in concentration more than 1.5 mg.kg-1 of soil) strongly increased the leaf production in Stevia and resulted in a significant increase of the SVglys yield (44% in comparison with no HA). Results clearly demonstrated that although HA showed an inhibitory effect for SVglys content in Stevia leaf, it can increase the SVglys yield through a remarkable increase in leaf growth in Stevia, especially under drought stress condition.
R. Zare Hoseini, E. Mohammadi, and S. Kalatejari, “Effect of Bio-Fertilizer on Growth, Development and Nutrient Content (Leaf and Soil) of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Journal of Crop Protection, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 691–704, Dec. 2015.http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-3-2883-en.html.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bio-fertilizers on growth and development of plants in pots containing (V) vermicompost and (M) cow manure: (soil amendments) and (S) garden soil separately and in combination. In the first experiment, treatments included S (control), SM (soil + 15%M + 0%V), SMV10 (soil ...
E. Zayova, I. Stancheva, M. Geneva, M. Petrova, and L. Dimitrova, “Antioxidant Activity of in Vitro Propagated Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Plants of Different Origins,” TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 106–113, Feb. 2013.https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/abstract.htm?id=13354.
E. G. Zayova, T. A. Nedev, D. H. Petrova, M. K. Zhiponova, and G. T. Chaneva, “Efficient Protocol for Mass Micropropagation of Artemisia Annua L.,” GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 059–068, Nov. 2018.
doi: 10.30574/gscbps.2018.5.2.0119.
An efficient protocol for mass micropropagation of Artemisia annua L. was developed. The shoots were in vitro cultivated on a full and half strengths MS supplemented with BAP and IBA for shoot and root induction from stem tip explants. Maximum number of shoots (19.1) with an average shoot height of 3.6 cm was achieved at full MS medium + 1.0 mg/L BAP, after four weeks of cultivation. The best plant rooting (100%), with 7.4 average roots’ number per explant and average root length of 15.1 cm, was obtained at ½ MS medium + 0.1 mg/L IBA + 2.0% sucrose, after five weeks of cultivation. Under these growing conditions, an increase of total phenolic and flavonoid content of A. annua tissues was registered. The multiplied plants were successfully ex vitro adapted and 65% survival was achieved on the mixture of soil, perlite and sand (2: 1: 1 v/v/v) used for acclimatization. The amounts of phenols and flavonoids, as well as total antioxidant activity of ex vitro plants, were significantly higher compared to those in the in vitro plants, but similar to the levels measured in vivo. The effective protocol for shoot micropropagation that was developed, could enable a large scale commercial production of A. annua.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Asteraceae) is a valuable medicinal plant widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industry. An efficient protocol for in vitro storage of S. rebaudiana plants under slow growth conditions was established. Slow growth cultures were obtained on half strength Murashige and Skoog basal medium (1⁄2 MS) supplemented with the osmotic agent mannitol (0; 1; 2; 3 and 4% w/v) for three and six months without any subculture. The 3% mannitol reduced the growth of S. rebaudiana plants in terms of plant height, root length and number of roots formed under low light intensity. The all studied growth parameters decreased significantly with the increase of the storage period. Cultures stored at 22±1 °C did not survive more than six months. The conserved plants were retrieved on the 1⁄2 MS basal medium. The plants storaged for three months multiplied more rapidly on propagation medium with 1 mg L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) than these conserved for six months. The micropropagated plants were successfully in vitro rooted and ex vitro acclimatizated. They showed very good growth and development under field conditions.
J. Zdravkovic, L. Stankovic, and D. Stevanovic, “Possibilities of Using Wild Lettuce Forms Originating from the Spontaneous Yugoslav Flora in the Selection for Virus Diseases of Lactuca Sativa L,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 598, pp. 243–245, Jan. 2003.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.598.35.
An investigation was carried out with aims to create lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa L.) resistant to pathogens, such as the causal agents of plant diseases, and especially that of virus diseases. The spontaneous flora in the localities of Pomoravlje and Sumadija were investigated for this propose where resistant genotypes of the species Lactuca sp. could be found. The interspecies hybrids Lactuca virosa L. x Lactuca sativa L., L. saligna L. x L. sativa L., were investigated as a possible source of genetic variability. L. saligna L. and L. virosa L. represented only a part of the population related to L. sativa L. Wild varieties of this species belong to the weed flora. After crossings, variable achenes were obtained only between L. sativa L. x L. saligna L. In the first crossings, as many as two populations of L. saligna L. were used, one with and the other without anthocyanin, but the seedlings of L. saligna L. without anthocyanin decayed after being taken out in the field. In the process of the selection of F1 generation, 31 plants emerged. However, only 19 plants survived after transplanting in the field. In 9 plants the fertility was provoked by colhicyn, but the percentage of fertile achenes was low as compared to the number of achenes that were not viable. The collection of the genotypes of Lactuca sp. for the gene bank and further investigations on the possibilities of crossing them with the cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), the selection programmes on lettuce could be improved. Eventually, the final aim of obtaining a cultivar with the built-in genes of resistance to virus diseases and acceptable morphological characteristics would be achieved.
J. Zdravkovic, M. Zdravkovic, and Z. Markovic, “Possibility of crossing between cultural and wild species of lettuce (Lactuca spp.),” in Savremena poljoprivreda (Yugoslavia), 1994.
Wild species of lettuce are source of resistance to Bremia lactuca for breeding modern resistant cultivars. Two species of wild lettuce (Lactuca virosa and Lactuca saligna) origin from spontaneous vegetation has been crossed with different types of cultural lettuce (Lactuca sativa). In crossing Lactuca sativa x Lactuca virosa has not been vital ahems. Some vital ahems has been in crossing Lactuca sativa x Lactuca saligna, only in case when Lactuca saligna was mother’s component.
J. Zeng, W. Cai, W. Yang, and W. Wu, “Antioxidant Abilities, Phenolics and Flavonoids Contents in the Ethanolic Extracts of the Stems and Leaves of Different Stevia Rebaudiana Bert Lines,” Sugar Tech, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 209–213, Jun. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s12355-013-0210-4.
We carried out a systematic research on antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts of aerial parts (stems and leaves) of four selected Stevia rebaudiana lines. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents of different S. rebaudiana lines were in the range of 55.64–58.35 mg (gallic acid) g−1 dw and 48.29–60.33 mg (rutin) g−1 dw, respectively. The contents of phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacities in the leaves of S. rebaudiana were twofold to fivefold significantly higher than that in stems of S. rebaudiana. SR-3 had the highest total phenolics and flavonoids contents and the strongest scavenging abilities to DPPH and ABTS radicals. DPPH and TEAC assays were equal to evaluate the antioxidant ability of ethanolic extract of S. rebaudiana. The obtained results clearly indicated that the leaves of S. rebaudiana had an important value of utilization and development as a natural antioxidant agent and further studies for SR-3 should be put into practice.
J. Zeng, A. Chen, D. Li, B. Yi, and W. Wu, “Effects of Salt Stress on the Growth, Physiological Responses, and Glycoside Contents of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 61, no. 24, pp. 5720–5726, Jun. 2013.
doi: 10.1021/jf401237x.
This study examined the effects of three different NaCl concentrations (60, 90, and 120 mM) on the growth, physiological responses, and steviol glycoside composition of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni for 4 weeks. The results showed that the total dry weight decreased by 40% at 120 mM NaCl but remained the same at 60 and 90 mM NaCl. As salt concentration increased, chlorophyll contents decreased markedly by 10–70%, whereas the increments of the antioxidant enzyme activities were 1.0–1.6, 1.2–1.3, and 2.0–4.0 times, respectively, for superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase. The proline contents in salt-treated plants were 17–42 times higher than that in control. Moreover, leaf possessed significantly higher K+ content and K+/Na+ ratio than stem and root for all salt treatments. In addition, 90–120 mM NaCl treatment notably decreased the content of rebaudioside A (RA) and stevioside (ST) by 16.2–38.2%, whereas the increment of the ratio of RA/ST of salt-treated plants was 1.1–1.4 times. These results indicate that S. rebaudiana is moderately tolerant to salt stress. Hypohaline soil can be utilized in the plantation of S. rebaudiana and may be profitable for optimizing the steviol glycoside composition.
D. Zhang, A. M. Armitage, J. M. Affolter, and M. A. Dirr, “Environmental Control of Flowering and Growth of Achillea Millefolium L. ‘Summer Pastels,’” HortScience, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 364–365, Jun. 1996.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.31.3.364.
Achillea millefolium ‘Summer Pastels’ is a qualitative long-day plant with a critical photoperiod between 12 and 16 hours at 18C. Plants grown under a 16-hour photoperiod flowered after 27 days, while those under 8 hours remained vegetative. Shoot dry weight was not affected by photoperiod. Low temperature (10C) delayed the time of flower bud formation and anthesis by ≈20 days. Low irradiance (100 μmol·m–2·s–1) delayed flowering and resulted in lower shoot dry weight, while moderate shading (200 μmol·m–2·s–1) did not significantly affect flowering time and growth compared with high irradiance levels (300 μmol·m–2·s–1).
C. Zidorn, “Sesquiterpenoids as Chemosystematic Markers in the Subtribe Hypochaeridinae (Lactuceae, Asteraceae),” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 144–159, Feb. 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2005.08.001.
Sesquiterpene lactones are well established as chemosystematic markers in the Asteraceae family. From the Lactuceae tribe of the Asteraceae family a large number of sesquiterpene lactones – mainly of the guaiane type – have been isolated. One of the 11 subtribes of the Lactuceae recognized by Bremer is the subtribe Hypochaeridinae, which encompasses 10 genera with approximately 170 species. The present communication summarizes the sesquiterpene derivatives reported from these 10 genera, points out, which constituents are characteristic for particular groups, and discusses the occurrence of these secondary metabolites in a chemosystematic context. To this end, each of the reported sesquiterpenoids reported for the Hypochaeridinae is classified into one of three main compound classes (MCCs; eudesmane-, germacrane-, guaiane-derivatives) and into one of a number of compound classes (CCs) within these principal groups. The distribution of sesquiterpenoids belonging to these particular classes of sesquiterpenoids generally follows the currently accepted generic limits. However, the genus Helminthoteca, which is included into Picris by many authors, possesses an array of compounds implying a closer relationship to the genus Hypochaeris than to the remainder of the genus Picris. Furthermore, Leontodon subgenus Oporinia shows closer similarity in secondary metabolite patterns to the genus Picris than to Leontodon subgenus Leontodon. On the other hand Leontodon subgenus Leontodon has more chemical characters in common with the genus Hedypnois than with Leontodon subgenus Oporinia. These findings are in-line with recent results of molecular analyses, which imply that current generic limits within the Hypochaeridinae might not reflect the phylogeny of the subtribe. Furthermore, a simple hierarchical clustering approach for the reproducible exploration of phytochemical literature data is proposed.
L. ZiNing, L. KaiPing, Z. YiLin, F. Feng, and Y. YiQiang, “Study on Germination Characteristics of Artemisia Indica Willd. Seeds.,” Medicinal Plant, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 6–13, 2010.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113248764.
Objective: The aim was to investigate the germination characteristics of Artemisia indica Willd. seeds cultured under different conditions. Method: Germination tests were carried out to evaluate the effects of different germination beds, temperature, illumination, pH value, water potential, planting depth, pretreatment, storage methods and storage time on germination of Artemisia indica Willd....
