D. Adamczyk-Szabela, J. Markiewicz, and W. M. Wolf, “Heavy Metal Uptake by Herbs. IV. Influence of Soil pH on the Content of Heavy Metals in Valeriana Officinalis L.,” Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, vol. 226, no. 4, p. 106, Mar. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s11270-015-2360-3.
The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of soil pH on the uptake of copper, zinc, and manganese by Valeriana officinalis. Preliminary studies involved soil analyses to determine acidity, organic matter content, and copper, zinc, and manganese total and bioavailable forms. The study involved atomic absorption spectrometry to determine the concentration of the elements, and mineral soil of pH\,= 5.1 was used in the study, as being typical for central Poland. The copper, zinc, and manganese contents were determined in plants grown in soils which had been modified to cover a wide range of pH values 3÷13. The intensity of germination was strongly pH dependent with the highest yield obtained in original, unmodified soil. Surprisingly, high soil alkalinity stimulated copper and manganese uptake while at the same time resulting in a decrease in zinc content.
S. Amanifar and Z. Toghranegar, “The Efficiency of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza for Improving Tolerance of Valeriana Officinalis L. and Enhancing Valerenic Acid Accumulation under Salinity Stress,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 147, p. 112234, May 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112234.
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.), which is considered as a medicinal plant, is commonly used in traditional medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi association under moderate and high salinity stress on growth and physio-biochemical traits of V. officinalis. The bio-ameliorative efficiency of two AM species, Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae was also compared. The mycorrhizal inoculation generally increased the salt tolerance of plant and positively affected plant growth, P, K+, Mg2+ concentration and the ratios of total chlorophyll: carotenoids, K+: Na+, Ca2+: Na+, and Mg2+: Na+ in shoots compared with those of the non-mycorrhizal plants under saline condition. Moreover, the presence of AM symbiosis mitigated the salinity-induced increase in shoot Na+ concentration, shoot proline, and oxidative damage to membranes. AM fungi considerably promoted root proline and total soluble sugars and total phenolics in shoots and roots versus non-mycorrhizal V. officinalis. Moderate salinity stress increased valerenic acid production, which was more pronounced in F. mosseae inoculated plants. The outcome of the symbiosis was associated with the AM species used, and F. mosseae was more efficient than R. intraradices in the alleviation of salinity stress. This study suggests the potential use of mycorrhizal technology as a practical biotechnological approach to enhance growth and augment bioactive compounds production of V. officinalis in salt-affected soils.
H. Arouiee, ارانی مجید عزیزی, راد علی برادران, کاربین سعید, and سالارپیشه محسن, “Comparison of Roots and Essential Oil Yield of Valerian Under Field and Hydroponic Conditions,” in International Workshop on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2007.http://profdoc.um.ac.ir/paper-abstract-102570.html.
جستجو در مقالات دانشگاهی و کتب استادان دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
H. Arouiee, A. Bradarand Rad, and A. Tehranifar, “Effects of Different Media on Valeriana Officinalis L. Root and Essential Oil Yield Under Open Field Soilless Culture Conditions,” in International Conference and Exhibition on Soilless Culture, 2010.http://profdoc.um.ac.ir/paper-abstract-1013521.html.
جستجو در مقالات دانشگاهی و کتب استادان دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
K. B. Bączek et al., “Intraspecific Variability of Wild-Growing Common Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis L.),” Plants, vol. 11, no. 24, p. 3455, Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.3390/plants11243455.
Common valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) is an important medicinal plant revealing sedative, hypotensive, anti-spasmodic and anxiolytic activity. The purpose of the study was to determine the intraspecific variability of the common valerian growing wild in Poland and the ‘Lubelski’ landrace, as to their developmental traits, chemical composition and selected genetic parameters. Both wild-growing populations (19) and the landrace (1) were evaluated under ex situ conditions. Observations of the underground organs parameters, both developmental and chemical (according to the European Pharmacopoeia) were carried out in the first year of the plant’s development, while the characteristics of the aboveground organs, followed by the sowing value of seeds (according to the International Seed Testing Association)—in the second year. The genetic analyses were performed using the NGS-DArT-seq method. Results indicate the presence of five different gene pools covering the regions of population’s origin, with a gene flow within and between them. A high level of developmental and chemical variabilities among the wild-growing populations was noticed, however without a clear relation to the region of the origin. The mass of underground organs ranged from 107.4 to 403.6 g FW × plant−1 with the content of sesquiterpenic acids at the level of 0.004–0.094%. Population no 18 was distinguished by the highest content of sesquiterpenic acids and the relatively high mass of underground organs, followed by the admixture of the gene pool, typical for the ‘Lubelski’ landrace. Unlike the ‘Lubelski’ landrace, the wild-growing populations were characterized by a high amount of an essential oils (3.90 to 10.04 mL/kg), which may be promising from the perspective of their potential use. In turn, the sowing value of the seeds obtained from the populations, expressed as the germinability, was rather low (25.25–62.25%).
A. Badalzadeh, A. D. Shahraki, and S. Beheshti, “Effect of Osmopriming on Germination Characteristic of Valeriana Officinalis L. Seed under Drought Stress,” 2017.
In order to study on effect of osmopriming on seed germination characteristic of Valeriana officinalis L. under drought stress, a factorial experiment in completely randomized design carried out with four replications and 2 treatments at the Research Laboratory of Shahrekord University, 2013. Four levels of drought stress (0, -2, -4, -6 bar) as main factor and four levels of priming (0, -4, -8, -12 bar) as secondary factor were considered. The results indicated that osmopriming, drought stress and their interaction had significant effect on germination percent, germination rate, mean germination time, rootlet length, and shootlet length. The osmopriming had an effect on increased germination percent, germination rate, and mean germination time. Meanwhile, the highest levels for the mentioned traits were obtained with treatment of -8 bar. Also, the drought stress made all germination traits to be decreased. And the highest levels were obtained with control treatment. Overall, regarding our research results, to achieve the highest levels for germination components in similar condition, treatment level of osmopriming as -8 bar is recommended with control level of drought.
S. Berbec, “Some problems of the biology of Valeriana officinalis seed germination.,” Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, vol. 25, no. E, pp. 143–152, 1970.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19730304328.
In 8-year studies light was found to have a significant positive effect on seed germination at 25 and 15 deg C, but not at 5 deg . Germination was highest at 25 deg compared with 15 or 5 deg or the 15-5 deg range. Germination was completed quickest at a constant 25 deg and variable 25-15 deg ; it continued a few days longer at variable 25-5 deg and was significantly prolonged at constant 15 and 5...
J. Bernäth, “Cultivation of Valerian,” in Valerian, Routledge, 1997.
This chapter discusses the factors influencing optimum growth and the cultivation methods used in the temperate zone. The importance of light in germination of valerian has received some attention. The correlation between light and the accumulation level and composition of secondary metabolites has been investigated in the case of valerian. An optimum water supply - as was proved in hydroponic experiments of Babahanjan -causes an increase in the development of plants and has a favourable effect on dry matter production. The large amount of thin roots and the high root/shoot ratio in sandy soils, as well as in loam reflects on the good adaptation of the species which copes with a lack of nutrients by intensive differentiation of thin roots. The efficacy of the selection of valerian is moderate compared with the large agricultural crops, even compared with the results that have been achieved in the case of some other medicinal plants.
B. Bhat and V. D. Sharma, “Valeriana Officinalis L.: Influence of Pre-Chilling and Light on Seed Germination,” IJEB Vol.53(03) [March 2015], Mar. 2015.http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/30743.
Valeriana officinalis is an important medicinal herb commonly found in Kashmir valley. This study forms an important preliminary step for in-vitro micro propagation of V. officinalis from breaking the seed dormancy, inducing rapid seed germination and its subsequent micro propagation. We investigated the influence of pretreatment of V. officinalis seeds with reduced temperature and light on seed germination and in-vitro propagation. Culture of explants from cultivated seeds have demonstrated its potential for in vitro propagation and plantlet regeneration. Individual as well as combinations of treatments such as temperature and light availability influenced the germination of seeds variedly. Unchilled seeds of V. officinalis were given dip in GA\textsubscript3 (200 ppm) for 24, 48 and 120 h. Seeds treated with GA\textsubscript3 for 24 h and kept in darkness showed the best results, i.e. 48%. Seeds pretreated with GA\textsubscript3 for 120 h and incubated in dark showed 40% germination. Pre-chilling up to 72 h and kept in light showed maximum germination of 60% followed by 40% kept in darkness. Pre-chilling for 48 h resulted in 40 and 25% seed germination in light and darkness, respectively. GA\textsubscript3 pre-treatment for 72 h and 24 h pre chilling were most effective in inducing seed germination. Maximum shoot response was obtained on MS enriched with BAP (1mg/L) + IAA (0.1mg/L) combinations using shoot tips as explants. Multiple shoot regeneration from shoot apices was recorded on BAP (1mg/L) and BAP (1mg/L) + IAA (0.1mg/L).
R. Bos, H. J. Woerdenbag, H. Hendriks, and J. J. C. Scheffer, “Composition of the Essential Oils from Underground Parts of Valeriana Officinalis L. s.l. and Several Closely Related Taxa,” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 359–370, 1997.
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199709/10)12:5<359::AID-FFJ660>3.0.CO;2-G.
R. Bos, H. Hendriks, N. Pras, A. St. Stojanova, and E. V. Georgiev, “Essential Oil Composition of Valeriana Officinalis Ssp. Collina Cultivated in Bulgaria,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 313–316, May 2000.
doi: 10.1080/10412905.2000.9699524.
The essential oils obtained from air-dried subterranean parts of Valeriana officinalis ssp. collina (Wallr.) Nyman (Valerianaceae), ‘Shipka,’ was analyzed by GC and GC/MS, and 62 components were identified. The oil yield, collected in plants grown in 1995 and 1998, was 0.42% (v/m) and 0.40% (v/m) respectively, related to the air-dried roots. Two new sesquiterpenes, (–)-pacifigorgia-l(6),10-diene and (–)-valerena-4,7(11)-diene were identified for the first time in both oils. Some major constituents were bornyl acetate (6.0%-7.3%), spathulenol (5.2%-4.1%), valeranone (12.0%-6.8%), valerenal (9.1%-8.5%), α-kessyl acetate (2.1%-6.2%) and (–)-valerena-4,7(11)-diene (7.2%-4.6%).
R. Bos, H. J. Woerdenbag, F. M. S. van Putten, H. Hendriks, and J. J. C. Scheffer, “Seasonal Variation of the Essential Oil, Valerenic Acid and Derivatives, and Valepotriates in Valeriana Officinalis Roots and Rhizomes, and the Selection of Plants Suitable for Phytomedicines,” Planta Medica, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 143–147, Mar. 1998.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957392.
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E.-J. Brunke, Ed., Progress in Essential Oil Research: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Essential Oils, Holzminden/Neuhaus, Federal Republic of Germany, Sept. 18–21, 1985. De Gruyter, 1986.
doi: 10.1515/9783110855449.
C. Circosta, R. De Pasquale, S. Samperi, A. Pino, and F. Occhiuto, “Biological and Analytical Characterization of Two Extracts from Valeriana Officinalis,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 361–367, Jun. 2007.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.03.021.
The anticoronaryspastic and antibronchospastic activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Valeriana officinalis L. roots were investigated in anaesthetized guinea-pigs and the results were correlated with the qualitative/quantitative chemical composition of the extracts in order to account for some of the common uses of this plant. The protective effects of orally administered ethanolic and aqueous extracts (50, 100 and 200mg/kg) were evaluated against pitressin-induced coronary spasm and pressor response in guinea-pigs and were compared with those of nifedipine. Furthermore, the protective effects against histamine-induced and Oleaceae antigen challenge-induced bronchospasm were evaluated. Finally, the two valerian extracts were analytically characterized by qualitative and quantitative chromatographic analysis. The results showed that the two valeriana extracts possessed significant anticoronaryspastic, antihypertensive and antibronchospastic properties. These were similar to those exhibited by nifedipine and are due to the structural features of the active principles they contain. This study justifies the traditional use of this plant in the treatment of some respiratory and cardiovascular disorders.
L. Coassini Lokar and M. Moneghini, “Geographical Variation in the Monoterpenes of Valeriana Officinalis Leaf,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 563–567, Jan. 1989.
doi: 10.1016/0305-1978(89)90100-2.
The variation in terpene composition of the leaf essential oil was studied in three populations of Valeriana officinalis L. subsp, collina. These populations grow in Italy in environmentally very different areas. Our examination of geographically and ecologically distant populations has provided evidence for substantial Iocal intrasubspecific differentiation. Statistical treatment of chemical data revealed two distinct chemical varieties of subspecies collina.
W. Czabajska, M. Jaruzelski, and D. Ubysz, “New Methods in the Cultivation of Valeriana Officinalis,” Planta Medica, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 9–13, Aug. 1976.
doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1097685.
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E. Dambrauskienė, V. Zalatorius, and P. Viškelis, “Influence of growing methods on valerian root yield and quality.,” Sodininkystė ir Daržininkystė, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 85–91, 2010.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20123048782.
There were carried out the experiments of medicinal valerian (Valeriana officinale L.) growing on even and profiled surface at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in 2007-2009. There was investigated how growing methods influence valerian root productivity and quality indices. Data of investigation showed that growing on even and profiled surface didn’t influence biometrical indices of...
M. Dorais et al., “Soilless Greenhouse Production of Medicinal Plants in North Eastern Canada,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 554, pp. 297–304, Jun. 2001.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2001.554.32.
S. B. Dražić, “Effect of Direct Selection on Productive Traits of Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis L.).,” VIII International Scientific Agriculture Symposium, "Agrosym 2017", Jahorina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, October 2017. Book of Proceedings, pp. 608–611, 2017.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20183050212.
Effect of direct selection on root yields and on the essential oil content, are analyzed in the paper. As a source of variability we used selection material which consisted of the heterogeneous population of cultivated valerian. Using the method of direct selection (by vegetative multiplication), we created eight promising clones. Following traits were observed at the selected offspring: plant...
M. J. Eadie, “Could Valerian Have Been the First Anticonvulsant?,” Epilepsia, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1338–1343, 2004.
doi: 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.27904.x.
Summary: Purpose: To assess the available evidence for the belief that valerian, highly recommended in the past for treating epilepsy, possessed real anticonvulsant effectiveness. Methods: Review of available literature. Results: In 1592, Fabio Colonna, in his botanical classic Phytobasanos, reported that taking powdered valerian root cured his own epilepsy. Subsequent reports of valerian’s anticonvulsant effectiveness appeared. By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was often regarded as the best available treatment for the disorder. Valerian preparations yield isovaleric acid, a substance analogous to valproic acid and likely to possess anticonvulsant properties, as isovaleramide does. In favorable circumstances, high valerian doses can be calculated to have sometimes provided potentially effective amounts of anticonvulsant substance for epilepsy patients. Conclusions: Valerian probably did possess the potential for an anticonvulsant effect, but the uncertain chemical composition and content of valerian preparations, and their odor and taste, made it unlikely that they could ever prove satisfactory in widespread use.
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) has been used as a medicinal plant since ancient times, being extremely important for traditional and official medicine. It is grown as an annual culture. For medicinal purposes, dry root with rhizome (Valerianae radix et rhizoma) is used to extract the essential oil (Valerianae aetheroleum). In official medicine, it is most commonly used as a mild sedative for the treatment of the symptoms of anxiety, stress, insomnia and during menopause. Due to its positive characteristics, most of it is grown in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Eastern Europe, Japan and the USA. As the requirements for obtaining high quality raw material are becoming increasingly stricter year by year, the manufacturers in the above listed countries have started to use production methods that meet the required standards when it comes to cultivating this plant species. One of these is the organic production set of methods prescribed by our Organic Production Act and its accompanying regulations. The paper presents the authors’ knowledge regarding the possibility of using certain methods suitable for the production of valerian, its uses and the cost sheet that shows the investments made during its cultivation.
V. Filipović et al., “Valerian Roots (Valeriana Officinalis L.): Produced in Autumn and Spring Planting Date,” Lekovite sirovine, no. 35, pp. 131–139, 2015.
doi: 10.5937/leksir1535131F.
This paper examines the influence of agro-ecological conditions and plantation periods on the occurrence of planting dates of flower stalks, offering fresh and dried valerian root. The aim of this paper is to solve one of the technological unknowns in primary production of valerian roots, where one group of manufacturers base their production on fall plantation, whereas the other group applies spring plantation. The experiments were established in a randomized block design with four replications in the period of tree years from 2013 to 2015, on the soil of marshy black type. The medicinal plant species of valerian (variety ’Vojvodinian’) was used, as the plant material planted in autumn and spring. In the first year of experiment there was a significantly lower number of flower stalks than in the second year. The number of flower stalks were lower when planting was done in spring. Primary reasons for such results were a shorter vegetation period and a larger number of warm days. The higher yield of fresh roots was realized in the first year (2013) due to the lower number of flower stalks, better distribution and larger amounts of rainfall. Overall, twice the yield of fresh valerian roots was recorded in the autumn plantation (14.91 kg ha-1) compared to the spring plantation (6.72 kg ha-1). The result of our research has confirmed some of the benefits of establishing an autumn crop of valerian. Obtained roots with rhizomes from autumn planting dates were bigger and brighter compared to those from spring planting dates.
W. Foerster, H. Becker, and E. Rodriguez, “HPLC Analysis of Valepotriates in the North American Genera Plectritis and Valeriana,” Planta Medica, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 7–9, Feb. 1984.
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-969605.
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X. Q. Gao and L. Björk, “Valerenic Acid Derivatives and Valepotriates among Individuals, Varieties and Species of Valeriana,” Fitoterapia, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 19–24, Feb. 2000.
doi: 10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00094-5.
To investigate the variations of active compounds between species, varieties and individuals of Valeriana cultivated under the same environmental condition, the contents of valerenic acid derivatives and valepotriates in rhizomes and roots of different plant material were analysed by a HPLC method. Different species or varieties of Valeriana yielded 11.65–0.15 mg/g of valerenic acid derivatives, and 1.81–0.03 mg/g of valepotriates. The variation between individuals of one commercial cultivar of V. officinalis ranged from 12.34 to 3.01 mg/g of valerenic acid derivatives, and 3.67–0.92 mg/g of valepotriates. Individuals from self-pollinated mother plants, normal or regenerated, showed a similar variation. The variation of micropropagated plants was much less than the seed propagated plants. The ratio of mean values between valerenic acid derivatives and valepotriates was similar in all groups (3
E. V. Georgiev, A. St. Stojanova, and V. At. Tchapkanov, “On the Bulgarian Valerian Essential Oil,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 352–354, May 1999.
doi: 10.1080/10412905.1999.9701152.
The essential oil from roots and rhizomes of Valeriana officinalis L., ‘Shipka’ grown in Bulgaria was investigated by GC/MS. The essential oil yield from the roots and rhizomes was 0.42 % and 0.18%, respectively. The basic components, among the identified 22 were β-guaiene (4,6–11,2%), valeranone (6.8–11.5%) and bornyl acetate (7.3–9.8%). Spathulenol was also identified (2.0–4.5%). There were no substantial qualitative differences between oils obtained either by water or steam distillation.
N. Ghaderi and M. Jafari, “Efficient Plant Regeneration, Genetic Fidelity and High-Level Accumulation of Two Pharmaceutical Compounds in Regenerated Plants of Valeriana Officinalis L.,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 92, pp. 19–27, May 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2014.01.010.
An efficient regeneration system via adventitious shoot formation was developed in Valeriana officinalis, an important medicinal species. Regeneration response was significantly influenced by the type and concentrations of plant growth regulators as well as callus morphology. Optimum values for adventitious shoot–buds induction in both leaf and petiole explants were obtained when organogenic calli with compact, nodular and yellowish green phenotype was cultured in MS medium supplemented with 9.30μM Kn and 2.26μM 2,4-D. Well-developed shoots was achieved on a hormone-free half strength (1/2) MS basal medium. In vitro rooting of elongated shoots was tried on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). IBA at a concentration of 2.46μM was found to be the best rooting treatment, which promoted the highest frequency of rooting (98%). Successful acclimatization of rooted plantlets was achieved in potting medium containing 5:1 mixture of peat and perlite with 95.34% survival rate. The contents of valtrate and valerenic acid in biomass extracts from petiole-derived plants were significantly (P<0.05) higher than leaf-derived plants as well as the seed-raised field-grown plants. Maximum valtrate (6.98mgg−1 DW) and valerenic acids (3.02mgg−1 DW) contents were quantified in root tissue of petiole-derived plants raised on medium with higher concentration of Kn (9.30μM) in combination with 2.26μM 2,4-D. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis indicated no evidence of genetic variation in the tissue culture-raised plants. The results suggest that the tissue culture-raised V. officinalis plants are capable of producing higher content of secondary metabolites under optimum in vitro conditions than that under natural wild growth conditions.
A. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, B. B. Ghahfarokhi, S. A. M. Ghahfarokhi, and F. Malekpoor, “Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from the Aerial Parts and Underground Parts of Iranian Valerian Collected from Different Natural Habitats,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 63, pp. 147–151, Jan. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.10.017.
Valeriana sisymbriifolia Vahl., as an Iranian endemic plant belongs to the family Valerianaceae, is widely distributed in the alpine regions of Iran. This study was done to study phytochemical characteristics of essential oils from the aerial parts (leaves, stem, and flowers) and underground parts (roots and rhizomes) of V. sisymbriifolia collected from four natural habitats in Southwestern Iran. The essential oils from both parts of the plant analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results indicated that there was no significant difference among various populations for essential oil yield, while there was significant difference (p≤0.01) among different parts for oil yield. The essential oil yield of the roots and rhizomes of V. sisymbriifolia (0.25ml/100g dry matter) was higher than the aerial parts of the herb (0.08ml/100g dry matter). For interaction effects of population×organ, the highest essential oil yield was obtained from the underground parts of the Choobin population with 0.32ml/100g dry matter. The major compounds in the essential oil from the aerial parts of V. sisymbriifolia were derivatives of phenol (p-cresol) and valeric acid (n-valeric acid and 3-methylvaleric acid). While, hydrocarbon monoterpenes (α–pinene and camphene), oxygenated monoterpenes (borneol and bornyl acetate), and hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (cis-α-bisabolene) were the main components identified in the roots of rhizomes of V. sisymbriifolia. In conclusion, the main source of variability in chemical composition and oil yield of the studied populations of V. sisymbriifolia seemed to be due to differences in harvested parts of the plant. In total, the essential oil from the aerial parts and roots of V. sisymbriifolia could be serving a potential source of borneol, camphene, derivatives of valeric acid, and phenol, especially p-cresol and for use in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
W doświadczeniu polowym przeprowadzonym w latach 2001-2004 badano wpływ ekologicznej uprawy na plony i charakterystykę jakościową surowca kozłka lekarskiego. Kozłek lekarski uprawiany był trzema metodami uprawy: konwencjonalną (powszechnie stosowaną), integrowaną i ekologiczną. Poszczególne metody różniły się przede wszystkim rodzajem nawożenia i ochrony roślin. Łączny plon świeżych korzeni i kłączy był wyższy w tradycyjnej metodzie uprawy niż w pozostałych, jednak po wysuszeniu zaistniałe różnice okazały się statystycznie nieistotne w wyniku mniejszego współczynnika „ususzki". Udział bardziej wartościowych korzeni (zawierających więcej kwasów walerenowych) był większy w surowcu z uprawy integrowanej i ekologicznej niż z uprawy tradycyjnej. Najwięcej kwasów walerenowych stwierdzono w korzeniach surowca uzyskanego metodą ekologiczną (0,29% wobec 0,24% z metody konwencjonalnej i 0,26% z integrowanej).
S. H. Han, H. D. Kim, K. Jo, J. C. Shin, and H. J. Suh, “Preparation of Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis) Extract Powder and Its Sleep Potentiating Activity,” Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 131–135, Feb. 2018.
doi: 10.3746/jkfn.2018.47.2.131.
In this study, extraction conditions and spray drying conditions were established for the preparation of valerian extract powder with sleep activity. When 80% ethanol was used for extraction of valerian, valerenic acid content as an active ingredient was higher than the concentrations of other components in the ethanol extract. However, differences in contents of the extracts were not significant compared with the 60% ethanol extract. Therefore, 60% ethanol extract was most suitable when considering production costs. The maximum spray dried yield was obtained at an inlet heating temperature of 170°C and atomized speed of 20,000 rpm. High dose administration of valerian extract (80 mg/kg) resulted in significant differences in sleep latency time and total sleep time compared to the control (P<0.05). Valerian extract powder, which was produced under optimal extraction and spray drying conditions, showed sleep potentiating activity in a pentobarbital-induced model.
R. L. Hassell, R. J. Dufault, T. Phillips, and T. A. Hale, “Influence of Temperature Gradients on Pale and Purple Coneflower, Feverfew, and Valerian Germination,” HortTechnology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 368–371, Jan. 2004.
doi: 10.21273/HORTTECH.14.3.0368.
Seeds of pale coneflower (Echinacea pallida), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), and valerian (Valeriana officinalis), classified as “old” (1-year-old seed) or “fresh” (seed crop produced in the current year), were germinated at 62, 65, 69, 72, 75, 78, 82, 85, 89, and 92 °F, (16.7, 18.3, 20.6, 22.2, 23.9, 25.6, 27.8, 29.4, 31.6, and 33.3 °C). The optimum germination temperature, defined in this study as the temperature range within which the percent germination is greatest in the shortest period of time, was determined. Old and fresh pale coneflower seed germinated optimally after 5 days at 69 °F. Old purple coneflower seed required 5 d at 78 to 82 °F, but fresh seed germinated optimally after 3 days at 75 °F. Old feverfew germinated optimally after 5 days at 65 °F, but fresh seed germinated to its optimum after 5 days at 69 °F. Old and fresh valerian seed germinated to its optimum after 3 days at 75 °F.
H. Hendriks, R. Bos, D. P. Allersma, T. M. Malingré, and A. S. Koster, “Pharmacological Screening of Valerenal and Some Other Components of Essential Oil of Valeriana Officinalis,” Planta Medica, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 62–68, May 1981.
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971547.
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M. Heydari-Rahni, M. Nasri, Y. Filizadeh, and P. Kasraie, “Effect of Chemical and Biofertilizers on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis L.),” Journal of Crops Improvement, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 947–959, Sep. 2022.
doi: 10.22059/jci.2021.326558.2577.
The effects of chemical fertilizer of urea in 5 levels (0, 30, 60, 90 and 150 kg ha-1) and biofertilizers in 4 levels (Nitroxin, Phosphate barvar2, mixed of both and control) on quantity and quality yield of valerian are studied during 2016 to 2020. Measured parameters include valernic acid (percent), valernic acid (g ha-1), root dry weight (kg ha-1), shoot dry weight (kg ha-1), root diameter (mm), root length (cm), leaf width (cm), and leaf length (cm). This study is carried out at the Homad-Absard Agricultural Complex in Damavand city, Tehran Province, Iran, as factorial layout based on a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. Results show that the biofertilizers have had a significant effect (p≤0.01) on the all quantity and quality parameters studied. Unlike the urea chemical fertilizer at all levels, which have had a negative effect on the yield and amount of valernic acid (percent), bio-fertilizers has increased it. Maximum and minimum amount of valernic acid (percent) are measured in control and 150 kg ha-1 urea, respectively. The highest root dry weight belongs to interaction of Nitroxin+ Phosphate barvar2+150 kg urea (665 kg ha-1) and control (221 kg ha-1) respectively. Results of this experiment show that biofertilizers with positive effects on the parameters are able to replace the chemical fertilizers.
M. Heydari-Rahni, M. Nasri, Y. Filizadeh, and P. Kasraie, “Effects of Chemical and Biofertilizers on Yield and Production Factors of Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis L.),” Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.22092/jmpb.2021.355006.1370.
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of bio and chemical fertilizers on yield and production factors of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) at the Homad-Absard Agricultural Complex in Damavand city, Tehran Province, Iran, through a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications during 2017 to 2020. Experimental factors consist Nitroxin and Phosphate Barvar2 biofertilizers each with 2 levels of inoculation and control, and also the urea (46% N) chemical fertilizer in 5 levels (0, 30, 60, 90 and 150 kg ha-1). Measured parameters were root diameter (mm), root length (cm), leaf width (cm) and leaf length (cm) root dry weight (kg ha-1), shoot dry weight (kg ha-1), valernic acid content (%) and valernic acid yield (g ha-1). Results showed that the biofertilizers had significant effect (p≤0.01) on the all quantity and quality parameters studied. Unlike the urea chemical fertilizer at all levels which had a negative effect on the yield and amount of valernic acid (%), biofertilizers increased it. Maximum and minimum amount of valernic acid (%) were measured in control (0.465%) and 150 kg ha-1 urea (0.215%) respectively. The highest and lowest root dry weight were obtained in interaction of Nitroxin+Phosphate barvar2 + 150 kg urea (665 kg ha-1) and control (221 kg ha-1) respectively. Results of this experiment showed that biofertilizers with positive effects on experimental parameters are able to replace the chemical fertilizers.
M. Heydari-Rahni, M. Nasri, Y. Filizadeh, P. Kasraei, and P. Azadi, “Evaluation of Growth, Yield, and Physiological Responses of Valeriana Officinalis L. to the Application of Urea, Nitroxin, and Phosphate Barvar-2 Fertilizers,” Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 73–92, Mar. 2022.
doi: 10.30495/ejmp.2022.1941956.1656.
In the study, to survey the growth, yield, and physiological responses of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) using different concentrations of urea fertilizer (0, 30, 60, 90, and 150 kg.ha-1) and nitroxin and phosphate Barvar-2 bio-fertilizers, an experiment was conducted in medicinal Plants farm, Tehran, as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2019-2020 crop year. Seedling cultivation was carried out in mid-May and urea fertilizer treatment was performed in two stages. To measure root and biological yield, one square meter was harvested from each plot and the dry weight of shoot and root was measured and the sum of these two was calculated as biological yield. Root and rhizome essential oils were extracted by water distillation (Clevenger) and valerenic acid by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Essential oil yield was also calculated based on the essential oil percentage and dry root yield. The average root diameter varied from 7.97 (90 kg urea per ha) to 5.14 mm (control). The highest root yield was obtained in 150 and 90 kg urea.ha-1 along with inoculation with nitroxin and phosphate Barvar-2 (4.88 and 5.1 ton.ha-1, respectively). Application of 90 kg urea.ha-1 along with nitroxin resulted in increased chlorophyll b and total content. Increasing the urea concentration decreased essential oil content and increased essential oil yield. Essential oil content ranged from 0.93 (90 kg urea.ha-1 with nitroxin and phosphate Barvar-2) to 1.94% (no-application of fertilizers). The highest valerenic acid content (0.46% of the extract) and valerenic acid yield (220.27 mg.ha-1) were observed using 30 kg of urea with phosphate Barvar-2 and no application of nitroxin. In general, application of nitroxin and phosphate Barvar-2 bio-fertilizers along with 90 kg urea.ha-1 by improving growth, yield, and physiological traits led to the production of acceptable essential oil and valerenic acid yield.
B. Huang, H. Zheng, Q. Zhang, and L. Qin, “Effects of various seed sources and different storage conditions on seed germination rate of Valeriana officinalis,” Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 1994.http://dx.doi.org/.
M. Javan Gholiloo, M. Yarnia, A. H. Ghorttapeh, F. Farahvash, and A. M. Daneshian, “Evaluating Effects of Drought Stress and Bio-Fertilizer on Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis l.),” Journal of Plant Nutrition, vol. 42, no. 13, pp. 1417–1429, Aug. 2019.
doi: 10.1080/01904167.2019.1628972.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of bio-fertilizers and drought stress on valerian. A split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted. Drought stress at three levels: 60, 90, and 120 mm evaporation from pan class A were randomized to the main plots and subplots consisted bio-fertilizers at eight levels: control (non-inoculation), Mycorrhiza, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, combination of Azotobacter and Azospirilum, combination of Azotobacter and Mycorrhiza, combination of Azosperilum and Mycorrhiza, combination of Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza, Azospirilum. The results showed that interaction effect of both factors on root and shoot dry weight, content of proline, carotenoids, nitrogen and potassium, essential oil were significant. The main effects of factors on relative moisture content, chlorophyl a and b, phosphorus, soluble sugars and essential oil yield were significant. According to the results, it is recommended to replace chemical fertilizers with bio-fertilizers to achieve sustainable agricultural goals.
R. Jevđović, G. Todorović, and M. Kostić, “Effects of Seed Age and Package Type on Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis L.) Seed Germination Rate,” Lekovite sirovine, no. 29, pp. 23–28, 2009.https://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?artid=0455-62240929023J.
The effect of storage duration (seed age) and four types of packages (natron paper bag, PVC, wooden and glass packages) on valerian seed germination rate was observed during few years period (2005-2009.) The seed was produced, processed and stored in the appropriate store room, in 2005. Germination tests were carried out each year in the laboratory germination cabinet of the Institute for Medicinal Plant Research ’Dr Josif Pančić’. Four replicates of 100 seeds were placed on the filter paper in Petri dishes and kept on the constant temperature of 20ºC. Germination rate was tested according to the ISTA methods. Obtained results showed that even after one-year storage germination rate was significantly reduced in all types of packages. Such a trend continued after the second and particularly after the third year of storage. Valerian seed germination rate proved to be dependent on the type of package and it was best maintained in paper, then wooden, glass and PVC packages. .
Results of the laboratory investigation of the germination of valerian seed (Valeriana officinalis L.) are presented in this paper. It was determine of germination energy, total germination and 100-seed mass on three temperature regimes T1=20ºC const., T2=10/20ºC and T3=5/15ºC. Were used in experiment 30-days old seed, one year old seed, two years old seed and three years old seed. Seed age had considerable influence on germination energy and total germination. The influence of the temperature regime of investigation was significantly lees expressed. The best germination energy and total energy was in case of 30-days old seed investigated at temperature T=20ºC const.
D. A. Kaya, “The investigation of different row spaces and harvest times on the yield and quality of essential oil of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L. ) grown in Cukurova region,” Çukurova University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2006.https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6472547053aa8c8963064547.
This study was carried out to determine the effects of different row spaces and harvest times on yield and quality of valerian essential oil grown in Cukurova region at Cukurova University, Agriculture Faculty, Field Crops Department dry land experimental fields in 2003-2004 and 2004-2005. The field trials were arranged in split-split plot experimental design with three replicates. Varieties (Anton and Mehrfahrig) were main plots, harvest times (June and July) were subplots and subsubplots were row spaces (25 cm, 50 cm and 75 cm).
R. Khatibzadeh and M. Azizi, “Changes of Vegetative Parametrs, Oil Yield, Total Phenol and Antioxidant Capacity at Hydroponic Cultures of Valeriana Officinalis in Response to Various Ammonium: Nitrate Levels and Light Intensities,” in 3rd National Congress on Medicinal Plants, 2015.http://profdoc.um.ac.ir/paper-abstract-1049108.html.
جستجو در مقالات دانشگاهی و کتب استادان دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
K. Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt, “The Variability of Population and Individual Traits of Medicinal Plant Valeriana Officinalis L. Var. Officinalis Mikan under Different Site Conditions,” Periodicum biologorum, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 41–50, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.18054/pb.v120i1.5453.
Purpose:
The purpose of investigations was to evaluate the effect of site conditions on the variability of traits of Valeriana officinalis L. var. officinalis.
Materials and methods:
Th...
C. Kwiatkowski, “Evaluation of Yield Quality and Weed Infestation of Common Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis L.) in Dependence on Weed Control Method and Forecrop,” Acta Agrobotanica, vol. 63, no. 2, 2010.
doi: 10.5586/aa.2010.046.
J. Lee, Y. Kirn, Y. Choi, and D. Ahn, “Agronomic Factors Affecting Root Yield and Essential Oil Contents of Valeriana Fauriei Var. Dasycarpa Hara and V. Officinalis L. in Korea,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 426, pp. 525–536, Aug. 1996.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1996.426.57.
S. Léonhart, K. Pedneault, A. Gosselin, P. Angers, A. P. Papadopoulos, and M. Dorais, “Diversification of Greenhouse Crop Production Under Supplemental Lighting by the Use of New Cultures with High Economic Potential,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 580, pp. 249–254, Jun. 2002.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.580.33.
W. Letchamo, W. Ward, B. Heard, and D. Heard, “Essential Oil of Valeriana Officinalis L. Cultivars and Their Antimicrobial Activity As Influenced by Harvesting Time under Commercial Organic Cultivation,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 3915–3919, Jun. 2004.
doi: 10.1021/jf0353990.
The essential oil content and the composition of subterranean parts of two valerian (Valeriana officinalis, L.) cultivars Select and Anthose, from certified commercial organic fields, were determined by hydrodistillation, followed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry analysis. Eight and fourteen month old cv. Select had 0.67 and 0.87% essential oil, while similar aged cv. Anthose contained 0.97 and 1.1% essential oil. Forty-three and fifty-three components from cv. Select and cv. Anthose oils were detected, respectively. The oil composition significantly varied due to the cultivar type, plant age, and/or harvesting time. The major components for cv. Select were valerenal, bornyl acetate, 15-acetoxy valeranone, valerenic acid, and camphene, while cv. Anthose had valerenal, (−)-bornyl acetate, α-humulene, camphene, 15-acetoxy valeranone, and valerenic acid. With further aging of the plants, the valerenal, valerenic acid, and α-humulene contents increased. The oil of cv. Select had a strong antimicrobial effect against Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while cv. Anthose showed low or no activity against all test microbes, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting that the inhibitory activity of valerian oil depends on the cultivar and its developmental stage. The oil profile of our cultivars did not match the literature proposed chemotype profiles. Keywords: Valeriana officinalis; essential oil; valerenal; valerenic acid; bornyl acetate; α-humulene; antimicrobial; cultivars; growth stage; organic cultivation
M. Maleky-dozzadeh, P. Khadiv-Parsi, S. Rezazadeh, N. Firoozian, A. Sadraei, and M. A. Torkmahalleh, “Application of Multistage Steam Distillation Column for Extraction of Essential Oil of Valeriana Officinialis L. Cultivated in Iran.”
M. Marin, G. Laverack, A. A. Powell, and S. Matthews, “Potential of the Electrical Conductivity of Seed Soak Water and Early Counts of Radicle Emergence to Assess Seed Quality in Some Native Species,” Seed Science and Technology, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 71–86, Apr. 2018.
doi: 10.15258/sst.2018.46.1.07.
The potential of the electrical conductivity (EC) test to predict final germination was evaluated in seed lots from seven native species. In four of the seven species tested (Cyanus segetum, Prunella vulgaris, Valeriana officinalis and Centaurea nigra), EC was indicative of the final germination (radicle emergence; RE), with high levels of leakage seen for lots with low germination. Single seed measurements of solute leakage from two species confirmed the link between high leakage and the failure to germinate, while in Cyanus segetum, high EC was also associated with slow germination (after 42 hours). Reduced EC and earlier RE following a pre-hydration treatment in C. segetum supported the hypothesis that metabolic repair may occur during early imbibition. A single early count of RE (at 42 hours) also predicted germination (R 2 ≥ 0.858) for 12 seed lots of C. segetum. Therefore, both measurements of solute leakage from seeds using EC and early counts of RE have potential to predict the germination of seed lots from native species. The use of the EC test may be dependent on the structure of the seed, but the RE test may be applicable to a wider range of species and predict both germination and vigour differences.
M. Marin, P. Toorop, A. A. Powell, and G. Laverack, “Tetrazolium Staining Predicts Germination of Commercial Seed Lots of European Native Species Differing in Seed Quality,” Seed Science and Technology, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 151–166, Apr. 2017.
doi: 10.15258/sst.2017.45.1.03.
The germination of 113 commercially available seed lots taken from eight European native species was evaluated and the requirement for dormancy-breaking treatment (250 mg l-1 gibberellic acid, GA3; cold stratification) investigated. Laboratory germination, assessed as radicle emergence, of seed lots of single species from different suppliers was highly variable, ranging from 0 to 99%. This highlighted the problem of seed quality in the European native seed market. GA3 gave small increases in germination, indicative of little dormancy, in six species (Centaurea nigra, Cyanus segetum, Knautia arvensis, Prunella vulgaris, Silene vulgaris and Valeriana officinalis) and the effectiveness of dormancy-breaking treatments did not differ between suppliers (i.e. seed origin). In Papaver rhoeas, GA3 increased germination of some lots indicating intra-specific variation in dormancy. Only a cold stratification treatment significantly enhanced germination in Rhinanthus minor . A tetrazolium (TZ) testing protocol was developed for the eight species which predicted germination of each species in only two days. Furthermore there was a predictive relationship (R 2 = 0.95) between TZ staining and germination across all species. We therefore propose that TZ staining could be used as a rapid routine method for assessing the germination of many native species, even when dormancy is present.
M.Haydarov, B.Mamanazarov, D.Xamroqulov, and D.Nasriddinova, “Biomorphology of Valeriana Officinalis L,” Science and Innovation, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 393–399, Dec. 2022.
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7392880.
V state opisyvayutsya latentnyy period, virginalnye periody, trava, juvenile phase, immature phase, growing virginilnaya and generative phase of the plant Valeriana Officinalis L. Izuchenie stadiy razvitiya rastenii, t. e. seed germination, glubiny posadki, trebovaniy k temperature i vlajnosti, slujit osnovoy dlya opredeleniya agroteknicheskih meropriyati vozdelyvaniya. When growing medicinal valerian, it is important to prepare high-quality stages for increasing the resistance of the plant to the soil and air environment, as well as to diseases.
T. Miao et al., “Optimization of Extraction Process of Valeriana Officinalis L. Root Essential Oil and Study on Its Anti-Free Radical Activity,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 526, no. 1, p. 012067, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/526/1/012067.
Taking Valerianrhizome as raw material and the yield of volatile oil of Valerian as an index, the extraction process of valerian volatile oil was analyzed by microwave assisted steam distillation, and optimized by Box-Behnken response surface test. The effects of scavenging capacity of Li, DPPH and hydroxyl radicals on their antioxidant capacity were studied. The results showed that the optimal process conditions of microwave extraction of volatile oil of Valerian were 350W microwave power, extraction time 25min, liquid-to-material ratio 8.8mL: 1.0g, and the yield of volatile oil of Valerian extracted under this condition was 5.88%. Microwave-extracted volatile oil of Valerian has strong scavenging ability and high reducing power to DPPH free radicals and hydroxyl free radicals. Compared with steam distillation, it has obvious differences, which can provide reference for the development of antioxidant products of Valerian oil.
A. G. Milosta, A. S. Brujlo, and G. M. Milosta, “Influence of doses and methods of boric fertilizer application on productivity of Valeriana officinalis on the sod-podzolic sandy soil,” Soil Science and Agrochemistry : scientific journal, 2009.
In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there was realized the determination of dependence of yielding capacity and roots and rhizomes quality of valerian (Valeriana officinalis) on application of boric trace fertilizer applied in different doses as leaf spray fertilization. Determination of boric fertilizer influence on indexes of yield structure of valerian was realized. In order to obtain the maximal yielding capacity of roots and rootstock of valerian cultivated on sod-podzolic sandy soils it was recommended to apply boron in the form of foliar spraying at the stage of vegetating plants in dose of В (0.050+0.050+0.050) or into soil - B1,5 kg/ha against the background of organic fertilizers (60 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers N90P90K120. Boron application to plants during vegetation in doses В (0.050+0.050+0.050) or into soil - В1,5 kg/ha was of equal value in regard to the yields (23,0-23,3 c/ha) and extractive substances content (27,8-27,9%) in the roots and rhizomes. The maximal yield of extractive substances per unit area (6,36-6,49 c/ha) was obtained the observed above variants.
S. A. Mousavi, N. Dalir, R. Rahnemaie, and M.-T. Ebadi, “Phosphate Concentrations and Methionine Application Affect Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis L.) under Hydroponic Conditions,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 171, p. 113821, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113821.
In addition to absorbing water and nutrients, the medicinal plant roots are sometimes responsible for the secondary metabolite production and/or accumulation. Root extension is, therefore, economically important in these plants. Here we used a hydroponic system to investigate the effects of exogenous methionine (Met) and phosphate (PO4) concentration on the biomass production and quality of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) root. The plants were grown in a cocopeat-perlite mixture and irrigated with nutrient solutions differed mainly in phosphate concentration (900, 1200, and 1500 μM) for four months. The valerian plants were exposed five times to 400 μM methionine either as foliar or root applications. Elevated phosphate concentration had a negative impact on yield and quality of valerian root, showing a 32 % reduction in root dry weight at 1500 compared with 900 μM phosphate. The maximum accumulation of essential oil (29 μL plant−1) and valerenic acid (11 mg plant−1) were also recorded at the lowest phosphate concentration (900 μM) coincided with the highest Zn absorption by the plants. Irrespective of the phosphate concentration, using Met, particularly in root application improved the measured plant traits. Met supplementation at the lowest phosphate concentration caused a 1.3-fold and 1.6-fold increase in the yield of the essential oil and valerenic acid, respectively. Overall, these findings indicate that an exogenous supply of Met at a relatively low phosphate concentration can considerably increase the yield and quality of valerian roots under hydroponic conditions.
S. Muntean, L. Muntean, M. M. Duda, and D. I. Vârban, “The Influence of the Nutritional Space upon the Raw Material and Volatile Oil Yields in Valeriana Officinalis L., under the Ecological Conditions of Cluj-Napoca, Romania,” Planta Medica, vol. 75, no. 9, p. PB26, Jul. 2009.
doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1234438.
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S. H. Mustafavi, F. Shekari, and H. H. Maleki, “Influence of Exogenous Polyamines on Antioxidant Defence and Essential Oil Production in Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis L.) Plants under Drought Stress,” Acta agriculturae Slovenica, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 81–91, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.14720/aas.2016.107.1.09.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of foliar application of polyamines (PAs) on antioxidant defence and essential oil production of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) grown under different drought stress treatments (100, 70, 50 and 30% available water content). This study was carried out using pots in greenhouse condition. Drought–stressed valerian seedlings were sprayed with 1 mM concentration of each putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm). The results showed that drought stress significantly affected most biochemical characteristics of valerian plants. Characteristics including leaf relative water content, chlorophyll a and b contents were decreased, while carotenoids and electrolyte leakage were increased with the increase of water stress. In this research, defensive characteristics comprising proline content, soluble sugars, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase were increased followed by drought stress to ameliorate the adverse effect of it. Results revealed that foliar application of Spd and Spm provoked the antioxidant enzymes activity as well as proline accumulation in valerian which alleviate the membrane damages. Consequently, Spd and Spm increased photosynthetic pigments which act as energy supply for plant growth and production. Here, putrescine had detrimental effects on CAT activity and Chl a content. Albeit, PAs presented remarkable effects under moderate drought stress condition but it showed reverse trends in severe drought stress condition. In terms of quantity and quality yield, drought stress reduced root growth but increased the concentration of essential oils. PAs are able to alleviate water deficit-induced diminish root growth. These results suggest that in moderate drought stress, growers can use PAs to increase productivity valerian.
H. Naghdi Badi, M. Lotfizad, N. Qavami, A. Mehrafarin, and K. Khavazi, “Response of Quantity and Quality Yield of Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis L.) to Application of Phosphorous Bio/Chemical Fertilizers,” Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 12, no. 46, pp. 25–37, May 2013.http://jmp.ir/article-1-86-en.html.
Background: Since phosphorus is the vital nutrient for plants, the evaluation of phosphorous fertilizers effects on yield and quality of valerian is necessary. Objective: In this research the effect of phosphorus solubilization bacterias as bio-fertilizers and phosphorous chemical fertilizer on quantity and quality yield of valerian was studied. Methods: This ...
S. Nandhini, K. B. Narayanan, and K. Ilango, “Valeriana Officinalis: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology,” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 36, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i1.22588.
Valeriana is a well-known Indian traditional medicinal herb with sleep remedy. It has been used over the years to treat nervine and sedative in hysteria, epilepsy, and sedative in nervous anxiety. It has also been used as an aromatic stimulant and reported some distinctive indications, as well as its use for rheumatism, low-grade fevers, and aphrodisiac. It has been known to grow well in regions of Europe, parts of Asia and North America. This systematic review focuses on the ethnopharmacological uses of Valeriana, including recent advances on the phytochemical and pharmacological study of Valeriana officinalis. In addition, future developments and scenarios in the study of the plant have been proposed. Various literature and electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Wiley were searched and data obtained. Other online academic libraries such as Google Scholar and ethnopharmacological literature were searched systematically for more information on the plant. In this paper, we have reviewed various research conducted on V. officinalis especially in areas of its ethnopharmacological use, phytochemicals, and pharmacology. This plant has been used medicinally for a minimum of 2000 years. It is used in the treatment of brain disorder and also used for the treatment of varied nervous disorders, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, diuretic, diaphoretic, and emmenagogue, and hysteria. More research is needed in the area of pharmacokinetics and toxicology to give further information on the clinical use and control the quality of the plant.
F. Nazari, S. Shaabani, and S. N. Ebrahimi, “Investigation of Valeriana Officinalis L. from Iran,” Planta Medica, vol. 75, no. 9, p. PD55, Jul. 2009.
doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1234534.
Indices related to sowing qualities of cv. Shipka of Valeriana were examined by comparison with data characteristics of the species. Data showed that seeds of that cultivar were better or equal to seeds of the species in all cases. In term of sowing qualities, they were by no means in a disadvantageous position. The greatest advantage was that during the storage period from harvesting in August throughout autumn and winter until the testing in spering i.e. eight months later, they had preserved a high germination rate of 88% which was not mentioned in any of the books of reference. The results obtained present a scientific contribution to development and optimization of cultivation technology.
M. Nell et al., “Root Colonization by Symbiotic Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Increases Sesquiterpenic Acid Concentrations in Valeriana Officinalis L.,” Planta Medica, pp. 393–398, Oct. 2009.
doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1186180.
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F. Pank, H. J. Hannig, J. Hauschild, and B. Zygmunt, “Chemical weed control in the cropping of medicinal plants. Part 1: Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) (author’s transl),” Die Pharmazie, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 115–119, Feb. 1980.
More than 40 herbicides have been tested in field trials with valerian over a period of several years. The following herbicidies have proved best suited: chloropham for application in autumn after planting, metobromurone for spraying in the early spring at the commencement of sprouting, nitrofen or a nitrofen-simazine compound preparation for application in May. The utilization of a sequence of herbicides led to a 90% reduction of the weed cover and a 65% reduction of the manual work needed for weed control. The yield and the essential oil and valepotriate contents of valerian were not impaired. The results from residue analyses are presented.
M. Pavlović, N. Kovačević, O. Tzakou, and M. Couladis, “Composition of the Essential Oils from the Aerial Parts of Five Wild Growing Valeriana Species,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 433–438, Sep. 2007.
doi: 10.1080/10412905.2007.9699945.
The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of five Valeriana species, growing wild in Serbia and Montenegro, Valeriana officinalis L., V. pancicii Halácsy et Bald., V. bertiscea Pancic, V. montana L. and V. braunii-blanquetii Lakusic were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major compounds were found to be α-kessyl acetate (15.4%) and bornyl acetate (14.2%) in V. officinalis oil, patchouli alcohol (36.8%) in V. pancicii oil, isovaleric acid (13.2–39.0%) and 3-methylvaleric acid (10.0–30.8%) in the oils of V. bertiscea, V. montana and V. braunii-blanquetii.
M. Penzkofer, “Breeding Support for Valeriana Officinalis L. s.l. : Root Structure, Localization of Value-Determining Secondary Compounds and Mating Behavior at Open Pollination,” DoctoralThesis, Hannover : Institutionelles Repositorium der Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2019.
doi: 10.15488/5237.
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L. s.l.) is an important medicinal plant, which is used for insomnia and restlessness. Preparations for treating of such indications are produced from the dried rootstock (roots and rhizome). The raw material comes invariably from field cultivation. Due to the very fine, carpet-like root structure, a high proportion of soil is attached to the root system after the harvest, which requires an extensive post-harvest treatment. Losses of root-yield and important secondary compounds are the consequences. Therefore, a breeding project was set up to develop varieties with coarser root structure and acceptable secondary compound contents by selection- and cross-breeding. The aim of this thesis was to investigate two fundamental aspects in order to support valerian breeding: • Root structure analyses and the localization of secondary compounds within the root system • Mating behavior under conditions of open pollination in the field Knowledge about the relationship between root structure and secondary compounds contents is of central importance for the breeding project. For instance, a decrease of secondary compound contents with increasing root thickness would be disadvantageous for the primary breeding goal. Two techniques were developed and applied to localize secondary compounds in different parts of the root system of four cloned valerian genotypes. An analytical determination of the valerenic acids and the essential oil contents was performed by HPLC and water-distillation, respectively. The horizontal distribution of the essential oil droplets within root cross-sections was determined by a fluorescence-microscopic image-analysis. Based on the analytical investigations on the sesquiterpene acids (sum of valerenic acid and acetoxyvalerenic acid) and essential oil contents, the adventitious roots showed 25 to 30\,% higher contents than the lateral roots, and these in turn had a 25 to 30 % higher contents compared to the rhizomes. Differences between four root diameter fractions were not detectable for any secondary compound. The image analysis showed that 43\,% of the detected oil droplets were located in the root cortex (parenchyma) close to the root surface (epidermis). The remaining 57\,% were detected in the subjacent root cortex (inner parenchyma). The central cylinder was free of essential oil droplets. Differences in oil droplet distribution and density between the genotypes, the root thickness and the harvesting depth are detectable. In summary, the results indicate that a coarser root structure did not lead to a decrease of important secondary compounds. The second aim of this thesis dealt with the determination of the outcrossing rate under conditions of open pollination. Cross-pollination is described as the naturally pollination system of valerian, however self-pollination cannot be excluded. Within the offspring from open pollinated and random mated (panmixia) valerian plants, the proportion of descendants, who were generated by cross-pollination, was determined by marker based analyses (AFLP). The cross-pollination was accepted, if the reference marker of the crossing partner was detected. The determined proportion of cross-pollination ranged from 76.5 to 97.7\,%. Thus, the predominant tendency of the valerian breeding material to outbreeding was confirmed.
M. Penzkofer, S. Seefelder, and H. Heuberger, “Estimation of Outcrossing Rates Using Genomic Marker and Determination of Seed Quality Parameters in Valeriana Officinalis L. s.l. under Field Conditions,” Euphytica, vol. 214, no. 5, p. 81, Apr. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s10681-018-2164-9.
Knowledge of the biological properties of pollination and fertilization are essential for breeding and the development of breeding concepts. In this investigation, panmictically cross-pollinated seeds of two selected combining partners of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) were produced and in the progeny, the outcrossing rates (OCR) were determined by using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis (AFLP). The previous assumption that Valeriana officinalis L. shows a predominantly high outcrossing rate (OCR) was confirmed. The OCR ranged from 76.5 to 97.7%. Several mother plants showed an OCR of 100% in their progeny. Partially involved heterozygous DNA-fragments could have led to undetected outcrossings and to a lower OCR. The preferred outcrossing direction and the individual seed amount of the mother plants may influence the performance of a seed mixture, generated by both partners as mother plants.
N. V. Pryvedeniuk, “Valeriana Officinalis yield with a drip irrigation system under conditions of Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine,” Land Reclamation and Water Management, 2016.http://mivg.iwpim.com.ua/index.php/mivg/article/view/60.
Досліджено вплив краплинного зрошення, площі живлення та способу внесення мінеральних добрив на врожайність валеріани лікарської. Підтримання вологості ґрунту на рівні 90% від найменшої вологомісткості забезпечило отримання найвищої врожайності коренів валеріани – 5,1 т/га, що перевищувало контроль на 142,9%. Вирощування валеріани лікарської без застосування зрошення є ризикованим, а нестача ґрунтової вологи на початкових фазах розвитку рослин спричинила загибель посіву у 2015 р.Внесення повного мінерального добрива під основний обробіток N45P45K45 підживленням методом фертигації N45P45K45 та ущільнення рослин за рахунок зміни ширини міжряддя (з 60+60+60 см на 60+30+60 см) забезпечило приріст врожайності коренів 1,2 т/га відносно контролю.
Y. Qiang, W. E. N. Li-ming, Z. Ya-juan, J. Nian, and L. I. Jiang, “Study on Seed Propagation Technology of Valeriana Officinalis,” HUBEI AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, vol. 59, no. 13, p. 92, Jul. 2020.
doi: 10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2020.13.021.
Collecting seeds from Xianfeng county, Lichuan city, Enshi city in Hub...
A. Raal, E. Arak, A. Orav, T. Kailas, and M. Müürisepp, “Variation in the Composition of the Essential Oil of Commercial Valeriana Officinalis L. Roots from Different Countries,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 524–529, Nov. 2008.
doi: 10.1080/10412905.2008.9700079.
The volatile constituents from roots of Valeriana officinalis L. were investigated using GC and GC/MS methods. Valerianae radix samples were obtained from retail pharmacies of different European countries. The roots of 15 V. offcinalis samples yielded 0.19–1.16% essential oil on a dry weight basis. The basic oil components among the identified 86 compounds were bornyl acetate (2.9–33.7%), α-fenchene (0–28.3%), valerianol (0.2–18.2%), valerenal (tr-15.6%), isovaleric acid (0–13.1%), camphene (0–11.1%) and valeranone (0.5–10.9%). Bornyl acetate/valerenal chemotype was characteristic for 9 of the 15 samples of valerian roots from different European countries. Some samples did not contain α-fenchene and camphene (Germany, Czech), isovaleric acid (France, Moldova, Russia 2) and valerianic acid (Estonia, Ukraine 1, Scotland, Moldova, Russia 1). Valerian root oil from Estonia was rich in essential oil, bornyl acetate (33.7%), valerianol (16.8%) and valeranone (9.5%).
X. Ren et al., “Chemical Constituent and Bioactivity of Valeriana Officinalis L. Root Essential Oil Using Neutral Cellulase-Assisted Steam Distillation,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 361–373, Jul. 2022.
doi: 10.1080/10412905.2022.2066211.
Neutral cellulase-assisted steam distillation (NCSD) was developed to extract essential oil from Valeriana officinalis L. root, and a single-factor experiment was designed to optimize the NCSD. Chemical composition was subsequently compared between Valeriana officinalis L. root essential oil (VORO) extracted by NCSD and conventional steam distillation (SD). Results show that the highest yield of VORO extracted by NCSD was 68.09% higher than that extracted by SD. Results of antibacterial activity indicate that the two VOROs had an equally strong antibacterial activity of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.88, 1.75, and 3.50 mg/mL, respectively. Both VOROs also showed sufficiently high antioxidant and anti-dust mite abilities. The VORO concentration higher than 0.35 mg/mL was regarded as an A-grade dust mite repellent and B-grade miticide. This study has emphasized the significances of VORO in the food and textile industries as a potential additive.
V. Ricigliano et al., “Regulation of Sesquiterpenoid Metabolism in Recombinant and Elicited Valeriana Officinalis Hairy Roots,” Phytochemistry, vol. 125, pp. 43–53, May 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.02.011.
The medicinal properties of Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root preparations are attributed to the anxiolytic sesquiterpenoid valerenic acid and its biosynthetic precursors valerenal and valerenadiene, as well as the anti-inflammatory sesquiterpenoid β-caryophyllene. In order to study and engineer the biosynthesis of these pharmacologically active metabolites, a binary vector co-transformation system was developed for V. officinalis hairy roots. The relative expression levels and jasmonate-inducibility of a number of genes associated with sesquiterpenoid metabolism were profiled in roots: farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (VoFPS), valerendiene synthase (VoVDS), germacrene C synthase (VoGCS), and a cytochrome P450 (CYP71D442) putatively associated with terpene metabolism based on sequence homology. Recombinant hairy root lines overexpressing VoFPS or VoVDS were generated and compared to control cultures. Overexpression of the VoFPS cDNA increased levels of the corresponding transcript 4- to 8-fold and sesquiterpene hydrocarbon accumulation by 1.5- to 4-fold. Overexpression of the VoVDS cDNA increased the corresponding transcript levels 5- to 9-fold and markedly increased yields of the oxygenated sesquiterpenoids valerenic acid and valerenal. Our findings suggest that the availability of cytoplasmic farnesyl diphosphate and valerenadiene are potential bottlenecks in Valeriana-specific sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, which is also subject to regulation by methyl jasmonate elicitation.
M. Rostami and Z. Movahedi, “Evaluating the Effects of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) on Morpho-Physiological Traits of Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis L.) in Aeroponic System.,” Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1751–1759, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.30495/ijpp.2016.532691.
Aeroponic culture is an alternative method for optimizing growth of different plants in controlled conditions. Aeroponic systems are an efficient tool for the root studies and improving medicinal root production. In order to study the feasibility of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) production in aeroponic systems and assessing the effects of different NAA concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/l) on some morpho-physiological traits of valerian, the current study was conducted based on a completely randomized design. The results indicated that the effects of the production system were significant for plant height, root length, number of leaves, volume of roots, and dry weight of the shoot and root. Application of NAA hormone had a significant effect on all of the studied traits and by increasing NAA concentration, leaf number, root length and volume, plant height, dry weight of root and shoot, root/shoot ratio, relative water content, and photosynthetic pigments increased significantly.
D. Russowski, N. Maurmann, S. B. Rech, and A. G. Fett-Neto, “Role of Light and Medium Composition on Growth and Valepotriate Contents in Valerianaglechomifolia Whole Plant Liquid Cultures,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 211–218, Aug. 2006.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-006-9109-z.
A system for growing in liquid medium whole plants of Valeriana glechomifolia, endemic to southern Brazil and capable of accumulating bioactive valepotriates, is described. Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg B5 (B5) media (1.0×, 0.3× and 0.1× strength) without phytohormones were evaluated after four weeks of culture in relation to growth and valepotriate yield. Plants grown in 1.0× MS displayed greatest growth and valepotriate yields and the study of the light condition showed that plants grown under light and dark had similar weight increase and maximum valepotriate yield, 27.2 mg/g DW and 25.0 mg/g DW, respectively. Valtrate was the most abundant valepotriate, followed by acevaltrate and didrovaltrate.
A. Safaralie, S. Fatemi, and F. Sefidkon, “Essential Oil Composition of Valeriana Officinalis L. Roots Cultivated in Iran: Comparative Analysis between Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Hydrodistillation,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 1180, no. 1, pp. 159–164, Feb. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.011.
The composition of essential oil extracted from Valeriana officinalis L. roots growing wild in Iran was studied by hydrodistillation and supercritical CO2 extraction. Forty-seven components representing 89.3% and 35 constituents varying from 86.1% to 95.1% of the oil obtained by hydrodistillation and supercritical CO2 were identified, respectively. The major components in the extracted oil from supercritical CO2 were isovaleric acid (18.7–41.8%), valerenic acid (8.2–11.8%), acetoxyvaleranone (5.6–9.6%), (Z)-valernyl acetate (4.5–6.5%), bornyl acetate (2.3–7.7%) and valerenol (3.7–5.2%), whereas by hydrodistillation were bornyl acetate (11.6%), valerenic acid (8.0%), (Z)-valernyl acetate (7.9%) and acetoxyvaleranone (7.6%). The analysis of the extracts was performed by capillary GC and GC/MS.
High percent of medicines are used in developed countries have herbal origin. With regard to the development of saline lands and the shortage of agricultural lands, it comes into great importance to make use of salt tolerant plant. Cultivation of plants in hydroponic environment is a reliable and economical method in order to select the salt tolerant plant. An experiment was carried out in order to study the effect of different salinity levels on Cuminum cyminum and Valeriana officinalis in germination and seedling stages in a completely randomized design with four replications. The seed genotypes used were Mashhad, Serayan and Torbat-e-Jam. Salinity levels applied were zero (control), 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mM. The result showed that by increasing salinity level percentage of germination, root length, shoot length, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, biomass, and shoot/root ratio decreased. This decrease was different among the studied plants and there was significant different between concentrations of salinity (p0.01). C. cyminum had a high tolerance to salinity in their germination and seedling stages phase, but V. officinalis showed sensitive to increased salinity in this phase. In this experiment, Serayan genotype was more salt tolerant than other genotypes.
K. Seidler-Lozykowska, S. Mielcarek, and M. Baraniak, “Content of Essential Oil and Valerenic Acids in Valerian (Valeriana Offcinalis L.) Roots at the Selected Developmental Phases,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 413–416, Sep. 2009.
doi: 10.1080/10412905.2009.9700206.
The content of essential oil and valerenic acids and the yield of roots were analyzed in valerian cultivar ‘Polka’ and strain no. 4 during the nine following phases: the beginning of vegetation, spring rosette, pedicel development, the beginning of flowering, full bloom, seed harvest, three weeks after the seed harvest, fall rosette, and after the first frost. The yield of valerian roots was different at the investigated phases and in years of cultivation, while tested genotypes produced similar root yields. The highest contents of essential oil and valerenic acids were obtained at different phases by the tested genotypes: strain no. 4 in full bloom (1.3% and 0.266%, respectively) and cultivar ‘Polka’ three weeks after seed harvest (1.25%) and during seed harvest (0.218%). The lowest contents of the investigated substances were detected at the beginning of growth and after the first frost in both genotypes. The obtained results revealed significant differences in essential oil and valerenic acids content, which depend on genotype, plant age, harvest time and the year of cultivation. The results suggest that higher amounts of valerenic acids could be obtained in the second year of cultivation over the period from full bloom (0.278%) to fall rosette phase (0.316%).
D. Shohet and R. B. H. Wills, “Characteristics of Extracted Valerenic Acids From Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis) Root by Supercritical Fluid Extraction Using Carbon Dioxide,” International Journal of Food Properties, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 325–329, Jul. 2006.
doi: 10.1080/10942910600596431.
The extraction of valerenic acids from valerian root by supercritical fluid extraction using CO2 under different operating conditions was compared to extraction by percolation using 70% ethanol. The yield of total valerenic acids under pressures of 10–20 MPa and temperatures of 40–50°C was about 85% of that achieved by percolation, while the addition of 5% ethanol or methanol as a modifier to the CO2 resulted in the same yield as percolation. Moreover, maximal extraction was achieved in the faster time of 20 minutes and resulted in a more highly concentrated extract than obtained by percolation which would aid the manufacturing of liquid or dried products. Further studies on a larger scale would clarify the use of this technique commercially.
R. D. Singh et al., “Seasonal Variation of Bioactive Components in Valeriana Jatamansi from Himachal Pradesh, India,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 292–296, Nov. 2010.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.05.006.
Valeriana jatamansi Jones. syn. V. wallichii DC (Indian valerian) is an aromatic as well as medicinal crop. It is commercially used as a substitute for V. officinalis. The valepotriates, mostly from its underground parts, possess tranquillising property. The present studies were conducted during 2001–2006 in Palampur, Himachal Pradesh in the Indian western Himalaya to study seasonal variation of plant growth, and content of enriched fraction of valepotriates and essential oil in its underground parts. The studies were conducted with V. jatamansi cultivar Himbala raised under natural shade. Fresh weight of underground parts and length of root were significantly higher during July and August, the time of maximum rains in the study area. However, dry matter in underground parts was maximum in October. Enriched fraction of valepotriates in underground parts ranged from 2.0 to 5.6%. Enriched fraction of valepotriates was significantly lower during February to June (2.4–3.6%), the time of flowering and fruiting in the crop, and was significantly higher during January, October and November (5.4, 4.7 and 4.9%, respectively). Essential oil in the underground parts ranged from 0.1 to 0.5% and was significantly higher during March to June (0.3–0.4%) attaining its peak in June (0.4%). Estimate of yield of enriched fraction of valepotriates indicated that November or January is the ideal time to harvest V. jatamansi for enriched fraction of valepotriates production, while May is appropriate harvesting time for production of essential oil in western Himalayan region in India.
S. F. Syahid, H. Nurhayati, and B. Hartoyo, “Morpho-Agronomic Characteristics of Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis L.) Derived from in-Vitro Culture,” E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 306, p. 01001, 2021.
doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202130601001.
Valeriana officinalis belongs to the Valerianaceae family, is a well-known herb and medicinal plant. Plant roots are commonly used as medicine by the pharmaceutical industry. Observation on morpho-agronomic characteristics of valerian propagated in vitro is needed to determine their morphological characteristics and production in the field. The study aimed to observe the morphological characteristics of valerian derived from in vitro culture. The experiment was conducted at the Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crops Research Institute (ISMCRI) Bogor, arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Each replication consisted of ten individual plants. Valerian plantlets from in vitro culture were acclimatized in the greenhouse and planted in media composed of a mixture of soil, compost, and husk. Afterward, 3 months old valerian was then transferred into a polybag. The plants were harvested at 9 and 12 months after planting (MAP). Valerian plantlets from in vitro propagation were successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse. Furthermore, the morphological characteristics of the plant were similar to the parents. The yield was significantly higher at 12 MAP than 9 MAP. The tissue culture technique was prospective for valerian propagation to support rapid plant material provision for seeds or raw material for the pharmaceutical industry.
W doświadczeniu polowym przeprowadzonym w latach 2006-2007 w Ostrowie Lubelskim na glebie gliniasto-piaszczysto-pylastej porównywano plonowanie i cechy jakościowe surowca trzech odmian kozłka lekarskiego (Lubelski, Polka, Norweski) uprawianego z rozsady wysadzonej jesienią. Wyniki badań wykazały, że uzyskany wysoki plon świeżego surowca nie odzwierciedla dużej i wyrównanej zawartości w nim związków biologicznie czynnych. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały istotne różnice zarówno w plonowaniu, jak i w badanych cechach morfologicznych korzeni odmian kozłka lekarskiego. Wyższe plony suchej masy surowca otrzymano z odmian: Lubelski charakteryzującej się najgrubszymi korzeniami oraz odmiany Polka posiadającej największą liczbę korzeni. Najniższy plon surowca i jednocześnie najwyższą zawartość olejku eterycznego oraz walepotriatów uzyskano z odmiany Norweski. Porównując zawartość olejku eterycznego w podziemnych organach trzech odmian Valeriana officinalis stwierdzono, że korzenie gromadzą więcej tej substancji niż kłącza.
S. J. Tabatabaei, “Effects of Cultivation Systems on the Growth, and Essential Oil Content and Composition of Valerian,” Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, vol. 14, no. 1-2, pp. 54–67, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.1080/10496470802341219.
The growth and essential oil production of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L. var. common) growing in aeroponic, floating, growing media (a perlite and vermiculite mix), and soil systems were accessed by measuring biomass production and essential oil content and composition. The highest fresh weight of both leaves (802 g plant−1) and roots (364.5 g plant-1) was obtained in the floating media system. No significant difference in leaf area between the floating and growing media systems was observed, but comparative leaf area was reduced considerably in the aeroponics and soil systems. Both photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were increased in the floating and growing media systems, as compared with the aeroponics and soil systems, along with the concentration of essential oil. The major constituents of essential oil were bornyl acetate, valerenal, comphene, trans-caryophyllene, cis-ocimen, α-fenchen, and δ-elemene, although the relative proportion of each constituent varied with treatment. The concentration of bornyl acetate was highest (32.1% of total oil) in the floating system, some 56.5% higher than the concentration the soil. Growing valerian plants in a soil system induced the production of valerenal, and this constituent was higher in the soil systems than in the other growth systems. The results suggest that under a controlled environment, both floating and growing media systems could be promising approaches for obtaining higher root yields and oil productions in valerian.
Valeriana jatamansi Jones syn. Valeriana wallichii DC (popularly known as Indian Valerian in English, Sugandhbala or Mushkbala in hindi and Tagar in Sanskrit) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to family Valerianaceae. The species is a source of group of compounds known as valepotriates, which are responsible for sedative and tranquilizing activity of Valerian preperations. Dynamics of valepotriates (valtrate, acevaltrate, didrovaltrate, IVHD Valtrate) production in underground parts during different growing seasons in female and bisexual plants were aimed during present investigation. Phytochemical analysis using HPLC revealed that valtrate is the major compound followed by didrovaltrate, IVHD valtrate and acevaltrate. The total valepotriates content ranged between 1.019% to 1.852% in rhizomes, 1.193% to 1.829% in roots and 1.094% to 1.801% in rootstock during different months of growth in both sex types i.e female and bisexual plants. Valtrate (%) and acevaltrate (%) were recorded significantly higher in rootstock of female flowering plants in comparison to bisexual flowering plants. Higher content of valepotriates were recorded during September month after rainy season.
R. S. Verma, R. K. Verma, R. C. Padalia, A. Chauhan, A. Singh, and H. P. Singh, “Chemical Diversity in the Essential Oil of Indian Valerian (Valeriana Jatamansi Jones),” Chemistry & Biodiversity, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 1921–1929, 2011.
doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201100059.
To explore the diversity in the essential oil yield and composition of Valeriana jatamansi Jones (syn. V. wallichii DC) growing wild in Uttarakhand (Western Himalaya), 17 populations were collected from different locations and grown under similar conditions. Comparative results showed considerable variations in the essential oil yield and composition. The essential oil yield varied from 0.21 to 0.46% in the fresh roots and rhizomes of different populations of V. jatamansi. Analysis of the essential oils by GC (RI) and GC/MS and the subsequent classification by principal component analysis (PCA) resulted in six clusters with significant variations in their terpenoid composition. Major components in the essential oils of the different populations were patchouli alcohol (1; 13.4–66.7%), α-bulnesene (3; <0.05–23.5%), α-guaiene (4; 0.2–13.3%), guaiol (5; <0.05–12.2%), seychellene (6; 0.2–9.9%) viridiflorol (<0.05–7.3%), and β-gurjunene (7; 0.0–7.1%). V. jatamansi populations with contents of 1 higher than 60% may be utilized commercially in perfumery.
R. S. Verma, R. C. Padalia, and A. Chauhan, “Chemical Differentiation of Rhizome and Root Essential Oils of Indian Valerian (Valeriana Jatamansi Jones),” Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 835–840, Nov. 2013.
doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2013.862082.
To see the differences occur in the essential oil yield and composition of rhizomes and roots of the Indian Valerian (Valeriana jatamansi) grows wild; populations were collected from three diverse locations in western Himalaya. Both underground organs showed considerable variation in their yield and quality attributes. Essential oil yield was higher in roots (0.35-0.43 %) as compared rhizomes (0.05-0.08 %) of all populations. The amounts of patchouli alcohol (21.3-55.1 %), maaliol (1.4-27.3 %), isovaleric acid (3.1-5.0 %), and viridiflorol (0.9-2.1 %) were observed to be higher in rhizome oils, whereas the amounts of α-bulnesene (6.0-13.1 %), α-guaiene (6.0-8.7 %), bornyl acetate (1.9-2.3 %), 7-epi-α-selinene (1.1-2.2 %), γ-patchoulene (0.7-1.7 %), and β-elemene (0.6-1.2 %) were relatively higher in root oils of all investigated populations.
S. Wahl and A. Plescher, “Seed quality of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L) and valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) on the German seed market in 2009 to 2011.,” Zeitschrift für Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 70–78, 2014.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20143210972.
In 2009 to 2011, the seed quality of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) on the German seed market was studied with respect to the quality parameters purity, germination capacity, content of foreign seeds and thousand-seed-weight. The results were compared to the newly published quality suggestions in the "Manual of...
S. Wang et al., “Chemical Constituents from Valeriana Officinalis L. Var. Iatifolia Miq. and Their Chemotaxonomic Significance,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 90, p. 104041, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2020.104041.
Twenty-one compounds, including four monoterpenoids (1–4) (two new natural products, 1 and 2), four sesquiterpenes (5–8), two iridoids (9 and 10), four steroids (11–14), five phenolic compounds (15–19), and two alkaloids (20 and 21), were isolated from the roots of Valeriana officinalis L. var. Iatifolia Miq. Their chemical structures were established by spectroscopic methods and further confirmed by comparison with published data in the literature. Among them, eight compounds (1, 2, 6–8, 13, 18, and 21) are being reported from the family Valerianaceae for the first time, and compounds 9–12 were obtained from V. officinalis for the first time. The chemotaxonomic significance of the isolated compounds is discussed.
R. M. Weightman, “Heavy Metal and Microbial Contamination of Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis L.) Roots Grown in Soil Treated with Sewage Sludge,” Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 77–88, Feb. 2007.
doi: 10.1300/J044v12n03_06.
Contamination with heavy metals and microbes of roots of Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) grown in either unamended soil (US) or sewage sludge-amended soil (SSAS) were studied in two seasons in the UK. The concentrations of heavy metals found in the washed roots from SSAS were greater than the concentrations found in roots from the US plots by 480, 2800, 215, 1900, and 82% (in 2002) and 234, 446, 187, 426, and 450% (in 2004) for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc, respectively. Drying reduced the levels of coliforms, and washing treatments also tended to reduce the levels of microorganisms (Clostridia, molds, Bacillus sp.) detected on dried roots.
J. Wiśniewski, M. Szczepanik, B. Kołodziej, and B. Król, “Plantation Methods Effects on Common Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis) Yield and Quality,” The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 177–184, Feb. 2016.
G. U. Zhengwei, L. I. Jilie, W. Wei, and W. U. Yaohui, “Extracting flavonoids and polysaccharides synchronously from Valeriana officinalis L. and separating them,” Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1141–1146, Feb. 2017.
doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201509212.
To investigate the simultaneous extraction of flavonoids and polysaccharides from Valeriana officinalis L. and their subsequent separation, the yields of flavonoids and polysaccharides were used as major indexes. Based on single-factor experiments, the extraction process parameters were optimized by response surface analysis. Flavonoids and polysaccharides were separated by leaching and alcohol precipitation. The optimum extraction conditions were cellulase concentration of 1.9 U·mL-1, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:28 g·mL-1, extraction temperature of 49℃, and ultrasonic treatment time of 61 min. Under the above conditions, the yields of flavonoids and polysaccharides reached 7.88% and 1.48%, respectively and their purities were 28.93% and 26.56%. This optimized process, which is reliable and provides relatively high yields, is appropriate to extract flavonoids and polysaccharides synchronously from Valeriana officinalis L. and separate them.