L. G. Angelini, S. Tozzi, and N. Nassi o Di Nasso, “Differences in Leaf Yield and Indigo Precursors Production in Woad (Isatis Tinctoria L.) and Chinese Woad (Isatis Indigotica Fort.) Genotypes,” Field Crops Research, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 285–295, Mar. 2007.
doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2006.12.004.
Isatis tinctoria L. (woad) is one of the earliest known sources of indigo in Europe where it was cultivated since the Middle Ages. Isatis indigotica Fort. (Chinese woad), widely distributed in China, had been used from ancient times as indigo-producing plant and medicinal plant. Both species produce indigo precursors indican (indoxyl β-d glucoside) and isatan B (indoxyl ketogluconate) in their leaves. In order to identify new suitable crops for indigo production in Italy, 17 woad lines were studied under field conditions in Central Italy (Pisa, 43°40′N, 10°19′E) from 2001 to 2003. We analyzed the effects of year, genotype, and harvest times together with their reciprocal interactions on leaf yield and indigo precursors production. Woad lines were then compared with seven I. indigotica lines in a field crop experiment set up in 2003. Extraction and quantification of indigo precursors were accomplished by HPLC-ELSD. Isatan B and indican content, as well as equivalent indigo and fresh/dry leaf yield, were compared between species and among genotypes. In I. tinctoria wide variations in phytochemical and agronomic traits were observed among genotypes, with significant differences in isatan B (1–2gkg−1FW), indican (0.3–0.7gkg−1FW) and leaf yield per harvest (11–22tFWha−1). In I. indigotica significant differences were observed in indican (0.3–0.6gkg−1FW) and fresh leaf yield per harvest (10–20tFWha−1). Chinese woad showed higher isatan B than woad (4.9 and 1.5gkg−1FW, respectively). In both species isatan B represented the major precursor, particularly in I. indigotica. The ratio indican:isatan B recorded was 1:5 in woad against 1:14 in Chinese woad, leading to significantly higher +55% equivalent indigo in the latter. Interestingly, I. tinctoria showed good adaptation to Mediterranean climate conditions with high re-growth capacity after harvest and elevated biomass production. Conversely, I. indigotica, although its higher indigo precursors content/leaf weigh, appeared to be more affected by climate conditions and produced −25% leaf yield per hectare per season. The present work identified high indigo yielding genotypes that may be used for genetic improvement in order to re-introduce Isatis species in the agricultural systems of Mediterranean regions.
L. G. Angelini and M. Bertolacci, “Response of Woad (Isatis Tinctoria L.) to Different Irrigation Levels to Optimise Leaf and Indigo Production,” Options Méditerranéennes, vol. 84, pp. 185–192, 2008.
Isatis tinctoria L. (woad) is a potential new crop for southern European countries as source of natural indigo. Water represents an important factor for woad leaf and indigo production, nevertheless few data are available in this respect. With the aim to assess the crop coeficient (Kc), the seasonal crop water requirement (CWR) and the effects of irrigation on vegetative production and indigo yield, six irrigation levels (T100, T80, T60, T40, T20 that received a seasonal water amount equivalent to 100, 80, 60, 40, 20% of ETc and a rainfed control T0) have been compared in a ield experiment. The trials have been carried out in Central Italy during two growing seasons characterized by exceptionally rainy (2002) and dry summer conditions (2003) in comparison with the typical ones. Results outlined differences in the daily maximum evatranspiration (ETc) and in the seasonal CWR that differed signiicantly between the two years being signiicant higher (+37%) in the dry than in the rainy season. Kc values ranged from 0.30 to 0.47 in relation to plant development. Leaf dry production and indigo yield were unaffected by the level of irrigation both in 2002 and in 2003. Even if I.tinctoria appeared to be drought tolerant, going from T0 to T40 a +16% increment in dry leaf and indigo yield has been observed in the driest growing season. In such conditions it is useless to supply a seasonal irrigation volume over 40%ETc i.e. 1330 m3 per hectare.
T. Bechtold and R. Mussak, Handbook of Natural Colorants. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
Concentration on renewable resources, sustainability and replacement of oil based products are driving forces to reassess the potential of natural resources including natural colorants. The growing consumer interest in purchasing “green” products, which exhibit an improved environmental profile, can be seen as the break-through force needed to reintroduce natural colorants into the modern markets. Written by scientists with specialised knowledge in the field, Handbook of Natural Colorants provides a unique source of information, summarising the present knowledge of natural colorants in depth. Supporting researchers in this emerging field of sustainable chemistry, it provides easy access to the theory and practice of natural colorants from different viewpoints, including agricultural, economic and legislative aspects. Topics covered include: History of coloration technology Present position of natural colorants Regional plant source availability Specific application techniques Chemical properties that professional dyers and chemists have to consider Agricultural sourcing of dyes with an emphasis on renewable resources Discussions on energy and material balance issues arising from the sourcing of materials Production aspects of colorants, leading on to the key applications Environmental and economic aspects Also included are the pros and cons of natural dyestuffs, presenting some promising results and evaluating the potential use of vegetable dyes as alternatives to chemical-based ones with a focus on green chemistry
Short video describing the history, distribution and impact of dyer’s woad in North America, and detailed footage and descriptions for accurately identifying this species in the field.
N. Comlekcioglu, L. Efe, and S. Karaman, “Extraction of Indigo from Some Isatis Species and Dyeing Standardization Using Low-Technology Methods,” Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol. 58, pp. 96–102, 2015-Jan-Feb.
doi: 10.1590/S1516-8913201502658.
Fresh leaves of four Isatis species culture form of I. tinctoria L and wild forms of I. buschiana Schischkin, I. candolleana Boiss. (endemic) and I. tinctoria L. subsp. corymbosa. (Boiss.) were used for indigo production. Dyes were extracted by fermentation and hot water application. The extracted dyes were optimized with different pH and reducing agents. Results showed that the dye from hot water application produced the desired dying quality at pH 11. Reducing agent concentrations had no significant effect on color quality. Dark blue and blue colors were obtained from I. tinctoria and I. candolleana extracts although I. tinctoria subsp. corymbosa and I. buschiana produced mostly yellow-gray colors. Light, dry and wet rubbing fastness values varied between 3 and 3/4 while washing fastness was between 2 and 4/5. The highest indigo amounts were determined spectrophotometrically as 4.19 mg/g and 2.53 mg/g in I. tinctoria and I. candolleana, respectively. Results also showed that harvesting season was important for indigo production and the highest indigo amount was observed in mid-June.
Wasabi (Wasabia japonica [Miq.] Matsum. syn. Eutrema japonicum) is a perennial plant native to Japan. It is a member of a plant family commonly known as mustards and, like them, is primarily used as a condiment. Scientifically, wasabi is considered a member of the Cruciferaceae or Brassicaceae family. Grown for its unique, enlarged stem, wasabi has a hot, pungent flavor provided by the compound allyl isothiocyanate. Wasabi thrives in cool, moist, temperate climates. It is poorly adapted to most regions of the United States but does grow well in coastal regions of the Pacific Northwest. Wasabi is very suitable for small-acreage production because it is a high-value crop. However, growers need to become familiar with the unique production requirements of wasabi. This publication outlines all aspects of wasabi production, including cultivar selection, plant propagation, horticultural practices, soil fertility, harvest, storage, and pest management. Since wasabi is still a new crop in the United States, information on its production here is limited. Japanese authors writing on native growing conditions and experiences are the major source of information in this publication. Growers in the Pacific Northwest are advised to experiment with this research and adapt the findings for their particular environment.
S. Dutta, S. Roychoudhary, and B. K. Sarangi, “Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters for Natural Indigo Production during Fermentation of Indigofera Plant Biomass,” 3 Biotech, vol. 7, no. 5, p. 322, Sep. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s13205-017-0923-2.
Natural indigo production from Indigofera plant biomass requires fermentation of biomass, oxidation of fermented broth, settling of oxidized product (indigo), filtration and recovery. In this study, we have investigated roles of physico-chemical parameters during fermentation with respect to product yield. The study showed that water-to-biomass ratio (1:10), fermentation duration (0, 6, 12, 18, 24 h), pH (6–7.5), dissolved oxygen concentration; DO (0.5–3 mg ml−1), oxidation reduction potential ORP (+50 to −300 mV) and temperature (25–40 °C) during fermentation, oxidation and dye recovery from the broth are directly or indirectly related to indigo yield. Biomass fermentation for 12 h at 40 °C incubation temperature yields the highest biogenic indigo (2.84 mg g−1) out of the different experimental conditions.
D. L. Ehret, K. Ng, B. Oates, P. Delaquis, and G. Mazza, “Production of Specialty Crops in Greenhouses - Wasabi As a Case Study,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 633, pp. 447–452, Mar. 2004.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.633.55.
Recent interest in specialty crops derives in part from the economic need to diversify within the horticultural sector, but is also driven by increased consumer acceptance of new food and medicinal crops. The opportunities are great, but potential growers must be aware of the challenges as well. Careful market research and consultation with buyers is essential, as is the need for local infrastructure (warehousing and processing facilities, etc.). Production factors such as disease and pest control, quality, cost of production, and yield must all be considered. Production issues become all the more important in the context of greenhouse-growing, where start-up and maintenance costs are much higher than in other areas of horticulture. With this in mind, we review the opportunities and problems involved in growing greenhouse wasabi (Wasabia japonica), a food crop which has gained substantial interest in recent years. We also describe a greenhouse experiment in which plant yield and growth were found to increase with increasing N content of the nutrient feed. Flavour components were unaffected by N.
E. Epstein, M. W. Nabors, and B. B. Stowe, “Origin of Indigo of Woad,” Nature, vol. 216, no. 5115, pp. 547–549, Nov. 1967.
doi: 10.1038/216547a0.
Although the ancient Briton’s woad, from Isatis tinctorio L., has been differentiated from the indigo dye indoxyl-β-D-glucoside, from the tropical legume genus Indigofera, it has never been identified. It has now been shown to be indoxyl-5-ketogluconate and its structure is completely specified.
K. O. Farah, A. F. Tanaka, and N. E. West, “Autecology and Population Biology of Dyers Woad (Isatis Tinctoria),” Weed Science, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 186–193, Mar. 1988.
doi: 10.1017/S0043174500074695.
Dyers woad (Isatis tinctoria L. # ISATI) has greatly expanded on rangelands in the Intermountain region. Herbicidal and tillage controls are not feasible on rangelands. Better knowledge of the biology of this species could help in the development of biological controls. We examined characteristics that could assist in this effort. Seed viability remained high and relatively stable, but germination decreased over a 10-month period. The seed dispersal pattern of dyers woad was best described by a negative exponential model (log10 y = 1.92-0.02x; r2=0.60), where y equals seeds/m2 and x = distance from mother plant (cm). The root system of dyers woad is dominated by a taproot with some laterals in the upper 30 cm of the soil profile. Survivorship of experimentally established populations monitored over 2 yr showed constriction at two stages: 1) germination and establishment, and 2) young rosette. The latter stage should be targeted for biological control.
A. Fuller, “An Autecological Study of Dyers Woad (Isatis Tinctoria L.) on Utah Rangeland,” All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, May 1985.
doi: 10.26076/70a4-e0d3.
P. Garcia-Macias and P. John, “Formation of Natural Indigo Derived from Woad (Isatis Tinctoria L.) in Relation to Product Purity,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 52, no. 26, pp. 7891–7896, Dec. 2004.
doi: 10.1021/jf0486803.
There is an increasing commercial demand for naturally sourced indigo that meets the purity standards set by the synthetic product. This study concerns the indigo made from leaves of woad (Isatis tinctoria L.), and in particular its interaction with particulate impurities arising from soil and plant materials. Also, a more reliable method using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone has been developed for the spectrophotometric determination of indigo. In a novel application of fluorescence spectroscopy, indoxyl intermediates in indigo formation are shown to be stable for minutes. The main indigo precursor from woad can be adsorbed onto Amberlite XAD16 in conformity with a Langmuir isotherm, but indigo precursors break down on this and other resin beads to yield indigo and red compounds. Indigo made from indoxyl acetate aggregates into particles, the size distribution of which can be modified by the inclusion of a fine dispersion of calcium hydroxide. Bright field microscopy of indigo products made under defined conditions and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis reveal the relationship of indigo with particulate materials. A model illustrating the interaction of indigo with particulate contaminants is developed on the basis of the results obtained, and recommendations are made for improving the purity of natural indigo. Keywords: Fluorescence spectroscopy; dispersive X-ray analysis; indigo extraction; N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; scanning electron microscopy; soil; woad (Isatis tinctoria L.)
J. F. Gaskin et al., “Geographic Population Structure in an Outcrossing Plant Invasion after Centuries of Cultivation and Recent Founding Events,” AoB Plants, vol. 10, no. 2, p. ply020, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.1093/aobpla/ply020.
We investigated the genetic diversity and origins of a long-term cultivar. Dyer’s woad has been used as a dye source for at least eight centuries in Eurasia. It was introduced to eastern USA in the 1600s, and is now considered invasive in the western USA. Our analysis of plants from the USA and Eurasia suggests that there are two distinct invasions in western USA that most likely originate from Switzerland, Ukraine and Germany. This information assists in finding effective biological control agents, and continued combination of ecological and molecular data helps bring us closer to sustainable management of plant invasions., Population structure and genetic diversity of invasions are the result of evolutionary processes such as natural selection, drift and founding events. Some invasions are also molded by specific human activities such as selection for cultivars and intentional introduction of desired phenotypes, which can lead to low genetic diversity in the resulting invasion. We investigated the population structure, diversity and origins of a species with both accidental and intentional introduction histories, as well as long-term selection as a cultivar. Dyer’s woad (Isatis tinctoria; Brassicaceae) has been used as a dye source for at least eight centuries in Eurasia, was introduced to eastern USA in the 1600s, and is now considered invasive in the western USA. Our analyses of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) from 645 plants from the USA and Eurasia did not find significantly lower gene diversity (Hj) in the invaded compared to the native range. This suggests that even though the species was under cultivation for many centuries, human selection of plants may not have had a strong influence on diversity in the invasion. We did find significantly lower genetic differentiation (Fst) in the invasive range but our results still suggested that there are two distinct invasions in the western USA. Our data suggest that these invasions most likely originated from Switzerland, Ukraine and Germany, which correlates with initial biological control agent survey findings. Genetic information on population structure, diversity and origins assists in efforts to control invasive species, and continued combination of ecological and molecular analyses will help bring us closer to sustainable management of plant invasions.
C. Guarino, P. Casoria, and B. Menale, “Cultivation and Use of Isatis Tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae) in Southern Italy,” Economic Botany, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 395–400, Jul. 2000.
doi: 10.1007/BF02864789.
Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae), commonly known as wood, is a biennial species with erect stem, hastate leaves, and yellow flowers clustered in racemes. Fruits are pendulous siliques. This species, probably indigenous of southeastern Asia, was used for the extraction of a dyeing agent called “indigo.” Wood was introduced in ancient times in Italy and the first records of its cultivation date back to the Roman period. For many centuries, wood cultivation remained stable, but grew dramatically in the eighteenth century. In that century, the Societá Economiche established by Bourbons encouraged the cultivation of it in Southern Italy. Near Caserta, in Campania region (Italy), a factory for the extraction of dyeing agents was established and the dye was used in textile production in San Leucio (Caserta). The cultivation of I. tinctoria is abandoned today, although this species grows spontaneously as a weed in Italy. The authors discuss the history of wood and some ancient extractive and dyeing methods.
P. Guarnaccia, M. Pinio, G. Testa, and F. Branca, “Woad (Isatis Tinctoria L.): An Innovative Crop for the Mediterranean Agro-Industrial System,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1005, pp. 355–358, Sep. 2013.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.1005.41.
The genus Isatis (Brassicaceae) encompasses about 30 species, most of them producing in their leaves the blue pigment indigo (indigotin), one of the oldest natural dyes known to man. Among them, Isatis tinctoria L., a biennial and mainly outbreeding species, is the earliest source of indigo cultivated since the Middle Ages in Europe. Since I. tinctoria has not yet been subjected to any formal breeding program, great diversity of bio-morphological and physiochemical traits is expressed. As a result of the historical disappearance of indigo-producing crops, today there is a considerable lack of knowledge regarding agronomical management and pigment extraction. First results show a wide genetic variability of I. tinctoria with good adaptation to the Mediterranean climate conditions. In this frame the “Impronte” research project (www.impronte.org) funded by the Sicilian Region (PSR 2007-13, Mis. 124) aims to provide new perspectives to the Sicilian farmers to produce a high quality indigo to satisfy present and future demands of natural dye industry.
A. Hartl, A. N. Proaño Gaibor, M. R. van Bommel, and R. Hofmann-de Keijzer, “Searching for Blue: Experiments with Woad Fermentation Vats and an Explanation of the Colours through Dye Analysis,” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, vol. 2, pp. 9–39, Jun. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2014.12.001.
The starting point for this research was the requirement to produce replicas of Iron Age textiles from Hallstatt in Austria using traditional methods. Three traditional processing and dyeing methods using woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) were successfully recreated in an iterative experimental process: dyeing with fresh leaves, with green and couched woad and with woad pigment. During these experiments, several colours other than the typical blue also emerged. The light fastness of all colours was fairly good. Dye analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography with photo diode array detection (HPLC-PDA) showed that the most predominant component in the blue samples was indigotin. The colours mint, purple, beige and green were achieved when indirubin and flavonoids appeared in higher concentrations. The composition of the woad-related components detected on dyed samples enabled us to retrace the dyeing methods used. Antraquinones originating from madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) used in the madder–bran vat were also detected, but in different ratios to that of madder mordant dyeings. Further research is required to prove whether the components detected in reference samples can be used to identify woad dyeing or the use of madder–bran vats in historic/archaeological textiles. The ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra obtained by HPLC-PDA were used to calculate RGB values, which provide a better understanding of the colour observed.
T. Hashimoto, Y. Matsuno, N. Hatcho, and K. Kochi, “Comparison of the growth of Wasabia japonica between hydroponics and natural cultivation.,” Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture of Kinki University, vol. 46, pp. 73–80, 2013.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20133288281.
Wasabi cultivation requires adequate ranges of water temperature (8.0-18.6°C) and nutrient concentration in water. Such requirements limit cultivable area of wasabi that must be grown in the suitable natural stream condition. This study is aimed at examining the applicability of the hydroponics for wasabi in controlled agro-environmental condition. As the experiment, 30 wasabi plants were used...
N. N. Hoang, Y. Kitaya, T. Morishita, R. Endo, and T. Shibuya, “A Comparative Study on Growth and Morphology of Wasabi Plantlets under the Influence of the Micro-Environment in Shoot and Root Zones during Photoautotrophic and Photomixotrophic Micropropagation,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 130, no. 2, pp. 255–263, Aug. 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-017-1219-2.
The growth of wasabi (Wasabia japonica Matsumura) plantlets under different micro-environments inside culture vessels in photoautotrophic micropropagation (PA) and photomixotrophic micropropagation (PM) conditions were compared. After 28 days of culture, dry weight, relative growth rate, leaf area, and leaf chlorophyll contents of plantlets in PA were greater than those in PM. The number of leaves did not differ significantly between PA and PM conditions. PA promoted root growth and development with a greater number of roots, root length, root diameter, root fresh weight, root dry weight, and root xylem vessel system. Dissolved oxygen concentration in PA culture medium sharply decreased after 7 days of culture and then recovered. In PM culture medium, no significant fluctuation of dissolved oxygen concentration was apparent. The net photosynthetic rates of plantlets in PA were much higher than those in PM and increased with culture time. In contrast, the net photosynthetic rates of wasabi plantlets in PM kept a low and constant value during the culture period. With the presence of gas exchange membranes attached to the vessel lids, the detected vapor pressure deficit was higher in PA than in PM conditions. Higher stomatal density and larger stomatal aperture on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves in PM medium promoted leaf water loss following ex vitro conditions. Thus, PA is applicable for producing healthy wasabi transplants.
N. N. Hoang, Y. Kitaya, T. Shibuya, and R. Endo, “Development of an in Vitro Hydroponic Culture System for Wasabi Nursery Plant Production—Effects of Nutrient Concentration and Supporting Material on Plantlet Growth,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 245, pp. 237–243, Feb. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.10.025.
The growth of wasabi (Wasabia japonica Matsumura) plantlets was compared in four concentrations of standard Enshi nutrient solution (25%, 50%, 100%, and 150%) and two kinds of supporting materials (rockwool and vermiculite) using an in vitro hydroponic culture system for photoautotrophic micropropagation. After 28 days of culture, most of the growth parameters such as fresh weight and dry weight, shoot/root dry weight ratio, and leaf area ratio were highest in wasabi plantlets grown in 50% or 100% nutrient solution, and this enhancement was greater in vermiculite than in rockwool. Dissolved oxygen concentration decreased sharply in rockwool but only slightly in vermiculite during the course of the experiment, resulting in a dissolved oxygen concentration of 8 mg L−1 in the vermiculite and 6 mg L−1 in the rockwool. The highest root nitrogen concentration was observed at a nutrient concentration of 100% in vermiculite and rockwool. The highest net photosynthetic rates were observed on day 28 in vermiculite at nutrient concentrations of 50% and 100%. The growth of wasabi plantlets is depressed through a decrease in root water and nutrient uptake caused by low dissolved oxygen concentrations. These findings clearly demonstrate that a hydroponic system that incorporates a 50% or 100% nutrient solution concentration and vermiculite will allow high-quality wasabi plantlets to be propagated rapidly under photoautotrophic conditions.
N. N. Hoang, Y. Kitaya, T. Shibuya, and R. Endo, “Effects of Supporting Materials in in Vitro Acclimatization Stage on Ex Vitro Growth of Wasabi Plants,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 261, p. 109042, Feb. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109042.
Photoautotrophic micropropagation (PA) in a sugar-free medium can facilitate acclimatization and increase success rates when transplanting tissue cultured plants to open fields. To identify savings in production costs (time and energy) during acclimatization in wasabi plants, we used in vitro PA with four kinds of supporting material (agar, perlite, rockwool, and vermiculite) and compared their effects on subsequent ex vitro growth (in vermiculite). The study revealed that, in all aspects, the plantlets in agar and vermiculite exhibited the highest growth, whereas plantlets in rockwool showed the worst growth performance. Growth performance in vitro seemed to be correlated with the volumetric water content of the supporting material. Agar and vermiculite promoted root growth and development with increases in number of roots, root length, and root fresh weight, and the root systems in these treatments also exhibited the best growth during the ex vitro stage. In culture vessels with plantlets, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) in agar abruptly decreased from day 0 to day 7 but then recovered by day 28. DO decreased during the culture period very slightly, slightly, and steadily, with perlite, vermiculite, and rockwool, respectively. All the wasabi plantlets from the in vitro treatments survived after transplanting to the ex vitro condition, and subsequent growth was strongly influenced by the in vitro growth performance. Growth parameters of plantlets in the agar and vermiculite treatments were highest, whereas those in rockwool were lowest.
The latest video in our Seed to Sweater series. Today we will be looking at how to dye wool or fabric using the plant Woad. We will be posting more videos on natural dyeing using your Seed to Sweater plants soon, until then check out our blog on www.hookandlight.com for more info. Remember to share your story with us on Instagram using #seedtosweater and tagging @hookandlight .
J. Jiao et al., “The Growth, Adventitious Bud Formation, Bioactive Flavonoid Production, Antioxidant Response, and Cryptochrome-Mediated Light Signal Transduction in Isatis Tinctoria L. Hairy Root Cultures Exposed to LED Lights,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 195, p. 116496, May 2023.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.116496.
The root of Isatis tinctoria L. is highly appreciated as a Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for the prevention and adjuvant treatment of respiratory diseases caused by coronaviruses viruses such as SARS and COVID-19. I. tinctoria hairy root cultures (ITHRCs) provide a better alternative to field cultivation for the production of antiviral flavonoids. For the first time, ITHRCs were exposed to different colors of LED lights i.e., red, green, blue, red/green/blue (1/1/1, RGB), and white, in an attempt to promote the root growth and enhance the production of bioactive flavonoids. Results revealed that the biomass productivity (7.15 ± 0.63 g/L) in ITHRCs with an initial inoculum size of 0.2% cultured for 50 days under blue light increased by 1.86-fold relative to that under dark (control), and yields of rutin (320.49 ± 27.56 μg/g DW), quercetin (388.75 ± 9.17 μg/g DW), kaempferol (787.90 ± 83.43 μg/g DW), and isorhamnetin (269.11 ± 20.08 μg/g DW) increased by 4.15-fold, 9.31-fold, 9.09-fold, and 2.88-fold as compared with control, respectively. Interestingly, the emergence of adventitious buds was noticed in ITHRCs under all light treatments. Additionally, the enhanced densities of chloroplasts and root hairs were found in blue-light grown ITHRCs as against control, which might account for the elevated biomass productivity. Moreover, blue light induced oxidative stress in ITHRCs in terms of the overproduction of oxidation products and the enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity. Furthermore, blue light significantly activated photoreceptor (CRY1) and key regulator of light signaling (HY5), thus leading to the up-regulated expression of MYB4 and structural genes (such as CHS and FLS) responsible for flavonoid biosynthesis. And, the transcriptional activation of CUC1 was likely related to the formation of adventitious buds in ITHRCs. Overall, the simple supplementation of blue LED light makes ITHRCs more attractive as plant factories for obtaining higher productivity of biomass and medicinally important flavonoids.
P. John, K. Seymour, and P. G. Macias, “The Production of Natural Indigo with a High Purity,” p. 5.
Ş. Karaman, E. Diraz, N. Çömlekçioğlu, A. İlçim, H. Durdu, and S. Tansi, “High Yielding Indigo Sources in Native Isatis (Brassicaceae) Taxa from Turkey,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 531–543, Mar. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s10722-015-0269-8.
Indigo dye has a distinctive blue color and is one of the oldest known dyestuffs. In order to identify new Isatis genotypes for indigo production, 14 Isatis taxa collected from native area were grown under field conditions in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. The effects of taxa and harvest times on leaf, indigo and indican yield were analyzed and compared with culture species (Isatis tinctoria and Isatis indigotica) by using spectrophotometer and HPLC. High indigo yield (87.13 kg/ha) was obtained from Isatis constricta and I. tinctoria subsp. tomentolla (Mersin location) had high indican yield (12.25 mg/g) in fresh leaves. The present work identified high indigo yielding taxa that may be used for genetic improvement in order to re-introduce Isatis species in the agricultural systems of Mediterranean regions. Especially I. constricta can be evaluated in terms of higher indigo yield than the native and culture taxa. I. constricta is an endemic plant in endangered category. This situation reveals that the need for the conservation of the species. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous study reported about indigo contents of the studied 11 Isatis spp. so far.
H. R. Kim and Y. H. You, “Effects of Red, Blue, White, and Far-red LED Source on Growth Responses of Wasabia japonica Seedlings in Plant Factory,” Horticultural Science & Technology, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 415–422, 2013.
doi: 10.7235/hort.2013.13011.
본 연구는 식물공장용 LED 챔버 시스템에서 고추냉이의 생육반응에 미치는 LED 광원 및 광질의 영향을 알아보기 위해 적색, 청색, 백색 그리고 원적색광의 단일 및 혼합처리, 적색광과 청색광의 비율 그리고 duty비 등을 다양하게 처리하여 수행하였다. 고추냉이의 생육반응은 적색 + 청색 혼합광에서 가장 높았고, 단일광 조건에서는 청색광보다 적색광 하에서 식물체 생물량이 높았다. 고추냉이의 식물체 생물량과 분얼수는 적색과 청색광의 비율이 1:1인 조건에서 가장 높았다. 적색과 청색광을 혼합하여 처리 시 고추냉이의 생육반응은 duty비가 100%일 때 높은 반면, 적색과 청색광에 백색광을 첨가하여 처리 하였을 때는 duty비가 가장 낮은 97%에서 높았다. 엽면적과 잎건중량은 적색광에서 가장 높은 반면, 비엽면적은 청색광에서 가장 높았다. 적색과 청색 혼합광에서 엽면적과 잎건중량은 적색광의 비율이 높거나, duty비가 낮을수록 증가하였고, 백색광을 첨가한 조건에서는 duty비가 높을수록 증가했다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면, 고추냉이는 단일광을 처리하는 것보다 적색과 청색광을 혼합하여 처리해 주거나, 청색광보다 적색광의 비율을 더 높여주는 것이 고추냉이의 생육 및 품질을 향상시켜 줄것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted to establish the optimum LED light source and quality for growth of Wasabia japonica seedlings in the LED chamber plant factory system. The light treatments were combined with four colors LED (red, blue, white, far-red), irradiation time ratio of the red and blue LED per minute(1:1, 2:1, 5:1, 10:1), and duty ratio of mixed light (100%, 99%, 97%). The growth response of W. japonica was the greatest in the R + B mixed light treatment, and seedlings grown in the red LED alone was higher than blue LED alone in the monochromic radiation treatments. In the R + B mixed LED, 1:1 ratio of R and B was the best for total biomass and tiller production. In mixed light treatments, the growth response of W. japonica was highest in the 100% duty ratio with R + B mixed light, while that was highest in the 97% duty ratio with R + B + W mixed light. Leaf area and dry weight were increased in the red light treatment alone, while specific leaf area was increased in the blue light alone. With the increasing red LED light ratio, leaf area and dry weight of W. japonica was significantly increased under the R + B mixed light treatment. In mixed light treatments, the leaf growth responses of W. japonica was highest in the 97% duty ratio with R+B mixed light, while that was highest in the 100% duty ratio with R + B + W mixed light. For cultivating W. japonica in a plant factory, treating red LED supplemented with a blue light or higher ratio of the red to blue LED was benefit to promote the growth of W. japonica.
S. Kizil, N. Arslan, and K. Khawar, “Effect of Different Sowing Densities on Some Characteristics of Isatis Tinctoria L. and Isatis Constricta Davis and on the Recovery of Indican,” Acta Agronomica Hungarica, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 251–260, Jun. 2007.
doi: 10.1556/AAgr.55.2007.2.13.
The study reports the effects of four sowing densities (40 × 10, 40 × 20, 60 × 10 and 60 × 20 cm) on the agronomic characteristics of Isatis tinctoria and I. constricta under the rainfed conditions of South Eastern Anatolia. Wide row spacings of 60 × 10 or 60 × 20 cm were effective in obtaining maximum number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, stem diameter, fruit length, 1000 fruit weight and 1000-seed weight. However, narrow row spacing (40 × 10 or 40 × 20 cm) led to maximum values of fresh and dry leaf yield 10 m −2 , plant height, fruit yield and fruit length, minimum hull content, and the highest indican percentage and indican yield m −2 . This information will be helpful for the economical cultivation of these plants under the rainfed conditions of South Eastern Anatolia.
S. Kizil, “Morphological and Agronomical Characteristics of Some Wild and Cultivated Isatis Species,” Journal of Central European Agriculture, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 479–484, Dec. 2006.https://hrcak.srce.hr/17387.
The study evaluated Isatis tinctoria, I. constricta, I. glauca, I. cochlearis, I. aucheri and I. demiriziana during 2002-03 and 2003-04 growing seasons for different agronomic characteristics affecting the percentage of dye in them. The results showe...
Z. C. Koren, “HPLC Analyses of Indigo, Indirubin, and Isatin Spontaneously Formed in Plant Leaves,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1361, pp. 53–66, Mar. 2023.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2023.1361.7.
F. Leal, J. Cipriano, V. Carnide, and O. Pinto-Carnide, “In Vitro Culture Establishment of Woad (Isatis Tinctoria L.),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 812, pp. 121–124, Feb. 2009.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.812.10.
Woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) was widely cultivated in Europe to produce indigo, a natural blue dye. This plant, besides its importance as a dye, reveals anti-inflammatory and anticancer medicinal properties. Our goal was to evaluate the best culture medium to establish woad plants in vitro. Nodal segments of young plants were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg (B5) media supplemented with BAP or KIN, with or without NAA. Number and length of shoots and number of internodes were evaluated in two woad populations. In the Bristol population higher values for all the parameters were observed as compared with Coimbra population. Considering the two basal media B5 was more effective to induce multiplication. The best multiplication rates were obtained in B5 medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BAP (3.4 shoots per explant). The addition of auxin to the culture media did not increase multiplication. The addition of activated charcoal showed a positive effect in the length of shoots and in the number of internodes, reaching the highest values when MS medium was supplemented with 1.0 mg/L KIN.
J. H. Lee, Y.-B. Lee, and K. S. Lee, “(389) Enhanced Growth in Acclimatization of In Vitro Plantlets of Wasabi Japonica Using Hydroponics,” HortScience, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 1032D–1032, Jul. 2005.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.40.4.1032D.
Wasabi japonica plantlets were acclimatized in a hydroponic system to determine effective procedures. The plantlets were cultured on solid Murashige-Skoog medium with 3% sucrose. Shoots that formed roots were transplanted into hydroponic systems: 1) acclimatization in ebb-and-flow (EBB) for subirrigation (medium: granulated rockwool and coir); and 2) acclimatization in deep flow technique (DFT). The plantlets were acclimatized for 5 weeks under two irradiance treatments, 50 and 300 mmol·m-2·s-1. Photosynthetic capacity in high PPF was higher than that in low PPF during acclimatization. Electron transport rate from PS II (ETR) and biomass production increased significantly with increased light availability. The fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area of plantlets in high PPF were higher than those in low PPF. In particular, the dry weight and ETR of the plantlets grown in high PPF increased more than twice as much as those in low PPF. At 50 mmol·m-2·s-1 PPF, growth indexes, such as number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight, were higher in EBB (granulated rockwool) > EBB (coir culture) > DFT. At 300 mmol·m-2·s-1 PPF, those indexes were higher in DFT > EBB (granulated rockwool) > EBB (coir). The Wasabi japonica plantlets acclimatized in a hydroponic system also had a superior performance when they were transferred to the field.
Y.-B. Lee, K.-Y. Choi, J.-H. Bae, and J.-M. Kim, “Effect of Divided Rhizome Size and Medium Type on Growth of Wasabia japonica Matsum.,” Journal of Bio-Environment Control, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 137–141, 2009.https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200926158876989.page.
분주 크기와 배지 종류가 고추냉이 생존율과 생육에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 환경이 조절된 생장상에서 60일간 재배하였다. 수태로 감싼 근경 크기(직경) 5mm 이상 분주 묘의 생존율은 100%였으며, 생육(초장 12cm 내외, 엽수 }3{∼}4{장)은 양호하였다. 생육 60일의 분주 묘는 초장 20cm 이상, 엽수가 }1{∼}2{장 증가하였다. 루톤 분의제 처리는 생존율과 생육에 효과가 없었다. 배지 종류(마사, 난석)에 따른 직경 }5{∼}10{mm 크기의 분주 묘를 담액 수경으로 재배하였을 때 83% 이상의 생존율을 보였으며 배지 종류에 따른 생육 차이는 없었다. 따라서 근경 크기 5mm 이상의 고추냉이 분주를 환경이 조절된 생장상에서 30일간 수경재배 방식으로 순화하여 고추냉이 건전 묘를 생산할 수 있다. This experiment was investigated to effect of divided rhizome size and medium type on survival rate and growth of wasabi for 60 days in controlled growth room. In divided rhizome size of 5mm above, survival rate was 100% and their growth (plant height of 12cm and leaf number of 3\\lbrace\backslashsim\vphantom{}{4 per plant) was good at 30 days after wrapped-sphagnum treatment. Plant height was 20cm above and number of leaves increased in 1-2 per plant at 60 days after treatment. Survival rate and growth didn’t show any effect on plant regulator of root-tone. In inorganic media (saprolite and aerated light stone) treatment, survival rate of wasabi in divided size of 5\\lbrace\backslashsim\vphantom{}{10mm showed 83% or above at 30 days in deep flow culture. Growth did not show significant difference of inorganic support media treatments. Therefore, it is possible for divided rhizome size of 5mm above to do production of seedlings by acclimatize for 30 days in hydroponics under controlled growth chamber.
J. Lefebvre, “DAVE: Optimizing Wasabi Agriculture Through Automation and Successive Approximation,” Journal of Student Research, vol. 9, no. 1, Sep. 2020.
doi: 10.47611/jsrhs.v9i1.1156.
J. L. Macdonald and Z. K. Punja, “Occurrence of Botrytis Leaf Blight, Anthracnose Leaf Spot, and White Blister Rust on Wasabia Japonica in British Columbia,” Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 60–71, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.1080/07060661.2017.1304021.
Diseases of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) are the most important reason for crop failure in commercial greenhouses, and expanding disease issues highlight the importance of identifying the causal agents. Diseased wasabi leaves were collected during 2013–2015 from greenhouses in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia. Isolations from plants showing symptoms of leaf spot and blight yielded a Botrytis sp. and a Colletotrichum sp. when plated onto PDA. In addition, pustules containing sporangiospores of an Albugo sp. were observed on naturally infected leaves. Molecular identification using the ITS1–ITS4 region of rDNA revealed the pathogens isolated from wasabi leaves were B.
T. Maugard, E. Enaud, P. Choisy, and M. D. Legoy, “Identification of an Indigo Precursor from Leaves of Isatis Tinctoria (Woad),” Phytochemistry, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 897–904, Nov. 2001.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00335-1.
Indole is presumably a product of indole-3-glycerol phosphate catabolism in Isatis tinctoria. It is oxidized into indoxyl and stored in young leaves as indigo precursor. Further oxidation and dimerization of indoxyl produces indigoid pigments. In this work, we describe an HPLC method dedicated to the identification and quantification of indigoid pigments (indigo, indirubin, isoindigo and isoindirubin) and indigo precursors produced in I. tinctoria (Woad). This work, carried out with two cultivars of I. tinctoria, has confirmed that the quantity of indigo precursors is dependent on the species and the harvest period. In addition we have shown for the first time that young leaves of I. tinctoria, harvested in June contained a new indigo precursor in addition to isatan B (indoxyl-5-ketogluconate) and indican (indoxyl-β-d-glucoside). We suggest the name “isatan C” for this new indigo precursor in I. tinctoria. Its chemical characteristics point to an dioxindole ester with PM of 395. We have shown that isatan C reacts with isatan B increasing the red pigment production.
N. Miceli et al., “Improvement in the Biosynthesis of Antioxidant-Active Metabolites in In Vitro Cultures of Isatis Tinctoria (Brassicaceae) by Biotechnological Methods/Elicitation and Precursor Feeding,” Antioxidants, vol. 12, no. 5, p. 1111, May 2023.
doi: 10.3390/antiox12051111.
This study aimed to establish the in vitro shoot culture of Isatis tinctoria L. and its ability to produce antioxidant bioactive compounds. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium variants, containing different concentrations (0.1–2.0 mg/L) of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were tested. Their influence on the growth of biomass, accumulation of phenolic compounds, and antioxidant potential was evaluated. To improve the phenolic content, agitated cultures (MS 1.0/1.0 mg/L BAP/NAA) were treated with different elicitors, including the following: Methyl Jasmonate, CaCl2, AgNO3, and yeast, as well as with L-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine—precursors of phenolic metabolites. The total phenolic content (TPC) of hydroalcoholic extracts (MeOH 70%) obtained from the biomass grown in vitro was determined spectrophotometrically; phenolic acids and flavonoids were quantified by RP-HPLC. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of extracts was examined through the DPPH test, the reducing power, and the Fe2+ chelating assays. The biomass extracts obtained after 72 h of supplementation with Tyr (2 g/L), as well as after 120 and 168 h with Tyr (1 g/L), were found to be the richest in TPC (49.37 ± 0.93, 58.65 ± 0.91, and 60.36 ± 4.97 mg GAE/g extract, respectively). Whereas among the elicitors, the highest TPC achieved was with CaCl2 (20 and 50 mM 24 h), followed by MeJa (50 and 100 µM, 120 h). The HPLC of the extracts led to the identification of six flavonoids and nine phenolic acids, with vicenin-2, isovitexin, syringic, and caffeic acids being the most abundant compounds. Notably, the amount of all flavonoids and phenolic acids detected in the elicited/precursor feeding biomass was higher than that of the leaves of the parental plant. The best chelating activity was found with the extract of biomass fed with Tyrosine 2 g/L, 72 h (IC50 0.27 ± 0.01 mg/mL), the strongest radical scavenging (DPPH test) for the extract obtained from biomass elicited with CaCl2 50 mM, after 24 h of incubation (25.14 ± 0.35 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g extract). In conclusion, the in vitro shoot culture of I. tinctoria supplemented with Tyrosine, as well as MeJa and/or CaCl2, could represent a biotechnological source of compounds with antioxidant properties.
C. Miles and C. Chadwick, “Growing Wasabi in the Pacific Northwest,” Pacific Northwest Extension, Washington, PNW0605, May 2008.
Wasabi (Wasabia japonica [Miq.] Matsum) is a perennial plant that is a member of the Cruciferaceae or Brassicaceae family (commonly called the mustard family) and native to Japan. Grown for its unique, enlarged stem (sometimes described as a rhizome or root), which is 2 to 4 inches in diameter and 6 to 12 inches long, wasabi has a hot, pungent flavor (Figure 1). Although this flavor is similar to horseradish (Armoricia rusticana), another perennial Brassica, it has a subtle difference in that it quickly dissipates in the mouth, leaving a lingering sweet taste with no burning sensation (Chadwick et al., 1993).
J. Mocquard et al., “Indigo Dyeing from Isatis Tinctoria L.: From Medieval to Modern Use,” Dyes and Pigments, p. 110675, Aug. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2022.110675.
Since ancient times, indigo has been one of the most widely used natural pigments for textile dyeing. In Europe, the only source of indigo dye was from woad (Isatis tinctoria). Woad leaves were processed to obtain an insoluble indigo pigment, which had to be reduced to leuco-indigo to dye textiles. Today, most indigo comes from the chemical industry, the production of which raises public health and ecological problems. For the past few years, renewed interest in natural pigments has led to the revival of I. tinctoria cultivation for indigo pigment production. However, the woad blue is still obtained with uncontrolled and inconsistent yields. The aim of the following paper is to provide an overview of what is known about the production of the woad blue pigment, from the leaves of I. tinctoria to its use as a dye, from medieval times to the present day. Despite numerous studies, the behaviour of the woad indigogenic precursors and the mechanisms leading to indigo formation remain unclear.
M. Mola and Z. Ahmadi, “Optimization of Dye Extraction from Indigofera Tinctoria & Dyeing Quality Evaluation,” Advanced Materials and New Coatings, vol. 8, no. 32, pp. 2320–2332, May 2020.http://amnc.aut.ac.ir/article_101953.html.
Nowadays, because of the growing of industrial process, environment contamination increased. Industrial waste waters and the resultant diseases that threaten today’s world; human knowledge leads to build a green and unpolluted world; and they are looking to use natural resources instead of chemicals.In the natural dyeing, which is very important in the art-industry of carpet production, the use of natural materials rather than chemicals is considered. In the past, natural dyes were used to dye the required fibers for the carpet. Blue is one of the main colors in the hand-made carpet, which is produced by Woad and indigo in the past and synthetic Indigo nowadays. This research attempts to utilize natural blue color, by using available herbal resources. Plant used in this research is “Indigofera tinctoria”. The primary method of experimentation is extraction of blue pigment (Indigo) from the plant by hot water procedure. Also, the impacts of plant-drying methods on the amount of Indigo extraction from the plant were examined; including: drying in sunlight, in shadow, by microwave and in the oven. The results show that the most amount of Indigo extraction increased when the PH value is about 9. The extracted solution examination was stabilized for 7 days; and the heating temperature was 80 centigrade. Fastness of dyed fibers with extracted dye compare to synthetic Indigofera was acceptable.
Muzzazinah, T. Chikmawati, and N. sri ariyanti, “Correlation of Morphological Characteristics with the Presence of Indicant in Indigofera Sp. Dyestuff,” vol. 45, pp. 883–890, Jun. 2016.
A total of 9 species of Indigofera have been identified on the Islands of Java and Madura. Only one species has been utilized by batik makers and weavers as a natural dye, while the other 8 species are of unknown potential as natural dyes. This study seeks to demonstrate the correlation between morphological characteristics and the level and quality of indicant compound, in order to assist batik producers and weavers in determining the species that can be used as dyestuff. The potential blue colour dyestuff yield of Indigofera was determined by leaf immersion, followed by quantitative and qualitative examination of the indicant present. Morphological characteristics were then analysed to identify those that correlated with the presence of indicant. The indicant differences were analysed using SPSS; the relationship between the characteristics was analyzed by Pearson correlation and logistic regression. Four species, namely I. tinctoria, I. arrecta, I. suffruticosa and I. longiracemosa contained indigo. The colour produced by indigo dye obtained from these four species of Indigofera had a ’4-5’ value of colour change and colour staining in tests involving washing, sweat, bright light and heat stress. This value meets the ’good quality’ standard of the Indonesian National Standards (SNI). I. suffruticosa has the highest indicant content at 1.4 g/kg, followed by I. tinctoria, I. arrecta, and I. longiracemosa with 0.414, 0.13, and 0.038 g/kg, respectively. The colour of upper and lower dried foliages were correlated to potential indigo dye producers.
H. N. Nhung, “Development of a Stable and Low-Cost System for Wasabi Nursery Plants Production with Photoautotrophic Micropropagation,” p. 3, 2018.
doi: 10.24729/00000667.
Wasabi (Wasabia japonica Matsumura) is a perennial herb belonging to the Brassicaceae family and native to Japan. Its enlarged stem (rhizome) has a hot and pungent flavor. Grated wasabi paste is often used in traditional Japanese foods such as sushi, sashimi, and soba noodles. In Japan, wasabi has not only been considered a food delicacy but also a powerful herbal medicine. Wasabi plants contain the bioactive components such as 6-(methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate that shows several biological functions including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiplatelet, and anticancer. With the increase of wasabi-based food products in the international market and the potential of the use of wasabi in the pharmaceutical industry, it is inevitable that demand will increase. Micropropagation is necessary to create a large number of high-quality wasabi nursery plants with uniform size.
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C. Oberthür, H. Graf, and M. Hamburger, “The Content of Indigo Precursors in Isatis Tinctoria Leaves — a Comparative Study of Selected Accessions and Post-Harvest Treatments,” Phytochemistry, vol. 65, no. 24, pp. 3261–3268, Dec. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.10.014.
We recently clarified the nature of indigo precursors in woad (Isatis tinctoria L.), by identifying the major indoxyl glycoside as isatan A (indoxyl-3-O-(6′-O-malonyl-β-D-ribohexo-3-ulopyranoside)), and by correcting the structure of the related isatan B (indoxyl-3-O-β-d-ribohexo-3-ulopyranoside). A quantitative densitometric assay for isatans A and B, and indican, was established and validated. HPTLC separation on silica gel was followed by densitometric analysis of indigoid pigments formed after treatment with dilute acid or base. The seasonal variation of indoxyl glycosides in woad leaves was investigated with first-year plants (rosette stage) of five defined I. tinctoria L. and one I. indigotica L. accessions. Isatan A content reached up to 7.6% of dry weight in I. tinctoria, and up to 21.8% in I. indigotica. The influence of various post-harvest treatments was studied. High concentrations of isatans A and B were found in freeze-dried leaf samples, whereas the content of indican was lowest. Conventional drying at ambient or 40 °C led to complete disappearance of isatans A and B. The concentration of indican, in contrast, was 3- to 5-fold higher in leaf samples submitted to drying at ambient and 40 °C, respectively.
C. Oberthür and M. Hamburger, “Tryptanthrin Content in Isatis Tinctoria Leaves - A Comparative Study of Selected Strains and Post-Harvest Treatments,” Planta Medica, vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 642–645, Jul. 2004.
doi: 10.1055/s-2004-827188.
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S. Oguni, K. Kakibuchi, and Y. Katayama, “Effects of Environmental Controls on the Growth of Wasabi (Eutrema Japonica (Miq.) Koidz.) in a Nutrient Solution Cultivation System,” Environment Control in Biology, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 181–191, 2005.
doi: 10.2525/ecb.43.181.
The effects of controlling minimum nocturnal ambient air temperature, day length and culture medium temperature on growth and yield were studied for the purpose of developing a year-round cultivation system for wasabi (Eutrema japonica (Miq.) Koidz.) . When the minimum night temperature was 5°C in winter, the growth of wasabi leaf was slow but recovered when the temperature rose to 8°C. Extension of day length by supplemental lighting was found to enhance growth recovery. Wasabi was planted at different times of the year to compare the effects of seasonal variation on stem growth. The mean daily growth medium temperature was maintained at 13.5-28.1°C throughout the year. These results revealed little difference in growth and stem pungency due to the season of planting, and stems grew to about 60 g within two years of cultivation. Year-round, stable nutrient solution cultivation of wasabi under environmental control may be an economically feasible alternative to conventional, labor-intensive cultivation systems.
J. Oh and C. Ahn, “Analysis of the Pigment Contents of Commercial Indigo Powders and Their Effect on the Color and the Antimicrobial Function of Dyed Cotton Fabrics,” Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 17–26, 2013.
doi: 10.5850/JKSCT.2013.37.1.17.
Market available fermented indigo powders of Indian origin (FI1, FI2), Chinese origin (FC1, FC2), and raw indigo powders of Indian origin (R1, R2) were examined using TLC and HPLC analyses to investigate their pigment contents. TLC analysis gave }R_f{ values of 0.81 and 0.72 for blue and red pigments, respectively. All the powder products and the synthetic and natural indigo standards eluted at 6.9 min and 8.3 min in the HPLC chromatograms, and the peaks showed the \\lbrace\backslashlambda\vphantom{}_{max}{ at 610nm and 542nm, representing indigotin and indirubin, respectively. The pigment content calculated based on the area of indigotin and indirubin peaks in the HPLC chromatograms showed that the indigotin content was higher in FC1 and FC2, while FI1 and FI2 had a higher indirubin content. The relative percentage of indirubin was the highest in R2, but the HPLC peak intensity was quite low. Despite the higher indigotin content in FC1 and FC2, cotton dyed with FI1 and FI2 (versus cotton dyed with FC1 and FC2) showed a higher blue (B) hue, the highest K/S values, and the highest antimicrobial effect.
J. Palmer, “Germination and Growth of Wasabi (Wasabia Japonica (Miq.) Matsumara),” New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, vol. 18, no. 2-3, pp. 161–164, Apr. 1990.
doi: 10.1080/01140671.1990.10428089.
Some of the botany of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) is described, especially as it relates to seed production. A small evaluation to test conditions for germination was set up. Cool (5°C), wet conditions ensured the highest germination rates.
L. Pattanaik, S. N. Naik, P. Hariprasad, and S. K. Padhi, “Influence of Various Oxidation Parameter(s) for Natural Indigo Dye Formation from Indigofera Tinctoria L. Biomass,” Environmental Challenges, vol. 4, p. 100157, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.envc.2021.100157.
Aeration or oxidation is one of the crucial steps during the plant-derived natural indigo dye production process. However, the lack of scientific information to determine adequate aeration conditions during natural indigo dye production is one of the significant limitations of the process. Therefore, the present study focuses on selecting suitable parameters to assess the optimum oxidation for indigo dye formation. Initially, the effect of direct oxidation parameters, such as dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), and pH on indigo dye formation, were evaluated. However, insignificant (p>0.05) co-relation was observed between the direct parameters on indigo dye formation. Alternatively, due to the agglomeration and water insolubility properties of indigo dye, particle size measurement was considered for real-time monitoring of indigo dye formation. It was established that the minimum indigo particle agglomeration size of ≥100 µm could be considered as a significant parameter to determine the indigo dye formation. It can act as an indirect indicator of adequate oxidation.
G. Rodriguez, “Micropropagation of Wasabi (Wasabia Japonica) and Identification of Pathogens Affecting Plant Growth and Quality,” Thesis, Dept. of Biological Sciences - Simon Fraser University, 2007.http://summit.sfu.ca/item/8381.
G. Rodriguez, “Micropropagation of Wasabi (Wasabia Japonica) and Identification of Pathogens Affecting Plant Growth and Quality.,” PhD thesis, Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, Ottawa, 2009.
L. Saikhao, J. Setthayanond, T. Karpkird, and P. Suwanruji, “Comparison of Sodium Dithionite and Glucose as a Reducing Agent for Natural Indigo Dyeing on Cotton Fabrics,” MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 108, p. 03001, 2017.
doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201710803001.
A traditional reducing agent in an indigo dyeing process with cotton fabrics is sodium dithionite (Na\textsubscript2S\textsubscript2O\textsubscript4) which is environmentally unfavorable because the resulting by-products cause various problems to the disposal wastewaters. In this research, glucose was used as a possible replacement of Na\textsubscript2S\textsubscript2O\textsubscript4 in indigo dyeing. The comparison of reduction power of Na\textsubscript2S\textsubscript2O\textsubscript4 and glucose for natural indigo dyeing on cotton fabrics based on reduction potential was analyzed. The optimum reduction temperature for natural indigo dye of both reducing agents was at 70°C. The reduction time did not have a significant effect on the reduction potential under the condition studied. Na\textsubscript2S\textsubscript2O\textsubscript4 could give higher color strength than glucose. However, wash fastness of the fabric samples from a glucose reduction was slightly better than Na\textsubscript2S\textsubscript2O\textsubscript4 ones. Hence, glucose virtually has a potential to be used as a green reducing agent in natural indigo dyeing.
E. Sales et al., “Sowing Date, Transplanting, Plant Density and Nitrogen Fertilization Affect Indigo Production from Isatis Species in a Mediterranean Region of Spain,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 29–39, Jan. 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.03.002.
The increasing interest in natural products from a renewable source has encouraged growers to reintroduce indigo-producing crops into the European agriculture. We studied agronomic conditions (sowing date, plant density, nitrogen fertilization, irrigation rate, seedling transplanting) influencing production of the blue pigment indigo, from Isatis tinctoria and I. indigotica crops in a Mediterranean region of Spain (Valencia). I. tinctoria was more suitable for cultivation in our climate conditions than I. indigotica. Indigo yield from Spanish I. tinctoria trials was greater than in Northern and Central Europe. Furthermore, indigo production was maintained when water and nitrogen supplies were significantly restricted, showing that I. tinctoria is not a high-demanding crop.
Y. Shi et al., “Quality Blues: Traditional Knowledge Used for Natural Indigo Identification in Southern China,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 25, Apr. 2021.
doi: 10.1186/s13002-021-00454-z.
As one of the oldest traditional dyes, people worldwide have used natural indigo for centuries. Local people have unique knowledge about indigo identification, which is crucial for indigo quality control and determining the dyeing effects. However, such traditional knowledge is rarely documented and explained. Therefore, the aims of this study were to document and assess the traditional knowledge used by local people when identifying natural indigo paste as well as quantitatively explore the characteristics and material basis of such traditional knowledge.
Y.-S. Shin, A.-R. Cho, and D.-I. Yoo, “Natural Indigo Dyeing by Using Glucose Reduction,” Textile Coloration and Finishing, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 10–18, 2009.
doi: 10.5764/TCF.2009.21.3.010.
Dyeing process of the natural indigo powder onto ramie and silk fabrics was investigated by using glucose and calcium hydroxide as a reducing system. Effect of reduction and dyeing conditions such as temperature and time of reduction/dyeing, and concentrations of glucose and calcium hydroxide on the dyeing process were explored. Indigo powder was obtained by drying the conventional niram paste in an oven at }50\^{∘}C{. Color strength of the dyed fabrics was evaluated by K/S value measured at the wavelength of maximum absorption(\\lbrace\backslashlamda\vphantom{}{max). Munsell color coordinates(H V/C) were used to compare fabric colors of ramie and silk. Ramie fabric showed purple-blue color for all the temperature and time. On the contrary, silk fabric showed wide range of color including brown, brown-green, green at the different temperature. With the increase of K/S value, the coordinate of value(lightness) decreased for both of ramie and silk fabrics. The coordinate of hue(shade) changed drastically with the increase of K/S value for silk fabric, compared with that of ramie fabric which showed nearly constant value at the whole range of K/S value. Optimum concentrations of calcium hydroxide were for 6 g/L for ramie and 4 g/L for silk at }60\^{∘}C{ and 50 min. K/S value increased with the indigo concentration. Maximum K/S value was shown at }10{∼}12{ g/L of glucose concentration. For both of ramie and silk fabrics, the colorfastness of washing and light was lower than that of rubbing. All the colorfastness values were improved with the increase of color strength.
K. Son and Y. Shin, “Eco-friendly Indigo Dyeing using Baker’s Yeast: Reducing Power according to Alkaline Solution Type,” Textile Coloration and Finishing, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 249–257, 2019.
doi: 10.5764/TCF.2019.31.4.249.
Baker’s yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was used as a biocatalyst for eco-friendly indigo dyeing and the reducing power of yeast according to the alkaline solution type was compared. NaOH solution, lye, and buffer solution were used as alkaline solutions. The reducing power(K/S value, oxidation/reduction potential(ORP), pH) was monitored according to the elapsed time including the initiation of reduction, peak reduction, and the end of reduction. In all alkaline solutions, it was confirmed that yeast can be used reducing agent in indigo reduction dyeing. The pH stability and reducing power of buffer solution was better than that of NaOH alone. Although, pH and ORP stability of the reduction bath in lye were better than that of buffer solution, K/S value in buffer solution was higher compared to lye. The reducing power was different depending on the starting pH of the dye bath, and it was better when starting at pH 10.70 than at pH 11.30. Fastnesses to washing, rubbing, and light were relatively good with above rating 4. There was no significant difference in colorfastness depending on the type of alkaline solutions.
G. Spataro and V. Negri, “Adaptability and Variation in Isatis Tinctoria L.: A New Crop for Europe,” Euphytica, vol. 163, no. 1, pp. 89–102, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s10681-007-9604-2.
Isatis tinctoria L. was cultivated until the 19th century to produce indigo, a natural blue pigment used principally for dyestuffs. The current search for alternative crops and interest in natural products has led to reconsidering I. tinctoria as a crop to be grown in marginal areas to produce natural indigo. To reintroduce I. tinctoria into cultivation, its behaviour under different climatic conditions as well as its morpho-physiological and genetic diversity must be assessed in order to evaluate the possibilities of future breeding work. To do this, a Eurasian collection of 15 accessions was studied in a 2-year experiment. The study was carried out in four locations in order to assess plant performance at altitudes ranging from 380 to 1,700 m a.s.l. A second experiment evaluated the morpho-physiological diversity of several traits (some related to agronomic performances) of the collection. In a third experiment the genetic traits of the collection were characterised by using eight AFLP and eight SAMPL markers. The species showed a wide adaptability to different mountainous conditions and the populations showed high morphologic and genetic variability and differed according to their origins. Both morpho-physiological and molecular characterisation allowed the accessions to be distinguished into groups of European and Asian origin. Future breeding work is recommended because some accessions have good agronomic potential.
G. Spataro and V. Negri, “Assessment of the Reproductive System of Isatis Tinctoria L.,” Euphytica, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 229–231, Jan. 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s10681-007-9479-2.
Isatis tinctoria L. (woad) is a dye plant whose cultivation is increasing because of its adaptability to marginal conditions and increasing demand for natural products. Suitable breeding schemes need to be set up in order to obtain woad varieties for each proposed environment. Presently, no data about the reproductive system are available. The effects of selfing and crossing on setting and progeny vigour were assessed. Results showed the existence of an outcrossing system in I. tinctoria. Obligate self-pollinated plants produced fewer siliques (7.1 g per plant) with lower weight (6.0 mg) and lower seed germinability (8.2%) than outcrossing plants (44.1 g, 8.0 mg and 46.0% for each character, respectively). Self-pollinated progenies also generally showed lower vigour than outcrossing progenies.
J. Speranza et al., “Isatis Tinctoria L. (Woad): A Review of Its Botany, Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Biotechnological Studies,” Plants, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 298, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/plants9030298.
Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae), which is commonly known as woad, is a species with an ancient and well-documented history as an indigo dye and medicinal plant. Currently, I. tinctoria is utilized more often as medicinal remedy and also as a cosmetic ingredient. In 2011, I. tinctoria root was accepted in the official European phytotherapy by introducing its monograph in the European Pharmacopoeia. The biological properties of raw material have been known from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Over recent decades, I. tinctoria has been investigated both from a phytochemical and a biological point of view. The modern in vitro and in vivo scientific studies proved anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, antimicrobial, antiviral, analgesic, and antioxidant activities. The phytochemical composition of I. tinctoria has been thoroughly investigated and the plant was proven to contain many valuable biologically active compounds, including several alkaloids, among which tryptanthrin, indirubin, indolinone, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides as well as glucosinolates, carotenoids, volatile constituents, and fatty acids. This article provides a general botanical and ethnobotanical overview that summarizes the up-to-date knowledge on the phytochemistry and biological properties of this valuable plant in order to support its therapeutic potential. Moreover, the biotechnological studies on I. tinctoria, which mainly focused on hairy root cultures for the enhanced production of flavonoids and alkaloids as well as on the establishment of shoot cultures and micropropagation protocols, were reviewed. They provide input for future research prospects.
K. G. Stoker, D. T. Cooke, and D. J. Hill, “An Improved Method for the Large-Scale Processing of Woad (Isatis Tinctoria) for Possible Commercial Production of Woad Indigo,” Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 315–320, Dec. 1998.
doi: 10.1006/jaer.1998.0329.
The increasing use of alternative crops has meant the introduction of new technologies to process their products. In this work, an alternative method is presented for the extraction of natural indigo from woad (Isatis tinctoria) based on a technique used to extract indigo fromIndigoferaspp. This method does not rely on the old fermentation procedure used throughout Northern Europe and is cheap, clean and efficient. Evolved from laboratory-based tests, it involves steeping the leaves at low pH in warm water and extracting the indigo at a higher pH, followed by ultra-filtration of the product, which is then left to air-dry. Problems encountered during the development of the technique and how they were overcome are discussed.
In this instructional video we show how to grow and process Japanese indigo using the precipitation or wet processing method. This video was prepared in Bells Bend and Nashville, Tennessee USA order to help growers and craft people interested in using or growing natural dyes. Video created with support of Southern Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program (USDA SARE). Video filmed at Sulfur Creek Farm, part of Bells Bend Farms. Precipitation method is applicable to Japanese indigo (Polygonum tinctorium) as well as tropical Indigo varieties native to India and Asia (Indigofera tinctoria), as well as Mexico and the Caribbean islands (Indigofera suffruticosa). With some modification it can likely be used with European Woad (Isatis tinctoria), a cooler climate blue pigment. Thanks for viewing and happy growing and dyeing with natural dyes! Please let me know what you think about the video. For more information on our project visit www.southernhues.com
I. Tanaka, Y. Ito, M. Shinozuka, and T. Shimazu, “Indoor cultivation of Japanese horseradish (Wasabia japonica Matsum.) using artificial light - effects of air and solution temperatures on plant growth.,” Journal of Science and High Technology in Agriculture, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 175–178, 2009.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103043235.
In order to develop an indoor cultivation system for Japanese horseradish (Wasabia japonica Matsum.), the effects of air temperature during the light period and solution temperature on plant growth were investigated. Experiments were performed indoors using a circulation-type hydroponics system and daylight fluorescent lamps. Based on the author’s previous experiments, photosynthetic photon flux...
S. Tozzi, B. Lercari, and L. G. Angelini, “Light Quality Influences Indigo Precursors Production and Seed Germination in Isatis Tinctoria L. and Isatis Indigotica Fort.¶,” Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 914–919, 2005.
doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01462.x.
Isatis tinctoria L. and Isatis indigotica Fort. are biennial herbaceous plants belonging to the family of Cruciferae that are used as a source of natural indigo and show several morphological and genetic differences. Production of indigo (indigotin) precursors, indican (indoxyl β-D glucoside) and isatan B (indoxyl ketogluconate), together with seed germination ability were compared in Isatis tinctoria and Isatis indigotica grown under six different light conditions (darkness, white, red, far red, blue, yellow light) at 25°C. Light quality influenced both germination and production of indigo precursors in the two Isatis species. Different responsiveness to far red and blue light was observed. Indeed, a detrimental effect on germination by blue and far red light was found in I. tinctoria only. Different amounts of isatan B were produced under red and far red light in the two Isatis species. In I. tinctoria, the level of main indigo precursor isatan B was maximal under red light and minimal under far red light. Whereas in I. indigotica far red light promoted a large accumulation of isatan B. The photon fluence rate dependency for white and yellow light responses showed that the accumulation of indigo precursors was differently influenced in the two Isatis species. In particular, both white and yellow light enhanced above 40 μmol m−2s−1 the production of isatan B in I. indigotica while only white light showed a photon fluence dependency in I. tinctoria. These results suggest a different role played by the labile and stable phytochrome species (phyA and phyB) in the isatan B production in I. tinctoria and I. indigotica. I. indigotica, whose germination percentage was not influenced by light quality, demonstrated higher germination capability compared with I. tinctoria. In fact, I. tinctoria showed high frequency of germination in darkness and under light sources that establish high phytochrome photoequilibrium (red, white and yellow light). Germination in I. tinctoria was negatively affected by far red and blue light. I. indigotica seeds appear to be indifferent to canopy-like light (far red). Our results provide further insights on the distinct behaviour of I. tinctoria and I. indigotica that belong to two different genetic clusters and different original environments.
The following links will take you to documents that discuss specific herbicides on dyer’s woad. Always read and follow the label. http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/n... https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_...
L. W. Wong, C. B. S. Goh, and J. B. L. Tan, “A Systemic Review for Ethnopharmacological Studies on Isatis Indigotica Fortune: Bioactive Compounds and Their Therapeutic Insights,” The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 50, no. 01, pp. 161–207, Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.1142/S0192415X22500069.
Isatis indigotica Fortune is a biennial Chinese woad of the Cruciferae family. It is primarily cultivated in China, where it was a staple in indigo dye manufacture till the end of the 17th century. Today, I. indigotica is used primarily as a therapeutic herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The medicinal use of the plant is separated into its leaves (Da-Qing-Ye) and roots (Ban-Lan-Gen), whereas its aerial components can be processed into a dried bluish-spruce powder (Qing-Dai), following dehydration for long-term preservation. Over the past several decades, I. indigotica has been generally utilized for its heat-clearing effects and bodily detoxification in TCM, attributed to the presence of several classes of bioactive compounds, including organic acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids, as well as lignans, anthraquinones, glucosides, glucosinolates, sphingolipids, tetrapyrroles, and polysaccharides. This paper aims to delineate I. indigotica from its closely-related species (Isatis tinctoria and Isatis glauca) while highlighting the ethnomedicinal uses of I. indigotica from the perspectives of modern and traditional medicine. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, PMC, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases was done for articles on all aspects of the plant, emphasizing those analyzing the bioactivity of constituents of the plant. The various key bioactive compounds of I. indigotica that have been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-allergic properties, along with the protective effects against neuronal injury and bone fracture, will be discussed. Collectively, the review hopes to draw attention to the therapeutic potential of I. indigotica not only as a TCM, but also as a potential source of bioactive compounds for disease management and treatment.
J. A. Young and R. A. Evans, “Germination of Dyers Woad,” Weed Science, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 76–78, Jan. 1971.
doi: 10.1017/S0043174500048323.
Seeds of dyers woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) readily germinated at temperatures from 3 to 25 C. Dyers woad seeds in their fruits, from which they do not normally dehisce, had greatly depressed germination compared to that of threshed seeds. The presence of dyers woad fruits in the same Petri dish markedly depressed germination and/or root elongation of threshed dyers woad seeds and the seeds of some competing broadleaf and grass species. The depression was especially evident on seeds of other species of Cruciferae. Similar reductions in germination or root elongation were obtained when water used to soak dyers woad fruits was used to wet germination substrates.
Z. Zhang et al., “Integrative Analyses of Targeted Metabolome and Transcriptome of Isatidis Radix Autotetraploids Highlighted Key Polyploidization-Responsive Regulators,” BMC Genomics, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 670, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.1186/s12864-021-07980-w.
Isatidis Radix, the root of Isatis indigotica Fort. (Chinese woad) can produce a variety of efficacious compound with medicinal properties. The tetraploid I. indigotica plants exhibit superior phenotypic traits, such as greater yield, higher bioactive compounds accumulation and enhanced stress tolerance. In this study, a comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic study on Isatidis Radix autotetraploid and its progenitor was performed.
P. Zou and H. L. Koh, “Determination of Indican, Isatin, Indirubin and Indigotin in Isatis Indigotica by Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry,” Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 1239–1246, 2007.
doi: 10.1002/rcm.2954.