I. Bálványos, E. Szóke, and L. Kursinszki, “Effect of Macroelements on the Growth and Lobeline Production of Lobelia Inflate L. Hairy Root Cultures,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 597, pp. 245–251, Jan. 2003.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.597.35.
Lobelia inflata L. contains piperidine alkaloids. The main alkaloid is the pharmacologically active lobeline. We have studied the effect of macroelements (Mg2+, Na+ and Ca2+) on the growth and alkaloid production of hairy root cultures of L. inflata (clone 8009/f4). Macroelements influenced characteristically the linear growth and biomass formation of hairy roots. The greatest biomass formed in B5 media containing 1000 mg/l MgSO4. It was found that the highest amount of lobeline (39 µg/g, dry weight) was reached at 75 mg/l CaCl2. The results suggest that the optimal nutrient mixture for the best lobeline production was the basal B5 medium (containing 150 mg/l CaCl2, 150 mg/l NaH2PO4) supplemented with 1000 mg/l MgSO4.
P. Bányai, I. Bálványos, L. Kursinszki, and E. Szöke, “Cultivation of Lobelia Inflata L. Hairy Root Culture in Bioreactor,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 597, pp. 253–256, Jan. 2003.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.597.36.
We have studied the biomass and alkaloid production of genetically transformed hairy root cultures of Lobelia inflate L.. The hairy root clone 8009/h7 transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain R1601 was cultivated on B5 liquid media containing 3% sucrose. The bioactive compounds were analysed by HPLC, the total alkaloid content was determined by spectrophotometry in the hairy roots and in the liquid medium. The bioreactor cultures produced an increased biomass and quantity of total alkaloids, but lobeline was not measurable in the tissues and in the medium. 1.7 mg/g total alkaloid content was found in the hairy root tissues. The total alkaloid production in the culture medium (14.3 mg) was higher than in the tissues (10.46 mg). Polyacetylenes were detected both in the tissues and in the liquid medium.
Understanding the functional relationship between characters and components of fitness is a central goal of evolutionary biology. The studies in this thesis examined the ecological causes and evolutionary consequences underlying differences in fitness among individuals of Lobelia cardinalis. Flowering plants experience selection from many sources, which may enhance or oppose selection by pollinators. In the second chapter of this thesis, the role of pollinators and herbivores in shaping selection on floral characters was investigated. Floral traits experienced pollinator-mediated selection and weak selection by weevil larvae and slugs. Because pollinators also forage according to local density of flowers, in the fourth chapter I explored how local density of individual plants and flowers influences fitness of individual plants. Plants at dense sites produced more seeds, consistent with pollinator preference for denser patches. Individual female-phase flowers produced more seeds as the density of surrounding male-phase flowers increased and female-phase flowers decreased. This study highlights how plant phenotype and local density influence pollination and subsequent plant fitness. In L. cardinalis rosette formation (a life-history character) partly shapes the distribution of plants, and may influence plant survival and fitness. In the fifth chapter, I explored how variation in allocation to clonal reproduction among plants (ramets) and genets influenced survival and fitness. Plants that produced more and larger rosettes realized higher survival independent of the phenotype of the parental. Plants that produced one rosette in 2009 produced more seeds in 2010 than plants that produced more than one rosette. This pattern was reversed in the following time period; plants that produced more rosettes in 2010 produced more seeds in 2011. The relative importance of pollinators versus other selective agents in shaping floral traits, as well as the intensity of competition among individual plants and flowers likely depend on the extent to which reproduction is pollen limited. In the third chapter, I explored how pollen limitation affected selection on floral traits via female fitness and found a weak relationship. Although this seems to contradict intuition, several reasons may limit the influence of pollen limitation on selection.
J. M. Baskin and C. C. Baskin, “The Ecological Life Cycle of the Cedar Glade Endemic Lobelia Gattingeri,” Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, vol. 106, no. 3, pp. 176–181, 1979.
doi: 10.2307/2484550.
Lobelia gattingeri A. Gray is an annual plant species endemic to the cedar glades of the Central Basin of Tennessee and is on the Smithsonian Institution’s 1978 list of plant species recommended for threatened status in the United States. Seeds germinate in both autumn and spring, and plants can behave as either winter or summer annuals The primary period of flowering and seed production is in spring, but in wet summers flowering can occur until October. Seeds are dormant at maturity in spring but some afterripen during summer, so that a portion of them can germinate in light at field temperatures in early autumn. Seeds that do not germinate in autumn are stratified during winter, and this lowers the temperature requirement for germination. Consequently, seeds can germinate in light at habitat temperatures in March and April. A wide range in size and reproductive output exists among plants in a population, and the number of individuals at a given site varies greatly from year to year.
J. M. Baskin and C. C. Baskin, “Role of Temperature and Light in the Germination Ecology of Buried Seeds of Weedy Species of Disturbed Forests. I. Lobelia Inflata,” Canadian Journal of Botany, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 589–592, Mar. 1992.
doi: 10.1139/b92-075.
Lobelia inflata L. is a weedy species that may be abundant in disturbed forest sites. Temperature and light requirements for germination were determined at 12-h daily thermoperiods of 15:6, 20:10, 25:15, 30:15, and 35:20 °C for seeds exhumed after 0–28 months (September 1987 to February 1990) of burial in soil at near-natural temperatures. At maturity in autumn 1987, 2–15% of the seeds germinated after 15 days incubation at the five thermoperiods in light but 0% germinated in darkness. By January 1988, 68–100% of the seeds germinated in light at all thermoperiods except 15:6 °C. Germination at 20:10, 25:15, and 30:15 °C did not decrease to below 60% during the remainder of the study, and germination at 35:20 °C was less than 60% only four times. Germination at 15:6 °C was erratic with peaks in spring 1988, and in spring to early summer and autumn 1989. Regardless of the season in which seeds were exhumed, they did not germinate in darkness. In a laboratory study, stratification at 5 °C broke dormancy but did not substitute for the light requirement. Seeds of L. inflata have the potential to form long-lived seed banks, and buried seeds can germinate at any time during the growing season if exposed to light. Key words: seed dormancy, seed germination, buried seeds, Lobelia inflata, stratification.
W. M. Bowden, “Phylogenetic Relationships of Twenty-One Species of Lobelia L. Section Lobelia,” Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 94–108, 1959.
doi: 10.2307/2482990.
1. The author’s conclusions on the relationships of twenty-one species of Lobelia . section Lobelia are based on correlated data derived from taxonomic, ecological, cytological, and genetic studies. 2. There are fifteen diploid species, one species with both diploids and tetraploids, three tetraploid species, and two hexaploid species. The taxonomy of these species and their infra-specific taxa is discussed. 3. Three new combinations are proposed and some artificial interspecific hybrids are listed. 4. The phylogenetic relationships of the twenty-one species are discussed and a diagram illustrates the relationships. 5. There are four lines of speciation. In each of three lines, only a single diploid species has survived. The remaining eighteen species have evolved in one complex system of speciation in which there are three distinct subgroups: (i) seven small-flowered species; (ii) a subgroup of four narrow-leaved species; and (iii) seven medium- to large-flowered species. 6. Lobelia cardinalis is related to L. siphilitica.
W. M. Bowden, “The Taxonomy of Lobelia × Speciosa s.l. and Its Parental Species, L. Siphilitica and L. Cardinalis s.l. (Lobeliaceae),” Canadian Journal of Botany, vol. 60, no. 10, pp. 2054–2070, Nov. 1982.
doi: 10.1139/b82-253.
K. Côté and A. M. Simons, “Genotype-Environment Interaction and the Maintenance of Genetic Variation: An Empirical Study of Lobelia Inflata (Campanulaceae),” Royal Society Open Science, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 191720, 2020.
doi: 10.1098/rsos.191720.
High levels of genetic variation are often observed in natural populations, suggesting the action of processes such as frequency-dependent selection, heterozygote advantage and variable selection. However, the maintenance of genetic variation in fitness-related traits remains incompletely explained. The extent of genetic variation in obligately self-fertilizing populations of Lobelia inflata (Campanulaceae L.) strongly implies balancing selection. Lobelia inflata thus offers an exceptional opportunity for an empirical test of genotype-environment interaction (G × E) as a variance-maintaining mechanism under fluctuating selection: L. inflata is monocarpic and reproduces only by seed, facilitating assessment of lifetime fitness; genome-wide homozygosity precludes some mechanisms of balancing selection, and microsatellites are, in effect, genotypic lineage markers. Here, we find support for the temporal G × E hypothesis using a manipulated space-for-time approach across four environments: a field environment, an outdoor experimental plot and two differing growth-chamber environments. High genetic variance was confirmed: 83 field-collected individuals consisted of 45 distinct microsatellite lineages with, on average, 4.5 alleles per locus. Rank-order fitness, measured as lifetime fruit production in 16 replicated multilocus genotypes, changed significantly across environments. Phenotypic differences among microsatellite lineages were detected. Results thus support the G × E hypothesis in principle. However, the evaluation of the effect size of this mechanism and fitness effects of life-history traits will require a long-term study of fluctuating selection on labelled genotypes in the field.
Understanding the mechanisms that are responsible for maintaining genetic variation continues to be the focus of much research in evolutionary ecology. It has been suggested that the abundant genetic variation found in Lobelia inflata is maintained by fluctuating selection coupled with temporal genotype-environment interaction. I begin by asking whether microsatellite genotypes exhibit variation in key life-history traits including timing of germination, bolting, flowering and maturation. I used a common garden experiment to show that phenotypic variation exists, that this variation occurs in life-history traits, and that this variation has a genetic basis. Next, I looked at how the microsatellite genotypes that differed in life-history traits expressed differential fitness across environments in a “space-for-time” experiment: I grew multiple lineages under varying conditions to simulate differing natural conditions. Results offer tentative support for the hypothesis that fluctuating selection is responsible for maintaining variation in this system.
R. E. Daniels, “Variability in Three Marginal Populations of Lobelia Urens L. in Britain,” Vegetatio, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 63–71, Nov. 1990.
doi: 10.1007/BF00045589.
Seed was collected from plants ofLobelia urens growing in three populations in southern England. Metrical measurements were made on individuals grown from sub-samples of these seeds in a common garden experiment. Electrophoresis of soluble seed proteins was also carried out. Plants from the isolated populations, growing at the northern edge of the species’ range, displayed a high level of overall similarity, though some differentiation of one population appeared to have occurred. More significant variation occurred between families within populations.
A. M. Farmer and D. H. N. Spence, “Flowering, Germination and Zonation of the Submerged Aquatic Plant Lobelia Dortmanna L.,” Journal of Ecology, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1065–1076, 1987.
doi: 10.2307/2260314.
(1) Lobelia dortmanna L. was studied in some Scottish lochs. It flowered from May to October. The number of flowers per plant was greater in less exposed sites. Larger plants were more likely to flower and small plants did not flower. Plants flowered to the depth limit in one loch, producing totally submerged flowers. These results are discussed with reference to current hypotheses of resource allocation. (2) Almost all capsules set seeds, most of which were viable (including those of submerged flowers). Seeds sank quickly and become buried up to 10-mm deep in the loch sediment. A cold-stratification period was found to be necessary before germination and seeds could survive both drying and freezing. Germination could proceed over a 15-25⚬ C temperature range, though below 20⚬ C rates were low. The seeds required light for germination, with some evidence of red promotion and far-red inhibition. Germination could also take place at very low light levels (PAR=4 μ mol photons m-2 s-1). Anoxia induced a secondary dormancy that required further cold-stratification to break it. (3) Seedlings in culture were unable to survive at the low light intensities that permitted germination. (4) In the lochs, sufficient light was available to allow germination well below the observed zonation limits of L. dortmanna. Light was rapidly absorbed by the sediment so some buried seeds would be unable to germinate. (5) The vertical zonation of this species is not controlled by seed germination requirements, but by the inability of plants to grow at the low light levels in deeper water.
A. M. Farmer, “Lobelia Dortmanna L.,” Journal of Ecology, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 1161–1173, 1989.
doi: 10.2307/2260830.
F.-X. Felpin and J. Lebreton, “History, Chemistry and Biology of Alkaloids from Lobelia Inflata,” Tetrahedron, vol. 60, no. 45, pp. 10127–10153, Nov. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.08.010.
Optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from leaves of Lobelia nicotianifolia Roth. was worked out. Full factorial design (FFD) was used to study the effects of three independent variables (methanol ratio, temperature, and extraction time), each with three levels. The optimal combination for maximum efficiency of extraction and antioxidant activity was 75.25% methanol, 62.72 \hspace0pt°C temperature, and 9.44 \hspace0ptmin duration. The extract made under these conditions had higher TPC and TFC of 23.78 \hspace0ptmg TAE/g dry weight and 20.21 \hspace0ptmg QE/g dry weight, respectively. Furthermore, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays of the extract showed higher antioxidant potential with 95.78% and 97.26% radical scavenging activity (%RSA), respectively. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of leaves showed ultrasonication-induced morphological changes and cellular damage. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of conventional extraction and extracts obtained by UAE showed remarkable differences in peaks. Therefore, the UAE method seems to be superior to the conventional method for extracting total phenolics and flavonoids. Plant latex is a milky-like fluid (sap) that is stored in plant specialized cells – laticifers. It contains a mixture of phytochemicals, proteins and enzymes, such as alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, defense proteins, proteases and chitinases. Most of these latex ingredients possess pharmacologic activity. Due to its curing effects, Chelidonium majus latex has been used in traditional folk medicine to treat skin warts and tubercles. Nowadays, natural plant latex derived molecules and their synthetic analogs are used in medicine as antimicrobial agents, analgesics, antiproliferative and anticancer drugs. Moreover, it has been reported that alkaloids and phenolics from the plant latex exhibit potential therapeutic effects against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Most of natural plant latex derived products are present in low amounts, difficult to isolate, possess poor bioavailability and stability. Recent advancements in nanotechnology offer advanced nanomaterials as nanocarriers of pharmacologically active latex natural agents. Conjugation of small natural latex compounds with nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, nanodiamonds and carbon nanotubes allows to improve bioavailability and stability of these natural pharmacologically active latex compounds. Furthermore, nanoscience approach provides time-controlled and site-specific delivery of potential therapeutics from latex, what gives new promising perspectives for their future use in medicine. Phytochemical investigations on the whole plant of Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don have resulted in the isolation and elucidation of three new diphenethylpiperidine alkaloids, hippofoline A (1), hippofoline B (2), and (−)-cis-2′,2′′-diphenyllobelidiol N-oxide (5), alongside two known alkaloids, (−)-lobeline (3) and (−)-cis-2′,2′′-diphenyllobelidiol (4). The absolute configurations of alkaloids 1 and 2 were deduced based on experimental and calculated ECD data as well as biogenetic consideration, while the absolute configurations of alkaloids 3 and 4 in their free base form were confirmed by Cu Kα radiation X-ray diffraction analyses. Alkaloids 2–4 were shown to induce concentration-dependent relaxation effects on rat isolated tracheal rings that were pre-contracted with carbachol. Extracts and compounds from the Chilean plants canelo, Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Winteraceae), tabaco del diablo, Lobelia tupa L. (Campanulaceae), huevil, Vestia foetida Hoffmans. (Solanaceae) and violeta, Viola portalesia Gay (Violaceae) were evaluated against Sitophilus granarius L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), one of the most widespread and destructive primary pests of stored cereals. Total extracts at concentrations of 2.5%w/w in diets, over 6-days, display insecticidal effects against S. granarius. D. winteri caused the mortality of 87.5% of insects; L. tupa 80%, V. foetida 56% whereas V. portalesia killed 45% of insects under the same conditions. In an effort to determine the active compounds, the extracts of Lobelia tupa and Drimys winteri were purified by preparative chromatography. The piperidine alkaloid lobelanidine was isolated from L. tupa and the drimane sesquiterpenes drimenin, drimenol and polygodial were isolated as the major components in the extract from D. winteri. The purified compounds compounds displayed insecticidal activity against S. granarius in a concentration/dependent-time manner (% mortality at 0.5%w/w over 6-days): polygodial 80%, drimenol 60%, lobelanidine 47%, and drimenin 20%. In agreement with these results, grains treated with polygodial showed greater protection against the feeding attack by the granary weevil. These results provide evidence of the importance of elements of the native Chilean flora as new potential sources of botanical pesticides for the insect pest control.
D. G. Folquitto et al., “Biological Activity, Phytochemistry and Traditional Uses of Genus Lobelia (Campanulaceae): A Systematic Review,” Fitoterapia, vol. 134, pp. 23–38, Apr. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.12.021.
Lobelia giberroa Hemsl. is an endogenous Ethiopian medicinal plant with a long history of use in the treatment of malaria, bacterial and fungal diseases, and cancer. Here, we present the in vivo bioassay-guided fractionation of the 80% methanol extract of L. giberroa roots, which led to the isolation of lobetyolin. L. giberroa roots were extracted with 80% methanol, and the dried 80% methanol extract was fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Acute oral toxicity study was conducted according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Guideline 425 by using female Swiss albino mice. Antimalarial activity was assessed in Plasmodium berghei-infected Swiss albino mice. Through in vivo bioassay-guided fractionation processes lobetyolin, a C14-polyacetylene glucoside, was isolated from the methanol fraction by silica gel column chromatography as the main active ingredient from the plant. The chemical structure of lobetyolin was elucidated by interpretation of spectroscopic data (1HNMR, 13CNMR, IR. MS) including two dimensional NMR. The plant extract was considered safe for administration up to 2000 mg/kg. In the four-day suppressive test, the 80% methanol extract (400 mg/kg), methanol fraction (400 mg/kg), and lobetyolin (100 mg/kg) exhibited antimalarial activity, with chemosuppression values of 73.05, 64.37, and 68.21%, respectively. Compared to the negative control, which had a mean survival time of 7 days, the lobetyolin (100 mg/kg) and methanol fraction (400 mg/kg) treated groups had mean survival times of 18 and 19 days, respectively. The current study supports the traditional use of the plant for the treatment of malaria. The structural differences between lobetyolin and existing antimalarials, as well as its previously unknown antimalarial activity, make it of interest as an early lead compound for further chemical optimization. Optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from leaves of Lobelia nicotianifolia Roth. was worked out. Full factorial design (FFD) was used to study the effects of three independent variables (methanol ratio, temperature, and extraction time), each with three levels. The optimal combination for maximum efficiency of extraction and antioxidant activity was 75.25% methanol, 62.72 \hspace0pt°C temperature, and 9.44 \hspace0ptmin duration. The extract made under these conditions had higher TPC and TFC of 23.78 \hspace0ptmg TAE/g dry weight and 20.21 \hspace0ptmg QE/g dry weight, respectively. Furthermore, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays of the extract showed higher antioxidant potential with 95.78% and 97.26% radical scavenging activity (%RSA), respectively. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of leaves showed ultrasonication-induced morphological changes and cellular damage. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of conventional extraction and extracts obtained by UAE showed remarkable differences in peaks. Therefore, the UAE method seems to be superior to the conventional method for extracting total phenolics and flavonoids.
P. W. Hughes, A. Jaworski, C. Davis, S. Aitken, and A. Simons, “Development of Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers for Indian Tobacco,Lobelia Inflata(Campanulaceae),” Applications in Plant Sciences, vol. 2, p. 1300096, Apr. 2014.
doi: 10.3732/apps.1300096.
Premise of the study: Nuclear microsatellite markers were developed for Lobelia inflata (Campanulaceae), an obligately self fertilizing plant species, for use in the study of temporal fl uctuation in allele frequency and of the genetic structure within and among populations. Methods and Results: We developed 28 primer pairs for L. inflata , all of which amplify CT dinucleotide repeats. We evaluated amplification of these loci in 53 L. inflata individuals at three sites in eastern North America and found that 24 loci showed microsatellite polymorphism. We also found that 16 loci amplified successfully in L. cardinalis , and 11 amplified successfully in L. siphilitica. Conclusions: These primers will be useful for assessing allelic diversity within and among populations of L. inflata , and show potential for use in congeneric species.
P. W. Hughes and A. M. Simons, “Microsatellite Evidence for Obligate Autogamy, but Abundant Genetic Variation in the Herbaceous Monocarp Lobelia Inflata (Campanulaceae),” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 2068–2077, 2015.
doi: 10.1111/jeb.12734.
Although high levels of self-fertilization (>85%) are not uncommon in nature, organisms reproducing entirely through selfing are extremely rare. Predominant selfers are expected to have low genetic diversity because genetic variation is distributed among rather than within lineages and is readily lost through genetic drift. We examined genetic diversity at 22 microsatellite loci in 105 individuals from a population of the semelparous herb Lobelia inflata L. and found (i) no evidence of heterozygosity through outcrossing, yet (ii) high rates of genetic polymorphism (2–4 alleles per locus). Furthermore, this genetic variation among lineages was associated with phenotypic traits (e.g. flower colour, size at first flower). Coupled with previous work characterizing the fitness consequences of reproductive timing, our results suggest that temporal genotype-by-environment interaction may maintain genetic variation and, because genetic variation occurs only among lineages, this simple system offers a unique opportunity for future tests of this mechanism.
P. W. Hughes and A. M. Simons, “Secondary Reproduction in the Herbaceous Monocarp Lobelia Inflata: Time-Constrained Primary Reproduction Does Not Result in Increased Deferral of Reproductive Effort,” BMC Ecology, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 15, May 2014.
doi: 10.1186/1472-6785-14-15.
Although semelparity is a life history characterized by a single reproductive episode within a single reproductive season, some semelparous organisms facultatively express a second bout of reproduction, either in a subsequent season (“facultative iteroparity”) or later within the same season as the primary bout (“secondary reproduction”). Secondary reproduction has been explained as the adaptive deferral of reproductive potential under circumstances in which some fraction of reproductive success would otherwise have been lost (due, for example, to inopportune timing). This deferral hypothesis predicts a positive relationship between constraints on primary reproduction and expression of secondary reproduction. The herbaceous monocarp Lobelia inflata has been observed occasionally to express a secondary reproductive episode in the field. However, it is unknown whether secondary reproduction is an example of adaptive reproductive deferral, or is more parsimoniously explained as the vestigial expression of iteroparity after a recent transition to semelparity. Here, we experimentally manipulate effective season length in each of three years to test whether secondary reproduction is a form of adaptive plasticity consistent with the deferral hypothesis.
K. Ishimaru, H. Yonemitsu, and K. Shimomura, “Lobetyolin and Lobetyol from Hairy Root Culture of Lobelia Inflata,” Phytochemistry, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 2255–2257, Jan. 1991.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(91)83624-T.
From the hairy roots of Lobelia inflata, two new polyacetylene compounds lobetyolin (9-O-β-d-glucopyronosyl-2,10-tetradecadien-4,6-diyne-8,14-diol) and lobetyol (2,10-tetradecadien-4,6-diyne-8,9,14-triol) were isolated and their structures established on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence.
L. M. K. Johnson and L. F. Galloway, “From Horticultural Plantings into Wild Populations: Movement of Pollen and Genes in Lobelia Cardinalis,” Plant Ecology, vol. 197, no. 1, pp. 55–67, Jul. 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s11258-007-9359-9.
Understanding the potential movement of genes from horticultural plantings into conspecific wild populations requires fundamental knowledge of pollen flow distances and of the siring abilities of genetically differentiated pollen types on local plants. We addressed these issues using Lobelia cardinalis, a native, hummingbird-pollinated species, which is available horticulturally both as wild types and cultivated varieties. Potential pollen and gene flow between relatively isolated populations were measured in an artificial array experiment. Potted plants were placed at discrete distances (50, 100, 500, and 1000 m) from either a local or one of three non-local potted pollen sources and scored for pollen and gene flow. Pollen movement was assessed with a dye analogue. The pollen source population did not significantly influence the results, but dye movement, fruit set, and to a lesser degree fruit volume declined with distance from the pollen source. Even at 1 km away from the pollen source, 20–50% of flowers set fruit, indicating substantial gene movement. Siring ability of four non-local pollen types on local plants was assessed by comparing paternity success when each type comprised 75, 50, and 25% of the pollen in controlled mixed load pollinations. Pollen type affected the percentage of non-local offspring. A cultivated variety of L. cardinalis showed poor siring success on the Virginia maternal plants at all mix ratios. Mating was random in mixes with Virginia pollen and pollen from geographically distant wild-type varieties. Finally, pollen from a neighboring county was significantly favored over local sires. These results demonstrate that pollen movement from horticultural plantings into native populations and the production of hybrid seed on native plants is possible in L. cardinalis.
C. A. Kelly, “Reproductive Phenologies in Lobelia Inflata (Lobeliaceae) and Their Environmental Control,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 79, no. 10, pp. 1126–1133, 1992.
doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1992.tb13708.x.
Flowering and fruiting phenologies of individual plants and flowers of Lobelia inflata, a North American summer annual, were studied in the field and greenhouse to determine whether onset of flowering and fruit maturation were correlated, and the degree to which these reproductive phenologies were influenced by the environment. Within each of two field populations, larger plants flowered earlier and produced more flowers than smaller plants. Onset of flowering was positively correlated with onset of fruit maturation but not perfectly so. Two factors decreased the intensity of this correlation. First, at the flower level, the earlier a flower bloomed, the longer the resulting fruit took to develop. Second, fruit development times varied significantly among individual plants. In the greenhouse, individuals watered more frequently attained greater size and flowered earlier than individuals watered less frequently. Nutrient additions did not affect plant size or onset of flowering. These results indicate that for the summer annual Lobelia inflata, reproductive phenologies are phenotypically correlated, and that timing of reproduction is resource and size dependent, as it is for other monocarpic plant species.
S. G. Killedar, H. N. M. Ore, R. S. Karade, S. V. G. Ad, S. S. M. Ali, and S. S. Salunkhe, “Phytochem Ical Screening and Evaluation of Antim Icrobial Activity of Different Root Extracts and Fractions of M Em Ecylon Um Bellatum,” vol. 3, p. 14.
A. Krochmal and L. O. Wilken, The Culture of Indian Tobacco (Lobelia Inflata L.). Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1970.
S2Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata L.) is the source of an alkaloid (lobeline) that is used in anti-smoking preparations. Because of a brisk market demand for lobelia-and a decline in the harvesting of wild plants-we have studied how to grow this wild Appalachian annual (fig. 1) as a row crop under cultivation. Our studies, begun in 1967, have continued through 1970. We have learned how to germinate the seed and grow young plants for setting out in the field, and how to care for them until harvest (fig. 2).S3.
A. Krochmal, L. O. Wilken, and M. M. Chien, Lobeline Content of Lobelia Inflata: Structural, Environmental and Development Effects. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1970.
A. Krochmal, L. Wilken, and M. Chien, “Plant and Lobeline Harvest of Lobelia Inflata L.,” Economic Botany, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 216–220, 1972.https://www.jstor.org/stable/4253350.
An analysis of soils in a fallow field rich in Lobelia inflata L., and a list of associated species.
L. Kursinszki and É. Szőke, “HPLC-ESI-MS/MS of Brain Neurotransmitter Modulator Lobeline and Related Piperidine Alkaloids in Lobelia Inflata L,” Journal of Mass Spectrometry, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 727–733, 2015.
doi: 10.1002/jms.3581.
L. Kursinszki, K. Ludányi, and É. Szőke, “LC-DAD and LC–MS–MS Analysis of Piperidine Alkaloids of Lobelia Inflata L. (In Vitro and In Vivo),” Chromatographia, vol. 68, no. S1, pp. 27–33, Oct. 2008.
doi: 10.1365/s10337-008-0628-0.
T. G. Lammers, “Revision of the Infrageneric Classification of Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae),” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 37–62, Apr. 2011.
doi: 10.3417/2007150.
The infrageneric classification of the cosmopolitan genus Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae) is revised via synthesis of diverse phenotypic data. The 415 species are divided among 18 sections (numbers of included species are given in parentheses): Lobelia sect. Delostemon (E. Wimm.) J. Murata (44); Lobelia sect. Holopogon Benth. (14); Lobelia sect. Colensoa (Hook. f.) J. Murata (1); Lobelia sect. Cryptostemon (E. Wimm.) J. Murata (10); Lobelia sect. Stenotium (C. Presl) Lammers (144); Lobelia sect. Lobelia (22); Lobelia sect. Hypsela (C. Presl) Lammers (43); Lobelia sect. Mezleriopsis Lammers, sect. nov. (7); Lobelia sect. Jasionopsis Lammers, sect. nov. (1); Lobelia sect. Tylomium (C. Presl) Benth. (38); Lobelia sect. Homochilus A. DC. (5); Lobelia sect. Tupa (G. Don) Benth. (4); Lobelia sect. Trimeris (C. Presl) A. DC. (1); Lobelia sect. Speirema (Hook. f. & Thomson) Lammers (5); Lobelia sect. Plagiobotrys Lammers (1); Lobelia sect. Rhynchopetalum (Fresen.) Benth. (61); Lobelia sect. Revolutella E. Wimm. (9); and Lobelia sect. Galeatella E. Wimm. (5). In addition, Monopsis Salisb. sect. Xanthomeria (C. Presl) Lammers, comb. nov., is validated to provide the correct name for Monopsis sect. Parastranthus (G. Don) E. Wimm.
A. G. Lapirov, E. A. Belyakov, and O. A. Lebedeva, “Biomorphology and rhythm of seasonal development of the relic species Lobelia dortmanna in oligotrophic lakes of Tver region,” Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 349–355, Jul. 2017.
doi: 10.15421/021754.
This article covers the morphology of the vegetative and generative sphere of a rare relic species, Lobelia dortmanna L. (Lobelioideae). This is the first time that using the modular approach a study has analysed the shoot system of this species and described the structures of all three categories: elementary (EM), universal (UM) and basic (OM). This paper describes the life form and analyses the rhythm of seasonal development of the species in the lakes of Tver oblast, and provides data on the seed productivity. As a life form, L. dortmanna is a herbaceous polycarpic, un clearly polycentric shallow-rooted plant with a fibrous root system and non-specialized morphological disintegration. The sympodially growing shoot-system of the plant is formed by two types of different-aged anisotropic replacement shoots: dicyclic vegetative-generative semirosette and annual vegetative rosette shoots. The indicator of actual seed productivity equals on average up to 1621 ± 451 seeds per single vegetative-generative shoot. The module structure of L. dortmanna is presented by 10 variants of elementary modules. The main modules are formed on the basis of a monocarpic dicyclic anisotropic monopodial shoot with the following morpho-functional zones distinguished: 1) the lower zone of inhibition; 2) the recovery zone; 3) the upper zone of inhibition 4) the latent generative zone; 5) the main inflorescence. The functional role of the first three morpho-functional zones of a monocarpic shoot is performed by a minimum number of variants of elementary modules. In the rhythm of seasonal development, the authors distinguished 7 consecutive stages: 1) the period of relative rest; 2) vegetative phase; 3) the phase of budding; 4) flowering; 5) frui ting; 6) secondary activities. By the character of rhythm of seasonal development, L. dortmanna belongs to the group of evergreen plants with a long growing season and middle-late summer flowering.
О. A. Lebedeva and E. А. Belyakov, “Features of Seed Germination and Early Stages of Ontogenes of Lobelia Dortmanna (Lobeliaceae) Under Experimental Conditions,” p. 1.
The first results about Lobelia dortmanna L. populations located in two no stratified semidistrofic lakes on sandy substrates typical for Lithuania are presented. The method that allows determination of the density of virgin and generative individuals without removal of plants and disturbing the natural structure of the population was applied. The average numbers of virgin and generative L. dortmanna plants in Lake Ešerinis and Salaitis were 542±293 and 801±161 individuals/m 2 , respectively, and the numbers of flowering plants – 46±20 and 41±7 individuals/m 2 . The length of inflorescence stems varied from 27.0 to 72.5 (mean 43.3±11.7) cm in Lake Ešerinis and from 40 to 75 (mean 55.4±8.5) cm in Lake Salaitis. The numbers of seed capsules or flowers ranged from 1–5 (mean 2.0±1.7) in Lake Ešerinis and from 2 to 6 (mean 3.4±0.9) – in Lake Salaitis. The maturity age was determined for removed plants from 25 cm 2 squares. Both populations comprise plants of the main maturity stages (seedlings, juvenile + immature, virgin and generative). Seedlings (45 %) and juvenile + immature (37 %) individuals were dominant in Lake Ešerinis, whereas virgin (49 %) individuals – in Lake Salaitis. According to the density of virgin and generative individuals and occurrence of plants of the main maturity age groups both populations are abundant and capable for regeneration. The lakes are situated in protected area with low human activity, therefore natural and global acidification in both lakes and concurrence with helophyte species in Lake Ešerinis are the main threats.
S. Marikoco and N. Kachi, “Seed Ecology of Lobelia Boninensis Koidz. (Campanulaceae), an Endemic Species in the Bonin Islands (Japan),” Plant Species Biology, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 103–110, 1995.
doi: 10.1111/j.1442-1984.1995.tb00128.x.
We examined seed germination of Lobelia boninensis Koidz. (Campanulaceae) in incubators and its seed production in a greenhouse. This monocarpic perennial is an endemic and endangered species in the Miscanthus boninensis vegetation on coastal cliffs in the Bonin Islands. Seeds germinated over a range of from 10° to 30°C; at these temperatures germination began only after eight days of incubation. A cool, moist stratification treatment did not promote germination. Based on these temperature responses, it is expected that in their native habitat Lobelia seeds germinate between October and November, when precipitation is frequent. Lobelia which remain capable of germinating for a few years after storage in the lab, are positively photoblastic, and this may allow the seeds to detect gaps or safe sites in vegetation. These results suggest that Lobelia seeds may form a seed bank beneath a closed canopy, due to enforced dormancy. Lobelia seeds germinated under saline conditions up to 300 mM NaCI. In the greenhouse, some individuals began to reproduce 2.5 years after germination. Plants are self-compatible, and they produced an average of >4.5 × 105 small seeds (ca. 0.12 mg). Lobelia has a strategy of seed germination suited to colonize the M. boninensis vegetation, where the maritime impact is reduced. This endangered species can easily be propagated ex situ.
Lobelia inflata L. (Lobeliaceae) contains pharmacologically important secondary metabolites, which consist of more than 20 piperidine alkaloids. Lobeline with its stimulatory effect on the respiratory centre is used in anti-smoking preparations. The pharmaceutical importance could be improved by the polyacetylenes (lobetyol, lobetyolin, lobetyolinin). The main goal of the experiments: to introduce the species into field production in Hungary and to identify the factors influencing its pharmaceutically important characteristics. Plantlets were propagated and raised both in vitro and in vivo. After acclimatization in a glass-house they were transplanted to irrigated open field conditions at 4 Hungarian locations. In vitro organized cultures produced intensive growth and considerable secondary metabolites. In contrast to lobetyolin (polyacetylene), the alkaloid (lobeline) content decreased in the open field. The effect of nutrient supply was also considered. Phytochemical analyses revealed differences in the total alkaloid content, both in view of the geographic region of cultures and the propagation technology. The highest alkaloid and polyacetylene contents were detected in the population grown at Mosonmagyaróvár. Lobetyolin content exceeded in all samples the content of lobetyolinin. No similar differences were observed with lobeline. Field grown plants contained sufficient amounts of active principles. The nearly 1 t/ha biomass yield and active substance production could be increased by higher plant density and fertilization. N-fertilization increased the above ground phytomass, due to the increased number of side-branches. Dry mass was highest under the influence of MgSO4 (2%) foliar spraying. A similarly positive influence was detected both in the total alkaloid production and the lobeline content. As a contrast, a decrease in the total alkaloid content was observed with the doubling of both polyacetylenes. Acknowledgements: GVOP 3.1.1.-0309/3
Á. Máthé, “Indian Tobacco (Lobelia Inflata L.),” in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of North America, Á. Máthé, Ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020, pp. 159–186.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-44930-8_7.
Lobelia inflata, this old species of the New World, has retained its importance as a resource of chemical compounds suitable to treat various maladies. The herb lobelia originally used by Native Americans in the New England region was subsequently popularized by Samuel Thomson (1769–1843). Its English name, “Indian tobacco”, refers to the saga according to which the dried leaves of Lobelia inflata were originally smoked by native Americans (Penobscot tribes), in the New England region, as an alternative/substitute to tobacco. The genus Lobelia comprises ca. 360–400 species, with a sub-cosmopolitan distribution. Lobelia inflata L. is native to several states of North America. It is found in open woods or occasionally in gardens, as weed, from the West Coast to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Mississippi. Lobelia inflata has a milky sap containing piperidine/pyridine alkaloids that suffuse all parts of the plant. The alkaloid fraction is rich in piperidine alkaloids and has a great potential for the treatment of disorders of the Central Nervous System. In addition, they have demonstrated antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Biological and chemical studies of Lobelia inflata alkaloids and, in particular, (–)-lobeline, have increased over the last few years. Lobeline might serve as a useful lead for the development of new therapeutic agents that act on nAChR (nicotinic acetyl-choline receptors) in a novel fashion.Lobelia inflata from open field production. Most of the commercially available crude drugs is sourced from either wild populations, or take their origin from imports (India and China being the main exporting countries). Recently, (Máthé et al. Introduction of Lobelia inflata L. to hungary: performance of in vitro and generatively propagated plants. In: 2006 Abstracts 27th international horticultural congress & exhibition. August 13–19, 2006. International Society for Horticultural Science – Korean Society for Horticultural Science, Seoul, pp 88–88, 2006) studied the introduction into open field conditions of both generatively and in vitro propagated Lobelia inflata L. with special regards to mineral nutrition and alkaloid production in the course of plant development. Based on the survey of ecological requirements a simplified production protocol for field cultivation is given.
R. McVaugh, “A Key to the North American Species of Lobelia (Sect. Hemipogon),” The American Midland Naturalist, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 681–702, 1940.
doi: 10.2307/2420867.
W. C. Muenscher, “Seed Germination in Lobelia, with Special Ref- Erence to the Influence of Light on Lobelia Inflata ,’” Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 52, no. 8, p. 6.
It has been demonstrated that light is necessary for the germination of Lobelia inflata seeds. Of the several other treatments given to the seeds, none acted as a substitute for light to bring about germination. When L, inflata seeds were sown on the soil surface in a garden, good germination was obtained, but practically no germination was obtained when the seeds were covered with 1 cm of soil. The seeds retained their viability for at least 5 years in dry storage under laboratory conditions.
R. P. Niemeyer, “Germinação, micropropagação e aclimatização de Lobelia brasiliensis A. O. S. Vieira & Shepherd (Campanulaceae), espécie ameaçada e endêmica do Distrito Federal com potencial ornamental,” Jul. 2017.https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/30992.
Lobelia brasiliensis A. O. S. Vieira & G. J. Shepherd é uma espécie de Campanulaceae rara, ameaçada, endêmica do Distrito Federal e com potencial ornamental.Objetivou-se neste trabalho descrever as características morfológicas de frutos, sementes, plântulas e da germinação de Lobelia brasiliensis. Conhecer o processo da germinação e o desenvolvimento de plântulas assim como estabelecer protocolos eficientes de desinfestação, micropropagação e aclimatização para a espécie L. brasiliensis é fundamental como estratégia de cultivo e para futura reintrodução da mesma em seu meio natural e propagação da espécie. Para a descrição defrutose sementesforam analisados o formato, cor, textura, brilho, peso, dimensões (comprimento e largura) e número de sementes. Para descrever as fases da germinação e plântulas foram selecionadas, aleatoriamente, 40 indivíduos germinados em substrato vermiculita, em casa de vegetação,irrigadas por aspersão e 40 indivíduos germinados in vitro em meio ágar-água e mantidos em sala de crescimento a 25 ºC (±2 °C), fotoperíodo de 16h e intensidade luminosa de 41 µmol.m-2.s-1. Foram analisados o tipo, forma e coloração da raiz, pilosidade, forma e coloração do hipocótilo, textura, forma, tipo de margem, ápice e base dos cotilédones e eofilos. As sementes iniciaram a germinação, aproximadamente, 5 dias após a semeadura com a protrusão radicular. As plântulas deL. brasiliensis, após 60 dias, apresentaram hipocótilo curto, cilíndrico, ereto, de coloração verde claro e glabro. A germinação foi epígea e fanerocotiledonar, formando plântulas com sistema radicial ramificado e raízes adventícias, eofilos distintos, morfologicamente, dos metafilos. A descrição do processo germinativo, juntamente com a morfologia de plântulas, constitui importante elemento de reconhecimento da espécie. Para a germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas de L. brasiliensis foram testados 5 diferentes substratos (areia lavada, Bioplant® , terra do Cerrado, vermiculita e ágar-água). Os experimentos foram avaliados aos 30, 45 e 60 dias de cultivo e foram avaliadas as porcentagens de germinação, sobrevivência e contaminação (cultivo in vitro), tamanho do hipocótilo e distância entre o ápice dos cotilédones (DAC). Com 60 dias, foram retirados indivíduos dos substratos e mensurados o tamanho e a quantidade total de raízes. As plântulas germinadas in vitro obtiveram as maiores médias e as germinadas na areia apresentaram as menores médias de germinação. Todos os tratamentos de desinfestação foram eficientes. Algumas pequenas diferenças morfológicas entre as plântulas foram observadas entre os tratamentos de germinação. Sementes de L. brasiliensis apresentaram altas taxas de germinação em todos os substrato avaliados, porém a sobrevivência e o estabelecimento da plântula foram diretamente relacionados a capacidade do substrato de reter água. Para estabelecer um protocolo de desinfestação, micropropagação e aclimatização, sementes de L. brasiliensis foram desinfestadas e 2 inoculadas em meio ágar-água para o estabelecimento das culturas, dessas foi obtido 85,19% de germinação e 100% de descontaminação. Em seguida, plântulas in vitro, foram excisadas e inoculadas em 4 diferentes concentrações de BAP: 0,0; 0,01; 0,1; 1,0 mg.L-1 combinadas com 2 concentrações de AIB: 0,0 e 0,01 mg.L-1, totalizando 8 tratamentos. Verificou-se que nos tratamentos com as maiores concentrações de reguladores de crescimento, foi obtido o maior número de brotos, entretanto esses brotos não se alongaram e não desenvolveram raízes. Já o tratamento controle e os tratamentos com as menores concentrações de BAP apresentaram maior número de raízes. O regulador de crescimento AIB não influenciou no desenvolvimento radicular das plântulas. As plantas foram aclimatizadas em substrato de vermiculita e Bioplant® (1:2) mantidas a temperatura ambiente e, após 15 dias foram transferidas para uma casa de vegetação. Após 30 dias, a taxa de sobrevivência foi de 0% para o menor percentual de sobrevivência e de 50% para a maior porcentagem. Novos experimentos com diferentes substratos são necessários para aperfeiçoar esta fase. Este estudo é o primeiro a explorar a morfologia da sementes, frutos e plântulas de L. brasiliensis, assim como o primeiro a descrever o processo de germinação da espécie e testar a influência de alguns substratos nesse processo. Da mesma maneira, este é o primeiro estudo na cultura de tecido para a espécie, onde foram estabelecidos eficientes protocolos de micropropagação para a L. brasiliensis. A totalidade deste estudo pode contribuir para estratégias de conservação da espécie, ampliar as possibilidades no cultivo de plantas ornamentais e servir como etapa inicial para estudos fitoquímicos da espécie.
M. Pigliucci and C. D. Schlichting, “Ontogenetic Reaction Norms in Lobelia Siphilitica (Lobeliaceae): Response to Shading,” Ecology, vol. 76, no. 7, pp. 2134–2144, 1995.
doi: 10.2307/1941688.
Research on the genetics of development and on reactions to environmental changes (phenotypic plasticity) is important to understand the evolution of natural populations, mostly because of the possible adaptive meaning of some plastic responses, and because of the suggested role of plasticity in maintaining genetic variation. In this paper, we present a study of developmental norms of reaction of two populations of Lobelia siphilitica (Lobeliaceae) to three levels of light availability. We investigated: (1) the plasticity to light of characters determining phenological timing and of end—of—season traits, and (2) the shape of the ontogenetic reaction norms of plant height and number of leaves in the (Time, Environment, Phenotype) space. We found genetic variation for bolting time, fruit production, final leaf number, rate of stem elongation, and rate of leaf production. We detected plasticity for final height, number of leaves, and rates of height growth and leaf production, and genetic variation for plasticity of height growth rate. The ontogenetic reaction norms for leaf number reveal differences among populations and genotypes both in their average (i.e., across environments) ontogenies and in the plastic responses of the ontogenetic trajectories. The ontogenetic reaction norms for plant height, on the other hand, show only a significant Time by Treatment by Genotype effect. The variation among genotypes for both characters can be due to differences in either the rate of growth or its duration. In addition, the same final phenotype may be produced by different ontogenetic trajectories, e.g., rapid early height growth and short duration vs. slower growth and longer duration. The response to selection on plant height or leaf number will depend on the degree of separation in their genetic control and on the amount of genetic variation for these aspects of development. These results suggest that including ontogenetic data in plasticity studies broadens considerably our understanding of how phenotypes may respond to selection and evolve.
A. A. Royo, R. Bates, and E. P. Lacey, “Demographic Constraints in Three Populations of Lobelia Boykinii: A Rare Wetland Endemic1,” The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 189–199, Apr. 2008.
doi: 10.3159/07-RA-039.1.
Knowledge about the factors restricting reproduction in many rare wetland plant species is limited. One such species is Lobelia boykinii. We conducted a study of L. boykinii to determine which factors most influence its reproductive success. We examined the species’ breeding system, population dynamics, degree of pollen limitation, importance of sexual versus asexual reproduction, and the role of fungal and herbivore damage on fruit production in three Carolina bay populations in North Carolina. Pollen manipulations revealed that L. boykinii is an obligate outcrosser and that sexual reproduction is pollen-limited. Population size and density, which influence pollinator attraction, can fluctuate greatly over years in the same population. The three populations differed with respects to population size and density, capsule production, vegetative reproduction, and ramet survival, and differences are partially attributable to variation in the degree and timing of herbivory and fungal damage. Herbivory ranged from < 1% to 55% of flowering shoots. Fungal infection decreased fruit production only when it coincided with the period of floral development. Our results indicate that focusing on one ecological factor to prevent extant populations from going extinct is insufficient. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence L. boykinii’s reproductive success, and populations differ in which factors most strongly influence reproduction. Given this suite of constraints, management strategies should include maintaining as many of the largest remnant populations as possible.
K. S. Sastry, B. Mandal, J. Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon, “Lobelia Spp.,” in Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, K. S. Sastry, B. Mandal, J. Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon, Eds. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019, pp. 1395–1397.
doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_537.
P. Seemann and J. Carrasco, “Propagation Systems for Lobelia Bridgesii, an Endangered Species from Southern Chile with Ornamental Potential,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1000, pp. 269–276, Jul. 2013.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.1000.36.
Lobelia bridgesii Hook. et Arn. is a native species to Chile (39° to 40°S lat.) commonly called pink tupa or devil’s tobacco. In culture, it is possible to be grown in sunny areas on rocky and well drained soils. It is reasonably hardy, but requires protection from winter wetness and frost. Propagation studies were carried out which included germination experiments under either stratification or GA3 treatments, achieving a mean germination of 38 to 59.3%. Cutting propagation in early or mid-summer and early fall, led to poor rooting responses (max. 33% with 500 ppm IBA), using herbaceous cuttings. Starting from young vegetative propagated plants, micropropagation experiments were conducted using different basal media, supplemented with NAA (0-0.2 mg/L) and/or BAP (0-2 mg/L) under controlled growth conditions, which led to good survival rates (up to 100%). Media with 0.1 mg/L NAA+1.0 or 2.0 mg/L BAP gave best shoot development. When transferred to different rooting media, supplemented with up to 0.75 mg/L NAA, plants showed good rooting responses (60-100%) and up to 11 roots/explant. Further experiments on acclimation to ex vitro conditions led to 73.3-100% survival rates and good leaf development, indicating that tissue culture is a suitable propagation system to start commercial propagation.
A. M. Simons, J. M. Goulet, and K. F. Bellehumeur, “The Effect of Snow Depth on Overwinter Survival in Lobelia Inflata,” Oikos, vol. 119, no. 10, pp. 1685–1689, 2010.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18515.x.
The snowpack in high altitude and latitude regions provides thermal insulation during the cold season. Recent climate change has resulted in a decrease in both the duration and the reliability of this snowpack and may thus affect overwinter survival of biota. Here we use a manipulation approach to ask how snow depth affects ground surface temperatures and how this in turn affects survival of the overwintering rosette stage in the monocarpic plant Lobelia inflata. A shallow but consistent insulation layer (R-value of 3) was sufficient to reduce temperature fluctuations and the accumulation of sub-zero degree-days substantially. For all treatments >R3 these measures were negligible. Survival results are consistent with a crucial role of thermal insulation to successful overwintering of Lobelia inflata rosettes: without a consistent snowpack survival was low (11%); with an insulation effect of R3 or greater survival increased dramatically (81%). The winter prior to the manipulation study was characterized by an anomalous absence of snow at the onset of cold temperatures. This resulted in substantially greater accumulation of sub-zero degree-days at the soil surface and almost 100% rosette mortality in the field. This study shows that inconsistent and reduced snowpack – a prediction of climate change – will have critical effects on plant survival because of increased temperature fluctuations and extreme temperatures experienced at the soil surface.
A. M. Simons and M. O. Johnston, “Suboptimal Timing of Reproduction in Lobelia Inflata May Be a Conservative Bet-Hedging Strategy,” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 233–243, 2003.
doi: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00530.x.
Age and size at reproduction are important components of fitness, and are variable both within and among angiosperm species. The fitness consequences of such life-history variation are most readily studied in organisms that reproduce only once in their lifetime. The timing of the onset of reproduction (bolting) in the monocarpic perennial, Lobelia inflata, occurs over a range of dates within a season, and may be postponed to a later year. Empirical relationships among life-history traits, derived from over 950 wild-growing and experimentally manipulated plants in the field, are used to model an optimal changing size threshold (norm of reaction) for bolting over the growing season. Comparisons are made between observed and expected norms of reaction governing bolting. An apparently suboptimal bolting schedule that precludes bolting beyond an early (conservative) date is observed, and is found to be qualitatively consistent with conservative bet hedging under unpredictable season lengths. On this basis we propose the schedule of bolting as a plausible example of a conservative bet-hedging strategy. The results underscore the critical need for long-term studies of fluctuating selection to distinguish suboptimality from bet hedging.
A. M. Simons and M. O. Johnston, “Variation in Seed Traits of Lobelia Inflata (Campanulaceae): Sources and Fitness Consequences,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 124–132, 2000.
doi: 10.2307/2656690.
Seed germination constitutes an important event in the life cycle of plants. Two related seed traits affect fitness: seed size and the timing of seed germination. In three sets of experiments, we (1) partition the sources of seed-size variance in Lobelia inflata into components attributable to fruit size, relative fruit position, and parental identity; (2) examine the influence of pregermination conditions and seed size on time to germination; and (3) assess the fitness consequences of seed size and germination timing under seminatural, harsh conditions. Seed-size variance is attributable to both parental identity and fruit position within an individual. Distal fruits produce larger but fewer seeds. No significant correlation exists between fruit size and seed size, but a trade-off is found between the number and size of seeds contained in a fruit after correcting for fruit size. The timing of germination is influenced by seed size, light conditions before winter, and winter duration. Germination timing influences survival, and despite small seed size in this species (2 × 10−5 g/seed), seed size has a persistent and significant association with both final plant size and the probability of survival to autumn.
A. Smolders, C. den Hartog, and J. G. M. Roelofs, “A Pseudoviviparous Specimen of Lobelia Dortmanna L. in Lake Haptatjørn (S.W. Norway),” Aquatic Botany, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 269–271, Mar. 1995.
doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(94)00437-Q.
In Lake Haptatjørn (S.W. Norway) a pseudoviviparous specimen of Lobelia dortmanna L. was found. The flowering stalk of the specimen bore a small rooting plant instead of flowers. No other reports of this way of vegetative propagation are known for this species.
A. Subarnas et al., “A Possible Mechanism of Antidepresant Activity of Beta-Amyrin Palmitate Isolated from Lobelia Inflata Leaves in the Forced Swimming Test,” Life Sciences, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 289–296, Jan. 1993.
doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(93)90220-W.
A mechanism of antidepressant activity of beta-amyrin palmitate was studied using the forced swimming method in mice. Beta-amyrin palmitate (10 mg/kg) reduced the increase in the duration of immobility induced by tetrabenazine (100 and 200 mg/kg), but showed no effect on that in mice treated with alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (500 mg/kg). Beta-amyrin palmitate (5 and 10 mg/kg) decreased the duration of immobility in mice treated with desipramine plus 6-hydroxy-dopamine (50 μg/mouse), but did not affect that induced by nomifensine plus 6-hydroxydopamine. The decrease immobility produced by desipramine (15 mg/kg) was not affected by beta-amyrin palmitate. A study of norepinephrine release in mouse brain synaptosomes indicated that beta-amyrin palmitate caused a release of [3H]norepinephrine. The results of the present study suggest that beta-amyrin palmitate might release norepinephrine from newly synthesized pools, and thus, it might activate noradrenergic activity.
J. Szmeja, “The Seasonal Development of Lobelia Dortmanna L. and Annual Balance of Its Population Size in an Oligotrophic Lake,” Aquatic Botany, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 15–24, Jun. 1987.
doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(87)90053-2.
The periodicity of phenological phenomena and the sequence of developmental phases in individuals of Lobelia dortmanna L. (Lobeliaceae, macrophyte, isoetid) were Studied. Observations were made in an oligotrophic lake in northern Poland (southern edge of the range). The following were investigated: (1) germination capacity of seeds (63.1–97.3%); (2) ripening period of seeds (220–260 days) and their calorific value (6139 ± 378 cal. mg−1 dry weight (d.w.)) ; (3) morphological changes during ontogenetic development; (4) means of reproduction of individuals and their over-wintering; (5) phenological development phases, including dates of flower-bud formation, flowering and fruiting; (6) participation of offspring in generative and vegetative reproduction in the population; (7) annual balance of numbers in the population; (8) biology of pollination, seed dispersal and the seedling appearance strategy in the population.
É. Szőke, É. Lemberkovics, and L. Kursinszki, “Alkaloids Derived from Lysine: Piperidine Alkaloids,” in Natural Products: Phytochemistry, Botany and Metabolism of Alkaloids, Phenolics and Terpenes, K. G. Ramawat and J.-M. Mérillon, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013, pp. 303–341.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_10.
The biosynthesis, occurrence, and biological activities of piperidine alkaloids arising from lysine have been studied (Punica granatum, Piper species, and Lobelia inflata). The isolation process, chromatographic purification/analysis, and structure elucidation of the significant alkaloids are discussed.Common characteristics in the biosynthesis of these alkaloids, that they are elaborated from the lysine derived Δ1-piperideine, coupling either to an aliphatic- (from acetyl-CoA precursor, e.g., pelletierine and co-alkaloids), or an aromatic part (from cinnamoyl-CoA precursor, e.g., piperine and other amides; lobeline, lobelanine and related alkaloids).The biological activities of piperidine alkaloids are summarized as follows: The pomegranate alkaloids, like isopelletierine, have anthelminthic activity and were used primarily as a taenicide. Due to the pungency of the fruits of Piper species, among them the most frequently used black pepper, is one of the most ancient spices and also known as a preservative food additive. Piperine, the chief constituent, increases the bioavailability of numerous therapeutical drugs (e.g., propranolol, theophylline, curcumine, β-carotene) perhaps by increasing intestinal absorption or by exerting an antioxidant effect during the first pass through the liver. The piperine can reverse MDR by multiple mechanisms and may be a promising lead compound for future studies. Lobelin, the chief alkaloid of Lobelia inflata, is a respiratory stimulant, which enhances and accelerates the respiratory movements. It has been used in asthma, gas poisoning, and narcotic poisoning. Lobeline is currently the subject of renewed interest for the treatment of drug abuse and neurological disorders, like Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease, which pose an important public health problem in industrial countries. Lobeline is a competitive nicotinic receptor antagonist and is still commercialized in antismoking preparations. Interest in Lobelia alkaloids, and in particular the most active (-)-lobeline, has increased in recent years due to their activity on the central nervous system (CNS) and the multidrug-resistance (MDR).
É. Szóke, A. Pomázi, A. Krajewska, A. Neszmélyi, and T. Szarvas, “Incorporation of Radioactive Precursors into the Alkaloids of Organized Cultures from Lobelia Inflata and Their Vegetative Micropropagation,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 344, pp. 444–461, Nov. 1993.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1993.344.52.
Plant growth regulators effect not only the growth and differentiation of the plants but their secondary metabolism too. Continuing our research we studied the biomass and alkaloid production of in vitro and in vivo organized cultures from Lobelia inflata. On the base of qualitative and quantitative chromatographic results - isolation and spectroscopic (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS) identification of the major compounds as well as comparison with intact plant and authentic substances- it was stated that the organized cultures have the ability to synthetize the characteristic alkaloids of intact plant. Special attention was taken to the study of lobeline content because of its important role in medicine. The total alkaloid and lobeline contents were determined by photometric and densitometric methods respectively. The new cytokinin-like regulators (N, -n-isopropyl-benzimidasolium-chloride and dihydroxy-phtalazine-diguanidine–chloride) had more positive influence on the biomass and alkaloid content in the organized Lobelia inflata than kinetin.
É. Szöke, A. Krajewska, A. Neszmélyi, A. Pomázi, and A. Mészáros, “In Vitro Multiplication of Lobelia Inflata Plants and Their Alkaloid Production,” Planta Medica, vol. 58, no. S 1, pp. 625–626, Dec. 1992.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-961626.
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V. J. Vojnich, A. Máthé, E. Szőke, and Z. Csapó, “Effect of Nitrogen and Magnesium Treatments on the Production of Indian Tobacco (Lobelia Inflata L,” MENDELNET, pp. 216–227, 2012.
The aim of this project was to examine the effect of magnesium and nitrogen fertilisation on the biomass and on the alkaloid production of Lobelia inflata in Hungary. Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata L.) is a native North American species domesticated at the University of West Hungary, Department of Botany in 2010 and 2011. The establishment of plants, propagated by in vitro and in vivo methods, was studied. Both the in vitro experiments and the examination of active substances were carried out at the University Semmelweis, Department of Pharmacognosy in Budapest. When propagated by seed L. inflata needs several months to reach the transplant stage required for planting into the open-field. The in vitro propagation method, as an alternative for large-scale production, was examined. Our observations indicated that plants propagated and acclimatised in vitro have the same characteristics as those grown from seeds.
V. Vojnich, Á. Máthé, R. Gaál, and E. Szöke, “Effect of Mg Treatment on the Production of Indian Tobacco (Lobelia Inflata),” Acta Horticulturae, vol. 955, pp. 125–128, Aug. 2012.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.955.16.
Lobelia inflata is a native North-American species that seems to possess various pharmaceutically significant properties. The results indicate the favourable effects of Mg-fertilization and are in harmony with previous experiments. It has been estimated that an established population can produce some 2.5 kg/ha total alkaloids under the influence of Mg treatment.
V. Vojnich, P. Banyai, Á. Máthé, L. Kursinszki, and E. Szöke, “Increasing the Anti-Addictive Piperidine Alkaloid Production of In Vitro Micropropagated Indian Tobacco by Nitrate Treatments,” Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Physiology, vol. 05, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.4172/2329-9029.1000178.
Background: Lobelia inflata L. (Indian tobacco) is a traditional medicinal plant native to North America. It contains several piperidine alkaloids. Interest in Lobelia alkaloids, and in particular (-)-lobeline, the most active component, has increased in recent years due to their effect on the central nervous system. Thus, lobeline is currently the subject of renewed interest for its anti-addictive activity in the treatment of drug abuse, and neurological disorders. Our studies were aimed at introducing this species into cultivation in Hungary. Results: For direct characterization of di-substituted and mono-substituted piperidine alkaloids in extracts of L. inflata, a tandem mass spectrometric method was developed using electrospray ionization. The compounds (-) lobeline, norlobeline, lobelanidine, norlobelanine and other related structures were identified by HPLC-MS/MS. With the aim of increasing the alkaloid production, we have investigated the effect of changing the ammonium and potassium nitrate levels of the basic Murashige-Skoog medium. The highest dry mass, total alkaloid and lobeline content were measured in the herbs and roots cultured at 570 mg L-1 KNO3 content. Conclusions: The highest values for lobeline derivatives norlobeline and lobelidine were also recorded in the herba and roots of Lobelia inflata cultured on reduced KNO3 containing MS medium. The most sensitive response to media modification was observed in the case of lobelidine. Double-concentration of NH4NO3 had an inhibitory effect on plant growth, total alkaloid and lobeline content.
V. J. Vojnich, “The Total Alkaloid Production of Indian Tobacco (Lobelia Inflata L.) in Open Field Conditions,” in 6th International Scientific and Expert Conference TEAM, Kecskemét, 2014, vol. 6, p. 3.
Lobelia inflata L. is a medicinally important species of the Lobeliaceae family. It is native to North America and contains numerous piperidine alkaloids. The main alkaloid is lobeline that has been used as a respiratory stimulant. The aim of our studies was to follow the total alkaloid production of L. inflata in open field conditions. The highest total alkaloid content of the herb was in the 50 kg/ha Mg treatment (490 mg/100 g). Lobeline content was higher in herb of the 50 kg/ha Mg treatment (445 µg/g). The highest biomass value of the herb was in the 100 kg/ha N treatment (6.7 g).
