路一 藤田, 秀治 糸川, 順子 井上(旧姓岡), 芳正 野津, 夏江 後藤, and 和子 長谷川, “Research on the Basic Components of Kobukito Hadama,” 藥學雜誌, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 482–489, 1972.
doi: 10.1248/yakushi1947.92.4_482.
From Lophophora williamsii var. caespitosa, pellotine, anhalidine, anhalonidine, and anhalamine were obtained as phenolic alkaloids, and lophophorine was isolated as a nonphenolic alkaloid, which all belong to the tetrahydroisoquinoline system. A kind of betaine-type yellow components, anhalotine (=Y1=I), Y2 (II), Y3 (III), and peyotine (=Y4=IV) were isolated. They were the derivatives of 6, 7-dimethoxy-3, 4-dihydro-8-hydroxy isoquinolinium innersalt. Similar types of tautomerism were found in I and IV, and they had pKa 6.0 and 6.5, respectively. Another type of tautomerism was found in II and III. II had pKa1 5.6 and pKa2 10.9, and III had pKa1 6.7 and pKa2 11.4.
H. F. Abud, M. de S. Pereira, N. R. Gonçalves, D. de S. Pereira, and A. M. E. Bezerra, “Germination and Morphology of Fruits, Seeds and Plants of Cereus Jamacaru DC,” Journal of Seed Science, vol. 35, pp. 310–315, 2013.http://www.scielo.br/j/jss/a/QjBY97wYgmNWjz6yy9Mwdbj/?lang=en.
This work aimed to evaluate the germination and morphology of fruits, seeds and description of plant growth stages of mandacaru. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, consisting of combinations of two light conditions and three temperature regimes. A daily count of the number of germinated seeds was performed until the 16th day after sowing in order to determine the percentage, speed and time of germination. External and internal aspects were considered for the morphological description. The germination and the development of plants were evaluated for 150 days and featured eight stages of growth, based on morphological differentiation. The fruit has 154,66 ± 40,01 g mass, 82,26 ± 5,78 mm length, 62,63 ± 6,63 mm diameter and 1439 ± 189,78 seeds. The temperature of 25 °C under a photoperiod of 12 h provides the highest rate of seed germination and the seeds behave as neutral photoblastic. The germination is epigeal and fanerocotyledonary. The growth is slow and after 150 days of sowing the plant presents epicotyl with a large amount of thorns, where the whole plant is 325.30 mm in length.
S. Albesiano and T. Terrazas, “Cladistic Analysis of Trichocereus (Cactaceae: Cactoideae:Trichocereeae) Based on Morphological Data and Chloroplast Dna Sequences,” Haseltonia, vol. 2012, no. 17, pp. 3–23, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.2985/1070-0048-17.1.2.
Trichocereus (Cactaceae: Cactoideae: Trichocereeae) is a South American genus primarily inhabiting arid and semiarid areas in the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. The phylogenetic relationships of Trichocereus were examined on the basis of 39 exomorphological characters and chloroplast DNA sequences trnL-F and rpl16 for 17 species of Trichocereus, including three other genera of the tribe Trichocereeae (Echinopsis, Lobivia, Setiechinopsis), two of Notocacteae (Eulychnia, Wigginsia) and one of the Hylocereeae (Harrisia). The simultaneous phylogenetic analysis of both morphological data and noncoding DNA sequence data recovered Trichocereus as monophyletic if two species of Harrisia are part of it. Moreover, the Trichocereus clade is supported by three synapomorphies: basitonic growth with prostrate branches, imbricate scales along the floral tube, and subglobose fruits.
A. S. Albesiano Hoyos, “Taxonomía y filogenia de Trichocereus (Berg.) Riccob. (Trichocereeae-Cactaceae),” Tesis, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 2015.
doi: 10.35537/10915/49922.
El género Trichocereus se encuentra representado por 58 taxones (38 especies, 10 subespecies, 8 variedades y 2 formas), muchos de los cuales constituyen un elemento dominante del paisaje y definen provincias fitogeográficas áridas y semiáridas en la Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador y Perú. El estudio del género se realizó sobre la base de caracteres morfológicos (altura de los individuos, porte, ramificación y diámetro, morfología de las costillas, areolas, espinas, flores, frutos y semillas) y moleculares (secuencias de ADN del cloroplasto, trnL-F y rpl16). Se realizaron cuatro exploraciones botánicas (enero-febrero de 2007, noviembre de 2008, diciembre de 2009 y octubre de 2010), a las regiones áridas y semiáridas de la Argentina, Bolivia y Chile. Además, los estudios exomorfológicos se complementaron con la observación de materiales depositados en los siguientes herbarios: BAB, CORD, CTES, LIL, LP, LPB, MERL, MEXU, NY, SGO, SI, U. Como resultado del estudio taxonómico se proponen: A- Doce combinaciones: Eulychnia coquimbana (Molina) Albesiano, Trichocereus candicans subsp. pseudocandicans (R. Kiesling) Albesiano, Trichocereus chiloensis subsp. australis (F. Ritter) Albesiano, Trichocereus chiloensis subsp. eburneus (Phil. ex K. Schum.) Albesiano, Trichocereus chiloensis subsp. panhoplites (K. Schum.) Albesiano, Trichocereus schickendantzii subsp. shaferi (Britton & Rose) Albesiano, Trichocereus schickendantzii subsp. smrzianus (Backeb.) Albesiano, Trichocereus strigosus var. vatteri (R. Kiesling) Albesiano, Trichocereus tarijensis var. poco (Backeb.) F. Ritter ex Albesiano, Trichocereus tarijensis var. poco (Backeb.) F. Ritter ex Albesiano f. poco, Trichocereus tarijensis var. poco (Backeb.) F. Ritter ex Albesiano f. albiflorus (Cárdenas) Albesiano, Trichocereus wilkeae (Backeb.) Albesiano. B- Once nuevos sinónimos: Trichocereus callianthus F. Ritter como sinónimo de Trichocereus strigosus var. vatteri (R. Kiesling) Albesiano, Trichocereus chiloensis var. conjungens F. Ritter de Trichocereus bolligerianus (Mächler & Helmut Walter) Albesiano, Trichocereus fabrisii R. Kiesling de Trichocereus schickendantzii (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose, Trichocereus glaucus F. Ritter de Trichocereus uyupampensis Backeb., Trichocereus glaucus f. pendens F. Ritter de Trichocereus uyupampensis Backeb., Trichocereus manguinii Backeb., de T. schickendantzii (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose, Trichocereus quadratiumbonatus F. Ritter de Trichocereus spachianus (Lem.) Riccob., Trichocereus rowleyi (H. Friedrich) R. Kiesling de Lobivia grandiflora Britton & Rose, Trichocereus serenanus F. Ritter de T. deserticola (Werderm.) Looser, Trichocereus serpentinus (M. Lowry & M. Mend.) Guiggi de Trichocereus vasquezii Rausch, Trichocereus thelegonoides (Speg.) Britton & Rose de Trichocereus spachianus (Lem.) Riccob. C- Tres nombres nuevos: Trichocereus faundezii Albesiano, Trichocereus pectiniferus Albesiano para Trichocereus coquimbanus sensu Britton & Rose, non Cactus coquimbanus Molina, non Cereus coquimbanus sensu K.Schum., non Echinopsis coquimbana sensu Friedrich & G.D. Rowley y Trichocereus undulosus Albesiano. D- Nueve lectotipificaciones: Helianthocereus pecheretianus Backeb., Lobivia grandiflora Britton & Rose, Lobivia hyalacantha Speg., Lobivia oreopepon Speg., Trichocereus bertramianus Backeb., Trichocereus manguinii Backeb., Trichocereus pachanoi Britton & Rose, Trichocereus santaensis Rauh & Backeb. y Cereus thelegonus F.A.C. Weber. E- Cincuenta y dos neotipificaciones: Cactus coquimbanus Molina, Cereus andalgalensis F.A.C. Weber, Cereus bridgesii Salm-Dyck var. brevispina K. Schum., Cereus bridgesii Salm-Dyck var. longispinus C.A. Maass, Cereus bridgesii Salm-Dyck, non Echinopsis bridgesii Salm-Dyck., Cereus candicans Gillies ex Salm-Dyck var. robustior Salm-Dyck, Cereus candicans Gillies ex Salm-Dyck var. tenuispinus Pfeiff., Cereus chiloensis var. eburnea Phil. ex K. Schum., Cereus chiloensis var. panhoplites K. Schum., Cereus gladiatus Lem., Cereus huascha F.A.C. Weber, Cereus huascha F.A.C. Weber var. flaviflora F.A.C. Weber, Cereus huascha F.A.C. Weber var. rubriflorus F.A.C. Weber, Cereus intricatus Salm-Dyck, Cereus lagenaeformis C.F. Först., Cereus lamprochlorus Lem., Cereus macrogonus (Salm-Dyck) Riccob., Cereus nitens Salm-Dyck ex Otto & Dietr., Cereus nitens Salm-Dyck ex Otto & Dietr., Cereus quisco Remy, Cereus rosei Werd., Cereus santiaguensis Speg.,Cereus spachianus Lem., Cereus spinibarbis Otto ex Pfeiff., Cereus tacaquirensis Vaupel, Cereus terscheckii Parm. ex Pfeiff., Cereus thelegonoides Speg., Echinocereus strigosus (Salm-Dyck) Lemaire var. rufispinus Rümpler, Echinocereus strigosus (Salm-Dyck) Lemaire var. spinosior Salm-Dyck ex Rümpler´s, Echinopsis schickendantzii F.A.C. Weber, Echinopsis smrziana Backeb., Eulychnia spinibarbis (Otto ex Pfeiff.) Britton & Rose, Pilocereus pasacanus F.A.C. Weber, Soehrensia formosa (Pfeiff.) Backeb. var. maxima Backeb., Soehrensia huascha (F.A.C. Weber) Y. Itô var. rosiflora Y. Itô, Trichocereus auricolor Backeb., Trichocereus chiloensis var. australis F. Ritter, Trichocereus herzogianus Cárdenas, Trichocereus herzogianus Cárdenas var. totorensis Cárdenas, Trichocereus narvaecensis Cárdenas, Trichocereus poco Backeb., Trichocereus puquiensis Rauh & Backeb., Trichocereus purpureopilosus Weing., Trichocereus skottsbergii Backeb., Trichocereus skottsbergii var. breviatus Backeb., Trichocereus taquimbalensis var. wilkeae Backeb., Trichocereus terscheckii (Parm. ex Pfeiff.) Britton & Rose var. montanus Backeb., Trichocereus uyupampensis Backeb., Trichocereus vasquezii Rausch, Trichocereus vollianus Backeb., Trichocereus vollianus var. rubrispinus Backeb., Trichocereus werdermannianus Backeb. F- En muchos casos se debieron designar neotipos, debido a que los autores habían basado sus descripciones de especies sobre un ejemplar vivo que nunca fue documentado como especímen de herbario. Se seleccionaron ejemplares tipo representativos, que presentaran en conjunto un corte transversal y/o longitudinal del tallo y flor. Cuando se pudo se eligieron ejemplares cercanos a la localidad original. Para cada taxón se elaboró una ficha que presenta la siguiente información: sinónimos, tipos, iconografías, fotos, descripción original, descripción ampliada, distribución y hábitat, comentarios taxonómicos y nomenclaturales, al igual que exsiccata. Trece claves son suministradas, una para los géneros Echinopsis, Lobivia y Trichocereus, una clave general, tres por países, tres de las subespecies de Trichocereus candicans, Trichocereus chiloensis, Trichocereus schickendantzii, cuatro de las variedades de Trichocereus huascha, Trichocereus macrogonus, Trichocereus strigosus, Trichocereus tarijensis y una de las formas de T. tarijensis. Se proporciona una lista de los taxones excluidos; por cuanto corresponden a otro género o cuya resolución no pudo lograrse por falta de información. Como resultado del estudio filogenético se proponen: G- Las relaciones filogenéticas de Trichocereus fueron examinadas sobre la base de 39 caracteres exomorfológicos y secuencias de ADN del cloroplasto, trnL-F y rpl16 de 17 especies de Trichocereus, incluyendo otros tres géneros de la tribu Trichocereeae (Echinopsis, Lobivia, Setiechinopsis), dos de Notocacteae (Eulychnia, Wigginsia) y uno de Hylocereeae (Harrisia). El análisis filogenético combinado con base en datos morfológicos y datos de secuencias de ADN, recuperó a Trichocereus como monofilético sí las dos especies de Harrisia son parte de él. Además, el clado Trichocereus fue apoyado por tres sinapomorfías: crecimiento basítono con ramas postradas (ramas producidas desde la base y sin un tallo principal), escamas imbricadas a lo largo del tubo floral y frutos subglobosos. Trichocereus presenta una afinidad cercana con Lobivia al compartir dos homoplasias: costillas agudas (45-90º) y escamas del receptáculo próximas entre sí. H- De los resultados de este estudio se propone que Echinopsis y Trichocereus deben mantenerse separados, lo cual ya había sido sugerido por varios autores. Trichocereus es cercano al género Lobivia, específicamente a un grupo de especies que fueron transferidas al género Soehrensia (S. bruchii, S. formosa), pero que en la actualidad son consideradas pertenecientes a Lobivia. I- Helianthocereus es un género que agrupa especies de Trichocereus con flores coloreadas (amarillas, anaranjadas y rojas) y diurnas, por ejemplo H. andalgalensis, H. atacamensis (tiene flores blancas, las cuales permanecen abiertas dos o tres días) y H. tarijensis, las cuales en el análisis filogenético simultáneo pertenecen a tres clados diferentes dentro de Trichocereus, por lo que se acepta que Helianthocereus sea considerado sinónimo de Trichocereus. J- Como resultado del análisis filogenético Trichocereus arboricola, Harrisia earlei y Harrisia hahniana forman un clado apoyado por cuatro sinapomorfías: presencia de raíces adventicias, tallos totalmente expuestos sobre la superficie del suelo y con costillas amplias, con un ángulo mayor de 180º, y semillas grandes, de 2 a 2,9 mm. K- Los taxones infraespecíficos de la especie tipo, Trichocereus macrogonus var. macrogonus y T. macrogonus var. pachanoi son taxones hermanos, al compartir la sinapomorfía, ramas verde-glaucas.
S. Albesiano and R. Kiesling, “Identity and Neotypification of Cereus Macrogonus, the Type Species of the Genus Trichocereus (Cactaceae),” Haseltonia, vol. 2012, no. 17, pp. 24–34, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.2985/1070-0048-17.1.3.
This paper clarifies the identity of Cereus macrogonus Salm-Dyck, the type species of the genus Trichocereus (Berger) Riccob., and specifies its synonyms and affinities. It is also intended to contribute toward stabilizing the generic nomenclature. An examination of Salm-Dyck’s original description of C. macrogonus leads to an interpretation of the species, very plausibly of Peruvian origin, as a cactus which was later also named Trichocereus peruvianus Britton & Rose. A Neotype is designated that is consistent with the protologue. That interpretation coincides with the use of this name (C. macrogonus) in the botanical literature and in horticulture, which has been adhered to up to now. Trichocereus pachanoi Britton & Rose is here presented as a variety of T. macrogonus (Salm-Dyck) Riccob.: T. macrogonus var. pachanoi (Britton & Rose) S.Albesiano & R.Kiesling, nov. comb., and a lectotype for it is designated.
S. Albesiano, “A New Taxonomic Treatment of the Genus Trichocereus (Cactaceae) in Chile,” Haseltonia, vol. 2012, no. 18, pp. 116–139, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.2985/026.018.0114.
The genus Trichocereus is represented by 19 taxa (12 species, 5 subspecies and 2 varieties) in Chile, 13 of them endemic to this country. These occur from the regions of Arica and Parinacota on the border with Peru, to the region of Maule, the IV Region of Coquimbo presenting the highest taxonomic richness. Its species are a dominant feature of the landscape and define phytogeographic regions. This taxonomic study has yielded iconographies, original descriptions, detailed descriptions, taxonomic comments, information on distribution and habitat, exsiccata, nomenclature, and three keys for the identification of species, subspecies and varieties. This treatment provides an updated synonymy including eight new synonyms; a new combination, Eulychnia coquimbana (Molina) S. Albesiano; three taxonomic level changes: (1) Trichocereus chiloensis subsp. australis (F. Ritter) S. Albesiano, (2) Trichocereus chiloensis subsp. eburneus (Phil. ex K. Schum.) S. Albesiano, and (3) Trichocereus chiloensis subsp. panhoplites (K. Schum.) S. Albesiano; three new names: (1) Trichocereus faundezii S. Albesiano, (2) Trichocereus pectiniferus S. Albesiano, (3) Trichocereus undulosus S. Albesiano; and thirteen neotypifications.
E. F. Anderson, “The Biogeography, Ecology, and Taxonomy of Lophophora (Cactaceae),” Brittonia, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 299–310, Oct. 1969.
doi: 10.2307/2805756.
Lophophora, commonly called peyote, has an extensive range within the Chihuahuan Desert of Texas and Mexico. Selected sites were studied and growth characteristics, soils, associated plants, and climate are described. The genus consists of two species,L. williamsii andL. diffusa. The former is both wide-ranging and highly variable morphologically, whereas the latter consists of a single, fairly small population restricted to an area in the state of Querétaro. Synonymy and types are discussed, and a key to the species is included with the descriptions.
S. Aparecida de Oliveira, M. de Fátima Pires da Silva Machado, A. José Prioli, and C. Aparecida Mangolin, “In Vitro Propagation ofCereus Peruvianus Mill. (Cactaceae),” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 47–50, Jan. 1995.
doi: 10.1007/BF02632226.
Cereus peruvianus seedlings were used as a source of stem explants to determine the effective conditions for inducing and maintaining callus tissues in a state of rapid growth, as well as to obtain plants regenerated from callus cultures. Factorial combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin in MS medium were tested, and we concluded that the 18.1µM 2,4-D and 18.6 or 27.9µM kinetin combinations were suitable for callus induction. The cactus shoots were produced from the friable callus; root elongation occurred within 2 wk in medium without 2,4-D and with 18.6µM kinetin. This method can be used to rapidly produce manyC. peruvianus plants.
P. Apodaca, “Cactus Stones: Symbolism And Representation In Southern California and Seri Indigenous Folk Art and Artifacts,” Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 215–228, 2001.https://www.jstor.org/stable/27825763.
Ethnographic documentation of cactus use in Seri folk culture and the symbolic portrayal of cactus among these northern Mexican people provides a heuristic model for the interpretation of "cogged stones" and pictographic representations in Southern California.
M. Aragane et al., “Peyote Identification on the Basis of Differences in Morphology, Mescaline Content, and trnL/trnF Sequence between Lophophora Williamsii and L. Diffusa,” Journal of Natural Medicines, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 103–110, Jan. 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s11418-010-0469-7.
Genus Lophophora (Cactaceae) has two species: Lophophora williamsii Coulter, which is called peyote, and L. diffusa Bravo. Although it was reported that L. williamsii contained mescaline and L. diffusa did not, we found L. williamsii specimens that did not contain mescaline. This finding indicated that the two species could not be differentiated in terms of mescaline content. Moreover, the relationship between mescaline content and morphology of the two species is also unknown. In this study, we attempted to clarify the difference in morphology, mescaline content, and DNA alignment of the chloroplast trnL/trnF region between L. williamsii and L. diffusa. As a result, L. williamsii specimens were classified into two groups. Group 1 had small protuberances on the epidermis, contained mescaline, and the analyzed region on the trnL/trnF sequence was 881 base pairs (bp) long in all except one (877 bp). Group 2 had large protuberances on the epidermis, did not contain mescaline, and the analyzed region was 893 bp long. On the other hand, L. diffusa had medium-sized protuberances on the epidermis, did not contain mescaline, and the analyzed region was 903 bp long. Also investigated was the potential application of the PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method as a means of identification based on the trnL/trnF sequence. By applying the PCR–RFLP method, the two species could be distinguished and L. williamsii specimens could be differentiated into group 1 and group 2.
P. Aymerich i Boixader and L. Sáez i Gonyalons, “The Genera Cereus and Trichocereus (Cactaceae: Cactoideae) as Alien Plants in Catalonia (Northeastern Iberian Peninsula): Amendments and New Chorological Data,” Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural, no. 83, pp. 113–120, 2019.
doi: 10.2436/20.1502.01.15.
New data on the identity and distribution of alien plants of the genera Cereus and Trichocereus in Catalonia are presented. Cereus jamacaru, C. repandus and C. peruvianus should be excluded from the flora of Catalonia. At present, the only species of Cereus regarded as casual in the studied area is C. hildmannianus. Four species of Trichocereus (T. macrogonus, T. schickendantzii subsp. schickendantzii, T. spachianus and T. taquimbalensis) are currently known the studied area.
D. Bach, “Bach’s Cactus Nursery Inc 8602 N Thomydale Rd TucsonAZ 85742,” Desert Plants.
D. Bach, “The Double-Cut Techniques for Grafting Cacti to Trichocereus Pachanoi Rootstock,” CALS Publications Archive. The University of Arizona., Dec. 2009.https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/556561.
Desert Plants is published by The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum. For more information about this unique botanical journal, please email the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Publications Office at pubs@cals.arizona.edu.
O. Badalamenti, A. Carra, E. Oddo, F. Carimi, and M. Sajeva, “Is in Vitro Micrografting a Possible Valid Alternative to Traditional Micropropagation in Cactaceae? Pelecyphora Aselliformis as a Case Study,” SpringerPlus, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 201, Feb. 2016.
doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-1901-6.
Several taxa of Cactaceae are endangered by overcollection for commercial purposes, and most of the family is included in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES). Micropropagation may play a key role to keep the pressure off wild populations and contribute to ex situ conservation of endangered taxa. One of the limits of micropropagation is the species-specific requirement of plant regulators for each taxon and sometimes even for different genotypes. With the micrografting technique the rootstock directly provides the scion with the necessary hormonal requirements. In this paper we present data on in vitro grafting of Pelecyphora aselliformis Ehrenberg, an Appendix I CITES listed species critically endangered and sought after by the horticultural trade, on micropropagated Opuntia ficus-indica Miller. Apical and sub-apical scions of P. aselliformis were used to perform micrografting with a successful rate of 97 and 81 % respectively. Survival rate after ex vivo transfer was 85 %. We hypothesize that this method could be applied to other endangered, slow growing taxa of Cactaceae thus contributing to the conservation of this endangered family.
P. A. Baldera-Aguayo and V. M. Reyna Pinedo, “Phytochemical Study of Echinopsis Peruviana,” Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 202–210, Jul. 2014.
doi: 10.37761/rsqp.v80i3.229.
R. T. Bárcenas, C. Yesson, and J. A. Hawkins, “Molecular Systematics of the Cactaceae,” Cladistics, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 470–489, 2011.
doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00350.x.
D. Barrios, J. A. Sánchez, J. Flores, and E. Jurado, “Seed Traits and Germination in the Cactaceae Family: A Review across Americas,” Botanical Sciences, vol. 98, no. 3, pp. 417–440, Jul. 2020.
doi: 10.17129/botsci.2501.
Background: Cactaceae is the fifth taxonomic group with the highest proportion of threatened species and among the angiosperms, the most vulnerable to human disturbance. One way to contribute to the preservation of this family is to understand the processes that promote seed germination. Questions: Have the relationship between seed traits and cactus germination been documented? How common is dormancy and seed banks in Cactaceae? Are there general patterns in cacti germination response to temperature, light, water, salinity, phytohormones, hydration/dehydration cycles, mechanical or chemical scarification? Data description: A total of 333 studies on cactus germination with information on 409 taxa. Study site and dates: since 1939 to January 2020. Methods: A search of scientific articles in Google Scholar was performed with the words Cactaceae, cacti and cactus, in combination with various matters on germination in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Results: The main germination studies in cactus deal with photoblasticism (275 taxa), temperature (205 taxa) and seed longevity (142 taxa). Other lines of study in cactus germination (e.g., desiccation tolerance, vivipary, phytohormones, mechanical or chemical scarification, in vitro germination, hydration/dehydration cycles, water and saline stress, serotiny, storage in cold, high temperature tolerance and soil seed bank) include between 14 and 65 taxa. Cacti have only physiological dormancy and optimal germination for most species occur between 20 and 30 °C. Photoblasticism is strongly influenced by phylogeny with 80.9 % positive photoblastic species. Conclusions: Mexico, Brazil and Argentina are the three leading countries in the study of cactus germination.
R. Becker, “Polinização e Biologia Reprodutiva Em Cereus Hildmannianus K. Schum. E Pereskia Aculeata Mill. (CACTACEAE),” PhD thesis, 2020.https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/212083.
Cactaceae é um grupo endêmico do continente americano e adaptado a ambientes áridos e semiáridos, porém pode ocorrer em diversas formações naturais devido à sua variada diversidade morfológica. Tal diversidade morfológica se reflete em diferentes estratégias reprodutivas e de atração dos polinizadores. Cereus hildmannianus K. Schum. e Pereskia aculeata Mill. são os representantes mais comuns de suas respectivas tribos na flora do Rio Grande do Sul. Ambas as espécies apresentam potencial econômico subestimado, podendo ser facilmente cultivadas já que possuem propriedades alimentícias, medicinais e ornamentais. O cultivo de espécies nativas da flora requer um maior entendimento das estratégias reprodutivas e interações interespecíficas de polinização nas quais estas plantas estão envolvidas. Cereus hildmannianus é um cacto colunar de hábito arborescente que possui antese noturna e é dependente da polinização exclusiva de mariposas da família Sphingidae, que promovem a xenogamia, sendo praticamente autoincompatível. Testes de germinação mostraram que as sementes de Cereus hildmannianus têm como temperatura ótima de germinação 25° C, na qual demonstra maior índice de germinabilidade e menor sincronia. Já Pereskia aculeta é uma espécie cedodivergente dentro de Cactaceae, apresentando a morfologia e a fisiologia de caráter plesiomórfico. As flores são diurnas e a espécie é autocompatível, apresentando algum grau de incompatibilidade xenogâmica entre morfotipos diferentes. É polinizador-dependente e atrai majoritariamente abelhas nativas da tribo Meliponini, podendo também ser polinizada por outros grupos de abelhas, coleópteros e vespas que se alimentam ou coletam o pólen, evidenciando uma especialização ecológica.
R. Becker, L. D. Ri, R. Farias-Singer, and R. B. Singer, “Unveiling the Germination Requirements for Cereus Hildmannianus (Cactaceae), a Potential New Crop from Southern and Southeastern Brazil,” Acta Botanica Brasilica, vol. 34, pp. 765–771, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.1590/0102-33062020abb0263.
ABSTRACT Cereus hildmannianus K. Schum is a columnar cactus native to South and Southeast Brazil. The cultivation of this species seems justifiable for several reasons: its fruits are spineless and edible; it is not threatened with extinction; it naturally occurs in Pampa and Atlantic Forest under non-xeric conditions that may be unsuitable for the cultivation of other tropical cacti; and the plants are pollinator-dependent and so should benefit from native pollinators. This study aimed to test seed germination of C. hildmannianus with samples collected at three different localities in southern Brazil, as a necessary step preceding any attempts of management and domestication. Seeds were exposed to temperatures of 20° C, 25° C, 30° C and room temperature. The germinability, average germination time and synchronization index were calculated. All samples showed higher germinability at 20° C and 25° C. Seeds from Caçapava do Sul and Santiago showed significant variation in the synchronization index at 25° C and 30° C, respectively. Seeds from Porto Alegre had maximum germinability, indicating greater vigor. Our results show that the seeds of C. hildmannianus germinate well and thrive within a wide range of temperatures and that cultivation of the species from seed-raised plants should not be problematic.
H. Behnam, A. Ghasemnezhad, M. Alizadeh, and A. Sadeghi Mahonak, “Optimizing Callus Induction and Analyzing in Vitro Phytochemicals in San Pedro Cactus (Echinopsis Pachanoi),” Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research, vol. 7, no. Issue 2, pp. 197–212, Jun. 2024.
doi: 10.22077/jhpr.2024.7199.1359.
Purpose: The objective of the present study was to examine the impact of explant type and varying concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 6-Benzyladenine growth regulators on the San Pedro cactus callus morphological and biochemical characteristics. Research method: Four types of explants were used i.e. explants with areola, without areola, with truncated areola, and with central tissue. Additionally, five combinations of BA and 2,4-D, were tested (0 mg/L BA + 2 mg/L 2,4-D, 2 mg/L BA + 2 mg/L 2,4-D, 3 mg/L BA + 3 mg/L 2,4-D, 4 mg/L BA + 4 mg/L 2,4-D, 0 mg/L BA + 0 mg/L 2,4-D). Findings: The results indicated that callus formation induced in all treatments 6 days after inoculation. There were significant differences in growth parameters, including fresh weight, volume, moisture, tissue firmness, total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the callus (P < 0.01) and dry weight of callus (P < 0.05). Explants holding a segment of central tissue, yielded the least favorable results in most of experimental treatments, and the application of 2,4-D in the absence of BA had an inhibitory and toxic effect on the San Pedro cactus explants. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: Specifically, use of 2 mg/L BA + 2 mg/L 2,4-D and explants with areola resulted in callus with higher fresh weight, volume and total flavonoids, as well as good tissue integrity and firmness. The reported results are a valuable resource for future research related to cell tissue culture and the elicitation of secondary metabolites in Echinopsis spp.
P. Berresford, “The Black Lace Cactus – an Evaluation.”
A. Bohn, M. H. H. Kiggen, M. V. Uthaug, K. I. M. van Oorsouw, J. G. Ramaekers, and H. T. van Schie, “Altered States of Consciousness During Ceremonial San Pedro Use,” The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 309–331, Oct. 2023.
doi: 10.1080/10508619.2022.2139502.
San Pedro, a mescaline containing cactus, has been used for thousands of years and is currently popular as a psychedelic substance in ceremonial retreats in Europe. The current research investigates the consciousness altering effects of San Pedro. Forty-two participants who joined ceremonial psychedelic retreats in the Netherlands were investigated with questionnaires probing 11 dimensions of altered states of consciousness (11D-ASC), ego-dissolution, mystical experiences, and challenging experiences. Results tentatively demonstrate the status of San Pedro as a psychedelic, revealing deviations from normal waking consciousness on all 11 subscales of the 11D-ASC, moderate scores of ego-dissolution, and a complete mystical experience in two thirds of the participants. Furthermore, a consciousness profile of San Pedro was constructed, which revealed that spiritual experiences are strongly expressed in ceremonial San Pedro use. Furthermore, the San Pedro experience is characterized by low levels of disembodiment, anxiety, impaired control and cognition, transcendence of space, and relatively higher levels of physical distress and grief in case of (incidental) challenging experiences. Finally, graph network analysis indicated two separate networks of positive and negative altered states of consciousness. Possible interpretations of these findings are discussed in relation to the ceremonial setting, sympathomimetic effects of San Pedro’s alkaloids and variations in affective valence.
N. H. Boke and E. F. Anderson, “Structure, Development, and Taxonomy in the Genus Lophophora,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 569–578, May 1970.
doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1970.tb09850.x.
Structural and developmental data indicate that Lophophora (Cactaceae) should be retained as a genus, which appears to be most closely related to Thelocactus (sensu lato). Within Lophophora morphological differences suggest that two species should be recognized. In the extensive northern population (Texas along the Río Grande to San Luis Potosí in Mexico) the tubercles are usually arranged as distinct ribs or elevated podaria, whereas in the restricted southern population (limited to the Mexican State of Querétaro) podaria and ribs are poorly developed or lacking and there are also differences in pollen structure. We believe that these two populations should be recognized as distinct species, L. williamsii and L. diffusa, respectively. We further believe that the latter represents the ancestral type.
T. H. Boyle and A. Idnurm, “Physiology and Genetics of Self-Incompatibility in Echinopsis Chamaecereus (Cactaceae),” Sexual Plant Reproduction, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 323–327, Jul. 2001.
doi: 10.1007/s004970100073.
The self-incompatibility (SI) system of a geophytic cactus (Echinopsis chamaecereus Friedrich & G. Rowley) was examined in a series of experiments. Pollination tests indicated that E. chamaecereus is an obligate outbreeding species with a functional SI system. Incompatible matings were characterized by stylar inhibition of pollen tube growth and lack of fruit set. Two S1 seedlings were recovered when plants of one clone were exposed to 42°C for 16 h and flowers were selfed immediately after incubation. The two S1 seedlings and the parental (S0) clone were crossed in a full diallel. Results were consistent with a one-locus, gametophytic SI system with two different S alleles. Disturbed segregation at isozyme locus Lap-1 was attributed to close linkage with the S locus (recombination frequency = 11±8%). This is the second report of close linkage between Lap-1 and S in the Cactaceae.
R. BREGMAN and F. BOUMAN, “Seed Germination in Cactaceae,” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 357–374, Jun. 1983.
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00977.x.
The mode of germination of representatives of 89 genera of the Cactaceae, 4 genera of Portulacaceae and 1 genus of Phytolaccaceae was studied. Most of the species of the Cactaceae germinate by means of a seed lid (operculum). In the Cactaceae studied 11 kinds of germination could be distinguished, 3 of which were with, and 8 without, operculum formation.Opercula are restricted in their occurrence to the subfamilies Cactoideae (Cereoideae) and Pereskioideae and are not found in the subfamily Opuntioideae. Within the subfamily Cactoideae operculum formation was found to occur in all tribes and in all investigated subtribes. Opercula were also found in two genera of the related family of the Portulacaceae. In the Phytolaccaceae no operculum formation was observed.
M. I. Briseño-Sánchez, C. Martínez-Peralta, and M. C. Mandujano, “Population Structure and Reproductive Biology of Peyote (Lophophora Diffusa, Cactaceae), a Threatened Species with Pollen Limitation1,2,” The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, vol. 147, no. 3, pp. 243–257, Nov. 2020.
doi: 10.3159/TORREY-D-18-00055.1.
Threatened species frequently have a J-shaped population structure, which indicates a reduction in seed set and poor or nonexistent recruitment. Altered population structures may be due to disrupted demographic processes that result in low reproductive success or small population size. Peyote—Lophophora diffusa Croizat (Bravo)—is a rare, threatened cactus species that is subject to overexploitation because of psychedelic tourism and medicinal and religious uses that decrease its effective population size. We analyzed peyote population structure and identified attributes of its reproductive biology that may limit population persistence. The population’s size structure (based on plant size in square centimeters) was determined by census in 2014 and 2015 (n = 420 individuals). Determination of the breeding system of peyote was based on floral morphology and evaluation of herkogamy, dichogamy, and pollen/ovule ratio, and controlled pollination experiments were used to determine the outcrossing rate and whether the species was pollen limited. Additionally, behavior and frequency of floral visitors were recorded to establish the pollinator guild. Peyote’s population structure showed the presence of seedlings, juveniles, and adults in both years, indicating some recruitment and low adult mortality. Flowers were herkogamous, homogamous, and diurnal, with a 2-day longevity and high pollen/ovule ratios. These floral traits suggest that peyote is xenogamous, and pollination experiments indicated that it is a facultative outcrossing species, which needs pollinators to set fruit. The time of pistil receptivity coincided with the maximum activity of floral visitors (small solitary bees and small beetles) searching for floral rewards. Evidence indicates that peyote has an outcrossing system with partial self-incompatibility and is pollen limited. Positive factors, such as moderate seedling recruitment, a similar population structure during the two study periods, and a large number of reproductive individuals (close to 50%), indicate natural regeneration and increase the likelihood of population persistence. However, low fruit set and strong dependence upon efficient pollinators reduce reproductive success and increase species vulnerability.
S. D. Brown, J. L. Massingill, and J. E. Hodgkins, “Cactus Alkaloids,” Phytochemistry, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 2031–2036, Nov. 1968.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90764-7.
Sixteen species of cacti were screened for alkaloids using gas chromatographic analysis in conjunction with Mayer’s reagent. Twelve of the species were found to contain extractable alkaloids. Two species apparently contain quarternary amines since the crude extracts gave a positive test with the testing reagent but no bases could be extracted. Two species were found not to contain alkaloids. The gas chromatographic retention times of the principal alkaloids have been correlated with the retention times of twelve known alkaloids to obtain approximate molecular weights of the extracted alkaloids. Using this method three species, Selenicereus grandiflorus, Echinocereus enneacanthus var. stramineus and E. chloranthus were found to contain alkaloids whose molecular weights are larger than the known cactus alkaloids. This and other evidence suggests that the plant family Cactaceae contain alkaloids more complicated than the known β-phenylethylamines and tetrahydroisoquinolines.
J. G. Bruhn and C. Bruhn, “Alkaloids and Ethnobotany of Mexican Peyote Cacti and Related Species,” Economic Botany, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 241–251, Apr. 1973.
doi: 10.1007/BF02872994.
Some Mexican cacti of the genera Ariocarpus, Mammillaria, Obregonia, Pelecyphora, Solisia and Turbinicarpus have been studied with respect to their alkaloids and ethnobotany. Seven previously known cactus alkaloids were identified. N,N-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenethylamine was found to occur in Ariocarpus agavoides. In Pelecyphora aselliformis N,N-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4, 5-dimethoxyphenethylamine was identified as the major alkaloid. The possible relationship between the vernacular names of these plants and their alkaloid content is discusse.
J. G. Bruhn, P. A. G. M. De Smet, H. R. El-Seedi, and O. Beck, “Mescaline Use for 5700 Years,” The Lancet, vol. 359, no. 9320, p. 1866, May 2002.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08701-9.
J. G. Bruhn, J.-E. Lindgren, B. Holmstedt, and J. M. Adovasio, “Peyote Alkaloids: Identification in a Prehistoric Specimen of Lophophora from Coahuila, Mexico,” Science, Mar. 1978.
doi: 10.1126/science.199.4336.1437.
Mescaline, anhalonine, lophophorine, pellotine, and anhalonidine have been identified in alkaloid extracts of a prehistoric specimen of Lophophora from a burial cave in west central Coahuila, Mexico. The specimen is associated with radiocarbon ...
R. Burger, “What Kind of Hallucinogenic Snuff Was Used at Chavín de Huántar? An Iconographic Identification,” Ñawpa Pacha, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 123–140, Dec. 2011.
doi: 10.1179/naw.2011.31.2.123.
Iconography and artifacts from Chavín de Huántar attest to the importance of psychoactive substances consumed nasally as snuff, and consequently hallucinogens other than San Pedro cactus must have been utilized. This article presents iconographic evidence from a Chavín de Huántar sculpture demonstrating the religious significance of Anadenanthera sp. (vilca), a plant containing the vision-producing bufotenine. Andenanthera colubrina var. Cebil is found east of the Peruvian Andes and consequently it is the most likely source of the psychoactive snuff ingested in the rituals at Chavín de Huántar and related ceremonial centers such as Kuntur WasiAunque la utilización de substancias alucinógenas en el templo de Chavín de Huántar durante el fin del Período Inicial y el Horizonte Temprano (1000-300 a.C.) ha recibido la amplia aceptación de los arqueólogos, la única identificación de una droga alucinógena ha sido el San Pedro (Trichocereus pachanoi), un cactus rico en mescalina que hoy se encuentra en la costa y la sierra, incluyendo los alrededores de Chavín de Huántar. Sin embargo, este se consume como un líquido, no como rapé. La iconografía y los artefactos de Chavín de Huántar demuestran la importancia de sustancias psicotrópicas consumidas como polvo por la nariz, y por lo tanto, es probable que variedades de alucinógenos fuera de Trichocereus pachanoi fueron utilizados en el pasado. Este artículo ofrece evidencia iconográfica de una escultura de Chavín de Huántar que confirma la significancia religiosa de Anadenanthera sp. (vilca), una planta que contiene la droga alucinógena bufotenina. Los botánicos indican que la especie Andenanthera colubrina var. Cebil se encuentra en los ambientes al este de los andes peruanos, y por lo tanto, este variedad es probablemente la fuente de los polvos psicotropos utilizados en las ceremonias de Chavín de Huántar y otro centros, como Kutur Wasi. Las implicaciones de esta identificación para las rituales religiosas y el intercambio de larga distancia también se consideran.
E. V. C, M. M. R, F. S. Zenteno-Ruiz, and F. Saavedra, “A Botanical Garden Dedicated to the Conservation of Plants in the Dry Inter-Andean Valleys of Bolivia,” in Botanical Gardens and Their Role in Plant Conservation, CRC Press, 2023.
Since the late 1980s, the Jardín Botánico La Paz (JBLP) at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (W Bolivia) was consolidated in an area of 22,278.40 m2 of the university campus; with efforts on conserving ex situ and in situ plants from the dry inter-Andean valleys. This multipurpose botanical garden also includes scientific research, germination, and propagation experiments as well as environmental awareness to different age groups. The dry inter-Andean valleys of Bolivia follow a fragmented and discontinuous pattern in physiographic formations of the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes. Its representation at the country level reaches 15% (area of 1,100 Mio km2) and is found in six of nine departments. Botanical studies recorded 2,700 species of vascular plants in 800 genera, 150 families, and 444 endemic species (16%). The JBLP hosts in total 172 species, 6 endemics, and 8 assessed in a threat category. Efforts to conserve these species relate especially to germination and propagation experiments, as well as to the development of protocols and permanent contribution to urban reforestation initiatives. The performance achieved in more than 30 years of work dedicates a large part of its efforts to the study and conservation of these plant communities of relevant landscapes of Bolivia.
Jednou z metod zvýšení produkce sekundárních metabolitů in vitro je ovlivnění explantátových kultur prekurzory. V této diplomové práci byl studován vliv prekurzorů na suspenzní kultury Trichocereus pachanoi vzhledem k produkci meskalinu. Jako prekurzory byly využity dopamin, D, L- tyrosin, hydrolyzát kaseinu a kyselina šikimová, které byly přidány do živného média ve třech různých koncentracích. Suspenzní kultury Trichocereus pachanoi s přidanými prekurzory byly pomocí HPLC metody analyzovány na přítomnost a obsah meskalinu po 48 a 168 hodinách. Kultury byly kultivovány na médiu definovaném dle Murashigeho a Skooga. Dopamin vykazoval pozitivní vliv na in vitro biosyntézu meskalinu. Nejvyšší produkce meskalinu byla analyzována u suspenzní kultury s in vitro koncentrací dopaminu 50 mg/100ml po 168 h kultivace. U kultur kultivovaných 48 h byl analyzován nejvyšší obsah meskalinu suspenzím s in vitro koncentrací dopaminu 50 mg/100ml. Ostatní prekurzory (D, L-tyrosin, hydrolyzát kaseinu a kyselina šikimová) vykazovaly na in vitro biosyntézu meskalinu inhibiční vliv.
Here I am showing a quick demonstration for micropropagation of tufted cacti but applicable to all cacti species. Surface sterilization using isopropyl and bleach solutions. Inductions in Specially formulated MS media
F. J. Carod-Artal and C. B. Vázquez-Cabrera, “Mescalina y ritual del cactus de san Pedro: evidencias arqueológicas y etnográficas en el norte de Perú,” Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.), pp. 489–498, 2006.
doi: 10.33588/rn.4208.2006040.
F. J. Carod-Artal and C. B. Vázquez-Cabrera, “[Mescaline and the San Pedro cactus ritual: archaeological and ethnographic evidence in northern Peru],” Revista de neurologia, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 489–498, Apr. 2006.
IntroductionThe San Pedro cactus contains the alkaloid mescaline and other derivates of phenethylamine with hallucinogenic properties. This cactus was used throughout history by a number of different pre-Columbine cultures and civilisations that settled in northern Peru. In this article we review the ethno-archaeological and ethno-historical evidence of the ritual use of the San Pedro cactus in the pre-Columbine cultures, and these findings are compared with the information provided by current ethnographical studies.DevelopmentThe longer a cactus has been stored, the stronger and the higher its content in mescaline-derived alkaloids will be. Archaeological evidence has been found of the use of San Pedro for magical-religious purposes in the following pre-Columbine cultures: Cupisnique (1500 BC), Chavin (1000 BC), Moche (100-750 AD) and Lambayeque (750-1350 AD). Today’s master shamans use San Pedro on altars (’mesas’) erected for healing rites in order to treat enchantment and bad luck. The mesa follows a sophisticated ritual: ’levantar’ (raise) or sniff tobacco with alcohol, ingest San Pedro, pinpoint the diseases, cleanse the evil and ’florecer’ (flourish) the sick person. The mesa rite is performed in the early hours of Tuesdays and Fridays, which are sacred days in the Andean religions. San Pedro is sometimes replaced by an infusion of plants and seeds that contain hallucinogenic components, such as ayahuasca and the ’mishas’ (Brugmansia sp.).ConclusionsThe ancient tradition of using the San Pedro cactus for healing and hallucinogenic purposes has remained part of the culture in Andean shamanism up to the present day.
B. K. Cassels and P. Sáez-Briones, “Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Mescaline,” ACS Chemical Neuroscience, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 2448–2458, Oct. 2018.
doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00215.
Archeological studies in the United States, Mexico, and Peru suggest that mescaline, as a cactus constituent, has been used for more than 6000 years. Although it is a widespread cactus alkaloid, it is present in high concentrations in few species, notably the North American peyote (Lophophora williamsii) and the South American wachuma (Trichocereus pachanoi, T. peruvianus, and T. bridgesii). Spanish 16th century chroniclers considered these cacti “diabolic”, leading to their prohibition, but their use persisted to our days and has been spreading for the last 150 years. In the late 1800s, peyote attracted scientific attention; mescaline was isolated, and its role in the psychedelic effects of peyote tops or “mescal buttons” was demonstrated. Its structure was established by synthesis in 1929, and alternative routes were developed, providing larger amounts for pharmacological and biosynthetic research. Although its effects are attributed mainly to its action as a 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonist, mescaline binds in a similar concentration range to 5-HT1A and α2A receptors. It is largely excreted unchanged in human urine, and its metabolic products are apparently unrelated to its psychedelic properties. Its low potency is probably responsible for its relative neglect by recreational substance users, as the successful search for structure–activity relationships in the hallucinogen field focused largely on finding more potent analogues. Renewed interest in the possible therapeutic applications of psychedelic drugs may hopefully lead to novel insights regarding the commonalities and differences between the actions of individual classic hallucinogens.
J. P. de Castro, “Citotaxonomia de Espécies de Cactaceae Ocorrentes No Nordeste Do Brasil.” Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Jun-2012.https://repositorio.ufpb.br.
Cactaceae is a botanical Family represented by a high diversity of succulent plants, popularly known as cacti, which stand out for their evolutionary and adaptive capabilities to more arid regions. Many species are used as ornamental plants, food and medicinal sources. As for the chemical composition of cacti, alkaloids are the most important compounds identified in species of this family. The porpuse of this present work sought to review bibliographically the distribution of alkaloids identified in species of the Cactaceae Family by searching the main databases (Science Direct, Medline and Scopus). Basically, βphenethylaminic protoalkaloids (42%) and isoquinoline alkaloids (40%), tryptamines (10%), cyclopeptides (3%) and others (5%) have been reported in Cactaceae. The subfamily Cactoideae has the largest number of studied species, with a strong predominance of βphenethylaminic and isoquinolinic alkaloids, with isoquinolinic alkaloids occurring exclusively in this subfamily. The tryptamine alkaloids occurred only in the subfamilies Cactoideae and Pereskioideae, while the cyclopeptide alkaloids occurred exclusively in the subfamily Opuntioideae. Tyramine (3) and mescaline (21) are the compounds most identified in Cactaceae, present in about 43% and 31.5% of the species studied, respectively. Some specific types of alkaloids are suggested as potential chemotaxonomic markers.
V. J. Cenizo, “Efectos de la luz, temperatura y disponibilidad de agua en la germinación de Trichocereus candicans (Cactaceae),” 2012.https://repo.unlpam.edu.ar/handle/unlpam/2117.
La creciente expansión de las actividades antrópicas en regiones áridas y semiáridas afecta a las poblaciones de cactáceas nativas. En nuestro país, la escasa información acerca de la biología de estas especies dificulta la implementación de planes de conservación de las mismas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar los requerimientos germinativos y el desarrollo de la plántula de Trichocereus candicans (Cactaceae), una especie de amplia distribución en la Argentina. Se evaluaron los efectos de la luz, la temperatura y la disponibilidad hídrica sobre la germinación. Además se realizó la caracterización morfo-anatómica de las plántulas en las primeras etapas de su desarrollo. Los resultados mostraron que T. candicans requiere temperaturas alrededor de 25ºC, luz y alta disponibilidad de humedad para germinar. Esta información acerca de la ecofisiología de la especie será de utilidad en estudios de propagación ex situ y podrá utilizarse en planes de manejo y conservación.
S. Cha-um, T. Samphumphuang, and C. Kirdmanee, “Morphological and Physio-Biochemical Changes of in Vitro Cactus (Echinopsis Calochlora) in Responses to Salt Stress,” p. 7.
C. B. Chan, C. B. M. Poulie, S. S. Wismann, J. Soelberg, and J. L. Kristensen, “The Alkaloids from Lophophora Diffusa and Other ‘False Peyotes,’” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 84, no. 8, pp. 2398–2407, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00381.
Commonly, false peyote refers to Lophophora diffusa. However, several other unrelated cacti go by this colloquial name. They either resemble “true” peyote, Lophophora williamsii, or are found in similar habitats. To date, over 40 different alkaloids have been isolated from the Lophophora genus. Of these, only the pharmacological actions of mescaline (1) have been extensively investigated. The major alkaloid in L. diffusa is pellotine (2), a tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ), which was briefly marketed as a sleeping aid around the beginning of the 20th century, following reports of its hypnotic properties in humans. Pharmacological experiments with the Lophophora THIQs were performed at the turn of the 20th century, whereas the chemical synthesis was not realized until several decades later. The biosynthetic pathways of the main Lophophora alkaloids were reported at the end of the 1960s. In this review, the relationship of the different “false peyotes” to L. williamsii, in regard to their alkaloid content, the bio- and chemical synthesis of the most relevant alkaloids, and their corresponding pharmacology will be outlined and discussed.
A. L. Cheib and Q. S. Garcia, “Longevity and Germination Ecology of Seeds of Endemic Cactaceae Species from High-Altitude Sites in South-Eastern Brazil,” Seed Science Research, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 45–53, Mar. 2012.
doi: 10.1017/S0960258511000298.
The influence of light and temperature on germination behaviour and the longevity of seeds were evaluated in four taxa of the genus Arthrocereus (Cactaceae). Germination experiments were conducted at six constant temperatures with a 12-h photoperiod and in continuous darkness. For in situ storage tests, the seeds were buried in the soil where the species naturally occur, and germination experiments were performed for 14 months. Seeds were also stored dry at room temperature in the laboratory for 12 months. The results indicated that, in spite of the variations between the four taxa studied, there is a consistent pattern in their germination behaviour. The seeds are small, with an absolute requirement of light for germination. In the presence of light, we obtained high germinability at temperatures between 20 and 30°C and low germination percentages at 10, 15 and 35°C. This behaviour may represent an adaptive mechanism during seasons when environmental conditions in open rocky fields are not favourable for seedling survival. In general, germination was relatively slow, which would favour establishment during the rainy season. Dry storage did not significantly alter seed germination behaviour, and buried seeds, likewise, remained viable and retained high germination percentages. We can therefore infer that the seeds of the species studied here are able to form persistent soil seed-banks. All studied species are threatened with extinction, so their ability to form soil seed-banks, together with the possibility of ex situ seed preservation, will possibly give support for future conservation efforts.
L. A. Chibli et al., “Toward a More Sustainable Sample Preparation in Phytochemistry: Case Studies in Four Subclasses of Alkaloids,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 470–479, Mar. 2024.
doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01048.
The fact that alkaloids are bases has been the most explored chemical feature of their extraction and purification procedures. The main drawback of these procedures is that they employ undesirable chemicals, with HCl and CH2Cl2 probably being the most commonly employed chemicals in their subsequent steps. This work tested the hypothesis that advantages in recovery efficiency support this common practice. Experiments were conducted in three laboratories, monitoring the alkaloids harmine (1), boldine (2), vincamine (3), and mescaline (4) extracted from Banisteriopsis caapi, Peumus boldus, Vinca minor, and Trichocereus macrogonus var. pachanoi, respectively. The research demonstrated that HCl could be replaced with citric acid (CA) without loss or even better extraction performance. The recommended EtOAc could completely replace CH2Cl2 in three out of four study cases and partially in the fourth case without harming the extraction efficiency. In addition, the alternative solvents tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) and n-butyl acetate (BuOAc) could enhance the extraction of alkaloids. These results might incentivize natural products laboratories to consider sustainability more routinely, thus being closer to current practices in the pharmaceutical industry, which has been replacing solvents and processes with greener ones.
A. Cordy-Collins, “Psychoactive Palnted Peruvian Plants the Shamanism Textile,” 1982.
From a cache of over 200 Chavfn textiles found in the lea Valley on the Peruvian south coast in 1969, one is particularly intriguing. Exhibited in the San Diego Museum of Man’s 1980 analysis of South American shamanism, this 2000 year old cloth is painted with images of transformation and transcendence. Of special interest is the representation of three plants shown in connection with a jaguar, winged deer, hummingbirds, shamans, and a deity. While this textile has been described before in the context of the others in the group, the present paper addresses the plants specifically. One plant is very likely to be the hallucinogenic San Pedro cactus (Trichocereus pachanoi); another is more tentatively suggested to be seed pods of the psychoactive acacia (Anadenanthera peregnna or A. colubrina). The third plant, while still eluding precise classification, must be con· sidered as a possible narcotic as well.
C. Cortés-Olmos, G. Gurrea-Ysasi, J. Prohens, A. Rodríguez-Burruezo, and A. Fita, “In Vitro Germination and Growth Protocols of the Ornamental Lophophora Williamsii (Lem.) Coult. as a Tool for Protecting Endangered Wild Populations,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 237, pp. 120–127, Jul. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.03.064.
Lophophora williamsii is an ornamental slow growth cactus highly appreciated by cacti growers and hobbyists. Its demand is often satisfied through illegal collection of wild plants and many populations are threatened with extinction. Thus, an efficient in vitro protocol without plant growth regulators will be of great interest for conservation purposes of this cactus. Eight different germination media, combining Murashige and Skoog medium (MS, full and half-strength), sucrose (20 and 30 g L−1) and agar (8 and 10 g L−1), were used to study germination rate, number of seedlings with areoles and initial seedling development. Germination rates among culture media only differed significantly in the first 14 days after sowing (DAS), reaching 67–75% at the end of the assay (49 DAS). Remarkable interactions among media components were detected, and 20 g L−1 sucrose and 8 g L−1 agar combination gave the highest performance for both size and number of areoles. Following germination assay, a growth assay was conducted during 105 days using three growth media (GrM) at different sucrose concentration (15, 30 and 45 g L−1) to evaluate the increase in seedling size and number of areoles. Regardless of their initial size, 15 g L−1 sucrose provided the best results for both traits. Size increase was higher in the 4–5 mm seedling group, while increase in areoles was greater in 2-3 mm seedlings. It was possible to develop an in vitro protocol, in absence of plant growth regulators, which allows maximizing L. williamsii germination and growth during its first stages of development, which may increase the availability of plants in the market and avoid exhaustion of wild populations. Furthermore, plants grown ex situ could be reintroduced in endangered natural populations.
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Preliminary Revision Of The North American Species Of Cactus, Anhalonium, And Lophophora..." by J. Coulter
L. Croizat, “A Check List of Colombian and Presumed Colombian Cactaceae,” Caldasia, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 337–355, 1944.https://www.jstor.org/stable/44240636.
É. da Silva Santos, A. J. Braz de Oliveira, M. de Fátima Pires da Silva Machado, C. A. Mangolin, and R. A. Correia Gonçalves, “Cereus Hildmannianus (K.) Schum. (Cactaceae): Ethnomedical Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 264, p. 113339, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113339.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Cereus hildmannianus (K.) Schum. (syn. C. peruvianus) is a native medicinal plant in the Neotropical region. C. hildmannianus cladodes extracts are used in folk medicine for weight loss, reducing cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, as diuretic and cardiotonic, and to treat various diseases, including pulmonary disorders, rheumatism, and in topical treatment for wounds and lithiasis. Fruits and flowers of C. hildmmanianus have high nutritional value. Aim of the review: In this review, previous reports on C. hildmannianus (syn. C. peruvianus) concerning its botanical description, geographical distribution, ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties, food benefits and plant biotechnology were summarized. Materials and methods Scientific search engines, including ScienceDirect, Capes Journals Portal, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scielo, and Scifinder, were consulted to gather data on C. hildmannianus. The present review is an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of phytochemical compounds, ethnomedicinal uses, phytopharmacological activities, and food value of cladodes, flowers, fruits, seeds, and tissue culture from C. hildmannianus. Results In traditional medicine, C. hildmannianus is used to treat various diseases, including pulmonary disorders, rheumatism, and in topical treatment for wounds and lithiasis. The extracts from the cladodes of C. hildmannianus exhibited numerous in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities such as gastroprotective, antioxidant, antifungal, ovicidal, hemagglutinating and slimming, and anticancer activity. These extracts’ substances belong to different classes of chemical compounds such as fatty acids, polysaccharides, terpenes, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids Conclusions Ethnomedicinal surveys have indicated the use of C. hildmannianus, an important medicinal plant in South America, for the treatment of various diseases. The ethnobotanical, phytochemical, pharmacological, and ethnomedicinal properties from various morphological parts of the plant of C. hildmannianus were highlighted in this review, which provides information for future studies, commercial exploration and reveals that this plant has a huge potential for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
E. W. Davis, “Sacred Plants of the San Pedro Cult,” Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 367–386, 1983.
doi: 10.5962/p.168667.
V. M. de Carvalho, C. A. Mangolin, and M. F. P. S. Machado, “Seed Germination of the Cereus Peruvianus Mill. (Cactaceae) Somaclones Follows a Relatively Simple Protocol,” Seed Science and Technology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 595–600, Oct. 2008.
doi: 10.15258/sst.2008.36.3.09.
Seed germination of Cereus peruvianus Mill. (C. hildmannianus K. Schum.) somaclones is important to generate plants containing genetic diversity induced by in vitro regeneration The germination of somaclone seeds and seeds collected from plants of natural population were evaluated for their response to acid scarification, presoaking in water, incubation at low and high temperatures, and imbibition in gibberellic acid. The effect of pre-soaking seeds on germination performance when germinated in vitro, was positive for both seeds from wild and somaclone plants. High and low temperatures also benefited germination of seed from somaclones when germinated in gerboxes, but previous exposure to 100°C was not favourable to in vitro seeds germination. Seeds germinated best in gerboxes. Acid scarification was only effective when seeds from wild plants were germinated in gerboxes and the addition of GA3 did not promote higher germination. In this study, the pre-treatment that successfully improved germination of seed from somaclones and wild plants of C. peruvianus was a 24 hour pre-soak in water.
J. S. de Faria-Tavares, P. G. Martin, C. A. Mangolin, S. A. de Oliveira-Collet, and M. de F. P. S. Machado, “Genetic Relationships among Accessions of Mandacaru (Cereus Spp.: Cactaceae) Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP),” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 48, pp. 12–19, Jun. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2012.11.013.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to evaluate the genetic diversity at the DNA level of mandacaru (genus Cereus) and to differentiate between 17 accessions grown in different regions of Brazil. The six primer pairs used amplified 348 AFLP markers, of which 282 (81%) were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic fragments ranged from 62.5% for the primer combination E-AAC × M-CAG to 91.7% for E-ACT × M-CAC. The largest number of informative markers (67) was detected using the primer combination E-ACA × M-CAG, while the E-AGC × M-CTC combination revealed the lowest number of polymorphic fragments (46) in the mandacaru plantlets. The Nei’s identity value between the accessions of mandacaru was 0.6348–0.8343 for plants from the Southern and Northeastern regions, 0.6348–0.6529 between accessions from the Southwestern and Northeastern regions, and 0.6193–0.6944 between accessions from the Southern and Southwestern regions. The similarity among the Southern, Northeastern, and Southwestern regions indicates that the plants of the three regions may be different species of the Cereus genus: Cereus peruvianus or Cereus repandus (Southern region), Cereus jamacaru (Northeastern region), and Cereus hildmaniannus (Southwestern region). Alternatively, the accessions may belong to one species in the process of speciation.
M. D. De Rios and M. Cardenas, “Plant Hallucinogens, Shamanism and Nazca Ceramics,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 233–246, Jan. 1980.
doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(80)81003-8.
The ceramics of the ancient Nazca, an extinct people that lived on the south coast of Peru from 100 to 800 AD, are examined. It is suggested that plant hallucinogens and stimulants including Trichocereus pachanoi, Erythroxylon coca, Datura spp., and Anadenanthera peregrina were utilized in religious ritualism connected with shamanism, stressing personal ecstasy as ameans of contact with the supernatural on the part of regional religious—political leaders. Shamanic themes linked to world-wide plant hallucinogenic ingestion are identified and summarized, and their representation in Nazca ceramic art is delineated.
M. L. de Viana, S. Sühring, and B. F. J. Manly, “Application of Randomization Methods to Study the Association of Trichocereus Pasacana (Cactaceae) with Potential Nurse Plants,” Plant Ecology, vol. 156, no. 2, pp. 193–197, Oct. 2001.
doi: 10.1023/A:1012621106009.
Spatial distribution of plants and seeds of Trichocereuspasacana was studied in relation to bush species abundance, and ofcacti in relation to the available number of seeds under bush species, in LosCardones National Park, Argentina. Randomization tests, carried out to find thesignificance level of Chi squared test statistics used to test fornon-random association hypothesis, proved that T.pasacana plants, seeds, and seedling establishment is related to thedifferent bush species that co-occur with it. Positive interactions werefound mostly with L. divaricata, but also withP.ferox and A. spartioides, suggesting that theyact as nurse plants. Negative interactions were found with B.boliviensis, A. spartioides, S.crassiramea, and Verbena sp, in spite of thehigh seed storage beneath their canopies. Cacti are more frequent than expectedin relation to seed relative abundance under L. divaricataand P. ferox and less frequent under P.rougesii, B. boilviensis,Verbena sp, G. glutinosa,S.crassiramea, and A. spartioides, due todifferential seed or seedling mortality when emergence occurs.
C. D. Díaz Ramírez and V. E. Puyen Lamas, “Evaluación de la resistencia del adobe estabilizado a la acción del agua adicionando jabonato de alumbre o mucílago de cactus de San Pedro,” 2019.http://tesis.usat.edu.pe/handle/20.500.12423/1802.
El último fenómeno del niño ocurrido en el norte del Perú ha demostrado que la mayoría de viviendas se encuentran vulnerables a las acciones que este tipo de desastres naturales puedan ocasionar, debido a la ubicación de las viviendas, el material utilizado, y las técnicas de construcción empleadas. Por esto, surge la pregunta ¿Cuánto mejorará la resistencia del adobe estabilizado a la acción del agua, después de evaluar la adición de jabonato de alumbre o mucílago de cactus de San Pedro? La hipótesis sostiene que alguna de las adiciones de jabonato de alumbre o mucílago de cactus de San Pedro evaluadas, mejorará la resistencia del adobe estabilizado a la acción del agua, y se justifica desde la perspectiva económica, ambiental, social, técnica y científica. El objetivo general planteado es evaluar qué adición de jabonato de alumbre o mucílago de cactus de San Pedro mejorará la resistencia del adobe estabilizado a la acción del agua. La investigación es experimental, teniendo como población al departamento de Lambayeque y como muestra el suelo de la ciudad de Túcume, por los resultados obtenidos de los ensayos que se recomiendan en la Norma E.080: Tierra Reforzada. Así mismo, se usaron técnicas e instrumentos para recolectar datos, tales como: la observación directa, experimentos en condiciones controladas de laboratorio y el análisis de datos. El plan de procesamiento de datos abarca: recopilación de información; obtención de materiales y ensayos al suelo para su clasificación; elaboración de las unidades de adobe y finalmente ensayos químicos para observar y obtener la composición físico química del suelo estabilizado y ensayos mecánicos, tanto a la unidad de adobe como a la unión de adobe y mortero (muro) con suelo sin estabilizar y estabilizado en porcentajes de 3%, 6%, 9% y 12%. Finalmente, ser realizó una comparación económica en aplicada en un módulo de vivienda y la evaluación de impacto ambiental estudiada en la fabricación de las unidades de adobe y en la realización de los ensayos de laboratorio. Llegando a la conclusión que los porcentajes recomendados para mejorar el comportamiento de la unidad de adobe es de 12% para ambos estabilizantes.
O. Díaz Segura, “Dinámica poblacional de Lophophora diffusa ‘peyote’ (Cactaceae) en una localidad del Estado de Querétaro.” Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Sep-2013.https://doi.org/10.24275/uami.x346d436n.
El peyote queretano, Lophophora diffusa (Croizat) Bravo, es una especie amenazada y miceoendémica del semidesierto Queretano. Se presentan los datos de la población “Ermita” (Cadereyta de Montes, Qro.) estudiada durante dos años, así como la evaluación del estado de riesgo de la especie (MER). La densidad poblacional fue de 0.03 ind/m2 , mientras que la densidad en las parcelas de estudio fue de 0.78 ind/m2 . Los individuos presentaron una distribución espacial agregada y una asociación positiva con Larrea tridentata y Bursera fagaroides. Esta preferencia se manifestó en todos los intervalos de tamaño, mostrando una preferencia por la ubicación hacia el Este de estas plantas. La floración presentó dos picos anuales. La especie es autoincompatible y los principales visitantes florales fueron himenópteros. La población (N=380 individuos) estructurada por coberturas muestra escasez de plántulas y adultos 3 y 4. Las tasas finitas de crecimiento poblacional (λ), calculadas a través de matrices de transición de Lefkovitch fueron de 0.79 (±0.10) y de 0.98 (±0.12), para el primer y segundo año, respectivamente. La lambda promedio indica una disminución del 11% anual. La permanencia fue el proceso demográfico más importante y los adultos de la categoría A2 tuvieron especial relevancia en la dinámica poblacional. La ubicación de la especie dentro del triángulo demográfico de Silvertown es similar al de otras cactáceas globosas. Se confirmó la desaparición de la mitad de las poblaciones conocidas (N=10) y la aplicación del MER-Plantas (NOM059-SEMARNAT-2010) utilizando la información de este estudio, llevó a la propuesta de cambiar la categoría de riesgo asignada, de especie amenazada (A) a especie en peligro de extinción (P).
R. J. Dinis-Oliveira, C. L. Pereira, and D. D. da Silva, “Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions,” Current Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 184–194, Aug. 2019.
doi: 10.2174/1874467211666181010154139.
Background: Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine), mainly found in the Peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), is one of the oldest known hallucinogenic agents that influence human and animal behavior, but its psychoactive mechanisms remain poorly understood. Objectives: This article aims to fully review pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mescaline, focusing on the in vivo and in vitro metabolic profile of the drug and its implications for the variability of response. Methods: Mescaline pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects were searched in books and in PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine) without a limiting period. Biological effects of other compounds found in peyote were also reviewed. Results: Although its illicit administration is less common, in comparison with cocaine and Cannabis, it has been extensively described in adolescents and young adults, and licit consumption often occurs in religious and therapeutic rituals practiced by the Native American Church. Its pharmacodynamic mechanisms of action are primarily attributed to the interaction with the serotonergic 5-HT2A-C receptors, and therefore clinical effects are similar to those elicited by other psychoactive substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, which include euphoria, hallucinations, depersonalization and psychoses. Moreover, as a phenethylamine derivative, signs and symptoms are consistent with a sympathomimetic effect. Mescaline is mainly metabolized into trimethoxyphenylacetic acid by oxidative deamination but several minor metabolites with possible clinical and forensic repercussions have also been reported. Conclusion: Most reports concerning mescaline were presented in a complete absence of exposure confirmation, since toxicological analysis is not widely available. Addiction and dependence are practically absent and it is clear that most intoxications appear to be mild and are unlikely to produce lifethreatening symptoms, which favors the contemporary interest in the therapeutic potential of the drugs of the class.
M. Dobkin, “Trichocereus Pachanoi: A Mescaline Cactus Used in Folk Healing in Peru,” Economic Botany, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 191–194, 1968.
doi: 10.1007/BF02860562.
Cactus and Succulent Journal features articles about cacti and other succulent plants and is meant for professionals and hobbyists alike.
H. R. El-Seedi, P. A. G. M. D. Smet, O. Beck, G. Possnert, and J. G. Bruhn, “Prehistoric Peyote Use: Alkaloid Analysis and Radiocarbon Dating of Archaeological Specimens of Lophophora from Texas,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 238–242, Oct. 2005.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022.
Two archaeological specimens of peyote buttons, i.e. dried tops of the cactus Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) Coulter, from the collection of the Witte Museum in San Antonio, was subjected to radiocarbon dating and alkaloid analysis. The samples were presumably found in Shumla Cave No. 5 on the Rio Grande, Texas. Radiocarbon dating shows that the calibrated 14C age of the weighted mean of the two individual dated samples corresponds to the calendric time interval 3780–3660 BC (one sigma significance). Alkaloid extraction yielded approximately 2% of alkaloids. Analysis with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) led to the identification of mescaline in both samples. No other peyote alkaloids could be identified. The two peyote samples appear to be the oldest plant drug ever to yield a major bioactive compound upon chemical analysis. The identification of mescaline strengthens the evidence that native North Americans recognized the psychotropic properties of peyote as long as 5700 years ago.
H. Elias, “Micropropagation and Pigment Extraction of Echinocereus Cinerascens,” PhD thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 2017.https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/268879008.pdf.
Protocols were successfully established for in vitro regeneration and coloured callus production of Echinocereus cinerascens. Investigation mainly focused on the effects of plant growth regulators in rapid production of this endangered species and the optimum production of coloured callus. Additional assessments studied concerning the production of synthetic seeds, extraction of natural pigments and detection of somaclonal variation of the regenerants. Rapid production through direct in vitro regeneration gave the highest mean number of shoots, 4.37 ± 0.27, observed in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l Kinetin + 1.0 mg/l IBA which promoted the highest production of shoots after 4 months, 131 shoots in total. Nevertheless, through indirect in vitro regeneration, somatic embryos of Echinocereus cinerascens were successfully developed in two treatments of liquid medium including MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.1 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l thiamine HCl and MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.5 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l thiamine HCl, as both media promoted 100% total mean production of somatic embryos (globular, heart, torpedo-shaped and cotyledonary stage) after 4 months. Practically, the production of ideal synthetic seeds was successfully established whereby, micro shoots as the most responsive propagule were encapsulated in 3% of sodium alginate hardened in 100 mM of calcium chloride dehydrate solution for 30 minutes gave 100% of germination rate after 4 months. Complete plantlets were successfully acclimatized with the highest survival rate of 90% observed in sand, the most suitable planting substrate which possessed 3 major elements such as SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO that play important roles to support the growth of Echinocereus cinerascens. Basically, the present study indicated that 100% production of green, yellow and pink callus was obtained after 2 months in several treatments of MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D + BAP + thiamine HCl applied in combination. Interestingly, the occurrence of dramatic changes in the iv production of coloured callus was clearly observed in a conversion of green to pink callus within 2 months. Moreover, pigment extraction analysis through UV-VIS spectroscopy discovered that both regenerants and callus possessed chlorophyll a and b as the major pigment while carotenoids as the minor pigment. Meanwhile, HPLC analysis revealed individual carotenoids present in in vitro plantlets namely, neoxanthin, β-carotene, lutein and violaxanthin, whereas in callus where β-carotene and lutein only. Analysis of cytological studies clarified that there were no significant differences in cell organization and behaviour of in vitro plantlets and ex vitro plants. The evidence verified that Echinocereus cinerascens regenerated normally in vitro and grown vigorously after being transferred to the natural environment.
L. Engel, M. Barratt, J. Ferris, C. Puljevic, and A. Winstock, “Mescaline, Peyote and San Pedro: Is Sustainability Important for Cacti Consumers?,” Journal of Psychedelic Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 135–142, Aug. 2023.
doi: 10.1556/2054.2023.00252.
Background and Aims Both Peyote and San Pedro cacti contain mescaline, a classical psychedelic eliciting mystical and visual effects, but only Peyote is a vulnerable species. We sought to address the questions 1; do people who use Peyote substitute with San Pedro, and vice versa, and; 2. how popular is the use of wild harvested mescaline cactus compared with the use of cultivated plants? Methods Data were collected as part of the 2022 Global Drug Survey, a self-report survey distributed internationally in 11 languages. We asked mescaline cacti consumers about consumption practices, preferences and conservation and conducted chi square tests of associations comparing all motivations by preferred mescaline source. Results Of participants who reported using mescaline in the last 12 months (N = 284; 73.2% male, 21.8% female, 5.0% other gender; mean age 36.3, SD 12.5), 20.0% reported consuming Peyote collected from native habitats. Of participants specifying Peyote as their preferred source of mescaline, 82.2% had consumed Peyote in the past 12 months. Indigenous cultural traditions (57.8%), availability (40.0%) and environmental sustainability (33.3%) were the most commonly reported motivations for Peyote preference (n = 45), whereas for San Pedro (n = 86), availability (54.7%), potency (45.3%) and indigenous cultural traditions (44.2%) were most the commonly reported San Pedro preference motivations. Price and potency were significantly more likely to be chosen by those preferring San Pedro compared with Peyote. Less than 7% of participants who consumed San Pedro in the past 12 months had consumed San Pedro from native habitats. Of the participants who specified San Pedro as their preferred source of mescaline, 96.5% had consumed San Pedro in past 12 months. San Pedro was the most commonly reported source of mescaline product consumed (56.1%) with Trichocereus bridgesii being the most reported preferred San Pedro species. Mescaline cacti consumed in the last 12 months rarely deviated from mescaline cacti of preference. Conclusions Wild Peyote is not the most popular mescaline source, but consumption of related products remains unsustainable. Promoting San Pedro as a Peyote substitute may act as an intervention to reduce Peyote consumption.
L. B. Engel and M. Low, “The Trouble With Psychedelic Cacti: Conflicting Meanings of San Pedro and Peyote,” Contemporary Drug Problems, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 104–117, Mar. 2025.
doi: 10.1177/00914509251318751.
Using autoethnography, this article considers conflict surrounding the psychedelic, mescaline cacti, San Pedro, and Peyote. We reflect on themes emergent in the lead authors’ lived experiences with growing, researching and working with mescaline cacti; Indigenous culture, psychopharmacotherapy research, psychedelic markets and ecology. These themes are considered relative to varied San Pedro and Peyote stakeholders. Among these stakeholders, powers of medicine and prohibition dominate, but are also met with resistance.
A. Ermakova, C. V. Whiting, K. Trout, C. Clubbe, M. K. Terry, and N. Fowler, “Densities, Plant Sizes, and Spatial Distributions of Six Wild Populations of Lophophora Williamsii (Cactaceae) in Texas, U.s.a.” Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, p. 2020.04.03.023515, Aug-2020.
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.03.023515.
Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) is thought to be threatened by habitat loss and overharvesting. However, basic demographic and habitat information to evaluate its conservation status has been lacking. We surveyed six wild populations of this species, three in South Texas and three in West Texas, to begin to address this gap. We found high levels of heterogeneity in plant presence and density at multiple spatial scales. While plant densities were not consistently different between South and West Texas, plants were significantly larger in West Texas. The two regions differ strongly in precipitation, temperature, elevation, and topography, all of which are correlated at the regional scale. Therefore, it was not possible to identify which of these variables, or other factors such as competition and human harvesting, may be responsible for the regional differences in plant size. However, our results provide initial information for determining the conservation status of this species. RESUMEN Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) se considera amenazada por la pérdida de hábitat y cosecha excesiva. Sin embargo, se carece de información demográfica y ambiental básica para evaluar su estado de conservación. Para abordar este déficit, examinamos seis poblaciones salvajes de esta especie (tres en el sur y tres en el oeste de Texas respectivamente). Encontramos altos niveles de heterogeneidad en la presencia y densidad de plantas en múltiples escalas espaciales. Las densidades no son consistentemente diferentes entre el sur y el oeste, pero las plantas son significativamente más grandes en el oeste. Las dos regiones difieren notablemente en precipitación, temperatura, elevación y topografía. Todas estas variables están correlacionadas a escala regional, por lo que no es posible identificar cuál de ellas (u otros factores como la competencia y la cosecha humana) causan las diferencias regionales observadas en el tamaño de la planta. Nuestros resultados proporcionan información fundamental para determinar el estado de conservación de esta especie.
E. Evallo, J. D. Taguiam, and M. A. Balendres, “A Brief Review of Plant Diseases Caused by Cactus Virus X,” Crop Protection, vol. 143, p. 105566, May 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105566.
Plant pathogens, including viruses, have a known negative impact on plant growth and development. Here, plant diseases caused by cactus virus X (CVX) are reviewed. CVX infects a range of plant species within the Cactaceae family. When expressed, symptoms include chlorosis, necrosis, and morphological alterations, such as the twisting of arms, but at times plants can be asymptomatic. CVX may be transmitted through contaminated grafting or cutting tools and can also occur as mixed infections with other viruses, including zygocactus virus X and pitaya virus X. CVX may also play a role in altering the plant’s physiology. The virus can be detected by molecular assays, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and transmitted to indicator plants. Sanitation in both nurseries and fields is critical in controlling the spread of CVX. This paper highlights CVX as a potential production threat to some Cactaceae family members, particularly the now popular Hylocereus species or dragon fruits.
M. F. Fay and J. Gratton, “Tissue Culture of Cacti and Other Succulents: A Literature Review and a Report on Micropropagation at Kew,” Bradleya, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 33–48, Dec. 1992.
doi: 10.25223/brad.n10.1992.a4.
The literature concerning tissue culture of cacti and other succulents is reviewed, with sections dealing with the major succulent families. The most work has been carried out on the Cactaceae and Crassulaceae, with fewer references to the Agavaceae, Aizoaceae, Aloaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Euphorbiaceae and other families. For each family, species which have been successfully propagated in vitro at Kew are listed.
K. Feeney, “The Legal Bases for Religious Peyote Use.”
K. Feeney, “Peyote as Commodity: An Examination of Market Actors and Access Mechanisms,” Human Organization, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 59–72, Mar. 2017.
doi: 10.17730/0018-7259.76.1.59.
Access to the peyote cactus, a religious sacrament of the Native American Church (NAC), has been regulated by the federal government and the state of Texas since the 1960s. Over the last forty years, the number of licensed distributors has declined, a trend accompanied by rising prices and a diminishing market supply of the psychoactive cactus. Distributors are recognized as the primary NAC peyote source; consequently, their disappearance would be devastating for the 250,000-plus adherents of this distinctive indigenous tradition. Based on interviews with current and former peyote distributors, peyote pickers, landowners, and NAC members, a map of the various commodity chains that make up the peyote supply network is constructed. This research applies Access Mapping and Access Analysis of the supply network to identify the primary factors driving the decline of the regulated peyote trade. Focusing on the distributors’ and NAC members’ rights-based, structural, and relational access mechanisms, avenues for increasing access are identified, including amendment of distributor licensing fees.
K. Feeney, “Texas Peyote Culture,” Cactus and Succulent Journal, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 29–38, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.2985/015.090.0104.
Cactus and Succulent Journal features articles about cacti and other succulent plants and is meant for professionals and hobbyists alike.
M. P. Fernández‐Murillo, A. Rico, and P. Kindlmann, “Exotic Plants along Roads near La Paz, Bolivia,” Weed Research, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 565–573, Dec. 2015.
doi: 10.1111/wre.12174.
Distributions of invasive alien species (IAS) are well documented all over the world, and roads are considered one of the main means by which IAS spread. Bolivia is one of a few countries for which there are no such studies. For this reason, we determined the number of exotic plant species in the vicinity of roads near the city of La Paz, Bolivia. We distinguish two types of roads, paved and gravel roads, and in their vicinity, we studied the floristic composition in three regions, differing mainly in altitude: high Andes, puna grassland and dry valley. We found three exotic species in the vicinity of roads in the high Andes, five in puna grassland and 10 in the dry valley. We found 13 exotic species along gravel roads and nine along paved roads, whilst there was a trend for such species to be more abundant close to the roads than further away. Pennisetum clandestinum was the most frequently recorded exotic species in all regions and associated with both types of roads. The results indicate that exotic species are quite frequent along roads in Bolivia and present a potential threat as invasive species. Therefore, it may be necessary to take measures to prevent IAS from spreading further.
J. A. Flores Garcés, “Estudio químico del cactus san pedro (echinopsis pachanoi britton y rose).” 2000.
J. Flores et al., “Seeds Photoblastism and Its Relationship with Some Plant Traits in 136 Cacti Taxa,” Environmental and Experimental Botany, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 79–88, Apr. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.10.025.
Seed germination triggered by light exposure (positive photoblastism) has been determined in quantitative studies for numerous plant families and species. For Cactaceae, positive photoblastism is thought to be associated with life form and seed mass, but this association has never been evaluated. To explore hypotheses on associations between seed mass, seed dispersal, seed dormancy, life form, taxa and plant height with Relative Light Germination (RLG) in Cactaceae, we evaluated the effect of light on seed germination of 136 taxa. The taxa studied are native to several countries: México, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Perú, USA, and Venezuela. Seed traits contrasted with RLG were life form, seed mass, seed dispersal, seed dormancy, adult plant height and taxon. We found some differences between RLG among taxa; Cacteae, Pachycereeae and Trichocereeae had higher RLG than Notocacteae. RLG was lower for seeds from taller than for shorter taxa, and lower for taxa with heavier seeds than for taxa with lighter seeds. Dispersal syndrome groups varied with RLG. RLG did not differ between cylindrical and globose taxa. Trends found here were in agreement with expectations for small-seeded species to have a light requirement to germinate more often than large-seeded species. This is the first time that cactus height is related to photoblastism. It is possible that seeds from tall plants are larger and thus have the capacity to produce taller seedlings than those from small plants, and that seedlings from large seeds with more resources have the ability to emerge from greater soil depths than those from small seeds.
E. Freye, “Peyote, a Mescaline-Containing Cactus,” in Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs: A Comprehensive Review on Their Mode of Action, Treatment of Abuse and Intoxication, E. Freye, Ed. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010, pp. 227–228.
doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_38.
The naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class is mainly used as a recreational drug, an entheogen, and a tool to supplement various practices for transcendence, including in meditation, psychonautics, art projects, and psychedelic psychotherapy. It occurs naturally in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), the San Pedro cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi) and the Peruvian Torch cactus (Echinopsis peruviana; Fig. 20), and in a number of other members of the Cactaceae.Peyote or Lophophora williamsii is a small, spineless cactus. It is native to southwestern Texas, through central Mexico. It is found primarily in the Chihuahuan desert and in the states of Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi among scrub, especially where there is limestone. It is well known for its psychoactive alkaloids particularly mescaline. It is currently used world wide as a recreational drug, an entheogen, and supplement to various transcendence practices including meditation, psychonautics, and psychedelic psychotherapy. Peyote has a long history of ritual religious and medicinal use by indigenous Americans.
H. Friedrich and W. Glaetzle, “Seed-Morphology as an Aid to Classifying the Genus Echinopsis Zucc.,” Bradleya, vol. 1983, no. 1, pp. 91–104, Dec. 1983.
doi: 10.25223/brad.n1.1983.a9.
Echinopsis sensu latiore (Friedrich, 1974), including Echinopsis Zucc., Trichocereus Ricc., Helianthocereus Backbg., Pseudolobivia Backbg. p.p., Soehrensia Backbg. and Hymenorebutia Fric ex Buin., can be divided by seed characters into a limited number of sub-generic units. 48 SEM photos show representative seeds of group Ia = large northern Trichocerei, group Ib = Chilean Trichocerei, group IIa = southern Trichocerei including Helianthocereus and Soehrensia, group IIb = E. terscheckii and the ‘Pasacanas’, group IIIa = Echinopsis sensu stricto and Pseudolobivia pro parte, group IIIb = E. leucantha and F. chacoana, group IVa = E. aurea and related species, group IVb = Hymenorebutia. Chamaecereus silvestrii is attached here as group IVc (Echinopsis chamaecereus nom.nov.). Useful seed characters for this grouping were the size and the outline of the seed, the form and position of the hilum, the shape and size of testa cells and the microsculptural patterns of the testa caused by cuticular pleatings. Apart from nine new combinations, formal taxonomic changes, though suggested, are postponed until a monographic treatment brings additional facts.
P. T. Furst, “Ariocarpus Retusus, the ‘False Peyote’ of Huichol Tradition,” Economic Botany, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 182–187, Apr. 1971.
doi: 10.1007/BF02860078.
V. Gabermann, “[Estimation of mescaline and pellotine in Lophophora coulter plants (Cactaceae) by means of the oscillographic polarography],” Biokhimiia (Moscow, Russia), vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 246–251, Feb. 1978.
Oscillographic polarography has been applied for the mescaline and pellotine estimation. These alkaloids produce in 0.5 N NaOH electrolyte a sharp peak within the cathode region of the oscillogram, each of them showing different potential. It makes possible to estimate them at a concentration of 5.10(-6) g/ml. All the forms of Lophophora williamsii were found to contain mescaline and lower content of pellothine, L. jourdaniana–to have equal content of both alkaloide, L. diffusa and L. fricii–to contain pellotine and only traces of mescaline. Plants grown in the greenhouse accumulated the same amount of alkaloids as native plants. Grafting on roodstock which does not produce essential amount of the alkaloids, does not affect the ability of Lophophora to synthesize mescaline and pellotine.
P. Gaur et al., “A Uhplc-(Esi)Ms/Ms Method for the Determination of the Psychedelic Secondary Metabolite Mescaline in San Pedro (Trichocereus Spp.) and Its Applicability for Screening Mescaline in Other Cacti Varieties,” no. 5115100. Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY, Jan-2025.
doi: 10.2139/ssrn.5115100.
Commencements of clinical trials of psychedelic therapies for intractable forms of mental illnesses have drawn increased public attention to plants containing psychedelic substances. Whilst the psychoactive alkaloid mescaline has limited clinical trials, the San Pedro (Trichocereus spp.) cacti from which it is found have a long history of Indigenous medical and spiritual use. Traditional use remains licit in some jurisdictions, as supervised psychedelic dosage is typically regarded as tolerable with reports of only mild intoxications and few persisting negative psychological effects. However, mescaline concentration in ornamental San Pedro is highly variable, introducing risk of unintentional low or high dosage if misdirected for illicit use. This paper reports a validated UHPLC-(ESI)MS/MS method for the convenient and rapid quantification of mescaline in San Pedro, and for screening twelve potentially untested cacti. Preliminary results indicated that there may be higher amounts of mescaline in the chlorenchyma than the parenchyma of San Pedro. While six cacti lacked detectable mescaline, our screening enabled the first quantifications of mescaline in two varieties of Echinopsis subdenudata from 36 µg g-1 to 2.45 mg g-1. Chemotaxonomically, this amount of mescaline in a species from the traditional Echinopsis genus further suggests that the Trichocereus genus is not distinct and may support their contested combination into a single genus. Forensically, the identification of a popular ornamental cactus that was previously not known to contain mescaline demonstrates the need for routine screening of other cacti for the forensic sciences to remain ahead of emerging trends in psychedelic drug use.
M. C. Gennaro, E. Gioannini, D. Giacosa, and D. Siccardi, “Determination of Mescaline in Hallucinogenic Cactaceae by Ion-Interaction HPLC.,” Analytical Letters, vol. 29, no. 13, pp. 2399–2409, Oct. 1996.
doi: 10.1080/00032719608002260.
An ion-interaction HPLC method is developed for the determination of mescaline in some Cactaceae species, namely Gymnocactus beguinii, Echinocactus polycephalus, Coriphanta radians, Coriphanta scolymoides, Coriphanta palmeri, Lophophora williamsii and Trichocereus pachanoi. Mescaline is characterized by hallucinogenic properties and can be prescribed as a psychodrug. The method makes use of a C18-reversed-phase as the stationary phase and of a 5.0 mM aqueous solution of octylamine o-phosphate as the mobile phase, with spectrophotometric detection at 230 nm. The method is sensitive (detection limit of 35 μg/L) and matrix interference-free. The pretreatment of the sample is performed by grinding the fresh cactus and extracting the jelly pulp obtained either with a methanolic-ammonial solution or an aqueous solution buffered at pH 4.0 (phosphate buffer). The average amounts of mescaline found in Lophophora williamsii and in Trichocereus pachanoi were respectively 2.55 mg and 3.10 mg/g of fresh cactus.
A. C. Gibson and K. E. Horak, “Systematic Anatomy and Phylogeny of Mexican Columnar Cacti,” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 999–1057, 1978.
doi: 10.2307/2398781.
Stem transections of 64 arborescent and fruticose species of columnar cacti were studied to evaluate present systematic treatments of Mexican taxa. Species examined included not only most Mexican taxa, primarily of tribe Pachycereeae, but also related and unrelated taxa from the West Indies and Central and South America. A review of stem biochemical literature on Mexican columnar cacti showed that triterpenes and alkaloids are mutually exclusive, except in Lophocereus. In taxa with abundant stem triterpenes all species of Stenocereus have silica bodies in the skin, whereas species of Escontria, Myrtillocactus, and Polaskia lack silica bodies. In species which have alkaloids, crystals are generally lacking, but in species closely related to alkaloid-bearing taxa the skin contains abundant calcium oxalate crystals in an unusual pattern. When these and other data on vegetative and reproductive morphology of Pachycereeae are used, two subtribes, Pachycereinae and Stenocereinae, can be clearly defined. Pachycereinae includes taxa that lack funicular pigment cells at anthesis but have either abundant alkaloids or calcium oxalate crystals in the skin, whereas Stenocereinae includes taxa that have abundant triterpenes and funicular pigment cells at anthesis, many which also have silica bodies. Five new combinations are proposed for Mexican species that were assigned to Heliabravoa, and Machaerocereus and Rathbunia, which are submerged into Polaskia and Stenocereus, respectively. Based on a proposed phylogeny of Pachycereeae, evolutionary trends of vegetative and reproductive features are analyzed. The probable center of early radiation of Pachycereeae is southern Mexico, and geographical isolation has apparently encouraged allopatric speciation of numerous phylads. The assemblage of columnar cacti in the Sonoran Desert is composed of highly specialized species of at least seven distinct phylads, and species are closely related to southern forms and not to sympatric species.
B. Glass-Coffin, “Shamanism and San Pedro through Time: Some Notes on the Archaeology, History, and Continued Use of an Entheogen in Northern Peru,” Anthropology of Consciousness, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 58–82, 2010.
doi: 10.1111/j.1556-3537.2010.01021.x.
This paper discusses archaeological, historical, and contemporary ethnographic evidence for the use of the San Pedro cactus in northern Peru as a vehicle for traveling between worlds and for imparting the “vista” (magical sight) necessary for shamanic healers to divine the cause of their patients’ ailments. Using iconographic, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic evidence for the uninterrupted use of this sacred plant as a means of access to the Divine and as a tool for healing, it describes the relationship between San Pedro, ancestor worship, water/fertility cults and also the common symbolic associations between San Pedro and wind-spirits. It closes by suggesting that the more than 2000 year time-depth of using this plant as a means for accessing the realms of Spirit and as a tool for healing should serve to challenge the unfortunate tendency in the contemporary United States to consider this plant as a “recreational drug.”
L. M. Godoy Benancio, “Recuperación y conservación del Echinopsis Cuzcoensis (Cactaceae) mediante el proceso de micropropagación in vitro, Huánuco 2020,” Universidad de Huánuco, 2023.https://repositorio.udh.edu.pe/xmlui/handle/20.500.14257/4567.
La presente investigación sobre la Recuperación y conservación del Echinopsis Cuzcoensis (Cactaceae) mediante el proceso de micropropagación in vitro, Huánuco 2020, se realizó en la ciudad de Huánuco, distrito de Amarilis, en el laboratorio de Microbiología del Hospital Carlos Showing Ferrari. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la influencia del proceso de micropropagación in vitro para la recuperación y conservación del Echinopsis Cuzcoensis. El presente informe final describe el diseño experimental que se llevó a cabo con el uso del medio de cultivo de Murashige y Skoog, al cual se le añadieron diversas concentraciones de reguladores de crecimiento y hormonas, MS-0 solo con regulador de crecimiento (7.5 g L-1) , MS-Sacarosa con regulador de crecimiento y sacarosa (30 g L-1), MSFitohormona con regulador de crecimiento y fitohormona (4.3 g L-1). En tal sentido como población de estudio tenemos a la cactácea Echinopsis cuzcoensis o Echinopsis Huanucoensis a través de sus explantes, se consideraron 3 tratamientos, cada uno con 6 repeticiones por tratamiento (18 tubos de ensayo, un tubo como unidad experimental), más 1 testigo por tratamiento; donde se observó la respuesta de la activación de aréolas. Esta investigación se realizó en 4 fases, la primera la elección del Echinopsis Cuzcoensis según su categoría en el Apéndice II (CITES) y por ser endémica. La segunda fase fue el protocolo de propagación en la preparación del medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog. La tercera fase un protocolo de desinfección y asepsia de los explantos previo a la introducción en el medio. La fase final fue el establecimiento in vitro, bajo condiciones asépticas. Los resultados del seguimiento de los tratamientos posteriores a las 6 semanas de la incubación, se observaron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) en el promedio de crecimiento y supervivencia por explante entre los grupos. obteniendo del T1 (MS-0) 0% de sobrevivencia de los explantes, y con la prueba de Tukey y Fisher se estableció que los tratamientos presentaron diferencia significativa, en cuanto al promedio de brotes por explante y mediante las pruebas se estableció que los Tratamientos T2 (MS-Aditivo) 83.3% de sobrevivencia y T3 (MS-Fitohormona) 100% de sobrevivencia, no muestran diferencia significativa. Dando como resultado que la propagación in vitro con aditivo y fitohormona del Echinopsis Cuzcoensis/ Huanucoensis contribuye a la recuperación. Obteniendo de 18 unidades experimentales un total de 11 ejemplares sobrevivientes, el que representa un 61.11% de sobrevivencia. Y de estos un total de 5 ejemplares mostraron crecimiento, representando un 45.45% de crecimiento del total de ejemplares vivos.
A. C. Godoy-Bürki, L. Aagesen, J. M. Sajama, S. Bravo, M. Alonso-Pedano, and P. Ortega-Baes, “Rarity Patterns and Conservation Priorities in Cactaceae Species from the Southern Central Andes: A Case Study from the Calchaquíes Valleys, Salta, Argentina,” Ecología austral, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 72–82, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.25260/EA.16.26.1.0.106.
P. Gorostiague and P. Ortega-Baes, “Pollination Biology of Echinopsis Leucantha (Cactaceae): Passerine Birds and Exotic Bees as Effective Pollinators,” Botany, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 53–59, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.1139/cjb-2016-0120.
R. S. Guedes, E. U. Alves, E. P. Goncalves, R. de L. A. Bruno, J. Joel Martins Braga, and M. S. de Medeiros, “Germination of Cereus jamacaru DC. seeds under different substrates and temperatures/Germinacao de sementes de Cereus jamacaru DC. em diferentes substratos e temperaturas,” Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 159–165, Apr. 2009.
doi: 10.4025/ACTASCIBIOLSCI.V31I2.635.
Cereus jamacaru is a typical cactaceous from Caatinga, with importance for the sustainability and conservation of this biome, and exploited for ornamental and forage use. In vitro culture is a biotechnological tool that has been applied for germination, multiplication and conservation of different species of native cacti, however, it is a costly technique, which may have their costs reduced by modifying of some factors such as the culture medium. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro germination and micropropagation of Cereus jamacaru using different culture media, cytokinins and light sources. The experiment was carried out in the Laboratório de cultivo in vitro de plantas of INSA, and took place in two stages: in vitro germination and early development of seedlings were used simplified culture media (½ CK and CK), composed of Calcinit and Kristalon fertilizers, and two different light sources (fluorescent and LED), while in micropropagation stage was used the CAC culture medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 of the cytokinins BAP, KIN, TOP and TDZ. The results showed that the LED + ½ CK treatment exhibit the highest germination percentage (83%), and the LED lamps provided a better seedling development when compared to fluorescent; however, the light source do not interfere in the plant survival rate, which was 100% in both treatments after 30 days of acclimatization. For multiplication step, the medium containing BAP induced the formation of 4.3 shoots per explant inoculated, followed by TOP (3.1), KIN (2.5) and TDZ (0.9). However, the height of the shoots was inversely proportional to the number of shoots. Given the above, simplified culture media may be used for in vitro culture of mandacaru.
J. H. Halpern and H. G. Pope, “Hallucinogens on the Internet: A Vast New Source of Underground Drug Information,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 158, no. 3, pp. 481–483, Mar. 2001.
doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.481.
OBJECTIVE: The illicit use of hallucinogens is reemerging in the United States, especially among well-educated adults and teenagers. These same groups are also frequent users of the Internet. The authors sought to characterize the extent of information about hallucinogens available to Internet users. METHOD: Using standard Internet search techniques, the authors located 81 hallucinogen-related sites and categorized the information provided. RESULTS: Internet sites offer thousands of pages of information—albeit of questionable accuracy—on how to obtain, synthesize, extract, identify, and ingest hallucinogens. Much of this information has yet to appear in textbooks. By contrast, the authors found few U.S. government agency sites offering cautionary material about hallucinogen use. CONCLUSIONS: Using the Internet, potential hallucinogen users can bypass traditional channels of medical information and learn in great detail how to obtain and use numerous drugs with unknown hazards.
J. H. Halpern, “Hallucinogens and Dissociative Agents Naturally Growing in the United States,” Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 131–138, May 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.003.
It is usually believed that drugs of abuse are smuggled into the United States or are clandestinely produced for illicit distribution. Less well known is that many hallucinogens and dissociative agents can be obtained from plants and fungi growing wild or in gardens. Some of these botanical sources can be located throughout the United States; others have a more narrow distribution. This article reviews plants containing N,N-dimethyltryptamine, reversible type A monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), lysergic acid amide, the anticholinergic drugs atropine and scopolamine, or the diterpene salvinorin-A (Salvia divinorum). Also reviewed are mescaline-containing cacti, psilocybin/psilocin-containing mushrooms, and the Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina mushrooms that contain muscimol and ibotenic acid. Dangerous misidentification is most common with the mushrooms, but even a novice forager can quickly learn how to properly identify and prepare for ingestion many of these plants. Moreover, through the ever-expanding dissemination of information via the Internet, this knowledge is being obtained and acted upon by more and more individuals. This general overview includes information on the geographical range, drug content, preparation, intoxication, and the special health risks associated with some of these plants. Information is also offered on the unique issue of when bona fide religions use such plants as sacraments in the United States. In addition to the Native American Church’s (NAC) longstanding right to peyote, two religions of Brazilian origin, the Santo Daime and the Uniao do Vegetal (UDV), are seeking legal protection in the United States for their use of sacramental dimethyltryptamine-containing “ayahuasca.”
D. Hammack, “Use of Micropropagation Techniques to Improve Germination Success in Six Species of Cacti,” PhD thesis, 2019.https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11875/2601.
Cacti have been a major contributor to the ecosystem of desert fauna as a constant food source during dry seasons. However, this resource has reached a point of dwindling due to many human interferences. In situ conservative efforts have not been stable enough to maintain the efforts of preserving population genetics. Therefore, in vitro techniques will be required to counter the effects. Following previous studies, micropropagation techniques were analyzed to optimize germination number, time, and rate around three variables; difference in nutrient media, gibberellic acids, and species. Two trials were run at intervals of eight weeks; the second trial a few weeks after the first had ended. Results showed a strong significance in emergence and germination affected by species type for both trials. There were other significant factors including interactions between variables. Overall, this experiment showed overwhelming evidence towards the need to treat species to separate protocols in micropropagation techniques.
K. Hammer, “Die kultivierten Kakteenarten (mit Ausschluß von Zierpflanzen),” in Band 24, H. Böhme, A. Rieth, W. R. Müller-Stoll, R. Rieger, A. Rieth, H. Sagromsky, and H. Stubbe, Eds. De Gruyter, 2022, pp. 249–282.
doi: 10.1515/9783112525227-014.
R. Heaven, Cactus of Mystery: The Shamanic Powers of the Peruvian San Pedro Cactus. Simon and Schuster, 2012.
The history of San Pedro and its uses for healing, creativity, and conscious evolution • Includes interviews with practicing San Pedro shamans on their rituals, cactus preparations, and teachings on how San Pedro heals the mind and body • Contains accounts from people who have been healed by San Pedro • Includes chapters by Eve Bruce, M.D., and David Luke, Ph.D., on San Pedro’s effects on psychic abilities and its similarities to and differences from ayahuasca San Pedro, the legendary cactus of vision, has been used by the shamans of Peru for at least 3,500 years. Referring to St. Peter, who holds the keys to Heaven, its name is suggestive of the plant’s visionary power to open the gates between the visible and invisible worlds, allowing passage to an ecstatic realm where miraculous physical and spiritual healings occur, love and enthusiasm for life are rekindled, the future divined, and the soul’s purpose revealed. Exploring the history and shamanic uses of the San Pedro cactus, Ross Heaven interviews practicing San Pedro shamans about ancient and modern rituals, preparation of the visionary brew, experiences with the healing spirit of San Pedro, and their teachings on how the cactus works on the mind, body, and illness. He investigates the conditions treated by San Pedro as well as how it can enhance creativity, providing case studies from those who have been healed by the cactus and accounts from those who have been artistically and musically inspired through its use. Psychedelic researchers Eve Bruce, M.D., David Luke, Ph.D., and journalist Morgan Maher contribute chapters delving into San Pedro’s effects on conscious evolution and psychic abilities as well as its similarities to and differences from ayahuasca. Exploring plant communication and the vital role of music in San Pedro ceremonies, Heaven explains how healing songs are communicated by the sacred plants to the shamans working with them, much in the same way that other gifts of San Pedro–from healing to inspiration to expanded consciousness–are passed to those who commune with this ancient plant teacher.
H.-J. Helmlin and R. Brenneisen, “Determination of Psychotropic Phenylalkylamine Derivatives in Biological Matrices by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode-Array Detection,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 593, no. 1, pp. 87–94, Feb. 1992.
doi: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)80271-U.
Several procedures using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection have been developed to create phytochemical and toxicological profiles of phenylalkylamine derivatives in biological samples (e.g. plant materials and urine). Mescaline-containing cactus samples were extracted with basic methanol, using methoxamine as internal standard; the extraction and clean-up of urine samples were performed on cation-exchange solid-phase extraction columns. The extracts were separated on a 3-μm ODS column with acetonitrile-water-phosphoric acid-hexylamine as the mobile phase. Peak detection was performed at 198 or 205 nm; peak identity and homogeneity were ascertained by on-line scanning of the UV spectra from 190 to 300 nm. The detection limit of phenylalkylamine derivatives in urine and cactus material was 0.026–0.056 μg/ml and 0.04 μg/mg, respectively. Following a single oral dose of 1.7 mg/kg methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) the concentrations found in urine ranged from 1.48 to 5.05 μg/ml MDMA and 0.07–0.90 μg/ml methylenedioxyamphetamine (a metabolite of MDMA). The mescaline content of the cactus Trichocereus pachanoi varied between 1.09 and 23.75 μg/mg.
M. I. C. H. A. E. L. K. HENNESSEY and D. A. L. E. H. HABECK, “Observations on Reproduction of an Endangered Cactus, Cereus Robinii (Lemaire) L. Benson,” Florida Scientist, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 93–101, 1994.https://www.jstor.org/stable/24320621.
The Key tree-cactus, Cereus robinii (Lemaire) L. Benson, known from Cuba and the Florida Keys, is classified as endangered. Populations of the cactus on Upper Matecumbe, Long, and Big Pine Keys, Florida, were subjected to mosquito insecticide (naled) spraying that reached environmental concentrations of up to 0.017 μg per cm2. Observations of pollinators, sticky trapping, bagging buds to exclude pollinators, germination of seed, and sampling of naled residues were performed on the Big Pine Key population. Blooms, observed year-round, were sparse and opened for one night, and had a garlic-like odor suggestive of bat pollination. No pollinators were observed, and bagged and non-bagged (open pollinated) blooms in naled-sprayed hammocks set fruit and produced viable seed. Vegetative propagation of windthrows and limb buds of the tree-cactus and one natural seedling were observed. C. pentagonus (Linnaeus) Haworth and C. gracilis var. simpsonii (Small) L. Benson from the same area also produced seed in bagged and non-bagged treatments.
P. K. Hidalgo, “La vida social del cactus San Pedro: El caminante en espiral,” 2023.
doi: 10.58011/p7ej-fk36.
Repositorio académico de la Universidad de Chile. Tesis, artículos y libros publicados en formato digital con distintos niveles de acceso
A. Hofer, “(2816) Proposal to Conserve the Name Echinocactus Williamsii Lem. Ex Salm-Dyck (Lophophora Williamsii) against E. Williamsianus Lem. (Cactaceae),” TAXON, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 676–676, 2021.
doi: 10.1002/tax.12513.
P. L. Holder, “Tissue Culture and Drought Resistance: Growth of Cactus (Echinopsis Turbinata L.) and Wheat (Triticum Asetivum L. Em. Thell. ’Ponca’ and ’Kanking’),” BS, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1980.
T. Horibe, “Cactus as Crop Plant ― Physiological Features, Uses and Cultivation ―,” Environmental Control in Biology, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2021.
doi: 10.2525/ecb.59.1.
Today, the stems of edible Opuntia are consumed as vegetables, cattle food, and processed food, in addition to being used for raw materials in cosmetics and medical supplies in various countries, including the Mediterranean, South America, the Middle East, North Africa and Asia, showing their wide adaptability to various climate zones ranging from arid, semiarid to temperate zones. In a time when global warming and population growth requires an urgent response, there is intense demands in crops like edible Opuntia, which are stress-resistant to extreme environments (e.g., high temperature, dryness) and can be grown in large volumes. Thus, Edible Opuntia have promising potential not only to become general crop consumed globally but also to serve as a model plant for deciphering the mechanisms of their special properties. However, their existence and their traits as crop are not well-known at the global level compared with other global crops. This review explains the physiological features, uses and cultivation technologies including soil and hydroponic culture of edible Opuntia with recent researches.
J. Huamán Roca, “Efecto del mucilago de cactus san Pedro echinopsis pachanoi, en estabilización de suelos, caso: carretera Huilcarpay, 2021.” 2021.
En this trabajo se estudio el patron de distribucion espacial de Lophophora williamsii (“peyote”) en Cuatrocienegas, Desierto Chihuahuense, y evaluo si existe preferencia en el establecimiento bajo the sombra de las nodrizas en alguna orientacion azimut. En este trabajo se estudio el patron de distribucion espacial de Lophophora williamsii (“peyote”) en Cuatrocienegas, Desierto Chihuahuense. La especie presenta una amplia distribucion en esta region y algunas de sus poblaciones se encuentran amenazadas por la colecta. Se exploro si L. williamsii se establece en microhabitats proporcionados por el dosel de otras especies conocidas como “planta nodriza”. En 3 parcelas de 100 m2 se mapearon y censaron todos los individuos de peyote. A cada planta se le conto el numero de tallos (cabezuelas) y se identifico si el individuo se asociaba a alguna planta nodriza. Las potenciales especies nodriza fueron determinadas taxonomicamente y se les midio su tamano. Asimismo se evaluo si existe preferencia en el establecimiento bajo la sombra de las nodrizas en alguna orientacion azimut. El peyote presenta un patron de distribucion de tipo agregado alrededor de centros de vegetacion. El 91% de las plantas se encuentran asociadas a alguna nodriza y las mas importantes fueron Larrea tridentata (65%), Acacia sp. (3%) y Cordia parvifolia. El analisis de residuos ajustados indica que hay preferencia por estas especies y hay menos individuos en los espacios abiertos (P<0.0001). La densidad de peyotes es de ‘x =0.35 ind/m2, los individuos tienen de 1-34 cabezuelas (‘x = 3 ± 1.7) y el 74% de estas tienen 4-6 cm de diametro. L. williamsii se establece asociada a plantas nodrizas, similar a otras especies globosas
F. M. Hughes, C. M. Jacobi, and E. L. Borba, “Fate of Cohorts in Melocactus (Cactaceae) Species Is Affected by Rainfall Uncertainty and Microrelief Structures,” Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 197–205, Mar. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s40415-014-0116-8.
Associations between plants and substrate in drylands enhance the ability of nutrient pools buildup and seedling establishment. However, this relationship has not been extensively demonstrated in populations of lithophytic plants. We report the effects of microrelief and neighboring plants on the population structure of Melocactus species in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil. The size classes of five populations and the seedling fate in two populations were examined through point pattern analysis. Association patterns between size classes were positive between seedlings and adults in all the populations. Cohorts were positively related to rainfall (>60 %). Recruitment events were microhabitat-dependent and showed high mortality levels (>70 %). The spatio-temporal decoupling between seedling fate and adults may favor population dynamic changes under rainfall uncertainty. Based on our analyses, we suggest that the relationship among size classes, microhabitat, and rainfall in lithophytic populations of Melocactus is crucial to buffer negative effects of environmental severity in seedling recruitment and survival.
A phytochemical analytical study was conducted to address the question of whether Lophophora williamsii (peyote) plants from Chihuahuan Desert populations in the Trans-Pecos region of West Texas exhibited higher tissue concentrations of mescaline than plants from Tamaulipan Thornscrub populations of South Texas. A phytochemical analytical study was conducted to address the question of whether Lophophora williamsii (peyote) plants from Chihuahuan Desert populations in the Trans-Pecos region of West Texas exhibited higher tissue concentrations of mescaline than plants from Tamaulipan Thornscrub populations of South Texas. This question is of cultural significance to the Native American peyote religion, which involves the ingestion of peyote as a psychopharmacologically active sacrament. Tissue samples were field-collected from 10 individuals in each of four L. williamsii populations, two of which were located in the Chihuahuan Desert, and two of which were located in the Tamaulipan Thornscrub ecoregion. For each of the four populations, the tissue samples from 10 individual plants were pooled, the alkaloids were extracted, and the average mescaline concentration of the population was determined by HPLC. There was limited geographic variation in mescaline concentration; the highest concentration (3.52% of dry tissue) was only 27% greater than the lowest (2.77%), and the difference between the Chihuahuan Desert populations and the Tamaulipan Thornscrub populations was not significant. However, mescaline concentrations increased significantly along a gradient from southeast to northwest, i.e., from the southeasternmost Tamaulipan Thornscrub population to the northwesternmost Chihuahuan Desert population.
D. Hulsey, M. A. Kalam, P. Daley, N. Fowler, and M. Terry, “Clinal Geographic Variation in Mescaline Concentration Among Texas Populations of Lophophora Williamsii (Cactaceae).”
E. Ibarra-Laclette et al., “De Novo Sequencing and Analysis of Lophophora Williamsii Transcriptome, and Searching for Putative Genes Involved in Mescaline Biosynthesis,” BMC Genomics, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 657, Sep. 2015.
doi: 10.1186/s12864-015-1821-9.
Lophophora williamsii (commonly named peyote) is a small, spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids, particularly mescaline. Peyote utilizes crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), an alternative form of photosynthesis that exists in succulents such as cacti and other desert plants. Therefore, its transcriptome can be considered an important resource for future research focused on understanding how these plants make more efficient use of water in marginal environments and also for research focused on better understanding of the overall mechanisms leading to production of plant natural products and secondary metabolites.
T. Imtiaz, E. Ali, and M. F. Azhar, “San Pedro Cactus (Echinopsis Pachanoi (Britton & Rose) H. Friedrich & G.D. Rowley Cactceae),” in Comprehensive Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants, CRC Press, 2025.
San Pedro cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi), also known as (Trichocereus pachanoi) belongs to the family Cactaceae it is identified by its tall, columnar, blue-green stems with 6–8 columns and spaced areoles that produce up to seven spines of yellowish to brown color. It can grow up to 6 m tall with multiple branches, producing highly fragrant, white nocturnal flowers. This fast-growing cactus is Indigenous to the Andes Mountains of Peru and Ecuador, where it has long been valued by native civilizations for its psychedelic effect. The plant contains a variety of alkaloids, the most notable of which is mescaline, which has been used in traditional shamanic practices and has gained popularity in recent years as a psychedelic drug. The concentration of mescaline in the cactus ranges from 0.053% to 4.7% of its dry weight. There are several other alkaloids present in the San Pedro cactus, including 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenethylamine, 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, 3-Methoxytyramine, anhalinine, tyramine, anhalonidine, and hordenine, evidenced the potential in the field of medicine. In addition to its ethnobotany, it has also been studied for its medicinal properties. The San Pedro cactus, which also has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial characteristics, may be used to treat addiction and psychiatric disorders. Overall, this chapter highlights the complex and multifaceted nature of the San Pedro cactus and its importance both as a cultural symbol and a source of potential therapeutic compounds.
E. Jara-Peña, A. J. Quiroz, M. Vela Arce, E. Jara-Peña, A. J. Quiroz, and M. Vela Arce, “Influencia de la luz en la germinación de semillas de 14 especies de cactáceas del Perú,” Acta botánica mexicana, no. 131, 2024.
doi: 10.21829/abm131.2024.2273.
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Thin-layer chromatography analysis of Mexican populations of Lophophora (Cactaceae)." by Todd Js
M. A. Kalam, M. T. Klein, and D. Hulsey, “A Preliminary Report of Mescaline Concentrations in Small Regrowth Crowns Vs. Mature Crowns of Lophophora Williamsii (Cactaceae): Cultural, Economic, and Conservation Implications.”
A phytochemical analytical study was conducted to address the question of whether the mescaline concentration in Lophophora williamsii (peyote) is dependent on the maturity and/or size of the plant. Samples of crown tissue (4 g each) biopsied from mature peyote cacti and whole small regrowth crowns (2−4 g each) were collected from the same population in the Tamaulipan Thornscrub ecoregion of South Texas. For each of the two groups (mature and small regrowth), the individual tissue samples were pooled, desiccated, and ground to powder. The alkaloids were extracted with methanol at 25°C, followed by evaporation of the methanol to dryness, then acid-base cleanup with water and dichloromethane. The mescaline concentration in each of the extracts was then determined by HPLC. Quantitative analyses provided evidence that the small crowns that develop in response to harvesting contain a lower mescaline concentration—about half as much—compared to that of crowns of mature unharvested plants in the same population. The deficiency in the mescaline concentration of these regrowth buttons (new crowns) exacerbates the problem posed by the small size of the buttons; that is, it further increases the number of buttons that must be consumed to obtain an efficacious dose for ceremonial use by members of the Native American Church (NAC). That means that either the NAC members must consume less than the traditional amount of peyote, or there will be increased demand for peyote. Any increase in demand, reflected in the price, will engender more intensive harvesting, which will inevitably have adverse effects on both the supply of sacrament for the NAC and the conservation status of L. williamsii wherever the harvesters have access to peyote populations.
G. J. Kapadia and R. J. Highet, “Peyote Alkaloids IV. Structure of Peyonine, Novel β-Phenethylpyrrole from Lophophora Williamsii,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 191–192, Jan. 1968.
doi: 10.1002/jps.2600570146.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, pharmacokinetics, biopharmaceutics, pharmacodynamics, drug development, protein-peptide chemistry, drug delivery
G. J. Kapadia, N. J. Shah, and T. B. Zalucky, “Peyote Alkaloids. II. Anhalotine, Lophotine, and Peyotine, the Quaternary Alkaloids of Lophophora Williamsii,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 254–262, Feb. 1968.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5641668/.
W. Kausch, “Beziehungen Zwischen Wurzelwachstum, Transpiration und CO2-Gaswechsel bei Einigen Kakteen,” Planta, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 229–238, Sep. 1965.
doi: 10.1007/BF00411225.
1.Wiederbefeuchtung des Wurzelraumes monatelang trockengehaltener Kakteen ruft nach Ablauf weniger Stunden Saugwurzelbildung hervor.2.Die Transpiration steigt nach der Wiederbefeuchtung im Laufe eines Tages stark an. Sie kann als ein Zeichen dafür angesehen werden, daß im Moment des Erscheinens der Wurzeln die Wasseraufnahme sofort stark in Gang kommt, und daß damit eine sofortige Verbesserung des Wasserzustandes der Pflanze eintritt.3.Der CO2-Gaswechsel der Opuntie erhöht sich nach der Wiederbefeuchtung des Bodens schnell. Dabei zeigt sich nicht nur die Atmung von Boden-Wurzel und Sproß gefördert, sondern auch die CO2-Dunkelfixierung und die apparente Assimilation im Licht. Die Steigerung der CO2-Abgabe des durchwurzelten Bodens tritt jeweils innerhalb von wenigen Minuten in Erscheinung, während der CO2-Verbrauch bei Assimilation und Dunkelfixierung, der offenbar einer gewissen Rhythmik unterliegt, etwas verzögert beeinflußt wird. Der Beginn des apparenten CO2-Verbrauchs wird durch die Durchfeuchtung vorverlegt, und die Verbrauchsrate steigt an.4.Das Zusammenspiel zwischen Wasserhaushalt und Stoffproduktion zeigt sich damit für die Kakteen sehr deutlich. Dabei ist die erste Voraussetzung für die äußerste Ausnützung der Umweltbedingungen, nämlich für die Ausnützung einer kurzfristig verfügbaren Bodenfeuchte, die sehr rasche Wurzelneubildung bei Einsetzen der Durchfeuchtung.
W. J. Keller, “Catecholamine Metabolism in a Psychoactive Cactus,” Clinical Toxicology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 233–243, Jan. 1980.
doi: 10.3109/15563658008989942.
R. Kiesling, “El Género Trichocereus (Cactaceae) : I: Las Especies de La Rep. Argentina,” Darwiniana, vol. 21, no. 2/4, pp. 263–330, 1978.https://www.jstor.org/stable/23215595.
R. Kiesling et al., “Mediocactus Hahnianus: A Resolved Enigma and a New Chapter of Its History,” Haseltonia, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 29–39, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.2985/026.027.0105.
The first discovery of Mediocactus hahnianus was attributed to Harry Blossfeld. Based on literature analysis, it is shown that T. Rojas and A.M. Friedrich plausibly made the discovery in the mid-1930s, and that seeds or cuttings were then given to Marsoner and eventually arrived at R. Blossfeld’s nursery via H. Blossfeld. Although cultivated in Europe by Hahn, the plant is presently known only from the clone grown by J. West in the US, and obtained from Rojas in 1937. Recently, a new colony has been found and it seems to be a single clone. It perfectly fits the US clone from the point of view of morphology, flowers, growth habit, chromosome number, and seed morphology, whereas the localities are 400 km away from each other. Taxonomy and nomenclature are discussed: We decided to retain the species in Trichocereus, using a conservative concept for the genus based on morphological characters. A neotype for Mediocactus hahnianus is designated here.
H. Kikuchi, N. Uchiyama, J. Ogata, R. Kikura-Hanajiri, and Y. Goda, “Chemical Constituents and DNA Sequence Analysis of a Psychotropic Herbal Product,” Forensic Toxicology, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 77–83, Jul. 2010.
doi: 10.1007/s11419-010-0091-0.
In recent years, the distribution of a variety of psychotropic products, especially “spice” and “herbal blends,” which are advertised to have narcotic-like effects, has become more widespread in the Japanese illegal drug market. We recently found two synthetic annabinoids, cannabicyclohexanol and JWH-018, that serve as adulterants in herbal products purchased via the Internet. In this study, we focused on a herbal product being sold as incense, which showed unknown components by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The product did not show any peak corresponding to the above synthetic cannabinoids, but seven other peaks were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and LC-MS. We identified them as N-methyltyramine (1), (R)-normacromerine (2), (R)-macromerine (3), (S)-vasicine (4), mescaline (5), harmaline (6), and harmine (7) by polarimetry, LC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We also used DNA sequence analyses to identify the plant species of the product. As a result of the sequencing of trnL-F, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and rpl16 intron regions, three sequences derived from Coryphantha macromeris (Cactaceae), Peganum harmala (Zygophyllaceae), and Turnera diffusa (Turneraceae) were observed. Compounds 2 and 3, both phenethylamines, were reported to cause hallucinogenic effects and are frequently found in Coryphantha genus (Cactaceae). Therefore, the plant source of these compounds was considered to be C. macromeris. Compound 5 is known to be a psychoactive phenethylamine found in peyote (Lophophora williamsii) and San Pedro cactus (Trichocereus pachanoi). The β-carboline alkaloids 6 and 7 are known to be found in the seeds of P. harmala. Therefore, there seems to be no contradiction between the chemical constituents and the plant species estimated by DNA analyses, except for compound 5. This is the first report dealing with identification of the psychoactive cactus C. macromeris and its constituent compounds in a herbal product distributed in the illegal drug market.
K. Kinoshita et al., “New Triterpenes from Trichocereus Pachanoi,” ACS Publications. American Chemical Society, Jul-2004.
doi: 10.1021/np50125a016.
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "An examination of the variation in mescaline concentration in the crown, subterranean stem, and root of Lophophora williamsii (peyote) and ethnobotanical implications" by M. T. Klein
M. T. Klein, M. Kalam, K. Trout, N. Fowler, and M. Terry, “Mescaline Concentrations in Three Principal Tissues of Lophophora Williamsii (Cactaceae): Implications for Sustainable Harvesting Practices,” Haseltonia, vol. 2015, no. 20, pp. 34–42, Feb. 2015.
doi: 10.2985/026.020.0107.
We evaluated the pharmacological consequences of tissues other than crown being included with harvested peyote. Mean mescaline concentrations were determined for crown, non-chlorophyllous stem, and root, using mature individuals from the same population in South Texas. Samples of each tissue—crown, non-chlorophyllous stem, and root—were taken from each of 13 individual plants. Samples were dried, triturated, defatted, and extracted with methylene chloride, using an acid-base aqueous wash to recover the alkaloids. The concentration of mescaline in each sample was determined by HPLC. The average mescaline concentration in non-chlorophyllous stem was an order of magnitude lower than that in crown, whereas the mescaline concentration in root was two orders of magnitude lower than that in crown. These results show that non-chlorophyllous stem is a poor source of mescaline, and root is an extremely poor source. These results have important implications for conservation, suggesting that non-traditional harvesting of peyote for religious or medicinal use involving the cutting of non-chlorophyllous tissue are contributing to the death of plants and the subsequent failure to regenerate new crowns. Therefore, this practice should be reevaluated by peyote harvesters and users.
M. T. Klein, “Mescaline Concentrations in Three Principal Tissues of Lophophora Williamsii (Cactaceae): Implications for Sustainable Harvesting Practices,” vol. 20, 2015.
We evaluated the pharmacological consequences of tissues other than crown being included with harvested peyote. Mean mescaline concentrations were determined for crown, non-chlorophyllous stem, and root, using mature individuals from the same population in South Texas. Samples of each tissue—crown, non-chlorophyllous stem, and root—were taken from each of 13 individual plants. Samples were dried, triturated, defatted, and extracted with methylene chloride, using an acid-base aqueous wash to recover the alkaloids. The concentration of mescaline in each sample was determined by HPLC. The average mescaline concentration in non-chlorophyllous stem was an order of magnitude lower than that in crown, whereas the mescaline concentration in root was two orders of magnitude lower than that in crown. These results show that non-chlorophyllous stem is a poor source of mescaline, and root is an extremely poor source. These results have important implications for conservation, suggesting that non-traditional harvesting of peyote for religious or medicinal use involving the cutting of non-chlorophyllous tissue are contributing to the death of plants and the subsequent failure to regenerate new crowns. Therefore, this practice should be reevaluated by peyote harvesters and users.
N. Korotkova et al., “Cactaceae at Caryophyllales.Org – a Dynamic Online Species-Level Taxonomic Backbone for the Family,” Willdenowia, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 251–270, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.3372/wi.51.51208.
This data paper presents a largely phylogeny-based online taxonomic backbone for the Cactaceae compiled from literature and online sources using the tools of the EDIT Platform for Cybertaxonomy. The data will form a contribution of the Caryophyllales Network for the World Flora Online and serve as the base for further integration of research results from the systematic research community. The final aim is to treat all effectively published scientific names in the family. The checklist includes 150 accepted genera, 1851 accepted species, 91 hybrids, 746 infraspecific taxa (458 heterotypic, 288 with autonyms), 17,932 synonyms of accepted taxa, 16 definitely excluded names, 389 names of uncertain application, 672 unresolved names and 454 names belonging to (probably artificial) named hybrids, totalling 22,275 names. The process of compiling this database is described and further editorial rules for the compilation of the taxonomic backbone for the Caryophyllales Network are proposed. A checklist depicting the current state of the taxonomic backbone is provided as supplemental material. All results are also available online on the website of the Caryophyllales Network and will be constantly updated and expanded in the future. Citation: Korotkova N., Aquino D., Arias S., Eggli U., Franck A., Gómez-Hinostrosa C., Guerrero P. C., Hernández H. M., Kohlbecker A., Köhler M., Luther K., Majure L. C., Müller A., Metzing D., Nyffeler R., Sánchez D., Schlumpberger B. & Berendsohn W. G. 2021: Cactaceae at Caryophyllales.org – a dynamic online species-level taxonomic backbone for the family. – Willdenowia 51: 251–270. Version of record first published online on 31 August 2021 ahead of inclusion in August 2021 issue. Data published through: http://caryophyllales.org/cactaceae/Checklist
K. Koyama, T. Yama, K. Kinoshita, K. Takahashi, N. Kondo, and H. Yuasa, “New Triterpenes from Cactaceous Plants,” ACS Publications. American Chemical Society, Jul-2004.
doi: 10.1021/np50102a029.
W. La Barre, “Peyotl and Mescaline,” Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, vol. 11, no. 1-2, pp. 33–39, Jan. 1979.
doi: 10.1080/02791072.1979.10472090.
W. La Barre, “Twenty Years of Peyote Studies,” Current Anthropology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 45–60, Jan. 1960.
doi: 10.1086/200075.
R. LeBlanc, S. D. Silva, and M. Terry, “Analysis of Over-the-Counter Analgesics Purported to Contain Mescaline from the Peyote Cactus (Lophophora Williamsii: Cactaceae),” Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 125–137, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.17348/jbrit.v15.i1.1055.
The purpose of this study was to investigate samples of commercial over-the-counter products purported to contain extracts from peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), a vulnerable species. Samples were extracted with organic solvent and then washed to remove impurities. The extracts of these products were subjected to an analysis by real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) to determine the presence or absence of the alkaloid mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine mescaline concentrations in the samples and to provide quantitative evidence of the concentration—if any—of mescaline in the products. If a detectable level of mescaline—a stable and abundant alkaloid of L. williamsii—was found in a given extract, then it was inferred that L. williamsii was present in the corresponding topical product. The results of this investigation show that most consumers who purchase the products in question are being defrauded if they believe they are buying L. williamsii-based medicines. The lack of mescaline—implying the lack of peyote—in these products suggests that wild populations of the vulnerable cactus L. williamsii, though currently being decimated on a massive scale in Mexico and the U.S. for other purposes, are rarely harvested for use in topical analgesic products. This conclusion is based on the finding that less than 5% of the ostensible L. williamsii-containing topical analgesic products that were analyzed in this study actually contained mescaline.
M. Lee, J. Y. Jung, S. Choi, I. Seol, S. Moon, and I. K. Hwang, “Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Assay for Genetic Identification of Lophophora Williamsii*,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 2117–2120, 2020.
doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14515.
Lophophora is a member of the Cactaceae family, which contains two species: Lophophora williamsii and L. diffusa. Lophophora williamsii is an illegal plant containing mescaline, a hallucinogenic alkaloid. In this study, a novel method based on a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay was developed for identifying L. williamsii; this assay reliably detects SNPs within chloroplast DNA (rbcL, matK, and trnL-trnF IGS) and was validated for identifying Lophophora and L. williamsii simultaneously. The chloroplast DNA sequences from four L. williamsii and three L. diffusa plants were obtained and compared using DNA sequence data from approximately 300 other Cactaceae species available in GenBank. From this sequence data, a total of seven SNPs were determined to be suitable for identifying L. williamsii. A multiplex assay was constructed using the ABI PRISM® SNaPshot™ Multiplex Kit (Applied Biosystems, Forster City, CA) to analyze species-specific SNPs. Using this multiplex assay, we clearly distinguished the Lophophora among 19 species in the Cactaceae family. Additionally, L. williamsii was distinguished from L. diffusa. These results suggest that the newly developed assay may help resolve crimes related to illegal distribution and use. This multiplex assay will be useful for the genetic identification of L. williamsii and can complement conventional methods of detecting mescaline.
J. Lema-Rumińska and D. Kulus, “Micropropagation of Cacti—a Review,” Haseltonia, vol. 2014, no. 19, pp. 46–63, Feb. 2014.
doi: 10.2985/026.019.0107.
In the past, members of the Cactaceae family were mostly propagated by seeds or vegetatively by cuttings and grafting. Seeds, however, do not guarantee genetic stability and, in the case of some cacti, seeds are difficult to obtain, their germination rates are low, or they need to be stored for a long time in specific light and temperature conditions. Traditional vegetative reproduction in vivo, on the other hand, may be less efficient insofar as a limited number of plants can be obtained. Major issues associated with traditional propagation methods may be solved by the use of plant tissue culture. Today micropropagation techniques are applied in order to produce large numbers of new high-quality plants in a relatively short time and space. This is especially important for endangered and desirable species such as cacti. This paper discusses the achievements, current state and future prospects of cactus micropropagation methods. We also provide an overview of cactus multiplication by areole activation, direct and indirect organogenesis (caulogenesis and rhizogenesis) and somatic embryogenesis, as well as consider acclimatization. Micropropagation of cacti is still sufficiently idiosyncratic that different protocols must be used for different species, even closely related ones.
J. Lema-Rumińska and D. Kulus, “Micropropagation of Cacti—a Review,” Haseltonia, vol. 2014, no. 19, pp. 46–63, Feb. 2014.
doi: 10.2985/026.019.0107.
In the past, members of the Cactaceae family were mostly propagated by seeds or vegetatively by cuttings and grafting. Seeds, however, do not guarantee genetic stability and, in the case of some cacti, seeds are difficult to obtain, their germination rates are low, or they need to be stored for a long time in specific light and temperature conditions. Traditional vegetative reproduction in vivo, on the other hand, may be less efficient insofar as a limited number of plants can be obtained. Major issues associated with traditional propagation methods may be solved by the use of plant tissue culture. Today micropropagation techniques are applied in order to produce large numbers of new high-quality plants in a relatively short time and space. This is especially important for endangered and desirable species such as cacti. This paper discusses the achievements, current state and future prospects of cactus micropropagation methods. We also provide an overview of cactus multiplication by areole activation, direct and indirect organogenesis (caulogenesis and rhizogenesis) and somatic embryogenesis, as well as consider acclimatization. Micropropagation of cacti is still sufficiently idiosyncratic that different protocols must be used for different species, even closely related ones.
A. Lendel, “South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae),” PhD thesis, University of Zurich, 2013.
doi: 10.5167/UZH-93287.
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Some notes on peyote (Lophophora williamsii)." by Kloesel Lg
A. M. de Lima-Nascimento, J. S. B. da Silva, A. Casas, C. M. de Lucena, and R. F. P. de Lucena, “Traditional Management of Cactaceae: Cereus Jamacaru DC as the Native Cactus Most Managed by Rural Communities in Areas of Caatinga in Brazil,” Ethnobotany Research and Applications, vol. 21, pp. 1–12, May 2021.https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2657.
Background: Studies on management practices reflect the quality of the actions regarding the managed resource by people and allow us to identify possible selective pressures over time.Methods: Was investigated how have been carrying out management practices using native cacti species in two communities. Data collection was through the ethnobotanical (semi-structured interviews) and morphometric approach (botanical measurements). It was aimed to interview residents who used and/or cultivated some native species. For morphometric analysis were recorded total height from the highest branch and the maximum number of stem ribs per plant, ground-level and chest level diameter. Managed and unmanaged plants were comparatively analyzed. Was created a distribution map with gathering and cultivation areas indicated by the residents through QGIS software. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to investigate the differences between the specimens managed and unmanaged, and the Pearson linear correlation test to test the correlation between the diameter x height.Results: People mentioned the management of six native species, through the collection, non-selective incipient management, and ex situ cultivation. Low complexity activities were the most frequent; also, there was little variation between the forms of management. Cereus jamacaru DC. was the most locally managed species and by a higher number of people, and it was observed that specimens from the Area of Direct Use (ADU) had greater variation.Conclusions: Intra-specific variants were identified by people and they said to prefer the larger and healthier branches and younger (green) cladodes, suggesting human selection that can favor particular phenotypes where these plants are propagated.Keywords: dry forest, ethnobotany, phenotypic variation, artificial selection
J. Lin et al., “How to Sample a Seizure Plant: The Role of the Visualization Spatial Distribution Analysis of Lophophora Williamsii as an Example,” Forensic Sciences Research, p. owad014, May 2023.
doi: 10.1093/fsr/owad014.
Abstract How to sample a seizure plant:the role of visualization spatial distribution analysis of Lophophora williamsii as an exampleAbstract: Natural compounds in plants are often unevenly distributed, and determining the best sampling locations to obtain the most representative results is technically challenging. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) can provide the basis for formulating sampling guideline. For a succulent plant sample, ensuring the authenticity and in situ nature of the spatial distribution analysis results during MSI analysis also needs to be thoroughly considered. In this study, we developed a well-established and reliable MALDI-MSI method based on preservation methods, slice conditions, auxiliary matrices, and MALDI parameters to detect and visualize the spatial distribution of mescaline in situ in L. williamsii. The MALDI-MSI results were validated using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Low-temperature storage at −80°C and drying of ‘bookmarks’ were the appropriate storage methods for succulent plant samples and their flower samples, and cutting into 40μm thick sections at −20°C using gelatin as the embedding medium is the appropriate sectioning method. The use of DCTB (trans-2-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenylidene]malononitrile) as an auxiliary matrix and a laser intensity of 45 are favorable MALDI parameter conditions for mescaline analysis. The region of interest (ROI) semi-quantitative analysis revealed that mescaline is concentrated in the epidermal tissues of L. williamsii as well as in the meristematic tissues of the crown. The study findings not only help to provide a basis for determining the best sampling locations for mescaline in L. williamsii, but they also provide a reference for the optimization of storage and preparation conditions for raw plant organs before MALDI detection.
J. Lin, S. Yang, J. Ji, P. Xiang, L. Wu, and H. Chen, “Natural or Artificial: An Example of Topographic Spatial Distribution Analysis of Mescaline in Cactus Plants by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 14, Feb. 2023.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1066595.
Introduction
Differentiating whether plant products are natural or artificial is of great importance in many practical fields, including forensic science, food safety, cosmetics, and fast-moving consumer goods. Information about the topographic distribution of compounds is an important criterion for answering this question. However, of equal importance is the likelihood that topographic spatial distribution information may provide important and valuable information for molecular mechanism study.
Methods
In this study, we took mescaline, a substance with hallucinogenic properties in cacti of the species Trichocereus pachanoi and Lophophora williamsii, as an example to characterize the spatial distribution of mescaline in plants and flowers by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry–matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging at the macroscopic, tissue structure, and even cellular levels.
Results
According to our results, the distribution of mescaline in natural plant was concentrated on the active meristems, epidermal tissues, and protruding parts of Trichocereus pachanoi and Lophophora williamsii, while artificially spiked Lophophora diffusa products showed no such difference in their topographic spatial distribution.
Discussion
This difference in distribution pattern allowed us to distinguish between flowers that could synthesize mescaline on their own and those that had been artificially spiked with mescaline. The interesting topographic spatial distribution results, such as the overlap of the mescaline distribution map and micrographs of the vascular bundles, were consistent with the synthesis and transport theory of mescaline, indicating the potential for applying matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging in botanical research.
L. Lindow-López et al., “Effects of Alternating Temperature on Cactus Seeds with a Positive Photoblastic Response,” Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 148, pp. 74–77, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.10.006.
Temperature is an important factor governing cactus seed germination. Particularly, alternating regimes can have positive, neutral and negative effects on germination. We studied the effects of constant and alternating temperatures on the germination of positive photoblastic seeds of six cactus species native to Argentina. Seeds of all species failed to germinate in darkness, irrespective of temperature regimes. Seed germination was significantly affected by temperature. For constant temperature, Cereus hankeanus, Echinopsis atacamensis, E. terscheckii and Parodia aureicentra showed a higher proportion of maximum germination than E. ancistrophora and Gymnocalycium saglionis. In E. atacamensis and E. terscheckii, the effect of alternating temperature was neutral, as no differences were registered among the maximum germination values obtained for both temperature regimes. The other species showed reduced germination under alternating temperatures in relation to the maximum values obtained at constant temperatures, indicating a negative effect of temperature alternation. In addition, our results confirm the idea that alternating temperatures do not promote the germination of positive photoblastic cactus seeds in darkness.
R. P. López and S. Valdivia, “The Importance of Shrub Cover for Four Cactus Species Differing in Growth Form in an Andean Semi-Desert,” Journal of Vegetation Science, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 263–270, 2007.
doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2007.tb02537.x.
Question: Factors influencing seedling establishment are known to vary between open sites and those protected by plant cover. In many desert regions, protected microhabitats below shrubs are essential for establishment of many cactus species. Very little is known about these factors for Andean cacti and how the importance of vegetation cover varies with cactus species. Are Andean cacti associated more frequently to vegetation cover than to open ground? Are they associated to certain shrub species? Is the distributional pattern in relation to cover similar for different cactus species? In what microhabitat (below or away from shrubs) are cactus seeds more abundant? These questions are addressed for the case of an Andean semi-desert. Location: Semi-arid tropical Andes, La Paz department, Bolivia. Methods: We examined 132 isolated shrubs = 50 cm along a line across two microhabitats: areas below and away from shrubs/trees. Shrub crown size was measured. The among-shrub samples were taken from open spaces contiguous to each of the sampled shrubs. In both microhabitats, all cactus species were recorded. The cardinal direction of the cacti was also registered. Correlation between canopy diameter and number of beneficiaries was evaluated for Prosopis flexuosa. The cactus seed bank in each microhabitat was also studied. Results and Conclusions: The four cactus species found behaved differently in relation to shrub canopies. These distributional differences could be due to differences in growth form. Columnar cacti apparently need the shade of shrubs. Only the columnar species is able to grow near the base of the tallest nurse species. The opuntioid cacti studied seem more facultative: although apparently preferring shrub un-der-canopies, they are able to establish in open ground. The globose cactus is the most indifferent to the presence of plant cover. These patterns parallel others found in North America. The capacity of different cacti to appear in open spaces could be related to vegetative propagation, and not necessarily to seedling tolerance of heat.
P. W. L. Lum and P. Lebish, “Identification of Peyote via Major Non-Phenolic Peyote Alkaloids,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 63–69, Jan. 1974.
doi: 10.1016/S0015-7368(74)70854-4.
A simple method is used to extract the major non-phenolic peyote alkaloids. A portion of the extract is subjected to a presumptive chemical test found to be specific to date for peyote among cacti. The remaining extract is used, as desired, for one of three complementary methods. The first method is adequate in the absence of reference alkaloids for identification of 0.5g or more of peyote material by TLC, color tests and UV spectra. The second method is adequate in the absence of reference alkaloids for identification of 2g or more of peyote material via TLC and IR spectra. The third method is primarily used in conjunction with a previously “standardized” extract for identification of 50mg or more of peyote plant material.
J. Lundström, “Biosynthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids in Lophophora Williamsii (Lem.) Coult,” Acta Pharmaceutica Suecica, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 485–496, Nov. 1971.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5159518/.
J. Lundström, B. Kimland, S.-O. Almqvist, C. R. Enzell, J. Koskikallio, and S. Kachi, “Biosynthesis of Mescaline and Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids in Lophophora Williamsii (Lem.) Coult. Occurrence and Biosynthesis of Catecholamine and Other Intermediates.,” Acta Chemica Scandinavica, vol. 25, pp. 3489–3499, 1971.
doi: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.25-3489.
J. Lundström, “Biosynthetic Studies on Mescaline and Related Cactus Alkaloids,” Acta Pharmaceutica Suecica, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 275–302, Jun. 1971.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5560272/.
J. Lundström and S. Agurell, “A Complete Biosynthetic Sequence from Tyrosine to Mescaline in Two Cactus Species.,” Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 10, no. 39, pp. 3371–3374, Jan. 1969.
doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)99766-1.
M. de F. P. S. Machado and J. Prioli, “Micropropagation ofCereus Peruvianus Mill. (Cactaceae) by Areole Activation,” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 199–203, Jul. 1996.
doi: 10.1007/BF02822766.
Currently,Cereus peruvianus plants can be rapidly clonedin vitro via adventitious organogenesis using callus cultures; however, somaclonal variation is a problem. A method is described herein using lateral bud explants to produce multiple shoots for clonal propagation. Apical and lateral explants were cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) media with factorial combinations of the auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and cytokinins 6-ben-zyladenine (BA) and N-(2-furanyl-methyl)-1-purine-6 amine (kinetin) at the concentrations 0.0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg“l−1. Positive results were obtained from the lateral explants in all conditions tested, but apical explants did not respond toin vitro multiplication ofC. peruvianus cactus at all growth regulator combinations tested. Formation of axillary shoots inC. peruvianus seems most frequent in medium containing BA at 1.0 mg·l−1 (4.44 μM) and IAA or NAA at 1.0 mg·l−1 (5.71 μM or 5.37 μM respectively), but the frequency of shoot formation in the BA or kinetin and NAA or IAA combinations indicated that any of the combinations tested can be used for multiplication ofC. peruvianus plants regenerated from callus tissue culture. Root formation occurred in all (100%) of the cactus shoots after 9 wk in the same culture medium. All the cacti that developed at the different auxin and cytokin combinations continued growth after transfer to a potting mix of red earth (Paleudult) and ground river sand (1∶1).
V. A. Malyarenko and M. M. Gaydarzhy, “Abnormal Type of Growth of Succulent Plants and Testing Hypotheses of Their Origin,” Plant Introduction, vol. 63, pp. 46–52, Sep. 2014.
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1558116.
The analysis of plants with abnormal type of growth from the collection of succulent plants of Academician O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University are made. It was found 22 species of fasciated plants, belong to 14 genus and 3 families. Most species belong to the Cactaceae family. We tested the hypothesis fasciation occurrence as a result of defeat viruses, microscopic fungi, the hypothesis of the mechanical damages to plants. We can assume that viruses, microscopic fungi, mechanical damage to plants do not cause abnormal growth forms on Cactaceae family.
M. C. Mandujano, A. García Naranjo, M. Rojas-Aréchiga, and J. Golubov, “Conservation Status, Germination, and Establishment of the Divine Cactus, Lophophora Williamsii (Lem. Ex Salm-Dyck) J. M. Coult., at Cuatro Ciénegas,” in Plant Diversity and Ecology in the Chihuahuan Desert: Emphasis on the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin, M. C. Mandujano, I. Pisanty, and L. E. Eguiarte, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020, pp. 227–240.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-44963-6_14.
Lophophora williamsii, commonly known as “peyote” or “divine cactus”, has a wide distribution in the Chihuahuan Desert, but is under threat due to over-harvesting for religious ceremonies or psychedelic tourism, and many populations no longer exist. Natural populations can be rehabilitated or aided by sowing seeds or reintroducing specimens, which requires information on germination requirements and establishment conditions. We assessed seed germination and establishment to identify ecological factors that may determine the formation of seed banks, the effect of solar radiation on establishment, and seed aging after ex situ storage. This information can be used for conservation programs of peyote populations at Cuatro Ciénegas. Seeds collected from the wild and a sample of seeds kept for several years in a botanical garden’s germplasm collection were used for experimental trials. Germination experiments included seeds of different ages (1–9 years old) and three different light conditions. Germination decreased with seed age and was higher under shade mesh conditions. Peyote seeds remained viable for several years, which suggest they may form a seed bank as well as survive storage at room temperature (20 ± 2 °C), with a germination decay of up to 25% indicating a loss of viability process. Although Cuatro Ciénegas Basin holds well preserved populations of the divine cactus, they may be threatened by biological and anthropogenic factors, so it is urgent to drive efforts towards the future conservation of this outstanding cactus.
M. del C. Mandujano, I. Carrillo-Angeles, C. Martínez-Peralta, and J. Golubov, “Reproductive Biology of Cactaceae,” in Desert Plants: Biology and Biotechnology, K. G. Ramawat, Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2010, pp. 197–230.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-02550-1_10.
Floral biology in the Cactaceae represents a new field of research, with only 2% of approximately 2,000 species having been studied. Studies on breeding systems cover functional and morphological floral traits of sexual expression, while research on mating (hybridization) systems includes experiments on pollination, morphological and functional floral traits vis-à-vis estimation of out-crossing rates, and inbreeding depression. Most cacti are hermaphroditic with some exceptions of dioecy. Herkogamy and dichogamy seem to be common, and are coupled with self-incompatibility and inbreeding depression as mechanisms to avoid selfing; these traits are important in guiding the evolution of mating (fertilization) systems from mixed to mainly either out-crossing or selfing in all three subfamilies. We found no clear pattern between mating systems and genetic diversity. The impressive variety of fertilization and breeding systems, as well as the genetic diversity within Cactaceae highlights the complex evolution of this family and the plasticity of their reproductive response to the spatially and temporally unpredictable habitats in which they occur. This chapter reviews information on the floral biology, pollinators and genetics of Cactaceae, covering about 70 references: 36% on genetics, 43% on different aspects of pollination ecology, and 21% on diverse subjects with limited descriptions.
M. Mario and M. Angélica, “El cactus San Pedro ayer y hoy. Un enfoque etnobotánico.”
The authors describe the botanical aspects and the historical evolution of the knowledge and the use of the Peruvian cactus called San Pedro, from some field observations and a review of documents, in search of ethnographic and archaeological evidence of its employment by shamans, since preColumbian times to the present, including cultures Chavin, Moche, Nazca, Wari and Quechua. The cactus contains various alkaloids, especially mescaline. Represents an age-old cultural tradition that remains until today. While with the indigenous peoples, their employment is ritual, does not constitute a social problem, as it is in the developed countries. It is important to point out the chemical similarity that exists between the hallucinogenic alkaloids with the neurotransmitters of the human brain. In this similarity are based their psychotropic effects. This is a preliminary study that should be extended to a future based on evidence obtained in a prospective research.
M. J. Martin, “Columnar Cerei,” The Cactus and Succulent Journal of Great Britain, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 50–55, 1965.https://www.jstor.org/stable/42786597.
O. Martínez and A. Montoya, “El Jilguero Puneño (sicalis Lutea) Y Jilguero Vientre- Amarillo (spinus Xanthogastrus) (aves: Passeriformes) Consumiendo Semillas De Frutos De Trichocereus Bridgesii (cactaceae),” 2017.
J. D. Mauseth, “A Morphometric Study of the Ultrastructure of Echinocereus Engelmannii (Cactaceae). V. Comparison with the Shoot Apical Meristems of Trichocereus Pachanoi (Cactaceae),” American Journal of Botany, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 551–555, 1982.
doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1982.tb13291.x.
Relative and absolute volumes of organelles in shoot apical meristems of Trichocereus pachanoi are reported and compared with similar values published for three other species in two other families. Cellular ultrastructure varies from one meristem zone to another and from one species to another. It is concluded that there is no single, critical meristem ultrastructure, but rather meristem ultrastructure reflects meristem metabolism and is consequently unvarying within a species at a particular stage of development, but varies among species and as morphogenetic activity changes. Differences appear to correlate well with shoot growth rate and with phylogenetic relatedness.
M. B. Mazzola, V. J. Cenizo, and A. G. Kin, “Características morfológicas y anatómicas de las plántulas de Trichocereus candicans (Cactaceae),” Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica, vol. 48, no. 3-4, pp. 515–523, 2013.
doi: 10.31055/1851.2372.v48.n3-4.7556.
Anatomical and morphological characteristics of Trichocereus candicans (Cactaceae) seedlings. The aim of this study was to examine the morpho-anatomical characteristics of Trichocereus candicans (Gillies ex Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose seedlings, a columnar cacti species widely distributed in arid and semiarid regions of Argentina. The most significant changes in seedling morphology can be observed within the first 30 days from germination. Primary root is characterized by abundant radical hairs and a definite-growth pattern. Epidermis is uniseriate with wavy cells, parallelocytic stomata and mineral inclusions (druses). Xylem is composed by wide-band tracheids, with either helical or annular thickenings. Abnormal seedlings with three cotyledons were observed. This study provides basic knowledge of the species that may be useful for further taxonomic and ecological studies.
M. B. Mazzola, V. J. Cenizo, and A. G. Kin, “Factores Que Afectan La Germinación de Trichocereus Candicans (Cactaceae ),” Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot., vol. 48, no. 3-4, pp. 515–523, 2013.
Factors affecting the germination of Trichocereus candicans (Cactaceae). In arid and semiarid regions, water availability and temperature are critical for cacti germination. The present study examined the effects of water stress and temperature, on germination of Trichocereus candicans, a cacti species native of Argentina. Water availability effects were tested using solutions of different water potential: 0, -0.1, -0.4, -0.7 y -1.0 MPa Treatments included temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 20/10, 25/15 and 30/20°C. Total percentage, rate and mean germination time were determined. Results indicate that germination was higher when water availability is about 0 to -0.1 MPa, and then decreased when water potential reached -0.4 MPa or less. Maximum germination percentage and speed occurred around 25ºC but decreased below 15 and above 35ºC. Results suggest that T. candicans is adapted to germinate during the warm season months when precipitation events occur. Knowledge obtained in this study could be useful for developing conservations plans and ex situ propagation of the species.
R. T. McKittrick, “Bizarre Seed Patterns in Plants of the Indian Arid Zone 31 Rajinder P. Bansal and David N. Sen.”
A. J. S. McMillan, “Grafting Cacti,” The National Cactus and Succulent Journal, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 95–98, 1966.https://www.jstor.org/stable/42788676.
M. A. R. C. O. S. V. I. N. I. C. I. U. S. MEIADO, L. A. R. I. S. S. A. S. I. M. Õ. E. S. C. O. R. R. Ê. A. DE ALBUQUERQUE, E. M. E. R. S. O. N. A. N. T. Ô. N. I. O. ROCHA, \relax M. A. R. I. A. N. A. ROJAS-ARÉCHIGA, and I. N. A. R. A. R. O. B. E. R. T. A. LEAL, “Seed Germination Responses of Cereus Jamacaru DC. Ssp. Jamacaru (Cactaceae) to Environmental Factors,” Plant species biology, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 120–128, May 2010.
doi: 10.1111/j.1442-1984.2010.00274.x.
In the present study, we assessed the seed germination responses of Cereus jamacaru DC. ssp. jamacaru (Cactaceae) to environmental factors. The seeds were collected from an area within Caatinga, a semiarid vegetation area located in north-eastern Brazil. We determined the optimal temperature for germination of C. jamacaru seeds and evaluated the effect of temperature, light intensity, light quality, water and saline stress on seed germination. Cereus jamacaru was classified as a positive photoblastic species. Maximum germination (95.8 ± 2.6%) was found under white light, and seed germination was not observed in darkness in any of the temperature, water or saline stress treatments. The optimum temperature for seed germination was 30°C because this temperature favored most of the parameters evaluated. Seed germinability responded positively to a wide range of temperatures, but was affected neither by light intensity nor by light quality. A reduction in water availability and an increase in saline concentration affected germinability and promoted slower, unsynchronized germination. The positive response of C. jamacaru seed germination to the environmental factors investigated may account for the abundant occurrence and wide distribution of the species in the Caatinga area.
El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar el efecto de la concentración y tiempo de contacto del coagulante del cactus San Pedro (Echinopsis pachanoi) en la remoción de materia orgánica del Río Reque en Chiclayo. Se recolectaron 5 L de agua del río Reque, de los cuales 1 L fue la muestra inicial para analizar DBO5, pH, turbidez, conductividad y Sólidos disueltos totales (SDT) sin agregar el coagulante y en los otros 4 L restantes, (agrupados en 18 muestras de 250 mL cada una) también se analizaron, ahora a todas las muestras agregando el coagulante de cactus San Pedro. Evalué 3 concentraciones de coagulante de cactus San Pedro: 20, 40, 60 ppm y 3 tiempos de contacto: 5, 10 y 15 min a una velocidad de coagulación de 100 RPM de un tiempo de floculación de 20 min a 50 RPM. Luego analicé el pH, la turbidez, la conductividad y los SDT, obteniendo un porcentaje de remoción de 96.98% en la turbidez, de 44,4% en la conductividad y de 44,4 % en los SDT, respectivamente (20 ppm en 15 min), ya que se disminuyó en la turbidez de 1000 NTU a 30,2 NTU, en la conductividad de 2878 μS/cm a 1600 μS/cm y en SDT de 1878 ppm a 800 ppm. En cambio, el pH se incrementó en 3.98 % respecto al inicial, de 7.5 a 7 .78; sin embargo, se mantiene en el rango de lo establecido por los Estándares de Calidad Ambiental (ECA). Así concluimos que la concentración y el tiempo de contacto del coagulante en mención tienen efecto en la remoción de la materia orgánica.
T. Monostori, L. Tanács, and L. Mile, “Studies on in Vitro Propagation Methods in Cactus Species of the Genera Melocactus, Cereus and Lobivia,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 937, pp. 255–261, Sep. 2012.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.937.31.
In vitro propagation methods are frequently used for the conservation of rare cacti and also for the production of plants for commercial purposes. Here we report on the micropropagation by axillary shoot proliferation at the cactus species Melocactus salvadorensis, Lobivia tegeleriana and Cereus jamacaru being important as ornamentals and also as a forage and fruit crop in the case of the latter one. Depending on species, explants were derived from surface-sterilized shoots or seedlings germinated in vitro. Transverse or longitudinal slices of donor shoots were incubated on MS media supplemented with 1, 2 or 4 mg L-1 BAP. Addition of NAA (0.1 mg L-1) had positive effect on shoot induction. A 50% reduction of basal salt, vitamin and sugar concentration of hormone-free MS medium helped vitrified or abnormal shoots of C. jamacaru to recover and significantly improved rooting rate. Hyperhydricity was frequently observed among adventitious shoots induced on secondary explants of L. tegeleriana, while it did not occur in M. salvadorensis. Besides micropropagation, somatic callus cultures of L. tegeleriana have also been generated to develop a plant – cell – plant system. Somatic cell cultures make possible manipulations at the cellular level and production of somaclonal variants of interest to cactus enthusiasts. Using MS-based induction media supplemented with 2,4-D (2 or 4 mg L-1) calli of granular structure were produced after the passage on MS medium containing 1-1 mg L-1 2,4-D and kinetin, respectively. Vigorously growing plantlets of normal morphology have been regenerated on this medium, while plantlets regenerated from calli transferred to hormone-free MS medium grew slower and exhibited abnormal characteristics.
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Propagación in vitro de peyote (Lophophora williamsii (Lemaire) Coulter)" by J. G. O. Montiel et al.
J. Monzer and R. Kollmann, “Vascular Connections in the Heterograft Lophophora Williamsii Coult. on Trichocereus Spachianus Ricc.,” Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 123, no. 4, pp. 359–372, May 1986.
doi: 10.1016/S0176-1617(86)80096-7.
Vascular connections and symplastic contacts between the heterospecific cells in the graft Lophophora williamsii on Trichocereus spachianus are described. Xylem and phloem connections are mainly established during secondary growth by joint cambial activity of stock and scion. Xylary connections within the graft are characterized by species-specific secondary wall thickenings. There are interspecific plasmodesmata linking stock and scion parenchyma cells. Based on the reliable identification of xylem elements and parenchyma cells of the partners, circumstantial evidence is presented for the occurrence of a symplastic sieve element connection between stock and scion.
G. R. Morgan, “The Biogeography of Peyote in South Texas,” Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 73–86, 1983.
doi: 10.5962/p.168655.
T. Mudrak, G. Korotyeyeva, and T. Kompanets, “Detection of Some Virus Pathogens of Cactus in Ukranian Botanical Gardens.”
Cactus collections of some Ukrainian botanical gardens were analyzed for virus contamination. Different virus-like symptoms including mosaics, chlorosis and local necroses have been detected on cactus plants in these collections. Biological properties of isolated viruses were defined by the methods of bioassay, transmission electron microscopy and indirect ELISA.
G. Muro-Pérez, E. Jurado, J. Flores, J. Sánchez-Salas, J. García-Pérez, and E. Estrada, “Positive Effects of Native Shrubs on Three Specially Protected Cacti Species in Durango, México,” Plant Species Biology, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 53–58, 2012.
doi: 10.1111/j.1442-1984.2011.00331.x.
The spatial association between the specially protected cacti Coryphanta durangensis, Echinocereus longisetus and Peniocereus greggii and potential nurse plants was evaluated, as was their relative position to the sun under the crown of the latter in the southern Chihuahuan Desert. The soil temperature under potential nurse plants was lower than under direct sunlight. There was more nitrogen and organic matter in the soil under Prosopis laevigata trees than in soil under direct sunlight. There were 68 plants of C. durangensis, 59 plants of E. longisetus and 157 of P. greggii. Only one individual of C. durangensis and one of E. longisetus grew outside the shade of the crown of other plants. Echinocereus longisetus was not associated with any particular species, but grew more often than expected by chance in the northern segment of the crown (i.e. the area most shaded in the afternoon). Coryphanta durangensis and P. greggii grew more often under P. laevigata than expected by chance. The effect of other plants, and P. laevigata in particular, on the facilitation of growth of protected cacti species should be considered in management plans of the Chihuahuan Desert, where mesquite (P. laevigata) is often harvested for charcoal production.
R. Newbold, S. D. Silva, and M. Terry, “Correlation of Mescaline Concentrations in Lophophora Williamsii (Cactaceae) with Rib Numbers and Diameter of Crown (U.S.A.),” Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 103–120, Jul. 2020.
doi: 10.17348/jbrit.v14.i1.901.
Lophophora williamsii, peyote, is a small cactus growing to approximately 10 cm in diameter with a flat to dome-shaped spineless crown with fissures or ribs that develop following the Fibonacci series and whose numbers indicate relative degree of maturing. In this study crown tissue of 30 wild-collected specimens was analyzed to determine whether there was a correlation between the concentration of the primary alkaloid mescaline in crown tissue with the average diameter of the crown. We also compared mescaline concentration in three groups of ten individuals: 5 ribs (juvenile stage), 8 ribs (intermediate), and 13 ribs (elder/mature stage), since these Fibonacci numbers are the most stable and long-lasting on L. williamsii. This was designed to test the hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between mescaline concentration and both diameter and rib number. Nine greenhouse-grown specimens were likewise analyzed to serve as a control group for the study. All 39 tissue samples were subjected to an alkaloid extraction procedure followed by an acid-base washing procedure. Mescaline was identified using liquid-chromatography and mass spectroscopy and then quantified using reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The Pearson’s Chi-squared test showed no statistical correlation between increasing mescaline concentration and increasing rib numbers for field-collected samples and greenhouse?raised control samples. Field-collected samples: P-value of 0.392; greenhouse control samples: P-value of 0.313. Similarly, field and greenhouse samples showed no statistical correlation between mescaline concentration and average diameter of the crown. Field-collected samples: P-value of 0.251; greenhouse control samples: P-value of 0.229. This study contributes to the understanding of this vulnerable species and to approaches to its overall conservation and the preservation of Native American culture.
A. E. Ng, E. Sandoval, and T. M. Murphy, “Identification and Individualization of Lophophora Using DNA Analysis of the trnL/trnF Region and rbcL Gene,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 61, no. S1, pp. S226–S229, 2016.
doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12936.
Lophophora williamsii (peyote) is a small, spineless, greenish-blue cactus found in Mexico and the southwestern United States. Ingestion of the cactus can result in hallucinations due to its content of mescaline. In the United States, L. williamsii is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance. In this study, we use DNA analysis of the chloroplast trnL/trnF region and chloroplast rbcL gene to identify the individuals of Lophophora. Using the rbcL gene, Lophophora specimens could be distinguished from outgroups, but species within the genus could not be distinguished. The trnL/trnF region split the Lophophora genus into several groups based on the length and substructure of an AT-rich segment of the sequence. Our results indicate that the genetic variability at the trnL/trnF locus is greater than previously recognized. Although DNA structures at the trnL/trnF region and rbcL gene do not align with the classification of Lophophora species, they can be used to aid in forensic analysis.
»Aspiring to cultivate Peyote in the U.S.? Take these steps to protect yourself legally… Peyote is a beautiful sentient succulent that grows without much attention and provides company that never overstays its welcome. Many individuals who have experienced the Spirit Walk desire to bring this sacred plant into their homes. The Peyote plant’s presence in... [Read More]
“Ecophysiology of Roots of Desert Plants, with Special Emphasis on Agaves and Cacti,” in Plant Roots, 3rd ed., CRC Press, 2002.
Roots of desert plants face environmental extremes of drought and temperature. Such extremes help focus attention on the adaptations that enable desert plants to cope with these stresses, although the same adapta-tions often occur for plants growing in other environ-ments. High temperatures can occur in superficial soil layers in deserts, thereby affecting root distribution. The ability to survive limited and often sporadic rain-fall is highly developed for desert plants, so various adaptations in response to temporal and spatial het-erogeneity in soil moisture have evolved. In the follow-ing, such adaptations will be examined. First, certain physical features of deserts, especially as they relate to roots, will be characterized. Root deployment strate-gies that have evolved to cope with such physical fac-tors will then be discussed, paying particular attention to the root systems of agaves and cacti.
“[No Title Found],” Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, vol. 28, no. 1.
“Peyote [Lophophora Williamsii (Lem. Ex Salm-Dyck) Coult.] and Mescaline,” in Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012, pp. 944–949.
doi: 10.1002/9781118105955.ch63.
This chapter contains sections titled: History Botantical Description Identifying Characteristics Exposure Dose Effect Toxicokinetics Histopathology and Pathophysiology Clinical Response Diagnostic Testing Treatment References
“Phenethylamine and Related Compounds in Plants,” Phytochemistry, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 9–18, Jan. 1977.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(77)83004-5.
A comprehensive and up-to-date listing is provided of the distribution of phenethylamines in the Plant Kingdom. Such a listing is of importance becaus…
“Products from Catha Edulis and Lophophora Williamsii,” in The Analysis of Controlled Substances, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2003, pp. 113–125.
doi: 10.1002/0470868007.ch7.
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Products of Catha edulis Identification, Quantification and Comparison of Khat Samples Comparison of Khat Samples Products of Lophophora williamsii Physical Description and Sampling of Materials Presumptive Tests for Mescaline TLC Analysis of Mescaline HPLC Analysis of Mescaline GC–MS Analysis of Mescaline Comparison of Peyote Samples References
“Triterpenoid Saponins from Echinopsis Macrogona (Cactaceae),” Phytochemistry, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 136–146, Jan. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.10.004.
Triterpene saponins, pachanosides C1, E1, F1 and G1 (1–4), and bridgesides A1, C1, C2, D1, D2, E1 and E2 (5–11) were isolated from Echinopsis macrogon…
J. L. Nustoe, “Morphological Studies of Trichocereus Spachianus Cultured on Six Sugars in Vitro,” PhD thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 1971.
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O. Ogunbodede, D. McCombs, K. Trout, P. Daley, and M. Terry, “New Mescaline Concentrations from 14 Taxa/Cultivars of Echinopsis Spp. (Cactaceae) (‘San Pedro’) and Their Relevance to Shamanic Practice,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 131, no. 2, pp. 356–362, Sep. 2010.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.021.
Aim of the study: The aim of the present study is to determine in a procedurally uniform manner the mescaline concentrations in stem tissue of 14 taxa/cultivars of the subgenus Trichocereus of the genus Echinopsis (Cactaceae) and to evaluate the relationship (if any) between mescaline concentration and actual shamanic use of these plants.
P. Ortega-Baes, M. Aparicio-González, G. Galíndez, P. del Fueyo, S. Sühring, and M. Rojas-Aréchiga, “Are Cactus Growth Forms Related to Germination Responses to Light? A Test Using Echinopsis Species,” Acta Oecologica, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 339–342, May 2010.
doi: 10.1016/j.actao.2010.02.006.
In this study, we investigated the effect of light regimen (white light vs. darkness) on the germination of 12 species of the Echinopsis genus (tribe Trichocereeae, Cactaceae). This genus presents a variety of growth forms and relatively small and uniform seed size. These traits allowed us to test, within the same linage and removing seed mass effect, the hypothesis that the germination response to light (indifferent to light or positive photoblastic) is related to growth form. Our results reject this hypothesis since no seeds germinated in darkness, so all of the species can be classified as being positively photoblastic. The proportion of seed germination with white light was significantly different among cactus growth forms. Columnar cacti (arborescent, creeping and short) showed a greater proportion of seed germination than barrel and globose cacti. The germination rate differed among growth forms and species. At constant temperatures, creeping columnar cacti presented a significantly higher germination rate than the other growth forms. With alternating temperatures, columnar cacti showed higher germination rates than the other growth forms. The low proportion of seeds that germinated for some species indicates that they show seed dormancy. Our results suggest that germination responses to light in the cactus family could be related to seed mass and phylogenetic constraints.
P. Ortega-Baes and P. Gorostiague, “Extremely Reduced Sexual Reproduction in the Clonal Cactus Echinopsis Thelegona,” Plant Systematics and Evolution, vol. 299, no. 4, pp. 785–791, Apr. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s00606-013-0761-6.
Sexual and asexual reproduction may occur simultaneously in some plant species. Under certain environmental conditions asexual reproduction is predominant, which generates ecological consequences on sexual fecundity. In this context, we studied the reproductive ecology of the creeping clonal cactus Echinopsis thelegona in La Bodega (Salta, Argentina), where low fruit and seed production was preliminarily observed. Specifically, we studied the flower availability, fruit and seed production, reproductive system, floral visitors and effects of neighbor ramets on reproductive success. The number of available flowers per day was low, and fruit production was low or null as well. Echinopsis thelegona is self-incompatible. Although its flowers have sphingophilous traits, we did not find evidence of moths visiting them. Only native and exotic bees visited the flowers of this species, though with a low number of visits. Therefore, nocturnal visitors were not registered as pollinators of E. thelegona, perhaps because of their low local abundances. On the other hand, bees behaved as inefficient pollinators of E. thelegona due to their foraging behavior, which moves pollen within individuals. A pollen-addition experiment revealed that there is no fruit production at short distances among ramets. Therefore, the combination of self-incompatibility, low flower production and low local abundance of pollinators could account for the low fruit production observed in this species. This finding suggests that populations of E. thelegona persist by clonality and that they tend toward the loss of sexuality.
P. Ortega-Baes and M. Rojas-Aréchiga, “Seed Germination of Trichocereus Terscheckii (Cactaceae): Light, Temperature and Gibberellic Acid Effects,” Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 169–176, Apr. 2007.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.009.
In this paper, we evaluated the effect of light and temperature and addition of gibberellic acid (GA3) in the germination of seeds of Trichocereus terscheckii in order to provide information about germination requirements which could be use for conservation studies. The germination response within a temperature gradient was evaluated for seeds arising from two populations: La Pedrera and Cuesta del Obispo (Salta, Argentina). Seeds of T. terscheckii germinated within a range from 15 to 35°C. Maximum germination percentages were found under white light and no germination was recorded in darkness. GA3 at any concentration promoted germination either in white light or darkness neither at a constant temperature nor at an alternating one.
P. Ortega-Baes, G. Galíndez, S. Sühring, M. Rojas-Aréchiga, M. I. Daws, and H. W. Pritchard, “Seed Germination of Echinopsis Schickendantzii (Cactaceae): The Effects of Constant and Alternating Temperatures,” Seed Science and Technology, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 219–224, Apr. 2011.
doi: 10.15258/sst.2011.39.1.21.
The effects of constant and alternating temperatures on seed germination in the Cactaceae have been reported to vary, probably as a result of the different temperature regimes used and the species considered. We determined the cardinal temperatures for, and evaluated the effects of a wide range of constant and alternating temperatures on, seed germination of the South American cactus, Echinopsis schickendantzii Web. The base, optimum and maximum temperatures were 7°C, 26.8°C and 49°C, respectively. The proportion of seeds that germinated and the germination rates were not only significantly different at constant and alternating temperatures but also among all temperature regimes considered. The highest proportion of seeds to germinate occurred at 15°, 20°, 30° and 30/15°C whereas the highest germination rates occurred at 25°, 30°, 30/20°, 35/20° and 40/25°C, with no significant differences between the highest values at constant and alternating temperatures. In the suboptimal temperature range for germination rate, the thermal time to 50% germination was 98°C-days. The results indicate that the seeds have no obligate requirement for alternating temperature for germination.
J. Padro and I. M. Soto, “Exploration of the Nutritional Profile of Trichocereus Terscheckii (Parmentier) Britton & Rose Stems,” Aug. 2013.https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/29091.
Columnar cacti Trichocereus terscheckii is an important source of food and water for insects, birds and wild cattle in dry areas of North West Argentina. Their fruits have been suggested as a plausible source of food, but are not directly included in the human diet yet. Stem chemistry has long been of interest because of its hallucinogenic properties, but little is known about the nutritional value. In this work, basic nutritional composition of a mature stem was analyzed establishing moisture, total fat, ash, fiber, protein, lipidic and sugar profile. The main constituents fatty acid found in T. terscheckii were linolenic, linoleic, palmitic and oleic acids, but also a rare isomer of oleic acid was relatively abundant. This pattern did not agree with the profiles found in other species of columnar cacti. Current exploration of nutritional profiles of T. terscheckii stem provides novel information that contributes to a better understanding of this species whose slow development rate, high water storage capacity and hallucinogenic properties are features that make it especially vulnerable to an increased rate of extraction, habitat fragmentation and extensive cattle ranching.
N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana and R. W. Bussmann, “Echinopsis Pachanoi (Britton & Rose) Friedrich & G.D. Rowley Cactaceae,” in Ethnobotany of the Andes, N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana and R. W. Bussmann, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020, pp. 1–6.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-77093-2_107-1.
J. H. Pardanani, J. L. McLaughlin, R. W. Kondrat, and R. G. Cooks, “Cactus Alkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and Related Compounds from Trichocereus Peruvianus,” Lloydia, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 585–590, Nov. 1977.
Agurell has previously detected (tlc, glc-ms) tyramine, 3-methoxytyramine, and two unknown alkaloids in the Peruvian cactus, Trichocereus peruvianus Br. and R. The presence of mescaline in other similar Trichocereus species prompted us to reinvestigate this species, which is commercially available in the United States. The nonphenolic alkaloid extracts yielded an abundance of crystalline mescaline hydrochloride (0.82% yield) and a trace of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (tlc-ms). Crystalline tyramine hydrochloride, 3-methoxytyramine hydrochloride, and 3,5 dimethoxy-4-hydroxphenethylamine hydrochloride were isolated from the phenolic alkaloid extracts; the last compound has not been previously crystallized from nature, although it is the immediate biosynthetic precursor of mescaline. Crystalline 2-chloromescaline hydrochloride was isolated drom the nonphenolic extracts; but, as determined by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry, this new compound is an extraction artifact. Both 2-chloromescaline and 2.6-dichloromescaline hydrochlorides were prepared synthetically from mescaline. This cactus species has a mescaline content equal or superior to peyote and should be legally controlled as an item of drug abuse.
B. Peco, C. E. Borghi, J. E. Malo, P. Acebes, M. Almirón, and C. M. Campos, “Effects of Bark Damage by Feral Herbivores on Columnar Cactus Echinopsis (=Trichocereus) Terscheckii Reproductive Output,” Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 75, no. 11, pp. 981–985, Nov. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.05.001.
Columnar cacti are an important feature of the arid “cardonal” landscape in South America. The predominant columnar cactus in the southern zone is Echinopsis (=Trichocereus) terscheckii. At some sites, the species suffers considerable trunk damage, attributed in previous studies to feral livestock grazing (donkey and cattle). In order to understand the potential impact of this damage on columnar cactus populations, we investigated whether reproductive output (flower, fruit and seed production) of Echinopsis terscheckii individuals was related to damage, controlling for the effect of individual plant size and habitat characteristics measured at meso and micro-scale. Cactus trunk damage negatively correlated with the number of flowers and fruits, but not with fruit size. We also found significant effects of meso and micro-habitat conditions on all the analyzed reproductive parameters while plant size was positively related to flower and fruit production. These results show that bark damage reduces the reproductive potential of cacti, and therefore that large feral herbivores could have negative effects on reproduction of columnar cacti. Such findings highlight the need for management programs to monitor population trends of these plants and also exotic herbivores.
K. M. Pedrosa, C. M. Lucena, R. F. P. de Lucena, and S. de Faria Lopes, “Traditional Techniques for the Management of Cactaceae in the Americas: The Relationship between Use and Conservation,” Ethnobiology Letters, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 276–282, 2018.
doi: 10.14237/ebl.9.2.2018.1117.
Humans have used and coexisted with cacti in arid regions of North and South America for thousands of years. Species of the family Cactaceae possess physiological adaptations to arid and semi-arid climates that have allowed them to be used as a resource throughout the year by traditional peoples. The objective of this review is to present information on the uses and management of species of Cactaceae in the various regions of the Americas. This review provides information relevant to conservation policies regarding this important resource for local populations in semi-arid regions. To fully understand how management can influence cacti conservation, a knowledge gap regarding the traditional management of cacti needs to be addressed.
E. Pérez-Molphe-Balch et al., “Tissue Culture of Ornamental Cacti,” Scientia Agricola, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 540–561, Dec. 2015.
doi: 10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0012.
E. Pérez-Molphe-Balch, M. del S. Santos-Díaz, R. Ramírez-Malagón, and N. Ochoa-Alejo, “Tissue Culture of Ornamental Cacti,” Scientia Agricola, vol. 72, pp. 540–561, 2015-Nov-Dec.
doi: 10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0012.
Cacti species are plants that are well adapted to growing in arid and semiarid regions where the main problem is water availability. Cacti have developed a series of adaptations to cope with water scarcity, such as reduced leaf surface via morphological modifications including spines, cereous cuticles, extended root systems and stem tissue modifications to increase water storage, and crassulacean acid metabolism to reduce transpiration and water loss. Furthermore, seeds of these plants very often exhibit dormancy, a phenomenon that helps to prevent germination when the availability of water is reduced. In general, cactus species exhibit a low growth rate that makes their rapid propagation difficult. Cacti are much appreciated as ornamental plants due to their great variety and diversity of forms and their beautiful short-life flowers; however, due to difficulties in propagating them rapidly to meet market demand, they are very often over-collected in their natural habitats, which leads to numerous species being threatened, endangered or becoming extinct. Therefore, plant tissue culture techniques may facilitate their propagation over a shorter time period than conventional techniques used for commercial purposes; or may help to recover populations of endangered or threatened species for their re-introduction in the wild; or may also be of value to the preservation and conservation of the genetic resources of this important family. Herein we present the state-of-the-art of tissue culture techniques used for ornamental cacti and selected suggestions for solving a number of the problems faced by members of the Cactaceae family.
C. S. Peritore, “The Promise of Psychedelic Research,” Future Drug Discovery, vol. 4, no. 1, p. FDD70, Mar. 2022.
doi: 10.4155/fdd-2021-0012.
The use of psychedelics as medicines and for overall better brain health is potentially one of the most transformative developments given their immediate and long-lasting therapeutic effects across a plethora of neuropsychiatric disorders and, more recently, some neurodegenerative diseases. The US psychedelic drugs market is forecasted to grow by 16.3% by 2027 due to the increasing prevalence of treatment-resistant depression and mental health disorders. Decades-long restrictions, which date back to when psychedelics were declared controlled substances in 1970, have been lifted to allow researchers to publish on the therapeutic benefits of psychedelics. This review will feature the incredible depth of research underway revealing how psychedelics impact brain structure and function to treat mental health and other neurological disorders.
R. Perumal, M. Prabhu, M. Kannan, and S. Srinivasan, “Taxonomy and Grafting of Ornamental Cacti: A Review,” Agricultural Reviews, no. Of, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2053.
Nowadays, cacti and succulents are widely utilized in landscaping. These plants suit very effectively for both indoor and outdoor decorations. The family Cactaceae comprises of 130 genera with 2000 species and this is primarily divided into three tribes namely: Pereskieae, Opuntieae and Cereeae. Cactus flowers are very attractive and are diverse in size, number, form and color. The nocturnal flowers are always white, with light-yellow or red tones, whereas diurnal flowers are white, purple, yellow-orange, red or green. Basically, an areole is a transformed axillary bud situated over a tubercle with spines and often with hairs and trichomes. Due to their low maintenance requirements and their ability to withstand harsh environments, cacti are extremely popular as ornamental plants across the planet. Cacti can be propagated by seeds, cuttings, offsets and grafts. Grafted cacti are now regarded as one of the most admired ornamental indoor plants worldwide. In cacti, grafting has become a commercial method of propagation to accelerate and hasten the growth rate of slow growing species, to ensure the survival of the plants with poor root system, to ensure the survival of genetic aberration of variegated and bright coloured cacti (red and yellow caps) that lack chlorophyll, to accelerate the growth of plants for commercial use, in order to keep cristate and monstrose forms look attractive. Successful grafts have been obtained when the species like Trichocereus spachianus, Trichocereus macrogonus, Trichocereus pachanoi, Hylocereus trigonus, Hylocereus undatus, Selenicereus grandiflorus, Opuntia bergeriana, Opuntia ficus-indica are grafted onto Nopalea spp. The exogenous application of IBA has a positive effect on the vegetative growth of grafted plants using (Gymnocalycium mihanovichii scion grafted onto Trichocereus spachianus rootstock.
B. Peyton, “Ecology, Distribution, and Food Habits of Spectacled Bears, Tremarctos Ornatus, in Peru,” Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 639–652, Dec. 1980.
doi: 10.2307/1380309.
A study of the behavior and ecology of the spectacled bear, Tremarctos ornatus, in Perú revealed that they occur in all three ranges of the Peruvian Andes, with the majority in the “ceja de selva,” or eastern slope of the Cordillera Oriental. As evidenced by feeding sign and contents of scats, 83 foods were confirmed in the diet of spectacled bears. These include insects, rodents, livestock, corn, berries, tree wood, bamboo hearts, palm frond petioles, 22 species of Bromeliaceae, 11 species of Cacta-ceae, and the fruits of 31 species of trees. Spectacled bears feed predominately on bromeliad hearts, particularly during the months when fruits are not ripe. From February to July, when most of the fruits are ripe, the animals move to the sources of these preferred foods. Direct observations provided information on the bear’s corn-eating behavior. Certain other behavioral activities, such as the building of tree nests, were confirmed. Humid forests between 1,900 and 2,350 m in elevation, and coastal thorn forests are preferred habitats when water is available. Spectacled bears enjoy the most protection in the saturated rain forests in the “ceja de selva” and in the seasonally occupied areas at the upper extreme of the animal’s elevational range. The spectacled bear is not in immediate danger of extinction in Peru owing to its adaptation to a diversity of habitats and the difficulty of access to bear areas with more than 45-degree slopes.
This research article is based on an ethnomedical study, “case closed”, held in 2008 in northern Peru, of descriptive and inclusive natured, carried out by means of participant observation in 56 sessions in which 209 patients were treated to verify the properties of the Peruvian traditional medicine of the San Pedro cactus cure through the rituals of Mesas, performed by the healer Marco Carbajal (who is part of the research group). For said purpose, the patients gave their consent for their conditions or diseases treated with conventional medicine without satisfactory results to be tracked. The research describes two individual case studies.
This research article is based on a “case closed” ethnomedical study held in 2009 in the northern coast of Peru. It’s a descriptive inclusive study carried out by means of participant observation in 55 sessions in which 227 patients were treated in order to verify the therapeutic properties of the Peruvian traditional medicine known as Mesas con San Pedro which is performed by the healer Marcos Carbajal (who makes part of the research group). For this purpose a consented follow up of patients, who had been treated previously with conventional medicine without satisfactory results, was carried out.
Hello I want to make a list of al the varieties off lophophora’s. Offcource you got the main species. fricii, koehresii, williamsii and difusa but I red somewhere l. williamsii also has about 50 varieties like.
C. S. Pozo Crespo, “Consultorio con plantas maestras: hacia una antropología experimental. Experimentación del Cactus San Pedro con psicoterapeutas,” Feb. 2022.http://dspace.ucuenca.edu.ec/handle/123456789/38059.
The following ethnography describes the interspecific relation between humans and the San Pedro cactus. The cactus is conceived as a medicine, while humans use the plant to learn how to activate its self-healing potential. The text goes through stories of this cactus in southern Ecuador and the healers working with it, the story of the use of it as a medicinal plant and its uses in psychotherapy. It´s a description of a social experiment, where the participants make use of the San Pedro cactus and they tell us about their experiences. This ethnography shows an existential-phenomenological position that allows us to report the whole process, begining with the harvest, cooking and how it is served. The rituals around it took place in the Andean mountains.Two psychotherapists, chosen for their years of professional practice, experimented with the San Pedro for one day. They let the plant think for them to generate ontologies that translate the experience with the medicine. They were made under the effect of the plant and interpreted when it has passed. It ends with an analysis of the de-colonial pedagogical action of the cactus. Because the mentioned is a way of learning, unusual, forgotten, and stigmatized in Ecuador since the entry of the new Western order. This worldview reappears as a way in which contemporaneity claims the knowledge of places. The context is urban, western, mestizo, patriarchal, rational, and scientific
S. Pummangura, J. L. McLaughlin, and R. C. Schifferdecker, “Cactus Alkaloids. LI. Lack of Mescaline Translocation in Grafted Trichocereus,” ACS Publications. American Chemical Society, Jul-2004.
doi: 10.1021/np50020a022.
S. Ramsoot, P. Rotduang, M. Weeraphong, H. Seesuk, and N. Khlibtreekaew, “Enhance Efficiency Plant Regeneration of 3 Genotypes Cactus In Vitro,” Songklanakarin Journal of Plant Science, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 20–27, Jun. 2021.http://natres.psu.ac.th/sjps/index.php/journal/article/view/363.
Enhance efficiency plant regeneration of three cactus species including Gymnocalycium damsii, Echinocereus rigidissimus and Echinocactus grusonii were studied. The objective was to investigate the effects of sucrose, explant types and BA on proliferation, growth and development of cactus. The shoot at size of 0.5 cm of three genotypes cactus were uncut halves and longitudinally cut pieces and cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with 0, 15, 30 and 45 g/l sucrose. After 8 weeks of culture, the results found that each species gave various responses to different concentrations of sucrose. The explant uncut longingly of G. damsii cultured on MS medium supplemented with 15 g/L sucrose gave the highest shoot induction at 35.05%, number of shoot (1.28 shoots/explant) and number of root (1.60 roots/explant). For Echinocereus rigidissimus, the explant cut longingly and cultured on MS medium supplemented with 45 g/L sucrose gave the highest shoot induction at 60.25% and number of shoot (7.53 shoots/explant). The explants cut longingly of Echinocactus grusonii and cultured on MS medium supplemented with 45 g/l sucrose gave the highest shoot induction at 36.18% and number of shoot (3.69 shoots/explant). On the other hand, the explant uncut longingly of Echinocactus grusonii and cultured on MS medium supplemented with 15 g/L sucrose gave the highest shoot length (8.60 mm.), root induction (16.35%), number of root (11.50 roots/explant) and root length (2.40 mm). For effect of BA on growth and development of 3 genotypes cactus, the results showed that shoot of G. damsii and Echinocereus rigidissimus cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA gave the highest shoot induction (60.25 and 75.25%) and number of shoot (10.40 and 3.53 shoots/explant), respectively, after 4 weeks of culture. On the other hand, shoot of E. grusonii cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l BA gave the highest shoot induction at 67.25% and number of shoots at 2.27 shoots/explant.
G. S. Rao, “Identity of Peyocactin, an Antibiotic from Peyote ( Lophophora Williamsii ), and Hordenine,” Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 544–545, Apr. 2011.
doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1970.tb10566.x.
Resumo Mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru DC.) is a native cactus of Caatinga with a big importance for development sustainable and biodiversity conservation of this biome. The goal of this work was to disinfest and promoter seed germination of this specie in vitro. For this different concentration of the sodium hypochlorite solution and sucrose were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized in factorial 5 x 5, with five replicates by treatments. Treatments consisted in five sodium hypochlorite concentration (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0%) and five sucrose concentration (0.0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10.0 g.L-1). The following variables were analyzed: contamination; seed germination frequency and seedling growth. The analysis of variance shown that there was a significant interaction for seed germination at 5% of probability by F test. The 2.5% sucrose supplemented media was the most efficient treatment. On other hand, it was observed that the concentration of sodium hypochlorite soluction at 0.5% was effective in seed disinfestations. The best treatment was at 1.0% of hypochlorite. Regarding the seedling growth there was no significant differences among treatments.
J. L. Rodriguez Vega, “Efecto del extracto de Trichocereus pachanoi sobre aprendizaje y memoria espacial en Rattus novergicus var. Albinus,” 2023.https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14414/17507.
A lo largo de la historia de la humanidad se han empleado los alucinógenos o enteógenos con diversas finalidades desde el culto religioso. Su estudio fisiológico no es sencillo debido a que se trata de brebajes preparados en base a extracto de plantas, cuya ingesta desarrolla efectos variables en las emociones y en el aprendizaje. Se tuvo como objetivo: evaluar el efecto del extracto de Trichocereus pachanoi sobre la memoria espacial en Rattus norvegicus var. albinus. A nivel metodológico se desarrolló un diseño de estímulo creciente donde se ordenaron cuatro grupos semejantes de 5 ratas, agrupándose en grupos Problema I, II y III; a los que se les dio por vía oral el extracto a diferentes concentraciones y el grupo testigo no se le dio tratamiento valorando la memoria espacial en el laberinto acuático de Morris. Se encontraron los siguientes resultados en primer lugar las ratas presentaron un tiempo promedio similar para desarrollar latencia en la fase de adquisición y en la fase de retención se observó tiempos equivalentes; al aplicar la dosis 10 % y 20 % varían los índices de aprendizaje mostrando ligero decremento entre sí; y ante la dosis de concentración más alta 30 % se presentó un decremento mayor en el tiempo de latencia de la fase de adquisición, presentando depresión a largo plazo. Se puede concluir que se presentó un efecto equivalente a la depresión a largo plazo en el sujeto experimental, evidenciable en la duración de la conducta motora en el laberinto acuático de Morris, a través de índices de aprendizaje.
M. Rojas-Aréchiga and C. Vázquez-Yanes, “Cactus Seed Germination: A Review,” Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 85–104, Jan. 2000.
doi: 10.1006/jare.1999.0582.
The present review tries to give a general overview of the available information on cactus seed germination. First, information about the family Cactaceae is discussed, concerning aspects such as distribution and general characteristics. Seed distinctive features are mentioned, such as colour, form, and size. Aspects of seed physiology, such as germination and dormancy, as well as seed dynamics including dispersal, predation, and soil seed bank formation, are included in the discussion. Techniques of propagation and some aspects of longevity and conservation are mentioned. The areas where there is scarce information available are highlighted, and, therefore, are important areas in which to continue research in order to generate data for immediate and future conservation efforts.
M. Rojas-Aréchiga, M. C. Mandujano, and J. K. Golubov, “Seed Size and Photoblastism in Species Belonging to Tribe Cacteae (Cactaceae),” Journal of Plant Research, vol. 126, no. 3, pp. 373–386, May 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s10265-012-0526-2.
The response of seed germination towards light and the relationship to seed traits has been studied particularly well in tropical forests. Several authors have shown a clear adaptive response of seed size and photoblastism, however, the evolutionary significance of this relationship for species inhabiting arid environments has not been fully understood and only some studies have considered the response in a phylogenetic context. We collected seeds from 54 cacti species spread throughout the tribe Cacteae to test whether there was correlated evolution of photoblastism, seed traits and germination using a reconstructed phylogeny of the tribe. For each species we determined the photoblastic response under controlled conditions, and seed traits, and analyzed the results using phylogenetically independent contrasts. All studied species were positive photoblastic contrasting with the basal Pereskia suggesting an early evolution of this trait. Seeds from basal species were mostly medium-sized, diverging into two groups. Seeds tend to get smaller and lighter suggesting an evolution to smaller sizes. No evidence exists of a relationship between seed size and photoblastic response suggesting that the photoblastic response within members of this tribe is not adaptive though it is phylogenetically fixed and that is coupled with environmental cues that fine tune the germination response.
M. Romeiro-Brito, N. P. Taylor, D. C. Zappi, M. C. Telhe, F. F. Franco, and E. M. Moraes, “Unravelling Phylogenetic Relationships of the Tribe Cereeae Using Target Enrichment Sequencing,” Annals of Botany, vol. 132, no. 5, pp. 989–1006, Oct. 2023.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcad153.
Cactaceae are succulent plants, quasi-endemic to the American continent, and one of the most endangered plant groups in the world. Molecular phylogenies have been key to unravelling phylogenetic relationships among major cactus groups, previously hampered by high levels of morphological convergence. Phylogenetic studies using plastid markers have not provided adequate resolution for determining generic relationships within cactus groups. This is the case for the tribe Cereeae s.l., a highly diverse group from tropical America. Here we aimed to reconstruct a well-resolved phylogenetic tree of tribe Cereeae and update the circumscription of suprageneric and generic groups in this tribe.We integrated sequence data from public gene and genomic databases with new target sequences (generated using the customized Cactaceae591 probe set) across representatives of this tribe, with a denser taxon sampling of the subtribe Cereinae. We inferred concatenated and coalescent phylogenetic trees and compared the performance of both approaches.Six well-supported suprageneric clades were identified using different datasets. However, only genomic datasets, especially the Cactaceae591, were able to resolve the contentious relationships within the subtribe Cereinae.We propose a new taxonomic classification within Cereeae based on well-resolved clades, including new subtribes (Aylosterinae subtr. nov., Uebelmanniinae subtr. nov. and Gymnocalyciinae subtr. nov.) and revised subtribes (Trichocereinae, Rebutiinae and Cereinae). We emphasize the importance of using genomic datasets allied with coalescent inference to investigate evolutionary patterns within the tribe Cereeae.
H. Rosenberg, K. L. Khanna, M. Takido, and A. G. Paul, “The Biosynthesis of Mescaline in Lophophora Williamsii,” Lloydia, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 334–338, Sep. 1969.
H. Rosenberg and S. J. Stohs, “The Utilization of Tyrosine for Mescaline and Protein Biosynthesis in Lophophora Williamsii,” Phytochemistry, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1861–1863, Sep. 1974.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(74)85102-2.
Studies on the comparative utilization of tyrosine for protein and alkaloid biosynthesis indicate that this amino acid is incorporated into peyote alkaloids at three times the rate at which it is incorporated into protein. In addition, the biosynthetic pathway for tyrosine formation appears to be compartmented into two channels; one supplying the needs for alkaloid biosynthesis and the other providing tyrosine for protein biosynthesis. The latter compartment is possibly under a negative feedback control mechanism.
This is the Part 2 of "Perfect Peyote Soil Mix", with another recipe including coco coir, earthworm castings and limestone. If you are interested in buying pure, well identified San Pedro seeds and seedlings, as well as San Pedro relatives, please email me at: sanpedromastery@protonmail.com If you have a question, I will only reply to questions about cultivation. Please no questions about the psychedelic properties of these cacti.
In this video, I share with you 2 soil recipes for growing the Peyote (Lophophora Williamsii) from seeds, as well as for repotting it. This is Part 1. Please also check Part 2. If you are interested in buying pure, well identified San Pedro seeds and seedlings, as well as San Pedro relatives, please email me at: sanpedromastery@protonmail.com If you have a question, I will only reply to questions about cultivation. Please no questions about the psychedelic properties of these cacti.
In this video I show you the changes I have made in my peyote soil mix in the past couple of years. If you are interested in buying pure, well identified San Pedro seeds and seedlings, as well as San Pedro relatives, please email me at: sanpedromastery@protonmail.com (Please mention your country when you email me) If you have a question, I will only reply to questions about cultivation. Please no questions about the mind expanding properties of these cacti.
El peyote (Lophophora diffusa) es una planta de crecimiento lento en condiciones in situ, en diferentes investigaciones revelan que pueden presentar un crecimiento desde 0.5 a 1 centimetro por ano, este desarrollo esta influenciado en funcion directa del sustrato donde se encuentre establecido; lo que provoca que una planta para ser adulta deben pasar de 8 a 12 anos, otros datos mencionan hasta 20 anos cuando inicia la emision de brotes laterales, sin embargo, el saqueo al cual sometido las poblaciones naturales afectan en forma considerable y, en ocasiones llegan a desaparecer los sitios nucleos. Ante ello deben plantearse alternativas tecnologicas para establecer protocolos eficientes y que eviten que especies amenazadas, pasen al de en “peligro de extincion”. La micropropagacion es una alternativa viable, reproducir gran cantidad de plantas es espacios reducidos. El trabajo se desarrollo en el Instituto Tecnologico de Roque, las plantas micropropagadas se establecieron en cinco mezclas de sustratos, los cuales estuvieron constituidos principalmente por composta, suelo agricola, arena y el testigo en suelo original. Los resultados indican que el mejor crecimiento fue cuando las plantas fueron establecidas en presencia de materia organica, en el caso del suelo original fue uno de los sustratos donde el crecimiento fue mas lento tanto en la altura como en el diametro de las plantas evaluadas.
M. del S. Santos-Díaz and N. G. Camarena-Rangel, “Cacti for Production of Metabolites: Current State and Perspectives,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 103, no. 21, pp. 8657–8667, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s00253-019-10125-5.
The Cactaceae family is native from the American continent but is distributed in the arid and semiarid regions worldwide. Cacti exhibit different morphological (succulent body, extended root system, presence of spines, thick waterproof epidermis) and physiological adaptations (crassulacean acid metabolism) that allow growth in adverse conditions intolerable for most C3 and C4 crops. In addition, these plants produce a wide range of secondary metabolites involved in defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic stresses. The present review focused on the content of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and terpenes present in cacti plants. Data were limited to those compounds clearly characterized by chromatographic and/or spectrometric techniques in both globular and columnar cacti. Additional information about their pharmacological or biological activities, validated by in vitro or in vivo assays, is also presented. Data revealed that the level of some chemical constituents could give value added to these species from a nutritional, pharmacological, and biological point of view.
M. del S. Santos-Díaz and N. G. Camarena-Rangel, “Cacti for Production of Metabolites: Current State and Perspectives,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 103, no. 21, pp. 8657–8667, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s00253-019-10125-5.
The Cactaceae family is native from the American continent but is distributed in the arid and semiarid regions worldwide. Cacti exhibit different morphological (succulent body, extended root system, presence of spines, thick waterproof epidermis) and physiological adaptations (crassulacean acid metabolism) that allow growth in adverse conditions intolerable for most C3 and C4 crops. In addition, these plants produce a wide range of secondary metabolites involved in defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic stresses. The present review focused on the content of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and terpenes present in cacti plants. Data were limited to those compounds clearly characterized by chromatographic and/or spectrometric techniques in both globular and columnar cacti. Additional information about their pharmacological or biological activities, validated by in vitro or in vivo assays, is also presented. Data revealed that the level of some chemical constituents could give value added to these species from a nutritional, pharmacological, and biological point of view.
Y. Sasaki, T. Fujimoto, M. Aragane, I. Yasuda, and S. Nagumo, “Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Lophophora Williamsii by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification,” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 887–891, 2009.
doi: 10.1248/bpb.32.887.
We have developed a convenient method for the detection of Lophophora williamsii using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). We designed six species-specific primers for L. williamsii, including two loop primers. This L. williamsii-specific primer set was used for LAMP of total DNA extracted from L. williamsii and from L. diffusa. Real-time monitoring of LAMP was achieved by measuring turbidity due to the formation of magnesium pyrophosphate. Amplification occurred in samples mixed with total DNA from L. williamsii, but not in those mixed with total DNA from L. diffusa. We could also visually observe L. williamsii by adding fluorescent detection reagent to the reaction tube and exposing it to UV light. This new method amplified L. williamsii selectively and is expected to be applicable to the detection of peyote.
Do prvni sekce je řazen jeden vysoce polymorfni druh L. williamsii, zatimco do seKce Diffusae jsou �’azeny zbyle ctyři druhy L. Lophophora a L. diffusa, L. fricii a alberto-vojtechii. Rod Lophophora je rod malých, kulovitých, nenapadných kaktusů rostoucich od jihozapadu Spojených statu amerických přes severni Mexiko až po středni Mexiko. V dnesni době se do rodu řadi pět druhů, ktere jsou rozděleny do dvou sekci: Lophophora sect. Lophophora a L. sect. Diffusae. Do prvni sekce je řazen jeden vysoce polymorfni druh L. williamsii, zatimco do sekce Diffusae jsou řazeny zbyle ctyři druhy L. diffusa, L. koehresii, L. fricii a L. alberto-vojtechii. Zastupci sekce Lophophora se vedle morfologie lisi od sekce Diffusae i obsahem a složenim alkaloidů. Proslulý alkaloid meskalin, vyvolavajici silný vizualni halucinace, se tvoři jenom u zastupců sekce Lophophora a je tedy charakteristický pro druh L. williamsii. Taxonomicke zpracovani rodu vsak neni jednoznacne a vyvolava mnoho polemik o tom, jestli se v rodě skutecně da rozlisit pět druhů, nebo existuje jenom jeden morfologicky znacně polymorfni druh L. williamsii. Tato bakalařska prace se zaměřila na podrobnou literarni resersi z aktualnich zdrojů, zahrnujici morfologický popis, udaje o taxonomii, arealu výskytu a historii rodu Lophophora. Prakticka cast byla zaměřena na izolaci DNA a testovani molekularnich markerů pro polymerazovou řetězovou reakci (PCR). Celkově bylo zpracovano 151 rostlinných vzorků rodu Lohophora, zahrnujicich ctyři z pěti popsaných druhů, ze kterých byla vyizolovana DNA. Kvalita vyizolovane DNA byla ověřena na agarozove elektroforeze a koncentrace byla změřena na NanoDropu. Vhodnost DNA pro dalsi molekularně-geneticke analýzy, byla otestovana pomoci PCR reakce, kdy se testovalo pět různých markerů na ctyřech vzorcich s různou kvalitou DNA.
S. Scher, “The Achumera: Gender, Status, and the San Pedro Cactus in Moche Ceramic Motifs and Iconography,” in Andean Foodways: Pre-Columbian, Colonial, and Contemporary Food and Culture, J. E. Staller, Ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021, pp. 237–256.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-51629-1_9.
The Moche of north coastal Peru existed from approximately 200–900 as a series of culturally affiliated but politically divided areas. Their art is often quite naturalistic, representing a wide number of subjects. It does not, however, have a great deal of imagery relating directly to entheogenic plants. While there are definitely classes of artistic expression that refer to the experience of trance and spiritual transformation that is often the result of entheogen use explicit representation of entheogenic plants is rare. One type of representation that does seem to depict an entheogen is that of figures, called achumeras, depicted in ceramic vessels holding pieces of Echinopsis pachanoi, the San Pedro cactus. These women appear to occupy a space in society that considers them of medium status and of minimal gender, allowing these figures to comment not only on entheogen use among the Moche, but the complex role of gender and status in when and how the entheogen was used, how the plant itself was represented, and the representation of useful plants (as food and as spiritual catalyst) in Moche art.
R. Schick, “Echinopsis Sensu Stricto and Trichocereus: Differentiating the Genera,” Cactus and Succulent Journal, vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 248–255, Nov. 2011.
doi: 10.2985/0007-9367-83.6.248.
Cactus and Succulent Journal features articles about cacti and other succulent plants and is meant for professionals and hobbyists alike.
B. O. Schlumpberger and S. S. Renner, “Molecular Phylogenetics of Echinopsis (Cactaceae): Polyphyly at All Levels and Convergent Evolution of Pollination Modes and Growth Forms,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 1335–1349, 2012.
doi: 10.3732/ajb.1100288.
• Premise of the study: In its current circumscription, Echinopsis with 100–150 species is one of the largest and morphologically most diverse genera of Cactaceae. This diversity and an absence of correlated characters have resulted in numerous attempts to subdivide Echinopsis into more homogeneous subgroups. To infer natural species groups in this alliance, we here provide a plastid phylogeny and use it to infer changes in growth form, pollination mode, and ploidy level. • Methods: We sequenced 3800 nucleotides of chloroplast DNA from 162 plants representing 144 species and subspecies. The sample includes the type species of all genera close to, or included in, Echinopsis as well as a dense sample of other genera of the Trichocereeae and further outgroups. New and published chromosome counts were compiled and traced on the phylogeny, as were pollination modes and growth habits. • Key results: A maximum likelihood phylogeny confirms that Echinopsis s.l. is not monophyletic nor are any of the previously recognized genera that have more than one species. Pollination mode and, to a lesser extent, growth habit are evolutionarily labile, and diploidy is the rule in Echinopsis s.l., with the few polyploids clustered in just a few clades. • Conclusions : The use of evolutionary labile floral traits and growth habit has led to nonnatural classifications. Taxonomic realignments are required, but further study of less evolutionary labile traits suitable for circumscribing genera are needed. Surprisingly, polyploidy seems infrequent in the Echinopsis alliance and hybridization may thus be of minor relevance in the evolution of this clade.
R. E. Schultes, “The Appeal of Peyote (Lophophora Williamsii) as a Medicine1,” American Anthropologist, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 698–715, 1938.
doi: 10.1525/aa.1938.40.4.02a00100.
L. Schwertner-Charão, R. Delgado-Martínez, J. Treviño-Carreón, C. L. Jiménez Sierra, C. C. Astudillo-Sánchez, and E. O. Hernández, “Spatial Distribution Pattern and Interactions Facilitating of Lophophora Williamsii (Lem. Ex Salm-Dyck) J.M.Coult. (Cactaceae) in Tamaulipas, México,” no. 4063001. Rochester, NY, Mar-2022.
doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4063001.
In this study, the spatial distribution pattern of Lophophora williamsii (peyote) was determined through Ripley’s K function and the facilitation interactions between the cactus and other species of the xeric scrub in southwestern Tamaulipas. Dasometric measurements of perennial plants were obtained in 10 plots of 100 m2. The frequencies of the associations between the peyotes and the facilitating species were obtained. The cardinal position of the peyotes under the canopy of the facilitator plant was recorded, as well as the temperature and radiation at ground level and under the canopy of the facilitators. Peyote presented an aggregate-type spatial distribution pattern, 97.7% of the sampled individuals presented association with facilitating species, among which Prosopis glandulosa (mezquite) stands out with 30.90%, Flourensia cernua (hojasén) with 24.70%, Larrea tridentata (gobernadora) with 19.15% and Agave lechuguilla (lechuguilla) with 16.11%. Significantly higher frequencies of peyotes positioned in the northern quadrant of the facilitator canopy were observed. Temperatures and solar radiation were significantly contrasting under the different associated species compared to open areas.
R. Scogin, “Nectar Constituents of the Cactaceae,” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 77, Mar. 1985.
doi: 10.2307/3670659.
Thenectarconstitutionof 43 cactus species representingtaxa servicedby numerous pollinator classes is reportedwith respectto sugar concentration,sugar composition,and caloric content per flower. Sugar concentrations do not differ significantly among hawkmoth-, hummingbird-,and bat-visitedcactus flowers.A tendencyto sucroserichnessis presentin nectars taken by moths and birds, whereas balanced and hexose-richnectarsoccur in bat-visitedcacti. Energycontentperflowershowsa differencbeetweenbat and othervisitortypes.
El “peyote queretano”, Lophophora diffusa, es una cactacea endemica de la region semiarida Queretaro-Hidalguense. Las poblaciones de esta especie son mermadas por el saqueo directo de individuos debido a sus supuestas propiedades quimicas y curativas. Ademas, los sitios en donde habita estan sujetos a transformaciones constantes por cambios de uso del suelo. La especie es senalada como amenazada (A) en la nom-059-semarnat-2010, como vulnerable (Vu) en la Lista Roja de la uicn y esta incluida en el Apendice ll de cites. Sin embargo, la asignacion de estas categorias ha sido un tanto subjetiva debido a la carencia de informacion sobre muchos aspectos de la biologia de la especie. En este trabajo se aplico el Metodo de Evaluacion del Riesgo de Extincion de las Especies Silvestres en Mexico (mer) (Anexo I de la nom-059-semarnat-2010) con el fin de justificar la re-categorizacion de L. diffusa como especie en peligro de extincion (P)
C. R. Serrano, “Micropropagation of Cactus Plants (Cactaceae),” in Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology: Advances and Topical Issues, 1st ed., Global Science Books, 2008, pp. 219–226.
The micropropagation of cactus has been carried out over three decades of research, where the application of cytokinins and auxins to media culture as well as the use of phylloclades as explants are the two main keys to promote areole activation, growth and development. Most procedures are highly specific and poorly competent. In this chapter we present a brief review on the propagation of cactus plants – mainly of horticulture interest or needed for conservation – by tissue culture. We also attempt to identify innovation in technology and novelties in techniques that would allow for the methodologies to be widely applied to all members of the Cactaceae.
D. Sharon, “Sacred Sanpedro in Ethnoarchaeological Context,” Ñawpa Pacha, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 77–120, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1080/00776297.2019.1574959.
The earliest graphic evidence for the Sanpedro cactus occurs in north-coastal Cupisnique Culture (1500–500 BC) with ceramic depictions of the cactus by itself or more frequently associated with felines and stepped volutes. In Chavin Culture (1200–500 BC), the cactus is found in lithic sculpture associated with the “Smiling God.” By Moche times (AD 100–800), Sanpedro is held in the hands of hooded females depicted alone in Moche I and II. By Moche IV there is a proliferation of these females conducting curing ceremonies. An important Sanpedro association in early Moche is with mountains. By Moche IV one ceramic depicts a blood sacrifice at the foot of a five-peaked mountain which recent research has demonstrated to be Cerro Campana, a mountain invoked by contemporary curanderas located midway between Huaca de la Luna in the Moche Valley and Huaca Cao Viejo in the Chicama Valley. Cosmograms at both of these sites are mirror-images of each other. The backgrounds of these painted reliefs include images that may be slices of Sanpedro. In the two reliefs the tripartite structuring of icons expressing a “complementarity of opposites” recurs in Cuzco’s Coricancha cosmogram and the organization of power objects on contemporary curandero altars (mesas). In Lambayeque Culture (AD 800–1100) the hooded female is depicted alone holding Sanpedro. In Chimú Culture (AD. 900–1470) there is a paucity of Sanpedro depictions probably reflecting a divergence of grass-roots curanderismo from a fully-formed state religion, a situation that continues to the present.
R. Shonle, “Peyote, the Giver of Visions,” American Anthropologist, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 53–75, 1925.
doi: 10.1525/aa.1925.27.1.02a00040.
J. H. C. S. Silva, G. A. de Azerêdo, W. de M. Ferreira, and V. C. de Souza, “Water Restriction in Seeds of Cereus Jamacaru DC.,” Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 1–7, Jun. 2021.
doi: 10.5039/agraria.v16i2a8431.
Mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru DC.) is a cactus widely found in the Caatinga, with its seeds usually subjected to adverse conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of water restriction on germination and vigor of mandacaru seeds by using different salts and osmotic potentials. To that end, we used saline solutions of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 prepared at the osmotic potentials of 0.0; -0.2; -0.4; -0.6; -0.8; -1.0 and -1.2 MPa. Four replicates of 50 seeds per treatment were used, distributed in “gerbox” boxes between blotter paper and under temperature of 25 °C. Counts of the number of germinated seeds were performed daily for 21 days after root protrusion. The variables analyzed were the following: water content (%), germination (%), mean germination time and normal seedlings (%). A completely randomized following the factorial scheme 4 × 7 (salts × osmotic potentials) was employed. Results obtained suggest that mandacaru seeds show the ability to germinate in saline soils, a characteristic found in arid and semi-arid areas. Decreased osmotic potential promoted reductions in germination (%) and vigor of Cereus jamacaru DC seeds. The MgCl2 salt was the one that most negatively affected the germination and initial seedling development.
A. Singh Saroya and J. Singh, “Description of Psychoactive Medicinal Plants,” in Psychoactive Medicinal Plants and Fungal Neurotoxins, A. Singh Saroya and J. Singh, Eds. Singapore: Springer, 2020, pp. 15–106.
doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-2313-7_3.
Common name: Silver wattle, French mimosa.
T. Smale, “Notes on the 1979 Seed Distribution,” The Cactus and Succulent Journal of Great Britain, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 14–16, 1979.https://www.jstor.org/stable/42786901.
J. Šnicer, J. Bohata, and V. Myšák, “The Littlest Lophophora,” Cactus and Succulent Journal, vol. 81, no. 6, pp. 294–300, Nov. 2009.
doi: 10.2985/015.081.0606.
Cactus and Succulent Journal features articles about cacti and other succulent plants and is meant for professionals and hobbyists alike.
M. K. Steinberg, Ed., Dangerous Harvest: Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
O. C. Stewart, “Origin of the Peyote Religion in The United States,” Plains Anthropologist, vol. 19, no. 65, pp. 211–223, Aug. 1974.
doi: 10.1080/2052546.1974.11908677.
Peyotism in the United States was dependent upon the Peyote cactus, Lophophora williamsii, which has a very limited distribution along the lower Rio Grande River, centered around Laredo, Texas. The Lipan Apache Indians in the vicinity of Laredo,,1760to 1850’s, learned of the properties of Peyote and the ritual for its use from Coahuiltecan-speaking Carrizo and Tonkawa and in turn taught Peyotism to the Comanche and Kiowa.
T. Takizawa et al., “A New Type of Triterpene from Trichocereus Pachanoi,” ACS Publications. American Chemical Society, Jul-2004.
doi: 10.1021/np50102a024.
M. Terry and B. Williams, “(Cactaceae) I. Regrowth and Survivorship Two Years Post Harvest in a South Texas Population.”
Current and evolving aspects of the regulatory environment and emerging perceptions regarding the need for U.S. federal regulations that would provide legal certainty for individuals involved in the adoption of cultivation of culturally acceptable peyote on an economically viable commercial scale are summarized. The progress toward and impediments to legally protected cultivation of Lophophora williamsii, commonly known as peyote, are elucidated. Recent increases in the ceremonial and medicinal consumption of peyote are inferred from published data and personal observations of the authors. The conservation-based rationale for peyote cultivation is that the predictable shift in the primary mode of production from the current unsustainable harvesting of wild peyote in habitat to regulated cultivation of peyote, either in situ or under glass, would provide alternative supplies of peyote for current and future use by the Native American Church. Such a change in the principal peyote production system from wildharvesting to cultivation would logically reduce the harvesting pressure on the peyote populations that survive the intense overharvesting inherent in the present system. We summarize current and evolving aspects of the regulatory environment and emerging perceptions regarding the need for U.S. federal regulations that would provide legal certainty for individuals involved in the adoption of cultivation of culturally acceptable peyote on an economically viable commercial scale. Published on-line www.phytologia.org Phytologia 95(4): 314-320 (Nov. 1, 2013). ISSN 030319430
M. K. Terry, A. E. Pepper, A. W. Strong, D. M. Tarin, D. M. Price, and J. R. Manhart, “Genetic Structure of a Population of the Endangered Star Cactus (Astrophytum Asterias) in Southern Texas,” Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 182–188, Jun. 2012.
doi: 10.1894/0038-4909-57.2.182.
We used data on alleles of seven polymorphic microsatellite loci in 142 individuals of the star cactus Astrophytum asterias from five subpopulations to estimate genetic parameters. Four of the subpopulations had high levels of heterozygosity and allelic diversity compatible with efficient outcrossing, and low FST -values that suggested high rates of gametic gene flow effected by winged-insect pollinators. The fifth subpopulation that was small and occupied the smallest area had low levels of heterozygosity and allelic diversity, which can be caused by small populations, inbreeding, geographic isolation, and founder effect. Our research indicated that all subpopulations, except one, were genetically suitable sources of propagules for reintroduction or for augmentation of other populations.
Reducing the frequency of harvesting of wild peyote would allow regrowth crowns to mature in size—thus reducing the number of crowns per dose required for sacramental consumption and de-suppress the production of seed for the next generation. Lophophora williamsii (peyote) is a cactus whose crowns are commercially harvested for religious use as an ingested psychoactive sacrament by members of the Native American Church. Over the past quarter century peyote has become progressively less available, due in part to improper harvesting techniques and excessive harvesting. Since anatomical aspects of the regrowth of peyote and best harvesting practices were explicated in a previous study (Terry & Mauseth 2006), the principal focus in the present study was to determine the effects of harvesting where only best practices were employed. We assessed the effects of (1) harvesting per se (a single harvesting event evaluated after two years), (2) repeated harvesting (two harvesting events two years apart), and (3) not harvesting at all. After two years, the once-harvested group had a 90% survival rate and the unharvested control group had a 98% survival rate, a difference that was not statistically significant. The above-ground volume of the unharvested plants was significantly larger than that of the regrown harvested plants. While the regrown harvested plants had on average more crowns, their crowns were significantly smaller, in comparison to those of the unharvested plants. After two years, the surviving plants in the harvested group were divided into two subgroups, one of which was harvested for a second time. The other subgroup consisted of plants that had been harvested only once (at the start of the study) and were not reharvested. The weights of the crowns obtained in the second harvest were significantly lower than the weights of the crowns obtained in the first harvest from the same plants two years earlier. The net effect of a single harvesting was a reduction of plant above-ground volume by almost 80% after two years of regrowth. These data reflect what is occurring on a massive scale in habitat where peyote is commercially harvested. The annual numbers of crowns being harvested have not yet decreased drastically, due to the increased number of crowns produced as regrowth in response to harvesting. But the average size of the crowns in the regulated peyote market has decreased markedly due to too-early harvesting of immature regrowth crowns. These results—with emphasis on the conspicuous reduction in mean size of individuals—are typical of overharvested populations of wild-collected species, such as ginseng. The conclusion for conservation management is that reducing the frequency of harvesting of wild peyote would allow regrowth crowns to mature in size—thus reducing the number of crowns per dose required for sacramental consumption. It would also allow regrowth crowns to mature sexually, which would effectively de-suppress the production of seed for the next generation.
Trends and results indicate that present rates of peyote harvest are unsustainable, including harvesting treatments similar to those used to harvest it for legally protected religious use by members of the Native American Church. In 2008 we began a long-term study of the effects of harvesting on a wild population of the cactus Lophophora williamsii (peyote), including harvesting treatments similar to those used to harvest it for legally protected religious use by members of the Native American Church. Here we assess the effects of harvesting in three different treatments: (1) plants that were harvested once, (2) plants that were harvested every two years (typical of commercial harvesting rates), and (3) control plants that were never harvested. After four years, the survival rate was significantly greater in the unharvested control plants (94%) than in the harvested plants (73%). Average harvested mass of fresh tissue per plant decreased significantly (by 44%) between the first and second harvests, and then further decreased significantly (by 32%) between the second and third harvests. The average number of crowns per plant, which increased after the first harvest, decreased after the second harvest. Estimated total volume of the above-ground crown(s) of each plant, which was closely related to harvested plant mass, was used to compare growth rates between treatments. The average growth rate of the multiple-harvest plants was significantly lower than the average growth rates of plants in the other two treatments. Growth rates in the control and single-harvest treatments did not differ significantly in 2012, but because the single-harvest plants were so much smaller than the control plants in 2010, they remained smaller than the control plants in 2012. The annual number of crowns harvested and sold commercially as “buttons” by licensed peyote distributors continued its slow decrease in 2011, while the price per unit continued to rise. These trends and the results of this study all indicate that present rates of peyote harvest are unsustainable. key wordS: cactus conservation, peyote harvest, cactus overharvesting, Native American Church, peyote conservation status
The results of this study indicate that a six-year recovery period, following the harvesting of peyote in natural habitats, is probably not long enough to ensure long-term sustainability. Here we report the 6-year results of a long-term study of the effects of harvesting on a wild population of the cactus Lophophora williamsii (peyote). Harvesting was performed using the best known technique: removing only the crown from the top of the plant. The two-year interval between harvests was chosen because it was similar to that observed by persons who harvest peyote for legally protected religious use by members of the Native American Church. Plants in the study were divided into three treatment groups: (1) control plants that were never harvested, (2) plants that were harvested only once, at the beginning of the study, and (3) plants that were harvested at the beginning of the study and every two years thereafter. Over the last two years of the study (2012‒2014), the survival rate was significantly lower (77%) in the plants harvested every two years than in the once-harvested plants (100%) and the unharvested control plants (98%). At the end of the 6th year of the study, average volume of living crown tissue per plant was significantly and substantially lower in the plants harvested every two years than in the once-harvested plants and the unharvested controls. The average volume of once-harvested plants was 27% lower than that of the controls, although this latter difference was not statistically significant. The modal number of crowns per plant varied with treatment and over time; in the plants harvested every two years it underwent a progression from 1 to 2 to 3 to 1 in response to successive harvests. The results of this study indicate that a six-year recovery period, following the harvesting of peyote in natural habitats, is probably not long enough to ensure long-term sustainability. key words: cactus conservation, peyote harvest, cactus overharvesting, Native American Church, peyote conservation status
M. Terry, “Limitations to Natural Production of Lophophora Williamsii (Cactaceae) Iii. Effects of Repeated Harvesting at Two-Year Intervals for Six Years in a South Texas (u.s.a.) Population.”
Here we report the 6-year results of a long-term study of the effects of harvesting on a wild population of the cactus Lophophora williamsii (peyote). Harvesting was performed using the best known technique: removing only the crown from the top of the plant. The two-year interval between harvests was chosen because it was similar to that observed by persons who harvest peyote for legally protected religious use by members of the Native American Church. Plants in the study were divided into three treatment groups: (1) control plants that were never harvested, (2) plants that were harvested only once, at the beginning of the study, and (3) plants that were harvested at the beginning of the study and every two years thereafter. Over the last two years of the study (2012‒2014), the survival rate was significantly lower (77%) in the plants harvested every two years than in the once-harvested plants (100%) and the unharvested control plants (98%). At the end of the 6th year of the study, average volume of living crown tissue per plant was significantly and substantially lower in the plants harvested every two years than in the once-harvested plants and the unharvested controls. The average volume of once-harvested plants was 27% lower than that of the controls, although this latter difference was not statistically significant. The modal number of crowns per plant varied with treatment and over time; in the plants harvested every two years it underwent a progression from 1 to 2 to 3 to 1 in response to successive harvests. The results of this study indicate that a six-year recovery period, following the harvesting of peyote in natural habitats, is probably not long enough to ensure long-term sustainability.
M. Terry, “Regeneration of Lophophora Williamsii (Cactaceae) Following Mummification of Its Crown by Natural Freezing Events, and Some Observations on Multiple Stem Formation,” 2011.
M. Terry and K. Trout, “Regulation of Peyote (Lophophora Williamsii: Cactaceae) in the U.S.A: A Historical Victory of Religion and Politics over Science and Medicine,” Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 2017.
doi: 10.17348/jbrit.v11.i1.1146.
The peyote cactus, Lophophora williamsii, is presently classified as a Schedule 1 Controlled Substance in the USA, with an exemption for use as a sacrament in bona fide religious ceremonies of the Native American Church (NAC). Any botanist or other researcher seeking to work with peyote or any of its alkaloids, must com-ply with applicable (nontrivial) regulatory requirements. This paper presents an examination of the prohibition efforts that paved the way for current peyote regulation, accompanied by documentation of the religion-based political origins of such efforts, which involved the "acculturation" of Native Americans (i.e., the destruction of American Indian cultures). We also look at the historical emergence of a nationally organized and coordinated effort by missionaries and other prohibitionists to sell a federal anti-peyote law to Congress, which manifested itself repeatedly over a period of more than fifty years, before finally realizing success in the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. In view of ongoing changes in the legal/regulatory status of Cannabis sp. (another Schedule 1 plant that was targeted for illegality during the prohibitionists’ rise to political predominance), we compare and contrast the two plants with speculation on peyote’s future.
With these new anatomical tools, it is now possible to set up titration experiments, first in the greenhouse and then in the field, to generate practical biometric data to determine the maximum depth at which the peyote harvesters can cut the plants without significantly reducing the survival rate of the rootstocks left in the ground after harvest. Over the last four decades, the size and density of populations of Lophophora williamsii (peyote) have diminished markedly in large areas of South Texas where licensed peyote distributors harvest the cactus for ceremonial use by the Native American Church. Part of the problem lies in the fact that some harvesters are cutting plants too low on the subterranean stem or taproot. That practice precludes the regeneration of new stems and ultimately results in the death of the decapitated plants. To address this problem, we describe the anatomical distinctions between subterranean stem and root in L. williamsii as follows: The stem cortex can be distinguished by the cortical bundles running through the parenchyma, in contrast to the root cortex, which consists of pure parenchyma without cortical bundles. The pith at the center of the stem is pure parenchyma (without xylem) and is readily distinguished from the dilatated metaxylem (with masses of dark-staining metaxylem tracheary elements) occupying the center of the root. With these new anatomical tools, it is now possible to set up titration experiments, first in the greenhouse and then in the field, to generate practical biometric data to determine the maximum depth at which the peyote harvesters can cut the plants without significantly reducing the survival rate of the rootstocks left in the ground after harvest.
M. Terry and J. D. Mauseth, “ROOT-SHOOT ANATOMY AND POST-HARVEST VEGETATIVE CLONAL DEVELOPMENT IN LOPHOPHORA WILLIAMSII (CACTACEAE: CACTEAE): IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION.”
Over the last four decades, the size and density of populations of Lophophora williamsii (peyote) have diminished markedly in large areas of South Texas where licensed peyote distributors harvest the cactus for ceremonial use by the Native American Church. Part of the problem lies in the fact that some harvesters are cutting plants too low on the subterranean stem or taproot. That practice precludes the regeneration of new stems and ultimately results in the death of the decapitated plants. To address this problem, we describe the anatomical distinctions between subterranean stem and root in L. williamsii as follows: The stem cortex can be distinguished by the cortical bundles running through the parenchyma, in contrast to the root cortex, which consists of pure parenchyma without cortical bundles. The pith at the center of the stem is pure parenchyma (without xylem) and is readily distinguished from the dilatated metaxylem (with masses of dark-staining metaxylem tracheary elements) occupying the center of the root. With these new anatomical tools, it is now possible to set up titration experiments, first in the greenhouse and then in the field, to generate practical biometric data to determine the maximum depth at which the peyote harvesters can cut the plants without significantly reducing the survival rate of the rootstocks left in the ground after harvest.
Cactus and Succulent Journal features articles about cacti and other succulent plants and is meant for professionals and hobbyists alike.
M. Terry, “Stalking the Wild Lophophora,” Cactus and Succulent Journal, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 310–317, Nov. 2008.
doi: 10.2985/0007-9367-80.6.310.
M. Terry, “Stalking the Wild Lophophora: PART 2 Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas,” Cactus and Succulent Journal, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 222–228, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.2985/0007-9367(2008)80[222:STWL]2.0.CO;2.
Information from interviews with local residents suggests the existence of many more star cactus populations than have been documented, and the annual take of this endangered cactus approaches the total number of wild specimens known in the U.S. Astrophytum asterias, commonly called star cactus, is a federally listed endangered cactus endemic to the Tamaulipan thornscrub ecoregion of extreme southern Texas, USA, and Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Only three metapopulations totaling less than 4000 plants are presently known in Texas. Star cactus, known locally as “star peyote”, is highly sought by collectors. This small, dome-shaped, spineless, eightribbed cactus is sometimes mistaken for peyote (Lophophora williamsii), which grows in the same or adjacent habitats. Peyote is harvested from native thornscrub habitats in Texas by local Hispanic people and sold to peyoteros, licensed distributors who sell the peyote to Native American Church members. Annual peyote harvests in Texas approach 2,000,000 “buttons” (crowns). Although the peyoteros do not buy star cactus from harvesters, they cultivate star cactus in peyote gardens at their places of business and give star cacti to their customers as lagniappe. If even 0.1% of harvested “peyote” is actually star cactus, the annual take of this endangered cactus approaches the total number of wild specimens known in the U.S. This real but unquantifiable take, together with information from interviews with local residents, suggests the existence of many more star cactus populations than have been documented. ASTROPHYTUM AND LOPHOPHORA – SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Astrophytum asterias (Zuccarini) Lemaire (star cactus) is a small, spineless cactus. Each plant usually has a single low, dome-shaped stem that becomes flat or depressed during dry conditions. In the wild, star cactus grows to 7 cm tall and 15 cm in diameter. Plants are green to grayishgreen or goldish-brown, patterned with whitish to yellowish circular scales. Each normally has 8 triangular ribs separated by narrow grooves. The areoles follow a central line down each rib, bearing tufts of short, whitish hairs. The pale yellow flowers with orange-red bases appear in mid-March through May (Fig. 1) (Benson 1982; Damude and Poole 1990). Star cactus was listed as Endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 1993 due to its few populations and high degree of threat from collecting. It is also listed in the Convention on International Trade in FIGURE 1. Endangered Astrophytum asterias (Star cactus), Starr County, Texas
J. Thomann, L. Ley, A. Klaiber, M. E. Liechti, and U. Duthaler, “Development and Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantification of Mescaline and Major Metabolites in Human Plasma,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 220, p. 114980, Oct. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114980.
Mescaline is a psychedelic phenethylamine found in different species of cacti. Currently, mescaline’s acute subjective effects and pharmacokinetics are investigated in several modern clinical studies. Therefore, we developed a bioanalytical method for the rapid quantification of mescaline and its metabolites in human plasma. Mescaline and its metabolites 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acid (TMPAA), N-acetyl mescaline (NAM), and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylamine (4-desmethyl mescaline) were simultaneously analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Optimal chromatographic separation was achieved with an Acquity Premier HSS T3 C18 column. The analytes were detected in positive ionization mode using scheduled multiple reaction monitoring. A single step extraction method was implemented to enable fast and automatable plasma sample preparation. An intra-assay accuracy between 84.9% and 106% and a precision of ≤ 7.33% was observed in three validation runs. Plasma was extracted by simple protein precipitation, resulting in a complete recovery (≥ 98.3%) and minor matrix effects (≤ 7.58%). No interference with endogenous matrix components could be detected in human plasma samples (n = 7). Importantly, method sensitivity sufficed for assessing pharmacokinetic parameters of mescaline in clinical study samples with lower limits of quantification of 12.5, 12.5, and 1.25 ng/mL for mescaline, TMPAA, and NAM, respectively. Nonetheless, 4-desmethyl mescaline could not be selectively quantified in pharmacokinetic samples due to interference with another mescaline metabolite. Overall, we developed and validated a reliable and very easy-to-use method for forensic applications as well as investigating the clinical pharmacokinetics of mescaline.
M. Tierney, “Beyond the San Pedro Cactus: Ancient Nasca Shamanism in Polychrome Ceramics,” Middle Atlantic Review of Latin American Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, Dec. 2022.https://marlasjournal.com/articles/405.
Many scholars assume that the ancient Nasca practiced a form of shamanism on the south coast of present-day Peru (c. 1–750 CE). Typically, the identification of entheogens and shaman figures as subject matter in the vast corpus of Nasca polychrome ceramics supports those claims; however, visual analysis of the vessel forms and images reveals further evidence of a deeper understanding of shamanic practice. Some polychromes show that Nasca ceramists were concerned with documenting not only the physical nature of shamanic practice but also the unseen experiences of a shaman leading up to and during trance and visions.This article presents visual evidence from Nasca ceramic vessels, reiterated by other Nasca visual-material culture, to suggest that, in addition to showing the elements necessary to achieve trance as well as the shamans who did so, vessel imagery and forms provide a physical and lasting form in the “real” world for experiences seen and felt only by a few in the visionary realm. These characteristics indicate that artists sought to depict the experience of a shaman, including numerous methods to achieve visions and myriad activities of a shaman, the phenomenology and imagery of the visionary realm, and the phenomenology of a shaman’s journey, thus aiding an understanding of uniquely Nasca shamanism. Muchos expertos asumen que los antiguos nasca practicaban una forma de chamanismo en la costa sur del Perú actual (c. 1–750 EC). La identificación de enteógenos y figuras de chamanes como tema en el vasto corpus de cerámica policromada nasca tiende a apoyar esas afirmaciones; sin embargo, el análisis visual de las formas e imágenes de las vasijas revela evidencia adicional de una comprensión más profunda de la práctica chamánica. Algunas policromías muestran que los ceramistas nasca estaban preocupados por documentar no solo la naturaleza física de la práctica chamánica, sino también las experiencias invisibles del chamán antes y durante el trance y las visiones.Este artículo presenta evidencia visual de vasijas de cerámica nasca, reiteradas por otras culturas visuales-materiales nasca, para sugerir que, además de mostrar los elementos necesarios para lograr el trance, así como a los chamanes que lo hicieron, las imágenes y formas de vasijas proporcionan una forma física y duradera en el mundo “real” para experiencias vistas y sentidas por solo unos pocos en el reino visionario. Estas características indican que los artistas buscaban representar la experiencia del chamán, incluidos numerosos métodos para lograr visiones y una miríada de actividades del chamán, la fenomenología y las imágenes del reino visionario y la fenomenología del viaje del chamán, ayudando así a una comprensión del chamanismo nasca único.
ABSTRACT: The sacred function of the cactus Trichocereus pachanoi known as San Pedro is des- cribed and interpreted, in its mythological dimensions in the South American Andes for the diverse millennial cultures that have given it an ancestral usage in religious and knowledge ceremonies, up to its popular appropriation by the postcolonial mestizo world and leading up to its present utilization in the field of popular witchcraft. The text is based on archaeological data, anthropological interpretations and on tra- ditions that have their way to the present.
C. M. Torres, “The Use of Psychoactive Plants by Ancient Indigenous Populations of the North Andes,” Journal of Psychedelic Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 198–211, Jun. 2019.
doi: 10.1556/2054.2018.015.
This investigation focuses on the North Andes and includes discussion of monumental stone sculpture in the environs of San Agustín, Colombia, as well as Muisca, Quimbaya, and Darién (Sinú) goldworking traditions. Through formal and iconographic analyses of ceremonial paraphernalia, this paper shows that the primary ideologies of the cultures of this region involved the use of several psychoactive plants.
Produkce sekundárních metabolitů v explantátových kulturách Trichocereus pachanoi (Cactaceae). Lucie Urbanová Diplomová práce Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Farmaceutická fakulta v Hradci Králové, Farmacie Klíčová slova: Trichocereus pachanoi, explantátové kultury, meskalin, sekundární metabolity, prekurzory, elicitace, kyselina skořicová, skořican sodný, tryptofan, ozon, methylenová modř Cílem této diplomové práce bylo sledování vlivu vybraných prekurzorů a elicitorů na produkci sekundárního metabolitu meskalinu v explantátových kulturách Trichocereus pachanoi. Ke kultivaci suspenzních kultur bylo použito medium dle Murashigeho a Skooga s přidanými růstovými regulátory kyselinou 2,4-dichlorfenoxyoctovou a 6-benzylaminopurinem. Ke zkoumání ovlivnění produkce byly vybrány prekurzory kyselina skořicová, skořican sodný a tryptofan a elicitory ozon a methylenová modř. Prekurzory byly připraveny a použity v koncentracích 50, 100 a 500 mg·l-1. Ozon byl přidán ve dvou časových úsecích 5 a 10 sekund. Methylenová modř byla použita v koncentraci 1, 10 a 100 mg·l-1. Kultivace s přidanými látkami probíhala po dobu 24 a 168 hodin. Ke stanovení obsahu meskalinu byla použita metoda HPLC. Statisticky významný vliv na produkci meskalinu v kultuře in vitro byl prokázán pouze u skořicanu sodného. U koncentrace 500...
Las propiedades insecticidas de the biznaga Lophophora williamsii en estadio juvenil y adulto sobre las moscas de the fruta Anastrepha obliqua mostraron que no hay diferencia significativa en the efectividad oficial con respecto a la edad of the planta. En el presente estudio se determinaron las propiedades insecticidas de la biznaga Lophophora williamsii en estadio juvenil y adulto sobre las moscas de la fruta Anastrepha obliqua. Para evaluar el efecto insecticida, se realizo una alimentacion bio-ensayo de las moscas con extractos etanolicos de L. williamsii. Los resultados mostraron que no hay diferencia significativa en la efectividad de la biznaga con respecto a la edad de la planta. Los extractos etanolicos mostraron actividad insecticida, en ambos estadios, superiores al 70%.
L. J. Vera Chilcon, “Estado de conservación de las poblaciones de trichocereus pachanoi, ‘San Pedro’ en el refugio de vida silvestre Laquipampa, 2015.” 2016.
F. Verloove, Á. M. Rodríguez, M. Salas-Pascual, and A. Guiggi, “New Cactus Records from Gran Canaria with a Key to the Opuntioid Species Now Established in the Canary Islands (Spain),” Haseltonia, vol. 2018, no. 25, pp. 115–124, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.2985/026.025.0110.
Further field work in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) yielded new records of escaped cacti. Opuntia elatior, O. engelmannii, O. phaeacantha, O. stricta, Oreocereus pseudofossulatus, Pilosocereus polygonus, Trichocereus cuzcoensis and T. pachanoi are reported for the first time from Gran Canaria. A spontaneous hybrid between two invasive species (O. ficus-indica and O. robusta) was recorded in two localities. Several of these taxa appear to be firmly established while others are considered casuals, at least at present. Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica – a species formerly considered doubtful in the Canary Islands – is confirmed from Gran Canaria. New records are presented for three recently detected, naturalized or invasive species: Cylindropuntia bigelovii, C. prolifera and Opuntia lindheimeri. All newly detected taxa are illustrated and a key for the identification of the opuntioid species reliably recorded so far in the Canary Islands is presented.
M. L. D. Viana, “Seed Production and Seed Bank of Trichocereus Pasacana (Cactaceae) in Northwestern Argentina.”
Fruit and seed production and seed bank of Trichocereus pasacana were studied for two years at two different sites (Cardonal and Duendeyacu) in the National Park Los Cardones (N. W. Argentina). The sites differed in T. pasacana density, plant species diversity and altitude. Wet and dry fruit weight, pulp content per fruit and mean seed weight of the T.pasacana population at the Cardonal site exceeded that of Duendeyacu, but mean seed number per fruit was similar at both sites. The number of fruits produced by the adult population was variable in space and time. Mean seed rain over the two year ² period was 150±194 and 149±206 m¯ for Cardonal and Duendeyacu, respectively. Seed density and viability were low at both sites and in both years’ samples. No seed were found in samples taken of bare soil. The number of germinable seeds ² (estimated at 0.2 m¯ ) was similar at both sites and in both years.
T. I. Vidican and D. Cachita-Cosma, “Studies Regarding the Influence of Different Wavelengths of Leds Light on Regenerative and Morphogenetic Processes in in Vitro Cultures Of,” vol. 20, no. 4, p. 5, 2010.
Echinopsis chamaecereus f. lutea is a yellow, ornamental cactus species, which belongs to the group of mutant, chlorophyll-deficient cacti. Their inability to synthesize chlorophyll makes these chlorophylldeficient cacti survive only if they are grafted onto adequate stock which contains chlorophyll. Chlorophylldeficient cacti are multiplied through “in vitro” cloning. With regard to the establishment of an “in vitro” culture of Echinopsis chamaecereus f. lutea, from the parent plant grown in the greenhouse, we sampled 1-cm explants, which were used as stem segments that were inoculated on an aseptic agarose medium with macroelements and Murashige-Skoog FeEDTA (1962), Heller microelements (1953), vitamins – pyridoxine HCl, thyamine HCl, and nicotinic acid (1 mg/l of each) – m-inositol and sucrose, without growth regulators. In the grow room, the tissue cultures were illuminated with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of different colors (yellow, red, green, blue or white), with a light intensity of 1000 lx. The evolution (rhizogenesis, callogenesis, and caulogenesis) of the in vitro cultures was monitored for 90 days, tracking the differences in reactivity to the different wavelengths of LEDs illumination. Cultures exposed to white light emitted by fluorescent tubes served as the control sample. After 90 days, compared to the differentiation of the control sample exposed to white light from fluorescent tubes, the samples grown in the presence of green or blue LEDs demonstrated statistically significant increases in the growth of the stems; under red or green LEDs illumination, calusogenesis intensified, while under white or yellow LEDs illumination, the rate of development of the stems was not significantly different from the growth of the control samples. Rhizogenesis was not observed in any of the samples.
T. I. Vidican, I. Ardelean, M. Cărbunar, and A. Lazăr, “Study on the Regenerative and Organogenic Capacity of Echinopsis (Zucc.) Chamaecereus f. Lutea in Vitro Cultureon an Addition Medium of a Mixture Formed in Equal Quantities of 3-Indolylbutiric Acid (AIB) and of Benzyladenine (BA).,” Analele Universitatii din Oradea, Fascicula: Protectia Mediului, no. 33, pp. 85–92, 2019.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20203268163.
Cactus with yellow epidermis, Echinopsis chamaecereus f. lutea, is part of the group of chlorophyll-deficient cacti, which occur spontaneously in cultures due to mutations, which are unable to synthesize chlorophyll survive only if they are grafted. In order to establish an in vitro culture of Echinopsis chamaecereus f. Lutea, we took explants represented by minibus (seedlings) from mother plants...
Cacti have been a major contributor to the ecosystem of desert fauna as a constant food source during dry seasons. However, this resource has reached a point of dwindling due to many human interferences. In situ conservative efforts have not been stable enough to maintain the efforts of preserving population genetics. Therefore, in vitro techniques will be required to counter the effects. Following previous studies, micropropagation techniques were analyzed to optimize germination number, time, and rate around three variables; difference in nutrient media, gibberellic acids, and species. Two trials were run at intervals of eight weeks; the second trial a few weeks after the first had ended. Results showed a strong significance in emergence and germination affected by species type for both trials. There were other significant factors including interactions between variables. Overall, this experiment showed overwhelming evidence towards the need to treat species to separate protocols in micropropagation techniques.
Lophophora williamsii, Plant (now extinct) with 'buttons' , Family Cactaceae, Subclass Caryophyllidae. Lophophora williamsii, Plant (now extinct) with 'buttons' . Family Cactaceae, Subclass Caryophyllidae. Origin: Cultivated.
B. Yuste Miguel and M. Pereira, “La restauración en comunidad de la iglesia de San Pedro de Atacama,” in Loggia, Arquitectura & Restauración, 2017, no. 30, pp. 52–63.
doi: 10.4995/loggia.2017.6811.
[EN] In the middle of the great Atacama Desert, characterized by a great aridity and thermal amplitude, it is located San Pedro de Atacama church in a fertile oasis. Its original construction dates back to the 16th century, while the current one dates from 18th century, keeping up a baroque architectural style characteristic of the southern Andean region. The work is surprisingly adapted to the ecology, seismicity and materiality of the desert. Its walls are made of adobe masonry and the structure of the gable roof is made with local wood, with cactus decking and covered with mud plaster. Throughout its life the church had suffered successive tires, earthquakes, floods and roof overloads, which had caused serious cumulative damages to the structure. The restoration project, canted out by Fundación Altiplano, is adjusted to the current criteria and techniques for heritage conservation of earthen architecture in the world, as well as heritage preservation and sustainable development of the community of San Pedro de Atacama.
B. Zúñiga, G. Malda, and H. Suzán, “Interacciones Planta-Nodriza En Lophophora Diffusa (Cactaceae) En Un Desierto Subtropical de México1,” Biotropica, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 351–356, 2005.
doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00046.x.
One of the two species from the genus Lophophora is the false peyote Lophophora diffusa, an endemic cactus species of the xerophytic shrubland at Querétaro, México, considered threatened from illegal extraction due to its hallucinogenic and medicinal properties. We analyzed the spatial distribution of L. diffusa and its association with the locally dominant shrub species with the system SADIE (Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs). We also studied the principal microclimatic factors (light, temperature, and humidity) beneath the canopy of the possible nurse plant species. The use of SADIE is a new approach to study the mechanisms of spatial distribution. Lophophora diffusa and the shrub species presented an aggregated distribution with patches and gaps, as indicated by the values of Ia= 4.179 for L. diffusa and Ia= 1.660 for the vegetation. Lophophora diffusa was positively associated with the arboreal vegetation, particularly with Larrea tridentata and Acacia sororia, but was negatively associated with Celtis pallida and Myrtillocactus geometrizans. Microclimate evaluation indicated that C. pallida canopy significantly reduced radiation and temperature compared to the other species (L. tridentata, A.sororia y P. laevigata). We had expected L. diffusa to exhibit a positive spatial association with C. pallida; however, the reduction in light availability apparently limited seedling establishment of L. diffusa.