M. Albert-Puleo, “The Obstetrical Use in Ancient and Early Modern Times of Convolvulus Scammonia or Scammony: Another Non-Fungal Source of Ergot Alkaloids?,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 193–195, Apr. 1979.
doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(79)90006-0.
Luffa operculata (L.) Cogn (Cucurbitaceae) is a traditional plant popularly used in the abortion induction, against sinusitis and is toxic. To verify the influence of the aqueous extract obtained from the dry fruit of L. operculata (BNE) on the male rats vertically exposed to a subabortive dose of BNE, by evaluating alterations in behavior and neurochemical features in hypothalamus, striatum and frontal cortex, at a juvenile age, after receiving a stress challenge given by the use of the “New York subway stress” technique (NYS). Pregnant female rats (F0 generation) received 1.0 mg/kg BNE, or distilled water (100 mL/kg), by gavage, between gestation days GD17 and GD21. The pups were weaned at PND21 and were kept up to PND60 (juvenile age) in controlled environmental conditions. Four groups were obtained: control (CG), experimental (EG), stress control (SCG) and stress experimental (SEG) After being stressed, the animals were behavioral screened for in the open field (OF) and in light-dark box (LDB) apparatuses. They were euthanized, and the liver, kidneys and brain were removed for both macroscopic and microscopic analyses, and for quantification of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and its metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and the serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindolylacetic acid (5-HIAA) were accessed in the hypothalamus, frontal cortex and striatum. although most of the behavior changes were due to the stress challenge, the rats spent more time in the dark side of the LDB and were less likely to explore the light side, indicating that the treatment with BNE induced to fear. Interferences of BNE over behavior were due to impairment of VMA, NE, 5-HT and DA and increasing of DOPAC in the hypothalamus, and an increase of 5-HIAA in the frontal cortex, indicating alterations in the hypothalamic-hypophysis-adrenal axis (HHAA). No macroscopic or histopathological changes were observed in the liver, kidneys, or brain, although GFAP was diminished in the SCG, as expected for stressed rats. the vertical exposition of juvenile rats to BNE led to the manifestation of fear and to a down regulation of the hypothalamic-hypophysis-adrenal axis. This paper was designed to study metabonomic characters of the nephrotoxicity induced by Morning Glory Seed (MGS), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine which was used for the treatment of edema, simple obesity and lung fever. Urinary samples from control and MGS treated rats were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS) in positive ionization mode. Blood biochemistry and histopathology were examined to identify specific changes of renal damage. The results affirmatively suggested that ethanol extract of Morning Glory Seed (EMGS), instead of water extract of Morning Glory Seed (WMGS), should be responsible for the nephrotoxicity caused by this herbal medicine. The UPLC–MS analysis revealed that the levels of 8 endogenous metabolites as biomarkers were significantly changed in urine from EMGS treated rats. The underlying regulations of EMGS-perturbed metabolic pathways were discussed according to the identified metabolites. The present study proves the potential of UPLC–MS based metabonomics in mapping metabolic response for toxicology. Morning Glory Seed (MGS) is a valuable traditional Chinese medicine which is widely used for the treatment of edema, ascites, hydroncus, simple obesity, lung fever and ardent fever. In recent years, long-term exposure to Morning Glory Seed (MGS) has shown to pose progressive renal damage in clinical practice. We hypothesize that changes in metabolic profile could have occurred before symptoms were observed, which may allow early treatment. To investigate the metabolic changes caused by Morning Glory Seed-induced renal damage. Metabonomics method was used for chronic toxicology study of MGS in Wistar rats. With a therapeutic dose, the model rats were orally administered the extract of MGS for 10 weeks continuously. The urine samples of model and control rats were collected in various time-points and the endogenous metabolites were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The identification of all the potential biomarkers was performed using reference standard by comparing their mass spectra, MS/MS fragmentation and retention time. Furthermore, histopathology and clinical chemistry studies were carried out to ensure the success of MGS-induced nephrotoxicity model. The difference in metabolic profiles between the control and the dosed rats was well observed by the principal component analysis (PCA) of the MS spectra. Significant changes of 12 metabolite biomarkers were detected in the rat urine samples. Metabonomics method could discriminate the model rats from the control rats in 2nd, 6th and10th week respectively before serious organic damage of kidney was found in 10th week by histopathology method. We believe that metabolic profiling may act as a preclinical protocol for MGS exposure before symptoms are observed. Extraction using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled to comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC × GC–FID) was employed to evaluate the effect of SPME fractionation conditions (heating time and temperature) on the generation of artifacts. The occurrence of artifacts was more pronounced at higher fractionation temperatures and times which caused significant changes in the chromatographic profiles. The identification of the volatile fraction of the honey blend was performed through a two-dimensional gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer with time of flight analyser (GC × GC–ToFMS) by comparing the first dimension linear temperature programmed retention index (1D-LTPRI) with the peak’s identities provided by the mass spectral similarity search. Several artifacts were found and identified – such as hydroxymethylfurfural, methyl–furone and furfural – and some of them were not previously detected as such in honey samples. These compounds were either the result of hydrolysis or thermal decomposition of components already present in the honey samples. This occurrence was attributed to the increased detectability provided by GC × GC compared to conventional GC. The possible emergence of previously unknown extraction artifacts as a general tendency related use of GC × GC instead of conventional GC is discussed as a result of these observations. Tumor necrosis factor-like ligand 1A (TL1A) has been proved to activate adaptive immunity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, its role in the regulation of intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) has not been fully characterized. This study aims to investigate the modulation of TL1A in DCs activation in murine colitis. Myeloid TL1A-Transgenic C57BL/6 mice and wild-type (WT) mice were administrated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to explore the effects of TL1A in murine colitis. Bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) were isolated to detect the ability of antigen phagocytosis and presentation. The expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and chemokines receptors (CCRs) was assessed by real-time PCR and Western blot. Myeloid cells with constitutive TL1A expression developed worsened murine colitis with exacerbated TH1/TH17 cytokine responses. Intestinal DCs from TL1A transgenic mice expressed high levels of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-12/23 p40. Mechanistic studies showed that TL1A enhanced the phagocytotic ability of BMDCs. Moreover, TL1A enhanced the capacity of antigen process and presentation in BMDCs. Besides, TL1A induced the phosphorylation of NF-κB(p65) and IκBα. Meanwhile, higher expression of CCR2, CCR5, CCR7, and CX3CR1 was observed both in vivo and in vitro. TL1A exacerbated DSS-induced chronic experimental colitis, probably through activation and migration of dendritic cells, and therefore increasing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is the principal constituent of the flowers of Carthamus tinctorius L., a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which has been used for the treatment of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases due to its property of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. It is dominated in the water extract of Carthamus tinctorius L., which has been used in the clinical treatment for cardiovascular diseases. HSYA exerts a variety of pharmacological efficacy upon the vascular system. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate the vascular dilatation effect of HSYA on rat mesenteric artery (MA) and its potential mechanism. Adult male Wistar rats were applied to the study. Tension studies were conducted to determine the dilatation activity of HSYA against pre-contracted mesenteric arterial (MA) rings by U 46619 and Phenylephrine (PE). The vascular activities were measured with or without incubation with some selective inhibitors, including L-N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a nitro oxide synthase inhibitor), HC-067047 (a selective TRPV4 antagonist), BaCl2 (a Kir channel blocker), and Indomethacin (Indo, a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor), respectively. Immunocytochemistry, Calcium Imaging, NO Production detection, and Western Blot were also employed to further study the underlying mechanism. HSYA reversed the constriction of MAs induced by U 46619 in a manner of concentration dependency, and the dilatation capability was reversed by L-NAME. This effect was significantly dependent on the intactness of MA endothelium, accompanying an increment of NO production in mesenteric arterial endothelium cells. The increment of NO production was reversed by inhibiting the PKA. Also, the expression of p-eNOS was activated by HSYA shown in Western Blot assays. The cells imaging revealed a significant increase and drop of the influx of Ca2+ before and after treatment with HC-067047. These findings suggest that HSYA exerts vessel dilation effect on MAs via a TRPV4-dependent influx of Ca2+ in endothelium cells, PKA-dependent eNOS phosphorylation and NO production mechanism. The present study indicates that HSYA has the potential to be a future candidate for the treatment of hypertension. Nepeta binaloudensis Jamzad, Lamiaceae, is a rare medicinal plant endemic to Iran. In spite of many studies about the chemical constituents and antibacterial effects of this species, no report has been provided about its cytotoxic and anticancer activities. In this study we have evaluated the effects of EtOH 70%, hexane and aqueous extracts of N. binaloudensis on the cell proliferation and n-hexane extract on the expression of adenosine deaminase and ornithine decarboxylase 1 genes in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) compared to non-cancer line (MCF-10A). The cell lines were subjected to increasing doses of the extracts ranging from 10 to 320 μg/ml. Cell viability was quantified by MTS assay. Expression of adenosine deaminase and ornithine decarboxylase 1 genes was analyzed by real time PCR. N. binaloudensis inhibited the growth of malignant cells in a time and dose-dependent manner. Among extracts of N. binaloudensis, the hexane extract was found to be more toxic compared to other extracts. Results showed a marked decrease in the expression of ornithine decarboxylase 1 and adenosine deaminase genes in cancer cell lines. At 60 μg/ml concentration of N. binaloudensis hexane extract ornithine decarboxylase 1 and adenosine deaminase mRNA expression were reduced 4.9 fold and 3.5 fold in MCF-7 cell line and 3.6 fold and 2.6 fold in MDA-MB-231 cell line compared to control, respectively. The result of our study highlights the potential influences of N. binaloudensis hexane extract on ornithine decarboxylase 1 and adenosine deaminase genes expression in breast cancer cells and its relation to inhibition of cancer cell growth. Infectious diseases have become a serious public health burden as many pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and yeasts are becoming progressively resistant to antibiotics. Mauritians have a deep-rooted use of herbal medicines. Undoubtedly, the island is a biodiversity hotspot which can be explored for the development of novel pharmacological leads. Around 246 plant species are endemic to the island while 150 are indigenous to the Mascarene Islands. With the rise of the antibiotic resistance phenomena and the inability of various modern classes of antimicrobial to fully surmount infection, it is primordial to look for novel sources of antimicrobials. In this advent, the antimicrobial potential of the endemic and indigenous plants of Mauritius cannot be overlooked. Scientific databases namely; ScienceDirect, PubMed, EBSCO host, and Google Scholar were browsed to perform the search. Diverse keywords were employed including: ‘antimicrobial’, indigenous plants of Mauritius’, ‘in vitro’, ‘in vivo’, ‘endemic plants of Mauritius’, ‘antimicrobial potential’, ‘plants’ and ‘Mauritius’. Articles published from the year 1993 to 2019 were taken into due consideration. The screening processes allowed the inclusion of 62 articles to form part of the study. The extracts from 38 botanical families including 94 plant species exerted antimicrobial potential out of which 12 plant species were highlighted to exert the most potent antibacterial activity against nine different bacterial species. This review article also puts into the limelight the antimicrobial properties of essential oils which can be explored as a novel source of antimicrobials. Alongside, the antimalarial potential of endemic and indigenous plants of Mauritius is also disseminated.
J. Alencar, G. Staples, and A. Budden, “Distribution of Ipomoea Violacea (Convolvulaceae): Patterns, Gaps and Reports for Its Occurrence in Brazil and West Tropical Africa,” Rodriguésia, vol. 72, Apr. 2021.
doi: 10.1590/2175-7860202172034.
Abstract In 2015 a chance discovery of the beach moon flower in coastal Brazil led to an investigation of the global occurrence, distribution, and abundance of this pantropical littoral plant species. We here document new distribution records for coastal Brazil and West Tropical Africa; postulate a human-mediated long-distance dispersal for this species from the Indo-Pacific to the Atlantic, followed by local distribution via ocean currents; and provide historical context on the name confusion with other species. We also point out the risks inherent in using specimen information available on the internet without adequate verification for the identity of the specimens as a necessary first step.
W. T. Beaulieu, D. G. Panaccione, C. S. Hazekamp, M. C. Mckee, K. L. Ryan, and K. Clay, “Differential Allocation of Seed-Borne Ergot Alkaloids During Early Ontogeny of Morning Glories (Convolvulaceae),” Journal of Chemical Ecology, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 919–930, Jul. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s10886-013-0314-z.
Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxins that can increase host plant resistance to above- and below-ground herbivores. Some morning glories (Convolvulaceae) are infected by clavicipitaceous fungi (Periglandula spp.) that produce high concentrations of ergot alkaloids in seeds—up to 1000-fold greater than endophyte-infected grasses. Here, we evaluated the diversity and distribution of alkaloids in seeds and seedlings and variation in alkaloid distribution among species. We treated half the plants with fungicide to differentiate seed-borne alkaloids from alkaloids produced de novo post-germination and sampled seedling tissues at the cotyledon and first-leaf stages. Seed-borne alkaloids in Ipomoea amnicola, I. argillicola, and I. hildebrandtii remained primarily in the cotyledons, whereas I. tricolor allocated lysergic acid amides to the roots while retaining clavines in the cotyledons. In I. hildebrandtii, almost all festuclavine was found in the cotyledons. These observations suggest differential allocation of individual alkaloids. Intraspecific patterns of alkaloid distribution did not vary between fungicide-treated and control seedlings. Each species contained four to six unique ergot alkaloids and two species had the ergopeptine ergobalansine. De novo production of alkaloids did not begin immediately, as total alkaloids in fungicide-treated and control seedlings did not differ through the first-leaf stage, except in I. argillicola. In an extended time-course experiment with I. tricolor, de novo production was detected after the first-leaf stage. Our results demonstrate that allocation of seed-borne ergot alkaloids varies among species and tissues but is not altered by fungicide treatment. This variation may reflect a response to selection for defense against natural enemies.
W. T. Beaulieu, D. G. Panaccione, K. L. Ryan, W. Kaonongbua, and K. Clay, “Phylogenetic and Chemotypic Diversity of Periglandula Species in Eight New Morning Glory Hosts (Convolvulaceae),” Mycologia, vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 667–678, Jul. 2015.
doi: 10.3852/14-239.
Periglandula ipomoeae and P. turbinae (Ascomycota, Clavicipitaceae) are recently described fungi that form symbiotic associations with the morning glories (Convolvulaceae) Ipomoea asarifolia and Turbina corymbosa, respectively. These Periglandula species are vertically transmitted and produce bioactive ergot alkaloids in seeds of infected plants and ephemeral mycelia on the adaxial surface of young leaves. Whether other morning glories that contain ergot alkaloids also are infected by Periglandula fungi is a central question. Here we report on a survey of eight species of Convolvulaceae (Argyreia nervosa, I. amnicola, I. argillicola, I. gracilis, I. hildebrandtii, I. leptophylla, I. muelleri, I. pes-caprae) for ergot alkaloids in seeds and associated clavicipitaceous fungi potentially responsible for their production. All host species contained ergot alkaloids in four distinct chemotypes with concentrations of 15.8–3223.0 μg/g. Each chemotype was a combination of four or five ergot alkaloids out of seven alkaloids detected across all hosts. In addition, each host species exhibited characteristic epiphytic mycelia on adaxial surfaces of young leaves with considerable interspecific differences in mycelial density. We sequenced three loci from fungi infecting each host: the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), introns of the translation factor 1-α gene (tefA) and the dimethylallyl-tryptophan synthase gene (dmaW), which codes for the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that these fungi are in the family Clavicipitaceae and form a monophyletic group with the two described Periglandula species. This study is the first to report Periglandula spp. from Asian, Australian, African and North American species of Convolvulaceae, including host species with a shrub growth form and host species occurring outside of the tropics. This study demonstrates that ergot alkaloids in morning glories always co-occur with Periglandula spp. and that closely related Periglandula spp. produce alkaloid chemotypes more similar than more distantly related species.
J. W. Brackett, W. A. Carter, D. M. Harding, and P. M. Dougherty, “Identification of Seeds of Ipomea Purpurea (Morning Glory Family Reported to Have Psychotomimetic Properties) by Paper Chromatography,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 90–96, Apr. 1966.
doi: 10.1016/S0015-7368(66)70316-8.
This paper describes a paper chromatographic method of identification of morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea) seeds used by individuals seeking hallucinatory experiences. The procedure is applicable to a single seed, seed fragments and products of “tea”. A 50 percent aqueous alcoholic extract is chromatographed in a butanol : acetic acid : water system and the pattern visualized by ultraviolet fluorescence, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and ninhydrin spray reagents. The chromatographic patterns of various morning glory seeds and other seeds of criminalistic interest are shown. Milligram quantities of Ipomoea purpurea (two varieties) are readily differentiated from all other seeds examined.
F. J. Carod-Artal, “Hallucinogenic Drugs in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican Cultures,” Neurología (English Edition), vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 42–49, Jan. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.07.010.
Objectives The archaeological, ethno-historical and ethnographic evidence of the use of hallucinogenic substances in Mesoamerica is reviewed. Results Hallucinogenic cactus, plants and mushrooms were used to induce altered states of consciousness in healing rituals and religious ceremonies. The Maya drank balché (a mixture of honey and extracts of Lonchocarpus) in group ceremonies to achieve intoxication. Ritual enemas and other psychoactive substances were also used to induce states of trance. Olmec, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec used peyote, hallucinogenic mushrooms (teonanacatl: Psilocybe spp.) and the seeds of ololiuhqui (Turbina corymbosa), that contain mescaline, psilocybin and lysergic acid amide, respectively. The skin of the toad Bufo spp. contains bufotoxins with hallucinogenic properties, and was used during the Olmec period. Jimson weed (Datura stramonium), wild tobacco (Nicotiana rustica), water lily (Nymphaea ampla) and Salvia divinorum were used for their psychoactive effects. Mushroom stones dating from 3000 BC have been found in ritual contexts in Mesoamerica. Archaeological evidence of peyote use dates back to over 5000 years. Several chroniclers, mainly Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, described their effects in the sixteenth century. Conclusions The use of psychoactive substances was common in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican societies. Today, local shamans and healers still use them in ritual ceremonies in Mesoamerica. Resumen Introducción El continente americano es rico en hongos y plantas psicoactivas, y numero-sas culturas precolombinas mesoamericanas las emplearon con fines mágicos, terapéuticos y religiosos. Objetivos Se revisan las evidencias arqueológicas, etnohistóricas y etnográficas del uso de sustancias alucinógenas en Mesoamérica. Resultados Cactus, plantas y hongos alucinógenos se utilizaron para provocar estados altera-dos del nivel de conciencia en ceremonias rituales y curativas. Los mayas ingerían el balché (hidromiel y extracto de Lonchocarpus) en ceremonias grupales para lograr la embriaguez. También emplearon enemas rituales con sustancias psicoactivas para inducir estados de trance. Olmecas, zapotecas, mayas y aztecas usaron el peyote, los hongos alucinógenos (teonanacatl: Psilocybe spp.) y las semillas de ololiuhqui (Turbina corymbosa), que contienen mescalina, psilocibina y amida del ácido lisérgico, respectivamente. La piel del sapo Bufo spp. contiene bufotoxinas, con propiedades alucinógenas y fue usado desde el periodo olmeca. El toloache (Datura estramonio), el tabaco silvestre (Nicotiana rustica), el lirio de agua (Nymphaea ampla) y la hoja de la pastora (Salvia divinorum) se utilizaron por sus efectos psicotropos. Piedra fún-gicas de 3.000 ãnos de antigüedad se han encontrado en contextos rituales en Mesoamérica. Las evidencias arqueológicas del uso del peyote se remontan a más de 5.000 ãnos. Diversos cronistas, entre ellos Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, relataron sus efectos en el siglo xvi. Conclusiones El empleo de sustancias psicotrópicas fue muy común en las sociedades preco-lombinas mesoamericanas. En la actualidad chamanes y curanderos locales las siguen usando en ceremonias rituales.
J.-M. Chao and A. H. DerMarderosian, “Identification of Ergoline Alkaloids in the Genus Argyreia and Related Genera and Their Chemotaxonomic Implications in the Convolvulaceae,” Phytochemistry, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 2435–2440, Oct. 1973.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(73)80451-0.
The results of the identification of 21 ergoline alkaloids of 14 species of Argyreia; viz.: A. barnesii, A. capitata, A. cuneata, A. luzoninsis, A. mollis, A. maingayi, A. nervosa, A. obtusifolia, A. philippinensis, A. reticulata. A. ridleyi, A. rubicunda, A. splendens and A. sp. and 2 closely related genera; Stictocardia tiliafolia and Rivea corymbosa, by using 2-D TLC procedures are given. A brief discussion of the implications of the ergoline alkaloids and the chemotaxonomy of the Convolvulaceae is also presented.
A. H. Der Marderosian, R. L. Hauke, and H. W. Youngken, “Preliminary Studies of the Comparative Morphology and Certain Indoles of Ipomoea Seeds,” Economic Botany, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 67–76, Jan. 1964.
doi: 10.1007/BF02904003.
Recent studies have shown that d-lysergic acid amide and d-isolysergic acid amide are responsible for the hallucinogenic properties of the Mexican drugs, “Ololiuqui” and “Badoh Negro.” ldOloliuqui’ and “Badoh Negro” consist of the seeds ofRivea corymbosa andIpomoea violacea, respectively, both members of the Convolvulaceae. Thin layer chromatographic analyses of seeds from several related species of Ipomoea suggest that these psychotomimetic principles are limited to varieties or horticultural forms of Ipomoea violacea. A brief description of the macromorphological characteristics of seeds ofIpomoea violacea andRivea corymbosa and several other relatedIpomoea species is given.
L. Durden, D. Wang, D. Panaccione, and K. Clay, “Decreased Root-Knot Nematode Gall Formation in Roots of the Morning Glory Ipomoea Tricolor Symbiotic with Ergot Alkaloid-Producing Fungal Periglandula Sp.,” Journal of Chemical Ecology, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 879–887, Oct. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s10886-019-01109-w.
Many species of morning glories (Convolvulaceae) form symbioses with seed-transmitted Periglandula fungal endosymbionts, which produce ergot alkaloids and may contribute to defensive mutualism. Allocation of seed-borne ergot alkaloids to various tissues of several Ipomoea species has been demonstrated, including roots of I. tricolor. The goal of this study was to determine if infection of I. tricolor by the Periglandula sp. endosymbiont affects Southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) gall formation and host plant biomass. We hypothesized that I. tricolor plants infected by Periglandula (E+) would develop fewer nematode-induced galls compared to non-symbiotic plants (E-). E+ or E- status of plant lines was confirmed by testing methanol extracts from individual seeds for endosymbiont-produced ergot alkaloids. To test the effects of Periglandula on nematode colonization, E+ and E- I. tricolor seedlings were grown in soil infested with high densities of M. incognita nematodes (N+) or no nematodes (N-) for four weeks in the greenhouse before harvesting. After harvest, nematode colonization of roots was visualized microscopically, and total gall number and plant biomass were quantified. Four ergot alkaloids were detected in roots of E+ plants, but no alkaloids were found in E- plants. Gall formation was reduced by 50% in E+ plants compared to E- plants, independent of root biomass. Both N+ plants and E+ plants had significantly reduced biomass compared to N- and E- plants, respectively. These results demonstrate Periglandula’s defensive role against biotic enemies, albeit with a potential trade-off with host plant growth.
M. Friedman and L. Dao, “Effect of Autoclaving and Conventional and Microwave Baking on the Ergot Alkaloid and Chlorogenic Acid Contents of Morning Glory (Ipomoea Tricolor Cav. Cv.) Heavenly Blue Seeds,” ACS Publications. American Chemical Society, May-2002.
doi: 10.1021/jf00093a046.
K. Gexest and M. R. Sahasrabudhe, “Alkaloids and Lipids of Ipomoea, Rivea and Convolvulus and Their Application to Chemotaxonomy,” Economic Botany, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 416, Oct. 1966.
doi: 10.1007/BF02904064.
Taxonomia problems encountered with the genera,Ipomoea, Convolvulus andRivea have been discussed. The toxicological and pharmacological properties of the psychotomimetic principles contained in some morning glory seeds were reviewed. Sixty-five seed samples of morning glory seeds were examined for lysergic acid-type alkaloids and fatty acid patterns for these samples were established. It has been shown that chemical data, in particular those for the 18-fatty acids, are useful taxonomically.
K. Hikosaka, I. Terashima, and S. Katoh, “Effects of Leaf Age, Nitrogen Nutrition and Photon Flux Density on the Distribution of Nitrogen among Leaves of a Vine (Ipomoea Tricolor Cav.) Grown Horizontally to Avoid Mutual Shading of Leaves,” Oecologia, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 451–457, May 1994.
doi: 10.1007/BF00325881.
Effects of leaf age, nitrogen nutrition and photon flux density (PFD) on the distribution of nitrogen among leaves were investigated in a vine, Ipomoea tricolor Cav., which had been grown horizontally so as to avoid mutual shading of leaves. The nitrogen content was highest in newly developed young leaves and decreased with age of leaves in plants grown at low nitrate concentrations and with all leaves exposed to full sunlight. Thus, a distinct gradient of leaf nitrogen content was formed along the gradient of leaf age. However, no gradient of leaf nitrogen content was formed in plants grown at a high nitrate concentration. Effects of PFD on the distribution of nitrogen were examined by shading leaves in a manner that simulated changes in the light gradient of an erect herbaceous canopy (i.e., where old leaves were placed under increasingly darker conditions with growth of the canopy). This canopy-type shading steepened the gradient of leaf nitrogen content in plants grown at a low nitrogen supply, and created a gradient in plants grown at high concentrations of nitrate. The steeper the gradient of PFD, the larger the gradient of leaf nitrogen that was formed. When the gradient of shading was inverted, that is, younger leaves were subjected to increasingly heavier shade, while keeping the oldest leaves exposed to full sunlight, an inverted gradient of leaf nitrogen content was formed at high nitrate concentrations. The gradient of leaf nitrogen content generated either by advance of leaf age at low nitrogen availability, or by canopy-type shading, was comparable to those reported for the canopies of erect herbaceous plants. It is concluded that both leaf age and PFD have potential to cause the non-uniform distribution of leaf nitrogen. It is also shown that the contribution of leaf age increases with the decrease in nitrogen nutrition level.
K. Hikosaka, “Effects of Leaf Age, Nitrogen Nutrition and Photon Flux Density on the Organization of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Leaves of a Vine (Ipomoea Tricolor Cav.) Grown Horizontally to Avoid Mutual Shading of Leaves,” Planta, vol. 198, no. 1, pp. 144–150, Jan. 1996.
doi: 10.1007/BF00197597.
Effects of leaf age, nitrogen nutrition and photon flux density (PFD) on the organization of the photosynthetic apparatus in leaves were investigated in a vine, Ipomoea tricolor Cav., which was grown horizontally so as to avoid mutual shading of leaves. The plants were grown hydroponically at two nitrate levels under two growth light treatments. For one group of the plants, leaves were exposed to full sunlight. For another group, respective leaves were artificially shaded in a manner that simulated changes in the light gradient with the development of an erect herbaceous canopy: old leaves were placed under progressively shadier conditions with growth of the plants (canopy-type shading). In all the treatments, chlorophyll (Chl) content gradually decreased with leaf age. Photosystem I (PSI) per Chl was constant, independent of leaf age, nitrogen nutrition and/or PFD. Photosystem II (PSII) and cytochrome / per Chl, and Chl a/b ratio were independent of leaf age and/or nitrogen nutrition but decreased with the decrease in growth PFD. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39, RuBPCase) per Chl steeply decreased with decrease in PFD. When leaves grown at the same PFD were compared, RuBPCase/Chl was lower in the plants grown under lower nitrogen availability and also decreased with leaf age in the plants grown without shading. These decreases were attributed to the curvilinear relationship between RuBPCase and Chl in leaves grown at full sunlight, that was independent of nitrogen availability and leaf age. From these results, it is concluded that the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus is independent of leaf age but changes depending on the light environment and total amount of photosynthetic components of the leaf.
A. Hofmann, “The Active Principles of the Seeds of Rivea Corymbosa and Ipomoea Violacea,” Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 194–212, 1963.https://www.jstor.org/stable/41762231.
J. Hurter, B. Blattmann, and M. Manser, “Flowers of Ipomoea Tricolor as Indicators of Ethylene Inducing Compounds,” Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, vol. 175, no. 4, pp. 307–313, Jan. 1980.
doi: 10.1016/S0015-3796(80)80071-0.
Ephemeral flowers of Ipomoea tricolor were tested with regard to their suitability for the rapid screening of senescence inducing chemical compounds. The system was standardized by the ethylene releasers 2-CEPA, CGA 17856 and CGA 15281 which accellerate the fading process, manifested by rolling up of the corolla, considerably. ACC, a precursor of ethylene biosynthesis in apple tissue, had an even more pronounced effect on the corolla. IAA, a known ethylene inducer when applied in supraoptimal doses, hastened the fading process noticably. Its conjugates with methionine and aspartic acid did not exceed the effect of IAA. IAA-Nε-lys was almost as active as IAA itself, whereas IAA-Nα-lys was of no importance in senescence. Rolling up of the corolla is inhibited by cycloheximide. However, AVG (ethyl analog of rhizobitoxin) an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis does not have the capability of cancelling the biological action of ACC. The various compounds that cause premature curling reactions in flowers evoke the production of ethylene in flower buds approaching maturity.
H. Kende and B. Baumgartner, “Regulation of Aging in Flowers of Ipomoea Tricolor by Ethylene,” Planta, vol. 116, no. 4, pp. 279–289, Dec. 1974.
doi: 10.1007/BF00390853.
Flowers of Ipomoea tricolor Cav. open early in the morning and fade in the afternoon of the same day. Senescence, as manifested by curling-up of the corolla and by increase in RNase activity, can be induced prematurely by treatment with ethylene (C2H4). Conversely, aging of the flower can be delayed by treatment with CO2 or by absorption of endogenously produced C2H4 with mercuric perchlorate. C2H4 given for 20 or 40 min and removed before any signs of senescence can be observed also advances the onset of aging. In untreated flowers, fading of the corolla coincides with a sharp increase in the rate of endogenous C2H4 production. A 60-min treatment with C2H4 induces an immediate increase in the rate of endogenous C2H4 formation. A model is proposed to explain the mechanism by which C2H4 may induce C2H4 synthesis.
S. Kucht et al., “Elimination of Ergoline Alkaloids Following Treatment of Ipomoea Asarifolia (Convolvulaceae) with Fungicides,” Planta, vol. 219, no. 4, pp. 619–625, Aug. 2004.
doi: 10.1007/s00425-004-1261-2.
Ergoline alkaloids are constituents of Clavicipitaceous fungi living on Poaceae plants. Ergoline alkaloids as well as volatile oil are also present in Ipomoea asarifolia Roem. & Schult (Convolvulaceae). Treatment of this plant with two fungicides (Folicur, Pronto Plus) eliminates the ergoline alkaloids but not the volatile oil. Elimination of ergoline alkaloids occurs concomitantly with loss of fungal hyphae associated with secretory glands on the upper leaf surface of the Ipomoea plant. Our observations suggest that accumulation of ergoline alkaloids in the Convolvulaceae may depend on the presence of a plant-associated fungus.
S. K. Lawson, M. N. Davis, C. Brazell, and W. N. Setzer, “Chloroform Extracts of Ipomoea Alba and Ipomoea Tricolor Seeds Show Strong In-Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Cytotoxic Activity,” p. 5.
Extracts from the seeds of two morning glories were studied to determine their anti-microbial activity. Ipomoea alba and Ipomoea tricolor were analyzed by broth microdilution technique. I. alba extract showed very strong antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 19.5 µg/mL for both. Antifungal activity was also observed against Cryptococcus neoformans, with MIC of 78 µg/mL. Strong cytotoxicity against the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, with IC50 value of 35.72 ± 1.86 µg/mL was observed. I. tricolor extract showed strong activity against E. faecalis and B. cereus, with MIC values of 19.5 and 9.75 µg/mL, respectively. Strong activity was observed against Cryptococcus neoformans, with MIC of 9.75 µg/mL. Strong cytotoxicity was also observed against human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and Hs 578T, with IC50 values of 28.47 ±1.98 µg/mL and <30 µg/mL, respectively.
E. Leistner and U. Steiner, “Fungal Origin of Ergoline Alkaloids Present in Dicotyledonous Plants (Convolvulaceae),” in Physiology and Genetics: Selected Basic and Applied Aspects, T. Anke and D. Weber, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2009, pp. 197–208.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-00286-1_9.
Ergoline (i.e. ergot) alkaloids are a group of physiologically active natural products occurring in taxonomically unrelated fungal and plant taxa, Clavicipitaceae and Convolvulaceae. The disjointed occurrence of ergoline alkaloids seems to contradict the paradigm of chemotaxonomy that identical or at least structurally related natural products occur in taxonomically related organisms. This question has now been solved by the observation that some dicotyledonous plants belonging to the family Convolvulaceae (e.g. Ipomoeaasarifolia, I. violacea and Turbina corymbosa carry epibiotic fungi. The fungi present on different plant species are not identical albeit taxonomically closely related clavicipitaceous fungi. Thus, the presence of ergoline alkaloids in dicotyledonous plants is not based on their capacity to synthesize ergoline alkaloids but rather on the ability to live in a symbiotic association with ergoline alkaloid producing fungi.
M. M. Lekhak, A. D. Gondaliya, S. R. Yadav, and K. S. Rajput, “Stem Anatomy at Various Developmental Stages of Secondary Growth in Turbina Corymbosa (Convolvulaceae),” Plant Ecology and Evolution, vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 219–230, Aug. 2018.
doi: 10.5091/plecevo.2018.1389.
Background – Population growth of lianas in the tropical forest is credited to their ability of CO2 sequestration and efficiency of the narrow stems to supply water required for the amount of foliage it bears. Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. (Convolvulaceae Juss.) is one of the fast-growing invasive species of scrambling woody lianas. It covers trees entirely within a short period to compete with above-ground resources (particularly sunlight). However, no information is available on how it manages to cope up with an increasing demand of water supply and mineral nutrients. What are the structural and developmental patterns adapted by this species to expand the stem diameter for efficient supply of below-ground resources? Therefore, our aim was to investigate the secondary growth patterns and structure of secondary xylem and phloem in T. corymbosa. Methods – Several samples of the stem with various diameters were studied using a histological method. Morphological and anatomical analyses were carried out using light microscopy. Key results – With the initiation of secondary growth, stems lose their circular outline rapidly due to unequal deposition of secondary xylem and formation of successive cambia. New successive cambia initiate from parenchymatous cells as small crescent-shaped fragments on asymmetric/opposite sides and result in a different stem conformation. Though several segments of successive cambia are formed, very few stem samples form complete cambium rings. The secondary xylem formed by successive cambia is diffuse porous with indistinct growth rings and is composed of both wide and narrow (fibriform) vessels, tracheids, fibres, axial and ray parenchyma cells. The secondary phloem consists of sieve tube elements, companion cells, axial and ray parenchyma cells. In fully grown plants, cambial action (internal cambium) occurrs between the intraxylary phloem and protoxylem and produces secondary xylem and phloem near the pith region. Conclusion – Structural alterations and unequal deposition of conducting elements, occurrence of intraxylary phloem and flattening of the stem are suggested to facilitate rapid growth of the plants by providing required minerals and nutrients. Internal cambium formed at the periphery of the pith is bidirectional and produces secondary xylem externally and intraxylary phloem internally. Continued development of intraxylary phloem from the internal cambium provides an additional path for rapid and safe translocation of photosynthates.
M. Madore and W. J. Lucas, “Assimilate Movement in Ipomoea Tricolor Source Leaf Tissue,” Plant Physiol., Suppl.; (United States), vol. 83:4, no. CONF-8707108-, Apr. 1987.https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5849182.
Autoradiographs of /sup 14/CO/sub 2/-labelled Ipomoea tricolor leaf discs show that the relay of /sup 14/C-assimilates from the mesophyll to the minor veins is unaffected by pretreatment with 2 mM PCMBS. In contrast, pretreatment of discs at pH 9 results in full or nearly complete inhibition of movement of /sup 14/C-assimilates to the veins, in agreement with previous findings for the symplastic movement of microinjected fluorescent dye. Uptake of exogenously supplied (/sup 14/C) sucrose into Ipomoea leaf discs or isolated mesophyll cells is inhibited by PCMBS or pH 9 pretreatments. However, autoradiographs of pretreated leaf discs show that the radioactivity from accumulated (/sup 14/C)sucrose is always predominantly associated with the minor veins, suggesting that direct uptake by these tissues does occur but may simply represent the operation of general retrieval mechanisms. In addition, these data also suggest that the symplastic relay of solutes, derived within or taken up by mesophyll cells, to the minor veins may contribute significantly to the autoradiographic image produced by leaf discs labelled with /sup 14/CO/sub 2/ or with exogenously supplied (/sup 14/C)-sucrose.
A. Markert et al., “Biosynthesis and Accumulation of Ergoline Alkaloids in a Mutualistic Association between Ipomoea Asarifolia (Convolvulaceae) and a Clavicipitalean Fungus,” Plant Physiology, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 296–305, May 2008.
doi: 10.1104/pp.108.116699.
Ergoline alkaloids occur in taxonomically unrelated taxa, such as fungi, belonging to the phylum Ascomycetes and higher plants of the family Convolvulaceae. The disjointed occurrence can be explained by the observation that plant-associated epibiotic clavicipitalean fungi capable of synthesizing ergoline alkaloids colonize the adaxial leaf surface of certain Convolvulaceae plant species. The fungi are seed transmitted. Their capacity to synthesize ergoline alkaloids depends on the presence of an intact differentiated host plant (e.g. Ipomoea asarifolia or Turbina corymbosa [Convolvulaceae]). Here, we present independent proof that these fungi are equipped with genetic material responsible for ergoline alkaloid biosynthesis. The gene (dmaW) for the determinant step in ergoline alkaloid biosynthesis was shown to be part of a cluster involved in ergoline alkaloid formation. The dmaW gene was overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the encoded DmaW protein purified to homogeneity, and characterized. Neither the gene nor the biosynthetic capacity, however, was detectable in the intact I. asarifolia or the taxonomically related T. corymbosa host plants. Both plants, however, contained the ergoline alkaloids almost exclusively, whereas alkaloids are not detectable in the associated epibiotic fungi. This indicates that a transport system may exist translocating the alkaloids from the epibiotic fungus into the plant. The association between the fungus and the plant very likely is a symbiotum in which ergoline alkaloids play an essential role.
M. Meira, E. P. da Silva, J. M. David, and J. P. David, “Review of the Genus Ipomoea: Traditional Uses, Chemistry and Biological Activities,” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol. 22, pp. 682–713, Jun. 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000025.
Approximately 600-700 species of Ipomoea, Convolvulaceae, are found throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Several of those species have been used as ornamental plants, food, medicines or in religious ritual. The present work reviews the traditional uses, chemistry and biological activities of Ipomoea species and illustrates the potential of the genus as a source of therapeutic agents. These species are used in different parts of the world for the treatment of several diseases, such as, diabetes, hypertension, dysentery, constipation, fatigue, arthritis, rheumatism, hydrocephaly, meningitis, kidney ailments and inflammations. Some of these species showed antimicrobial, analgesic, spasmolitic, spasmogenic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, psychotomimetic and anticancer activities. Alkaloids, phenolics compounds and glycolipids are the most common biologically active constituents from these plant extracts.
I. Mercurio, P. Melai, D. Capano, G. Ceraso, L. Carlini, and M. Bacci, “GC/MS Analysis of Morning Glory Seeds Freely in Commerce: Can They Be Considered ‘Herbal Highs’?,” Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 16, Oct. 2017.
doi: 10.1186/s41935-017-0016-8.
The so-called “herbal highs” are substances derived from natural plants with effects on the central nervous system. Lisergamide, ergine or LSA is the basis of different types of drugs, which are in seeds of Ipomoea violacea, also known as Morning Glory, and other seeds.
M. Mori et al., “UV-B Protective Effect of a Polyacylated Anthocyanin, HBA, in Flower Petals of the Blue Morning Glory, Ipomoea Tricolor Cv. Heavenly Blue,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 2015–2020, Mar. 2005.
doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.011.
The protective effects of polyacylated anthocyanin, heavenly blue anthocyanin (HBA), in blue flower petals of morning glory (Ipomoea tricolor cv. Heavenly Blue) against UV-B induced DNA damage were examined. We first clarified the concentration of HBA in epidermal vacuoles to be 12mM, and then constructed a UV-B irradiating apparatus resembling flower petal tissue to assess the screening effect of HBA. Monochromatic (280 and 310nm) or broad UV-B induced DNA lesions were reduced completely by the HBA filter to the same molecular numbers as those in living petal epidermis. However, diluted HBA solution and trisdeacyl HBA did not have the same reduction effect. HBA was more tolerant to solar radiation than trisdeacyl HBA. These data strongly suggest that polyacylated anthocyanins in flower petals can screen harmful UV-B efficiently. This action might be largely due to aromatic acyl residues.
S. Y. Munasinghe and K. M. C. Fernando, “Factors Affecting on Propagation and Production of Clove Bean [Ipomoea Muricate (L.) Jacg.]; an Underutilized Vegetable Crop in Sri Lanka,” AGRIEAST: Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 55, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.4038/agrieast.v15i1.101.
Clove bean (Ipomoea muricata) is one of the neglected and underutilized vegetable crops available in Sri Lanka. Three experiments in the present study were conducted to find out (1) the best storage period and condition for the clove bean seeds, (2) the effect of the number of nodes and the leves on rooting of cuttings and (3) the suitable potting mixture and fertilizer type for growth and yield of clove bean. The first, second and third experiments were set up as two factor factorial completely randomized design, simple completely randomized design and two factor factorial randomized completely block design, respectively. The interaction effect between storage period and storage condition on final germination percentage and germination rate index was not significant. However, final germination percentage and germination rate index were significantly affected only by storage conditions where seeds stored under room temperature showed greater performances. The number of roots, total root length, vigour scale for roots and bud growth were not significantly different among cuttings with single or double nodes and presence or absence of full leaf or half leaf. The interaction effect between potting mixture and fertilizer type was not significant for measured parameters. However, the number of pods per vine, fresh and dry weight of edible portion and total aboveground dry biomass vary with the potting mixture and fertilizer type. The highest values were recorded in potting mixture prepared by topsoil: sand: compost, 1:1:1 and organic fertilizer treated plants. Fresh and dry weight of non-edible portion was significantly influenced by potting mixture and fertilizer type, respectively. Root dry weight and shoot to root ratio were not significantly influenced by the treatment. According to the results of the three experiments, it can be concluded that seeds of the clove bean can store for two months under room temperature without significant loss of germination. Furthermore, the number of nodes and presence or absence of leaf or half leaf did not influence the rooting of cuttings. High growth and yield of clove bean could be achieved when growing plants in the potting mixture prepared by topsoil: sand: compost 1:1:1 and supplied with organic fertilizer.
R. Nakamura, N. Kachi, and J.-I. Suzuki, “Effects of Nutrient Distribution Pattern and Aboveground Competition on Size of Individuals in Ipomoea Tricolor Populations,” Botany, vol. 86, no. 11, pp. 1260–1265, Nov. 2008.
doi: 10.1139/B08-082.
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K.-I. Park, A. Hoshino, N. Saito, and F. Tatsuzawa, “Anthocyanins in the Flowers of Ipomoea Tricolor Cav. (Convolvulaceae),” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 54, pp. 15–18, Jun. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2013.12.034.
Corresponding author. National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan. Tel./fax: +81 564 55 7534.
K.-I. Park, J.-D. Choi, A. Hoshino, Y. Morita, and S. Iida, “An Intragenic Tandem Duplication in a Transcriptional Regulatory Gene for Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Confers Pale-Colored Flowers and Seeds with Fine Spots in Ipomoea Tricolor,” The Plant Journal, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 840–849, 2004.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02098.x.
While the wild-type morning glory (Ipomoea tricolor) displays bright-blue flowers and dark-brown seeds, its spontaneous mutant, Blue Star, carrying the mutable ivory seed-variegated (ivs-v) allele, exhibits pale-blue flowers with a few fine blue spots and ivory seeds with tiny dark-brown spots. The mutable allele is caused by an intragenic tandem duplication of 3.3 kbp within a gene for transcriptional activator containing a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA-binding motif. Each of the tandem repeats is flanked by a 3-bp sequence AAT, indicating that the 3-bp microhomology is used to generate the tandem duplication. The transcripts in the pale-blue flower buds of the mutant contain an internal 583-bp tandem duplication that results in the production of a truncated polypeptide lacking the bHLH domain. The mRNA accumulation of most of the structural genes encoding enzymes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in the flower buds of the mutant was significantly reduced. The transcripts identical to the wild-type mRNAs for the transcriptional activator were present abundantly in blue spots of the variegated flowers, whereas the transcripts containing the 583-bp tandem duplication were predominant in the pale-blue background of the same flowers. The flower and seed variegations studied here are likely to be caused by somatic homologous recombination between an intragenic tandem duplication in the gene encoding a bHLH transcriptional activator for anthocyanin biosynthesis, whereas various flower variegations are reported to be caused by excision of DNA transposons inserted into pigmentation genes.
H. L. Phillips and H. Kende, “Structural Changes in Flowers of Ipomoea Tricolor during Flower Opening and Closing,” Protoplasma, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 199–215, Sep. 1980.
doi: 10.1007/BF01279588.
Examination of rib tissue of developing flower buds and flowers ofIpomoea tricolor utilizing the light and electron microscopes resulted in the identification of a group of inner epidermal cells which undergo dynamic structural changes during the two days prior to flowering, during flowering and during flower fading. Over a three-day period these cells undergo enlargement, modification of shape, reduction in wall thickness, extensive vacuolation and autophagic activity, transition from a ribosome-rich cytoplasm with stacked RER and dictyosome complexes to one with only a few isolated organelles and a limited number of ribosomes, and modification of the tonoplast membrane. In contrast, other cells of the rib vacuolate prior to flowering and exhibit no further changes. The structural changes in the inner epidermal cells suggest that they affect the turgor status of the cells and initiate the opening and eventual closing of the flower.
E. J. Staba and P. Laursen, “Morning Glory Tissue Cultures: Growth and Examination for Indole Alkaloids,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 1099–1101, 1966.
doi: 10.1002/jps.2600551024.
The seeds and aerial portions of three Ipomoea violacea varieties contained significant amounts of indole alkaloids. The roots, callus tissue, and callus medium of these three varieties; the callus tissue and callus medium of Rivea corymbosa; and the seeds of three Japanese morning glory varieties contained traces of indole alkaloids.
U. Steiner and E. Leistner, “Ergoline Alkaloids in Convolvulaceous Host Plants Originate from Epibiotic Clavicipitaceous Fungi of the Genus Periglandula,” Fungal Ecology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 316–321, Jun. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.funeco.2011.04.004.
Ergoline (i.e., ergot) alkaloids are a group of physiologically active natural products occurring in the taxonomically unrelated fungal and plant taxa, Clavicipitaceae and Convolvulaceae, respectively. The disjointed occurrence of ergoline alkaloids seems to contradict the frequent observation that identical or at least structurally related natural products occur in organisms with a common evolutionary history. This problem has now been solved by the finding that not only graminaceous but also some dicotyledonous plants belonging to the family Convolvulaceae, such as Ipomoea asarifolia and Turbina corymbosa, form close associations with ergoline alkaloid producing fungi, Periglandula ipomoeae and Periglandula turbinae. These species belong to the newly established genus Periglandula within the Clavicipitaceae. The fungus–plant associations are likely to be mutualistic symbioses.
U. Steiner et al., “Molecular Characterization of a Seed Transmitted Clavicipitaceous Fungus Occurring on Dicotyledoneous Plants (Convolvulaceae),” Planta, vol. 224, no. 3, pp. 533–544, Aug. 2006.
doi: 10.1007/s00425-006-0241-0.
Ergoline alkaloids (syn. ergot alkaloids) are constituents of clavicipitaceous fungi (Ascomycota) and of one particular dicotyledonous plant family, the Convolvulaceae. While the biology of fungal ergoline alkaloids is rather well understood, the evolutionary and biosynthetic origin of ergoline alkaloids within the family Convolvulaceae is unknown. To investigate the possible origin of ergoline alkaloids from a plant-associated fungus, 12 endophytic fungi and one epibiotic fungus were isolated from an ergoline alkaloid-containing Convolvulaceae plant, Ipomoeaasarifolia Roem. & Schult. Phylogenetic trees constructed from 18S rDNA genes as well as internal transcribed spacer (ITS) revealed that the epibiotic fungus belongs to the family Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota) whereas none of the endophytic fungi does. In vitro and in vivo cultivation on intact plants gave no evidence that the endophytic fungi are responsible for the accumulation of ergoline alkaloids in I. asarifolia whereas the epibiotic clavicipitaceous fungus very likely is equipped with the genetic material to synthesize these compounds. This fungus resisted in vitro and in vivo cultivation and is seed transmitted. Several observations strongly indicate that this plant-associated fungus and its hitherto unidentified relatives occurring on different Convolvulaceae plants are responsible for the isolated occurrence of ergoline alkaloids in Convolvulaceae. This is the first report of an ergot alkaloid producing clavicipitaceous fungus associated with a dicotyledonous plant.
U. Steiner, S. Hellwig, and E. Leistner, “Specificity in the Interaction between an Epibiotic Clavicipitalean Fungus and Its Convolvulaceous Host in a Fungus/Plant Symbiotum,” Plant Signaling & Behavior, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 704–706, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.4161/psb.3.9.6432.
Ipomoea asarifolia and Turbina corymbosa (Convolvulaceae) are associated with epibiotic clavicipitalean fungi responsible for the presence of ergoline alkaloids in these plants. Experimentally generated plants devoid of these fungi were inoculated with different epibiotic and endophytic fungi resulting in a necrotic or commensal situation. A symbiotum of host plant and its respective fungus was best established by integration of the fungus into the morphological differentiation of the host plant. This led us to suppose that secretory glands on the leaf surface of the host plant may play an essential role in ergoline alkaloid biosynthesis which takes place in the epibiotic fungus. Addendum to: Markert A, Steffan N, Ploss K, Hellwig S, Steiner U, Drewke C, Li S, Boland W, Leistner E. Biosynthesis and accumulation of ergoline alkaloids in a mutualistic association between Ipomoea asarifolia (Convolvulaceae) and a clavicipitalean fungus. Plant Physiol 2008; 147:296-305.andSteiner U, Ahimsa-Müller MA, Markert A, Kucht S, Groß J, Kauf N, Kuzma M, Zych M, Lamsöft M, Furmanowa M, Knoop V, Drewke C, Leistner E. Molecular characterisation of a seed transmitted clavicipitaceous fungus occurring on dicotyledonous plants (Convolvulaceae). Planta 2006; 224:533-44.
W. A. Taber, L. C. Vining, and R. A. Heacock, “Clavine and Lysergic Acid Alkaloids in Varieties of Morning Glory,” Phytochemistry, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 65–70, Feb. 1963.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88017-6.
The seeds of a number of commercially available varieties of Morning Glory (Ipomoea and Convolvulus sp.) have been found to contain clavine and lysergic acid alkaloids. Using thin layer and paper chromatographic methods, ergine, isoergine, ergometrine, ergometrinine, elymoclavine, penniclavine, and chanoclavine have been tentatively identified. Not all varieties of seed tested contained these alkaloids: one which contained a substantial amount also contained alkaloid in the leaves and stem of the mature plant.
W. A. Taber, R. A. Heacock, and M. E. Mahon, “Ergot-Type Alkaloids in Vegetative Tissue of Rivea Corymbosa (L.) Hall. f.,” Phytochemistry, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 99–101, Feb. 1963.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88021-8.
The ergot alkaloids, ergine and isoergine, were found in the leaf and stem but not in the root of Rivea corymbosa, which had been grown in a greenhouse. The amount per plant increased with time reaching a maxima of 0.027 and 0.012 per cent dry weight in the leaf and stem, respectively, after approximately 9 months’ growth.
W. A. Taber and R. A. Heacock, “Location of Ergot Alkaloid and Fungi in the Seed of Rivea Corymbosa (l.) Hall, F., ‘Ololiuqui,’” Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 137–143, Feb. 1962.
doi: 10.1139/m62-018.
H. Watanabe, S. Tanimoto, and S. Isshiki, “Control of Flowering by Phloem Exudate from Cotyledons of Ipomoea Tricolor II. Low Molecular Weight Flower-Inhibiting Substance(s),” Environmental Control in Biology, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 129–133, 2015.
doi: 10.2525/ecb.53.129.
The flower-inhibiting activity of phloem exudate prepared from cotyledons of Ipomoea tricolor strain Heavenly Blue seedlings cultivated to continuous light conditions was examined, using apex cultures in vitro as a bioassay system. The phloem exudate inhibited flowering in apices excised from seedlings exposed to a single 16 h dark period to induce flowering. When the phloem exudate was dialyzed and separated to 3 fractions such as low (‹1,000), middle (1,000–10,000) and high (›10,000) molecular weight, low molecular weight fraction had flower-inhibiting activity, but not middle and high molecular weight fractions. The low molecular weight fraction was separated and examined the nature of the flower-inhibiting substance(s). The flower-inhibiting activity appeared to be heat-stable. The low molecular weight fraction was extracted by CHCl 3 and ethyl acetate. The fraction with activity from solvent participation was further fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography. The active fractions were applied to a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge. From the results of fractionation, the flower-inhibiting substance(s) was low molecular weight, high polar, seemed to be basic, and the flower-inhibiting activity was increased about 10-fold.
J. Weiner, “How Competition for Light and Nutrients Affects Size Variability in Ipomoea Tricolor Populations,” Ecology, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 1425–1427, 1986.
doi: 10.2307/1938699.
K. Yoshida et al., “Synchrony between Flower Opening and Petal-Color Change from Red to Blue in Morning Glory, Ipomoea Tricolor Cv. Heavenly Blue,” Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 187–197, 2009.
doi: 10.2183/pjab.85.187.
Petal color change in morning glory Ipomoea tricolor cv. Heavenly Blue, from red to blue, during the flower-opening period is due to an unusual increase in vacuolar pH (pHv) from 6.6 to 7.7 in colored epidermal cells. We clarified that this pHv increase is involved in tonoplast-localized Na+/H+ exchanger (NHX). However, the mechanism of pHv increase and the physiological role of NHX1 in petal cells have remained obscure. In this study, synchrony of petal-color change from red to blue, pHv increase, K+ accumulation, and cell expansion growth during flower-opening period were examined with special reference to ItNHX1. We concluded that ItNHX1 exchanges K+, but not Na+, with H+ to accumulate an ionic osmoticum in the vacuole, which is then followed by cell expansion growth. This function may lead to full opening of petals with a characteristic blue color.(Communicated by Ryoji NOYORI, M.J.A.)
L. Zagorchev, A. Traianova, D. Teofanova, J. Li, M. Kouzmanova, and V. Goltsev, “Influence of Cuscuta Campestris Yunck. on the Photosynthetic Activity of Ipomoea Tricolor Cav. - in Vivo Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Assessment,” Photosynthetica, vol. 58, no. SPECIAL ISSUE, pp. 422–432, May 2020.
doi: 10.32615/ps.2020.004.
Cuscuta campestris Yunck. is a parasitic plant, acquiring nutrients from the hosts. Although a generalist, its hosts differ in their susceptibility. Ipomoea tricolor Cav. is a semi-compatible host – C. campestris growth is restricted in infected plants. We aimed to assess the effect of the parasite on this semi-compatible host by using the sensitive JIP-test to follow physiological changes in leaves at different vegetative stages – aged, mature, and newly emerging. The characteristics of the photosynthetic machinery were estimated by 17 parameters, calculated from the prompt chlorophyll a fluorescence. The most sensitive were performance index of photosystem II, performance index of photosystems I + II, and number of QA redox turnovers until maximal fluorescence is reached. The infected I. tricolor plants responded to the parasite by activating the electron transport in PSII in later periods. The oldest leaves and the youngest leaves developed certain adaptation to the parasite but the younger did not. The effect of the parasite on the photosynthetic apparatus depended on the physiological age of the host plant leaves.
