Anadenanthera peregrina

Propagation

Self-compatible (secondary source; unverified).[1]

Peregrina is generally self-incompatible (~10% compatibility) with protandrous flowering. However, the old stands of peregrina may gradually increase autogamy to survive.[2][3]

Protandry.[2]

Barochoric.[2]

Peregrina has a higher outcrossing rate than colubrina.[4]

Manually self-pollinated flowers produce fewer seeds (2.03 per fruit) than open-pollinated outcrossed flowers (5.6-6.05 per fruit). No fruits are produced without pollination (manual or insect). There is no evidence of agamospermia. This likely indicates a genetic mechanism that promotes outcrossing.[2]

Germination

Neutral photoblastic.[5][6]

High germination rate (~90%) using double-layer filter paper on Petri dishes on a lab shelf indoors.[5] Slightly lower germination using direct sowing (40-70%) in unheated greenhouse conditions.[8][9]

Similarly, high germination rates are seen in another experiment at 25 °C.[10]

When directly compared, vermiculite has a higher germination fraction than filter paper or sand (96%, 85.5%, 77%, respectively) at 30 °C.[11]

High particle density and media contact facilitate water absorption during germination leading to greater initial seedling vigor. This doesn’t necessarily translate to better growth later on due to the decreased gas diffusion in these media.[8][12]

The mean emergence time is approximately 14 days after sowing in bulk media.[8]

Emergence percentage and rate in vermiculite, earthworm humus, and two types of sand were statistically equal.[13]

Seeds are tolerant to drying and freezing.[14][11]

Relative humidity has a significant effect on the storage viability of peregrina. Seeds maintain high viability in storage at 20°C at 23-55% RH or below (60-70% germination at 22 months). The best storage conditions are 40-50% RH at 10°C, where seeds maintain initial viability (80%) germination for at least 22 months.[15]

Fresh seed rehydration followed by dehydration for 24 hours at 37°C reduced the germination to about 30% similar to treatment with 10-4 M ABA.[16]

Simulated fire conditions negatively impact peregrina germination.[17]

Seeds contain endophytes from the Mythylobacterium, Staphylococcus, Friedmaniella, Bifidobacterium, Delftia, Anaerococcus, and Actinomyces genera.[18]

Fruit size is not a good indication of physiological ripeness and ultimate germination of colubrina seeds.[19]

Ionic leaching during imbibition increases with temperature (except calcium) but does not affect the germination rate. Hypothetically it could affect later growth, however.[10]

Germinations take approximately two to six days. Filter paper and vermiculite are slightly faster than sand germinations.[11]

Seedling survival is around 65%.[8]

[20] [21] [22] [23]

Vegetative

In-Vitro

Cultivation

Pioneer species with rapid uptake of nutrients for fast growth.[25]

Being Fabaceae, peregrina can form root nodules with mycorrhizal fungi that benefit many aspects of plant growth and resistance.[26]

The roots accumulate more arsenic that the shoots of peregrina (arsenic-accumulating species).[26]

Cultivated stand of 1111 trees per hectare.[27] Wild stands have 10-15 trees per hectare.[4]

[28]

Harvest

Yield

[23]

Soilless

Peregrina can be cultivated in wicking hydroponic systems.[26]

[7]

Soil

Fertilization

Peregrina is a pioneer species that tolerate nutrient-poor soils with good drainage.[11]

Forest species are particularly growth restricted by phosphorus availability. High seedling survival and growth are seen in soils with higher available phosphorus.[9][30]

Approximately 50% of nitrogen found in the above-ground biomass of peregrina is fixated by rhizobium in natural stands.[27]

Fish waste is an effective fertilizer for A. colubrina.[25]

Peregrina in sterile soil inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia (Glomus spp., Acaulospora spp.; isolated from corn) had 60% higher biomass than uninoculated or naturally grown trees after ten months. Inoculation with only one genus was not statistically different from sterile soil. The species present in natural soil (Glomus microaggregatum, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus sp., Enthrophospora sp., Gigaspora sp., and Acaulospora sp.) did not increase growth beyond that of sterile soil despite greater numbers and fraction of root nodulation than inoculated trees.[31]

In another study, rhizobia-inoculated peregrina had significantly higher biomass than noninoculated plants but much less than ammonium nitrate fertilized plants. No overt symptoms of deficiency were noted.[32]

Various mycorrhizal fungi colonize peregrina with different efficiencies depending on the soil composition. Glomus etunicatum and Acaulospora scrobiculata were particularly effective at promoting growth.[30]

Peregrina that are inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi can divert more carbon toward the shoot. In effect, the increased nutrient absorption efficiency due to mycorrhizal fungi is an effective substitute for roots.[30]

Optimal fertilization of peregrina seedlings in greenhouse pots with Basacoat Mini 6M (13-6-16) controlled release fertilizer is approximately 5.5-6.7 g/L.[7]

[21] [22]

Temperature

Lighting

Leaf number, leaf dry mass, specific leaf mass, leaf area, and plant height were positively influenced by light quantity, with the best results obtained in full sun.[8]

[23]

Pests

Ecology

[28]

Morphology

$: Diameter at Breast Height

Shrub or small tree with irregular and contorted branching.[33]

Grows to a height of 35 m and diameter at breast height of 120 cm.[4] More typically it is 3-27m tall with a 20-40 cm trunk.[33][34]

Germinated seedlings attain approximately 12 cm in height, 9 cm in stem height, 2 cm in stem diameter, and have 4 leaves 90 days after sowing.[5] In another study, peregrina seedlings attained 9 cm stem height after 150 days.[8] This is in line with the unfertilized control group in Rossa et. al which grew to a height of 18 cm in the first 189 days. However, with optimal fertilization, the plants can grow to more than 60cm in that same period.[7]

Roots

Roots are colonized by mycorrhiza.[35][32]

Stem

The bark is grey, nearly black, or sometimes reddish. Lenticels and wedge-shaped projections can completely cover the trunk.[33]

The high density of the wood (1.08-3 g/cm3) makes it an excellent choice for construction, furniture, and firewood.[11]

[36]

Leaves

Opposite, pinnate leaves (10-30 pairs of pinna; 2-5cm long) and petioles are 12-30 cm long.[33]

Inflorescence

Hermaphroditic, actinomorphic flowers pollinated by bees and small insects.[4]

Peregrina flowers are typically pollinated by trees within a 100-meter radius but a significant number are pollinated by trees 600-700 meters away.[4]

Fruit

The 8-16 seeds in a single fruit are likely half- and full-siblings.[4] Fewer or zero seeds are noted with self-pollination or wind-only pollination.[2]

Seeds

Brown, slightly flattened, orbicular seeds, 10-20 mm in diameter.[4]

Autochorus seed dispersal.[4][2]

0.10-0.17 g per seed.[4]

[20]

Names

Popularly known as angico-vermelho.[37]

Indigenous peoples use:

• Acujá
• Akuá
• Cahoba, Cogioba, Cohobba, Cojoba
• Curupa, Curupá, Curuva, Curuba
• Hisioma, Hisiomi, Sisioma
• Morí
• Yopo, Jopa, Yop, Yopa, Niopo, Ñopo

Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. var. peregrina von Reis Alt. (Reis Altschul 1964)[33]

• Mimosa peregrina L.
• Inga niopo Humb. & Bonpl. ex. Willd.
• Acacia niopo (Humb. & Bonpl. ex. Willd.)
• Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth.
• Piptadenia niopo (L.) Britton & Rose
• Acacia microphylla Willd.
• Acacia angustiloba
• Acacia peregrina (L.) Willd.
• Mimosa parvifolia Poir.

Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. var. falcata (Benth.) von Reis Alt. (Reis Altschul 196)[33]

• Piptadenia falcata Benth.
• Piptadenia peregrina (L.) var falcata (Benth.)
• Anadenanthera falcata (Benth.) Speg.

Phytochemistry

[36]

Infraspecific Variation

Biosynthesis

Distribution

Timecourse

Improvement

Identification

Inheritance

Naturally pollinated seeds of the same fruit are a mixture of full- and half-siblings.[4]

Methods

History & Society

Work Log

15 Jul 2023

The coir seedlings are growing well now. I fertilize them every couple weeks with fish emulsion fertilizer.

The peat potting mix seedlings is likewise growing strong.

28 Jun 2023

Peregrina leaves close at night and during times of stress.

21 May 2023

Moved all seedlings to PC2 (1:1 coir:perlite).

Inoculated each root system with rhizobia (Exceed Superior Legume Inoculant Garden Combination). A pinch of inoculant was placed in a plastic bag. The damp roots were put into the bag and lightly shaken to coat.

Most seedlings have relatively small root systems (5-10 cm). One, however, had a tap root over 50 cm long. I suspect this is the kratky plant, but I can’t be sure because I didn’t keep proper records. Doh!

16 Apr 2023

The peat potting mix plant is growing well.

16 Mar 2023

This root of the kratky plant is really long to say the least.

03 Feb 2023

Moved a few plants to tall fabric pots.

01 Feb 2023

The organic media seed is dead. Discarded it and replaced the media and sowed a new seed.

The sand seed is still alive but growing slowly. The root has barely begun to protrude.

31 Jan 2023

Direct sown seeds have continued to emerge.

30 Jan 2023

The first of the growing media seeds have emerged.

27 Jan 2023

The desiccation group is getting too large for the Petri dish.

Moved 4 seeds to peat/perlite potting mix (recycled; nonsterile).

Moved one to LECA kratky. Inoculated with broad spectrum mycorrhizae blend.

Sowed four seeds into coir, peat-based potting mix, “organic” commercial potting mix, and sand.

26 Jan 2023

The cat got into the control group of seedlings. She ate 3 completely and left two semi-undigested. Hopefully, they will recover.

Well… I say “digested” but of course, the cat immediately threw up on the floor.

25 Jan 2023

The final germination of the desiccation test. 100% germination.

There could be any number of reasons why my past attempts have failed. Harvesting of immature seeds, poor pollination, damage during shipping/storage, etc. With this new evidence, I no longer suspect that my methods were the cause of the poor germination.

Of note: The newest seeds were somewhat pliable when I received them. The desiccated seeds were more rigid. I did not have enough seeds to make destructive moisture content testing feasible. So the 7-day seeds might not be sufficiently desiccation for a real test. Honestly, I am surprised that the total germination rate so far has been 100% (10/10).

The other five seeds will be kept in the desiccation chamber for a total of 6 months. That should ensure complete equilibrium and model a good storage period. The remaining seeds stored in lab conditions are reserved for other substrate tests and a comparison gem test at 6 months.

24 Jan 2023

The first germination occurred in less than 24 hours just as in the control test. All but one germinated by day two. The last seed is a little sluggish, though.

21 Jan 2023

Initial test of the desiccation seeds.

14 Jan 2023

Put 10 seeds of the remaining 21 in a desiccator with saturated calcium chloride (~33% RH).

09 Dec 2022

07 Dec 2022

Received new seeds from a Redditor yesterday. The first germination occurred in less than 24 hours. Now that’s good seed!

30 Nov 2022

A total loss, as expected.

31 Oct 2022

Decided to test the rest of the seeds (38) together since there is very little hope of viability. The water is very discolored from exudates after a 24-hour soak.

The seeds were sown on filter paper and placed in the germinator at 30°C/16-hr photoperiod/85% RH.

10 Oct 2022

Some seeds with the seed coat intact are looking bulbous.

09 Oct 2022

In some seeds, the outer coat disintegrates completely.

08 Oct 2022

All previous tests have been a complete fail. No germinations whatsoever.

Testing a soaking pretreatment to see if that helps at all.

28 Sep 2022

Moved seeds to a new petri dish to minimize the transmission of contamination and the effect of exudates. One seed has the beginnings of contamination so it was separated and put into a cup of soil.

22 Sep 2022

Started 6 seeds today from the new batch. This is just a test run to determine how susceptible these seeds are to infection. Disinfected with 70% ethanol for 1 minute followed by 5 minutes with 0.6% sodium hypochlorite. Placed on two layers of wetted filter paper in a petri dish and incubated at 30C.

08 Mar 2022

Two seeds started today. 2 minutes 70% ethanol soak. 15 minutes in 0.6% sodium hypochlorite. Sown in sterile 1:1 v/v sand:coir. Covered with minimal media. Placed in 30°C incubator.

14 Jan 2022

Seeds have been discarded. The next batch will require more extensive disinfection and sterile technique.

06 Jan 2022

Even with a quick rinse in 70% ethanol, the infection has spread.

05 Jan 2022

There is an infection starting.

28 Dec 2021

The seeds were very dirty so I transferred them to a new dish with new filter paper.

One seed had loose skin that was left in the old dish.

26 Dec 2021

Neither AP001 nor AP002 has sprouted. They have, however, turned the media brown with exudate.

Started 4 seeds. 1 minute in 70% ethanol. 10 minutes in 0.6% sodium hypochlorite with tween 20. Placed on whetted filter paper in a 90 mm petri dish.

During the bleach soak, two of the seeds lost a lot of dark flecks from the coat. The others remained intact.

29 Sep 2021

Started two seeds on MS agar. AP001, AP002

Bibliography

1. Athayde, Eduardo Anversa and Morellato, Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira, Anthropogenic Edges, Isolation and the Flowering Time and Fruit Set of Anadenanthera Peregrina, a Cerrado Savanna Tree, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 443--454, May 2014. doi: 10.1007/s00484-013-0727-y. Abstract
   Fragmentation exposes plants to extreme environmental conditions with implications for species phenology and reproduction. We investigated whether isolation and edge effects influence size, flowering time, fruit set, and seedling establishment of Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata. We compared trees in the interior (n\,=\,85), and on the edge (n\,=\,74) of a cerrado savanna fragment as well as in a pasture (n\,=\,26) with respect to size, flowering phenology, flower and fruit production, fruit and seed set, predispersal seed predation, and seedling establishment. Trees in the pasture were larger and produced a higher number of flowers and fruits than trees on the edge and interior, yet seed set did not differ across environments. The plant size structure explained the flower and fruit production, and the self-compatibility breeding system caused a similar seed set regardless of the environment. First flowering was later and fruit set higher in the interior. We argue that time of first flower influenced the fruit set of Anadenathera. Edge and isolated trees started to flower earlier as a response to microclimatic conditions—mainly temperature—reducing the fruit set. Predispersal seed predation was lower among pasture trees. Conversely, we found seedlings only on the edge and in the interior of cerrado, suggesting that the pasture was of poor quality habitat for Anadenanthera recruitment. Isolation affected the plant size structure and reproduction of Anadenanthera trees. Studies comparing plant phenology under contrasting environmental conditions may offer clues on how global change may affect plant reproduction in the tropics.
2. da Costa, Reginaldo Brito and Contini, Adriana Zanirato and Melo, Elaine Silva de Pádua, Reproductive System of Anadenanthera Peregrina and Vochysia Haenkiana in a Fragment of "Cerrado Forest" from Chapada Dos Guimarães - MT, Brazil, Ciência Rural, vol. 33, pp. 305--310, April 2003. doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782003000200019. Abstract
   O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o sistema reprodutivo das espécies Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. e Vochysia haenkiana (Spreng.) Mart. Foram estudados aspectos do sistema de cruzamento, complementados pelas observações de maturação dos frutos e a germinação das sementes em função dos tipos de cruzamentos testados. As síndromes de dispersão das sementes foram também avaliadas através das características morfológicas dos frutos e sementes. O estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de cerrado com aproximadamente 32 ha, no município de Chapada dos Guimarães, MT, a 15(0)10' S, 55(0)35' W, e à altitude de 450m. O delineamento experimental utilizado na determinação do sistema de cruzamento para cada espécie foi o de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos para a espécie Vochysia haenkiana e cinco tratamentos para Anadenanthera peregrina, ambas com três repetições. O sistema de cruzamento detectado para as duas espécies foi o preferencialmente alogâmico, porém, com a possibilidade, não desprezível, de produção de frutos/sementes por autofertilização, sugerindo um aumento gradual de autocompatibilidade genética como estratégia de geração de descendência no ambiente florestal fragmentado. A polinização cruzada em Anadenanthera peregrina é favorecida tanto pelo alto grau de auto-incompatibilidade genética quanto pela protandria detectada. O padrão de maturação dos frutos e sementes e o período de dispersão das sementes foram distintos em ambas as espécies, ocorrendo, entretanto, durante ou no final da estação seca, facilitando a distribuição dos propágulos anemocóricos. A germinação em ambas as espécies foi rápida e em alta percentagem.
3. Cortelete, Maressa Albuquerque and Silva Júnior, Adelson Lemes Da and Pereira, Maria Lucia Silva and Miranda, Fábio Demolinari De and Caldeira, Marcos Vinicius Winckler, Molecular Characterization as Strategy for Ex Situ Conservation of Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg., Scientia Forestalis, vol. 49, no. 129, March 2021. doi: 10.18671/scifor.v49n129.23. Abstract
   The diversity and genetic structure were used as strategies for the ex situ conservation of Anadenanthera peregrina, a tree with great ecological and economic potential. From a planted population, 166 individuals were evaluated using molecular markers Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR). All six SSR loci were polymorphic, of which 42 alleles were detected. The PIC values ranged from 0.61 to 0.84, classifying loci as very informative. Values of He, Ho and Ra indicated a high degree of heterozygosity and genetic diversity, while the relationship between He and Ho generated negative values for the fixation index (FIS), indicating escape of inbreeding in the population. The analyzes performed by the UPGMA method and the Bayesian approach structured the population into six and two genetic groups, respectively. The high genetic diversity and population structure revealed the importance of ex situ conservation of the evaluated genotypes, allowing future use of the population as a seed orchard.
4. Feres, J. M. and Nazareno, Alison G. and Borges, L. and Guidugli, Marcela Corbo and {Bonifacio-Anacleto}, F. and {Alzate-Marin}, A. L., Depicting the Mating System and Patterns of Contemporary Pollen Flow in Trees of the Genus Anadenanthera (Fabaceae), PeerJ, 2021. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10579. Abstract
   The importance of evaluating both mating system and contemporary gene flow for a better understanding of the biology of Anadenanthera species is highlighted to ensure the effective conservation and management practices of these plant species. Anadenanthera (Fabaceae) is endemic to the Neotropics and consists of two tree species: A. colubrina (Vell.) Brenan and A. peregrina (L.) Speg. This study examined the mating system and contemporary gene flow of A. colubrina (Acol) and A. peregrina (Aper) in a highly fragmented area of the Atlantic Forest to provide valuable information that informs conservation strategies. Reproductive adults from forest remnants [nA. colubrina = 30 (2.7 ha), nA. peregrina = 55 (4.0 ha)] and progeny-arrays (nA. colubrina = 322, nA. peregrina = 300) were genotyped for seven nuclear microsatellite markers. Mating system analyses revealed that A. colubrina is a mixed mating species (tm = 0.619) while A. peregrina is a predominantly outcrossing species (tm = 0.905). For both Anadenanthera species, high indices of biparental inbreeding were observed (Acol = 0.159, Aper = 0.216), resulting in low effective pollination neighborhood sizes. Categorical paternity analysis revealed different scales of pollen dispersal distance: the majority of crossings occurring locally (i.e., between nearby trees within the same population), with moderate pollen dispersal coming from outside the forest fragments boundaries (Acolmp = 30\%, Apermp = 35\%). Nevertheless, pollen immigration from trees outside the populations for both species suggests that the populations are not reproductively isolated. This study highlights the importance of evaluating both mating system and contemporary gene flow for a better understanding of the biology of Anadenanthera species. This information should be considered to ensure the effective conservation and management practices of these plant species.
5. Rocha, Quezia Lemos and dos Santos, Débora Leonardo and de Castro, Lais Silva, Efeito Da Luz Na Germinação De Sementes De Angico – Vermelho (Anadenanthera peregrina Falcata), SILVICULTURA E MANEJO FLORESTAL: TÉCNICAS DE UTILIZAÇÃO E CONSERVAÇÃO DA NATUREZA - VOLUME 1, no. 12, pp. 165--171, January 2021. doi: 10.37885/210102751. Abstract
   The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of light on seed germination of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. Var. -Benth falcata. Follow-up was carried out. daily seed germination kept in constant light and dark and later- The growth and survival of the seedlings was evaluated. 4 repetitions were used with 10 semesters in each treatment (constant light and dark) totaling 80 semes- tes. The Experiment was carried out at the Semi-Arid Biodiversity Laboratory (LABISA) of UESB and the seedlings were transferred to plastic bags and kept in the - Campus vegetation with daily watering. Red angico seeds are indifferent the light to germinate. There was a large seedling mortality after transfer. to the nursery.
6. Fernandes, Hallefy Elias and Santana, T. F. and Cabral, Karolinne Pereira and Erasmo, Eduardo Andréa Lemus and Souza, P. B., Avaliação Dos Diferentes Níveis De Sombreamento Na Germinação De Sementes De Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg, Biodiversidade, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 62--70, 2018. url: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/229915788.pdf. Abstract
   Among the physical factors of the environment, light certainly plays an important role in the germination of seeds, contributing in an effective way to the growth of the plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of shading on the germination of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg seeds. The experiment was conducted for 30 days in the forest nursery of the Experimental Station of the Federal University of Tocantins-UFT, Campus de Gurupi. After the collection, processing and selection of viable seeds, sowing was carried out in polyethylene plastic bags, having substrate soil and sand in the proportion 1: 1. The treatments were: T1- Shading screen 70\%; T2- Shading screen 50\%; T3- Shading screen 35\% and T4- Full Sun (Witness). The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of 4 replicates, where each replicate was composed of 25 seeds. The following parameters evaluated were: percentage of germination (G\%), rate of germination (IVG) and mean time of germination of seeds (TMG). The evaluated parameters did not obtain statistically different results in the different levels of shading tested. However, it was observed that the seeds of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg germinated in different levels of shade from full sun to 70\% shading, inferring that the species has feasibility of using in conservation practices or recovery of degraded areas.
7. Rossa, Überson Boaretto and Ângelo, A. and Westphalen, D. J. and de Oliveira, Fernando Esteban Montero and Silva, F. A. D. and de Araújo, João Célio, Fertilizante De Liberação Lenta No Desenvolvimento De Mudas De Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg. (Angico-Vermelho) E Schinus Terebinthifolius Raddi (Aroeira-Vermelha), Ciência Florestal, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 841--852, 2015. doi: 10.5902/1980509820582. Abstract
   The results suggest that application of slow release fertilizer leads to significant gains in growth in both species, with the best doses from 6.68 to 5.54 kg m-3 for Anadenanthera peregrina species, and from 8.38 to 14,42 kg m -3 for Schinus terebinthifolius. In order to assess the development of two native species, Anadenanthera peregrina and Schinus terebinthifolius, submitted to doses of slow-release fertilizer formulation 13-06-16, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse using a mixture of raw materials with organic compost, vermiculite and plantmax to compose base substrate. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. The treatments were : T1-0 kg (control), T2-2 kg, 4 kg-T3 , T4-6 kg, T5-8 kg and T6 - 10 kg slow release fertilizer per cubic meter of base substrate . Was evaluated at 189 days after sowing the total height, stem diameter, fresh weight of shoot, dry shoot biomass, root dry biomass, total biomass, the relationship between height and stem diameter and quality index Dickson. The results suggest that application of slow release fertilizer leads to significant gains in growth in both species, with the best doses from 6.68 to 5.54 kg m-3 for Anadenanthera peregrina species, and from 8.38 to 14,42 kg m-3 for Schinus terebinthifolius.
8. Santos, Cleberton Correira and Jorge, H. P. G. and Dias, Luiz Gabriel Fernandes and Vieira, M. C., Shading Levels and Substrates Affect Morphophysiological Responses and Quality of Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg Seedlings, 2020. doi: 10.1590/2179-8087.011919. Abstract
   The A. peregrina seedlings in 100\% of DRL and direct sunlight showed more viable morphophysiological and quality indicators for their production. It is essential to know the ecological tolerance of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg seedlings regarding the light and edaphic conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of substrates and shading levels on the emergence and quality of A. peregrina seedlings. The seeding was done in two substrates: 100\% Dystroferric Red Latosol (DRL) and DRL + commercial substrate (1:1, v/v). The species were kept under four shading levels: 0\% (direct sunlight), 30\%, 50\% and 70\%. The highest speed and shortest emergence time of A. peregrina occurred in DRL. The highest growth characteristics of aerial part, xylopodium and roots occurred under direct sunlight and DRL. The productions of fresh and dried masses of different vegetative organs, physiological and Dickson quality index were higher in DRL and direct sunlight. The A. peregrina seedlings in 100\% of DRL and direct sunlight showed more viable morphophysiological and quality indicators for their production.
9. da Silva, Orivaldo Lopes and Goelzer, Ademir and Carnevali, T. O. and Santos, Fernando Henrique Moreira Dos and Zárate, Néstor Antonio Heredia and Vieira, M. D. C., Produção e Qualidade de Mudas de Anadenanthera Peregrina Var. Falcata (Benth.) Altschul Sob Substratos e Bioestimulador, Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB, 2020. doi: 10.18265/1517-0306a2020v1n52p169-178. Abstract
   The aim of this work is to evaluate the chemical attributes of substrate, emergence, survival and quality of Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (Benth.) Altschul (angico-do-cerrado) seedlings in different substrates and with or without biostimulator of soil microbiota. We evaluated three types of substrates – ‘Cerrado’ soil (restricted sense), commercial Tropstrato® substrate and native forest soil (‘Cerradão’) – with or without biostimulator application, arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, in randomized blocks, with four repetitions. Seedling emergence was low (38.05\%), but the highest survival occurred with application of biostimulator (81.01\%) and commercial substrate (87.61\%). The highest height (8.60 cm), number of leaves (13.00/plant), stem diameter (1.86 mm) and leaf area (43.44 cm2/plant) of seedlings as well as highest dry masses, occurred in the native forest soil, the dry masses were also favored with the application of biostimulator. Results indicated that native forest substrate and biostimulator application provides greater growth and quality of ‘angico-docerrado’ seedlings.
10. da Silva, Thalline Rodrigues, Avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Anadenanthera falcata Benth por métodos indiretos de determinação da viabilidade, March 2013. url: http://www.bibliotecaflorestal.ufv.br/handle/123456789/8082. Abstract
    Over time seeds begin to suffer a continuous and irreversible process of deterioration or aging. Gathering information about this process is essential because through it research has developed methods for determining the physiological potential or seed vigor. During the aging or the deterioration process degradation or disruption in their cell membranes may occur, allowing nutrients to be leached from their tissue into the water in which they are immersed. Given the above, this study aimed to verify the relationship between the data obtained in the application of the method of analysis of leaching of potassium, magnesium and calcium with the state of deterioration of fresh seeds of Angico - red (Anadenanthera falcata Benth ) with the results obtained by the application of germination, tetrazolium and electrical conductivity tests. For testing electrical conductivity, potassium, magnesium and calcium in the seeds, they were subjected to a soaking period of 4 hours in 150 ml of MilliQ water at temperatures 20 ° C, 25 ° C, 30 ° C and 35 ° C. Its rates were read in AAS and ICP-AES and a conductivity bench. The study of the Angico - red (Anadenanthera falcata Benth) demonstrated a strong relationship between temperature rise and the increase of the electrical conductivity of the solution and the actual "loss" of nutrients for the seed proven relationship between temperature rise and increased leaching of potassium, magnesium and calcium. The germination rate of the species for this study was not influenced by the loss of compounds such as calcium, magnesium and potassium to the solution, but with new studies could try to relate the loss with possible anomalies in germination.
11. Miranda, Cristiana do Couto and Souza, Denivan Melo dos Santos and Manhone, Pedro Ramon and de Oliveira, Paulo Cezar and Breier, Tiago Böer, Germinação de Sementes de Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. com Diferentes Substratos em Condições Laboratoriais, Floresta e Ambiente, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 26--31, 2012. doi: 10.4322/floram.2012.004. Abstract
    In seeds of forest species, usually there is a great variation in the seed germination performance in relation to the substrate in laboratory, so it is necessary to determine the type of substrate which allows a better germination for each forest species. This study aimed at evaluating the behavior of seed germination (percentage of germination and index of germination speed - IVG) of the legume forest species Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. (Fabaceae - Mimosoideae), submitted to different substrates (sand, filter paper and vermiculite). The substrates that demonstrated higher values of IVG were vermiculite and filter paper, and vermiculite also allowed higher percentage of germination, indicating that this substrate is the most adequate for germination tests of seeds of A. peregrina.
12. Massad, Marília Dutra and Dutra, Tiago Reis and Cardoso, Rafaela Letícia Ramires and Santos, Tiago Barbosa and Sarmento, Mateus Felipe Quintino, Produção de mudas de Anadenanthera peregrina em resposta a substratos alternativos com bagaço de cana, Revista Ecologia e Nutrição Florestal - ENFLO, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 45--53, December 2016. doi: 10.5902/2316980X24308. Abstract
    This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different particle sizes of sugar cane bagasse for composition of alternative substrates made from a mixture of a commercial substrate, in the production of red angico seedlings (Anadenanthera peregrina). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications, in a factorial scheme (5 x 2), five substrates (100\% Rohrbacher®, 75\% Rohrbacher® + 25\% sugar cane bagasse (75R + 25BC); 50\% Rohrbacher® + 50\% sugar cane bagasse (50R + 50BC), 25\% Rohrbacher® + 75\% sugar cane bagasse (25R + 75BC), 100\% sugar cane bagasse) and two particle sizes (4 mm and 6 mm). We evaluated the shoot height (H); the Diameter Collect (DC); the Shoot Dry Mass (SDM); the Root Dry Mass (RDM) and Total Dry Mass (TDM), and the relationship H / DC, H / SDM, SDM / RDM and DQI (Dickson Quality Index). The substrates size of substrates 1 (past 4 mm sieve) provided higher germination rate of the seeds of red angico, height gain and H / DC seedlings of the species. Alternative substrates 75R + 25BC, 50R + 25R + 50BC and 75BC, besides the commercial substrate Rohrbacher®, showed potential for use in the production of red angico seedlings.
13. de Oliveira, Kívia Soares and de Oliveira, Kaline Soares and Aloufa, Magdi Ahmed Ibrahim, Influência de substratos na germinação de sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan em condições de casa de vegetação, Revista Árvore, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1073--1078, December 2012. doi: 10.1590/S0100-67622012000600008. Abstract
    Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.)Brenan), uma Leguminosae da sub-família Mimosoideae, popularmente conhecida como angico, é uma espécie nativa do bioma caatinga, bastante conhecida pelo teor de tanino encontrado em sua casca, por sua utilização na construção civil, na indústria de curtume e na recuperação de áreas degradadas. Considerando a importância da espécie, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de diferentes substratos na germinação de sementes de angico. Os estudos foram conduzidos na casa de vegetação do Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Conservação de Espécies Nativas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Para tanto, realizou-se experimento com quatro tratamentos incluindo quatro repetições com 100 sementes por tratamento e temperatura média de 26 ºC. Foram realizadas contagens diárias durante 30 dias. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T0-vermiculita, T1-húmus, T2-areia e T3-areia barrada. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: porcentagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas e tempo médio de germinação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5\% de significância. Observou-se que, quanto à porcentagem de emergência, a vermiculita, o húmus e areia apresentaram diferença significativa, com melhor desempenho em relação à areia barrada; quanto ao índice de velocidade de emergência e ao tempo médio de germinação, estatisticamente, não houve diferença significativa entre os substratos. Portanto, diante dos resultados pôde-se observar que A. colubrina apresenta um bom potencial germinativo em qualquer um dos substratos avaliados, exceto em areia barrada. Contudo, para a germinação e emergência de plântulas de angico recomenda-se a utilização dos substratos vermiculita, areia ou húmus. , Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan, a Leguminosae, belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae, popularly known as angico, is a native species to Caatinga biome, known by its content of tannin in the bark, its utilization in construction, tanning industry and the recovery of degraded areas. Due to the importance of the species, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different substrates on the seeds germination. The study was carried out in the greenhouse of the Laboratory of Biotechnology of Native Species Conservation at the Rio Grande do Norte Federal University. It was set up an experiment with four treatments including four replicates with 100 seeds per treatment and at the average temperature of 26ºC. Observations were made daily for 30 days. The treatments used were: T0-vermiculite, T1-humus, T2-sand and T3-clay. The following variables were analyzed: percentage of seedling emergence, seedling emergence speed index and average time of germination. The experimental design was completely randomized and the means were compared by Tukey's test at 5\% of significance. It was found a significant difference for the percentage of seedling emergence for the vermiculite, humus and sand, with better performance in relation to clay; and for the emergence speed index and average time of germination, there was no statistically significant difference among the substrates. Concerning the results, we can observe that A. colubrina presents a good germinative potential in any of evaluated substrate with the exception of sand, clay. However, for the germination and emergence of angico, it is recommended the use of vermiculite, sand or humus.
14. Reis, A. and Cunha, R. D., Sub-freezing effect on viability of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) speg. seeds with different moisture contents, Pesq. agropec. bras, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 1071--1079, 1997. url: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Sub-freezing-effect-on-viability-of-Anadenanthera-Reis-Cunha/4a9224b4303a5683bcf1c1843bd031cd88afab50. Abstract
    Angico (Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg.) is a forest species, Leguminoseae-Mimosoideae, occuring from the Amazon Region down to the Southeast of llrazil, mainly in the savannas. It is used in urban landscaping and tannage, due to the high tannin content (15-20\%) of its bark. The purpose of this work was to study angico seed behavior under different moisture contents and storage conditions, aiming at the establishment of methods for germplasm preservation. Seeds were submitted to the following treatments: seeds with 5.56\% initial moisture content (control); seeds hydrated until reach 8.24\% moisture content; seeds hydrated (8.24 1/*) and dehydrated to 4.37\%, and seeds hydrated (8.24\%) and dehydrated to 3.51\%. After these treatments, seeds were packed in sealed trifoliated bags and stored for 72 hours at environmental temperature, -20°C (freezer) and -196°C (liquid nitrogen). Seed parameters evaluated were germination, vigor and water uptake. Viability was maintained in each one of the storage methods, distinguishing, however, the better performance of hydrated seeds (8.24\% moisture content) stored at liquid nitrogen. It was evident from Lhe results obtained that seeds of this species presented orthodox behaviour, as they were tolerant to drying and freezing at sub-zero temperatures.
15. Borges, S. and Borges, E. and Correa, P. C. and Brune, A., Hygroscopic equilibrium and viability of angico vermelho (Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speng) seeds under different storage environmental conditions., Scientia Forestalis, vol. 37, no. 84, pp. 475--481, December 2009. url: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Hygroscopic-equilibrium-and-viability-of-angico-Borges-Borges/66b6afe6b3c175bb424f2f904c4fd429d7b0e2a5. Abstract
    The conclusions are that the Oswin mathematical model can be used to determine optimal temperature and relative humidity to attained seed hygroscopic equilibrium of angico under the conditions of this study. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different temperatures and relative humidity on stored angico (Anadenanthera peregrina) seeds, as well as to develop an equation that best represents the hygroscopic equilibrium under such conditions. Seeds were kept under 40, 59, 81 and 95\% relative humidity at 10oC; and under 12, 23, 34, 55, 75, 84 and 93\% relative humidity at 20oC. Periodically water percentages and viabilities of the seeds were tested. The representation of hygroscopic equilibrium was evaluated using different equations. The modified Oswin model best fitted the data. The average time for seeds to attain hygroscopic equilibrium varied from 15 to 69 days. The conclusions are that the Oswin mathematical model can be used to determine optimal temperature and relative humidity to attained seed hygroscopic equilibrium of angico under the conditions of this study. Temperature lower than 10oC and RU around 40 a 50\% are the best environment conditions for storing angico seeds. These allow for a longer time of stored seed viability.
16. Barduche, Douglas and Paiva, Renato and AndreoU, Claudinei and Paiva, Edilson, Seed Germination Inhibition of Angico Vermelho [Anadenanthera Peregrina (Benth.) Speg.] by Desiccation and Aba Treatment, vol. 5, pp. 51, 1995. url: https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/474613?locale=en.
17. Santana, T. F. and Fernandes, Hallefy Elias and Giongo, Marcos and Moura, W. and Cabral, Karolinne Pereira and Souza, P. B., Influência Do Fogo Na Germinação De Três Espécies Do Bioma Cerrado, Biodiversity, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 18--27, 2019. url: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/INFLU%C3%8ANCIA-DO-FOGO-NA-GERMINA%C3%87%C3%83O-DE-TR%C3%8AS-ESP%C3%89CIES-Santana-Fernandes/069d3fe59b0d19a37eb76ef3a70120e8de2bd341. Abstract
    Cabe ainda salientar that o fogo causou um alto nivel de deterioracao nas sementes testadas, situacao esta that alem de nao permitir a germinacao durante o periodo de teste, provavelmente causaria uma destruicao consideravel do banco de sementses de uma area of cerrado pos-fogo. Ha ainda muitas discussoes e divergencias quanto a influencia malefica ou benefica nos bancos de sementes do bioma Cerrado. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do fogo em duas fisionomias do bioma Cerrado sobre a superacao de dormencia e estimulacao da germinacao das sementes de tres especies do Cerrado Byrsonimacrassifolia (L.) Kunth, Enterolobiumcontortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong e Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. As sementes das tres especies testadas foram expostas ao contato direto com o fogo em ambiente natural (cerrado sensu stricto) e (cerradao), numa parcela de 1m x 1m. Para cada tratamento foram utilizadas 40 sementes de cada especie, divididas em dois blocos, sob uso do fogo nas duas diferentes fisionomias do cerrado, alem do tratamento testemunha (sem influencia do fogo). As sementes tratadas sob o fogo e suas respectivas testemunhas foram colocadas em câmara de germinacao (B.O.D.), a 28°C, fotoperiodo de 12/12h. Foi observado que mesmo o fogo sendo um processo comum e sazonal no bioma Cerrado, este traz consequencias negativas na propagacao e germinacao de especies nativas. Uma vez que nao foi observado nas sementes submetidas ao fogo um nivel de germinacao significativo quando comparado as suas respectivas testemunhas. Cabe ainda salientar que o fogo causou um alto nivel de deterioracao nas sementes testadas, situacao esta que alem de nao permitir a germinacao durante o periodo de teste, provavelmente causaria uma destruicao consideravel do banco de sementes de uma area de cerrado pos-fogo.
18. Alibrandi, Pasquale and Cardinale, Massimiliano and Rahman, MD Mahafizur and Strati, Francesco and Ciná, Paolo and {de Viana}, Marta L. and Giamminola, Eugenia M. and Gallo, Giuseppe and Schnell, Sylvia and De Filippo, Carlotta and Ciaccio, Mirella and Puglia, Anna Maria, The Seed Endosphere of Anadenanthera Colubrina Is Inhabited by a Complex Microbiota, Including Methylobacteriumspp. and Staphylococcus Spp. with Potential Plant-Growth Promoting Activities, Plant and Soil, vol. 422, no. 1, pp. 81--99, January 2018. doi: 10.1007/s11104-017-3182-4. Abstract
    Plant seeds are emerging micro–habitats, whose importance as reservoir and vector of beneficial microbes just begins to be recognized. Here we aimed to characterize the bacterial microbiota of the Anadenanthera colubrina seed endosphere, with special focus to beneficial traits and to the colonization pattern.
19. Pires Neto, Paulo Affonso Fonseca and Pires, Victória Campos Monteiro and Moraes, Cristiano Bueno and de Oliveira, Lucicleia Mendes and Portella, Augustus Caeser Franke and Nakagawa, João, Physiological Ripening of Anadenanthera Colubrina (Vellozo) Brenan Seeds, Journal of Seed Science, vol. 38, pp. 155--161, June 2016. doi: 10.1590/2317-1545v38n2153112. Abstract
    Abstract: The seed physiological maturity knowledgment is critical determine its maximum production and physiological quality. The objective of this study was to determine the ideal time to harvest by evaluating seeds physiological maturity. Seventeen weekly harvests of fruits and seeds from matrices located in the Brazilian city of Botucatu, SP, were performed from May to September 2001. Fruits size and weight, seed water content and dry matter, and germination and emission of primary root were evaluated. Seeds showed maximum dimension in the thirteenth week of collection, while the highest fruit weight was obtained in the twelfth week of collection. Water content decreased over time. Seeds dry matter showed its highest value in the sixteenth week harvest, while germination percentage showed its highest value between the fourteenth and fifteenth week harvest. The percentage of primary root emission was observed with maximum value in the tenth week harvest. Based on the results, it is concluded that the best Anadenanthera colubrina harvest season occurs between the fourteenth and fifteenth weeks.
20. Pinheiro, Daniel Teixeira and de Medeiros, André Dantas and Soares, Tássia Fernanda Santos Neri and Capobiango, Nayara Pereira and Dias, Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos, Image Analysis Using X-Ray to Evaluate Seed Quality of {\emph{Anadenanthera Peregrina}} (L) Speg, Ciência Florestal, vol. 32, pp. 1309--1322, November 2022. doi: 10.5902/1980509863239. Abstract
    Abstract Solutions based on image analysis are a growing trend towards improving the quality of forest seeds. This study aimed to associate the information obtained through the processing of radiographic images with the physiological potential of Anadenanthera peregrina seeds. Ten seed lots from different mother trees were submitted to automated X-ray analysis to obtain variables related to seed morphology and tissue integrity. Then, the seeds were evaluated for their physiological potential through the variables germination, normal seedlings, germination speed index (GSI), seedling length, uniformity index, and vigor index. The results showed that there was a relationship between the variables obtained with the X-ray analysis and those of the physiological potential of the seeds. Most of the lots with low physiological potential had lower tissue density, circularity, and a higher positive skewness value. The X-ray technique can be considered valid to establish a relationship between the physical and physiological quality of seeds, however, it seems to be more efficient to identify seeds with low physiological potential.
21. de Oliveira, J. C. and Novaes, Adalberto Brito De, Morphological and Radical Parameters Associated with the Seedlings Quality of Anadenanthera Peregrina (l.) Speg. in Different Substrates, 2020. doi: 10.5380/rf.v50i3.61577. Abstract
    Morphological and Radical Parameters Associated with the Seedlings Quality of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg .in Different Substrates . In this research, we evaluated the effects of different substrate formulations on the quality of angico-vermelho seedlings (Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg). The tested substrates corresponded to eight different formulations: Bioplant®, Carolina Soil, Coffee husk, Coconut fiber and Vermiculite. In the nursery phase, the following were evaluated: height of the aerial part (H); neck diameter (D); fresh and dry biomass of the aerial parts and radical system; dickson quality index (IQD); number of roots regenerated in tubes; and length of roots regenerated in boxes. In the field phase, the following were evaluated: survival; crown diameter; number of lateral roots; and length of the pivoting root. To produce seedlings, a completely randomized design with eight treatments and four replications was used, and for the evaluation of the root regeneration potential (P.R.R.), six replications were used. In the field, the experimental arrangement consisted of subdivided plots, arranged in randomized blocks with four replications. Seedlings with higher averages for most of the evaluated characteristics were produced in the formulation of substrate containing 50\% Bioplant® + 30\% coffee husk + 20\% coconut fiber. The values related to the IQD were positively related to the substrate formulations containing Bioplant®, coffee husk and coconut fiber, which were also positively associated with P.R.R. The substrate formulations containing Bioplant®, coffee husk and coconut fiber resulted in seedlings with a higher P.R.R., evaluated in boxes. Substrates containing Bioplant®, Carolina Soil, coffee husk and coconut fiberfavored the production of seedlings with a better radical system and, consequently, better in the field.
22. Silva, G. and Aguiar, Bruno Aurélio Campos and Terra, David Lucas Camargo Vieira and de Sousa, Rhonan Martins and Fonseca, Euclides Figuerêdo and Souza, P. B., Umidade Do Substrato e Desempenho Da Emergência Da Espécie Anadenanthera Peregrina (L) Speg., undefined, 2019. url: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Umidade-do-substrato-e-desempenho-da-emerg%C3%AAncia-da-Silva-Aguiar/2d735681eba1807f0a0f5a41f4956ea7ded864ef. Abstract
    Nao foi possivel identificar o indice de umidade mais adequado para germinacao e producao de mudas de Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. Resumo: A intensificacao do desmatamento e as alteracoes ocasionadas pelas atividades antropicas, sao as principais formas de perda da vegetacao do Cerrado. A especie Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. conhecida popularmente por angico-vermelho pertencente a familia Fabaceae, com ocorrencia em florestas semideciduais e no bioma Cerrado, tem poucos estudos sobre tecnicas de coleta de semente, substrato, recipientes, exigencias de luz e agua na emergencia, fertilizacao e outros, em que sao informacoes essenciais para a producao de mudas. Portanto o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influencia dos diferentes niveis de umidade do substrato areia no comportamento da emergencia da especie Anadenanthera peregrina (L) Speg. O experimento foi feito em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repeticoes de 25 sementes para cada tratamento, colocadas em tubetes plasticos de (280 cm³), contendo areia lavada e esterilizada a 160 oC por 24hs.Os tratamentos testados foram: T1- 25\% da capacidade de retencao da areia, T2- 50\% da capacidade de retencao da areia, T3- 75\% da capacidade de retencao da areia e T4- 100\% da capacidade de retencao da areia, mantidas em casa de vegetacao, em temperatura ambiente (36 ± 4 oC), com fotoperiodo de 12 horas e 50\% de sombreamento. Os dados obtidos para a porcentagem de emergencia, nos tratamentos com concentracoes de umidade a 25\%, 75\% e 100\% nao diferiram entre si, entretanto os dados do tratamento T2 com 50\% de umidade diferiram dos demais tratamentos, constando-se 70\% de emergencia, ja os tratamentos T1 e T4, obtiveram 36\% e 37\% de emergencia. Nao foi possivel identificar o indice de umidade mais adequado para germinacao e producao de mudas de Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. Palavras chave: Angico vermelho, Especie florestal, Producao de mudas.
23. Jorge, Higor Perikles Guedes and Dias, Luiz Gabriel Fernandes and Santos, Cleberton Correia, Custos E Rentabilidade Na Produção De Mudas De Anadenanthera peregrina (l.) Speg. Em Diferentes Substratos E Ambientes Luminosos, pp. 110, 2019. doi: 10.22533/at.ed.925191911. Abstract
    Seedlings of forest and/or native species can be used to recover degraded areas and integrated sustainable production systems. In addition, the seedling production activity becomes an income alternative for the rural producer, family farmer and/or nurseryman. However, their economic viability may vary depending on the substrate choice and the light environment for seedling formation. Among the native species of forest and agronomic interest is Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg, known as angico do Cerrado. On the other hand, there are few studies describing the economic analysis of seedling production of the species. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the costs and profitability of A. peregrina seedling production in different substrates and light environments. Sowing was performed at a depth of ± 1.0 cm in 290 polyethylene tubes filled with two substrates: S1) 100\% Dystroferric Red Latosol (LVd) of clay texture and S2) Dystroferric Red Latosol + commercial substrate (1:1, v/v), being packaged under four shading levels: 0\% (full sun), 30\%, 50\% and 70\%. The production costs were estimated to obtain one thousand (1,000) seedlings of the species at 150 days after sowing, considering the average final survival percentage (65\%). The highest costs for obtaining A. peregrina seedlings were those produced in Distroferric Red Latosol + commercial substrate under shaded environments. The difference between the highest cost (R\$ 3.499,42) and the lowest (R\$ 2.866,36) was R\$ 633,06 when producing seedlings under full sun and in the Dystroferric Red Latosol when compared in shaded environment and LVd. + commercial substrate. Higher net income (R\$ 3.133,64) was obtained by producing seedlings in full sun and Distroferric Red Latosol. The substrates and light environments directly influence the production costs and economic profitability of A. peregrina seedlings production.
24. Souza, C. O. and Silva, J. G. M. and Arantes, M. D. C. and Vidaurre, G. B. and Dias Júnior, A. F. and Oliveira, M. P., Pyrolysis of Anadenanthera Peregrina Wood Grown in Different Spacings from a Forest Plantation in Brazil Aiming at the Energy Production, Environment, Development and Sustainability, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 5153--5168, August 2020. doi: 10.1007/s10668-019-00418-0. Abstract
    The objective of this research was to evaluate the Anadenanthera peregrina wood cultivated in five spacing and pyrolyzed in two different heating rates. Three trees were collected from each spacing (3\,×\,2, 3\,×\,3, 4\,×\,3, 4\,×\,4 and 5\,×\,5~m), and samples were taken for the determination of the physical and chemical properties of the wood, the pyrolysis under the two heating rates (1.67 and 0.83~°C~min−1) and the subsequent analysis of the charcoal produced. Planting spacing did not influence the properties of A. peregrina wood. The heating rate influenced the charcoal properties, interacting with the spacing for the ash content and apparent density, yields of pyroligneous liquid and non-condensable gases.
25. Araujo, Emmanoella Costa Guaraná and da Silva, José Antônio Aleixo and Freire, Fernando José and Ferreira, Rinaldo Luiz Caraciolo and Silva, Thiago Cardoso, Changes in Soil Chemical Attributed and Nutrition of Anadenanthera Colubrina and Eucalyptus Clone Under Natural Fertilizers and Biochar, FLORESTA, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 840--847, September 2021. doi: 10.5380/rf.v51i4.73425. Abstract
    This study aimed to evaluate changes in soil chemical attributes and nutrition of Anadenanthera colubrina and a Eucalyptus clone under fertilization using reservoir sediment (RS), fish farming sediment (FFS) and biochar (BC) in the semi-arid region of Brazil. The Eucalyptus clone and A. colubrina leaves and soil were sampled after applying treatments. Leaves were collected for nutritional analysis and soil for mineral and fertility analyses. The K+ and P concentration in the soil were influenced by the natural fertilizers, and the biochar increased the C content. The A. colubrina planting reduced the soil K+ and P levels, and the Eucalyptus clone cultivation reduced the Mg2+ content. The FFS was responsible for increasing P availability in both A. colubrina and the Eucalyptus clone, being a good option for use in soils which are naturally poor in P. A. colubrina presented the highest N, P, K and Ca levels, suggesting high demand of this species for these nutrients. The Eucalyptus clone was more demanding for Mg, suggesting that its cultivation should be done in soils rich in Mg2+. The use of RS and FFS is important to increase the growth of forest species in semi-arid regions, and this management is recommended in the deforestation policies of these regions.
26. Gomes, Marcelo Pedrosa and Marques, Raizza Zorman and Nascentes, Clésia Cristina and Scotti, Maria Rita, Synergistic Effects between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobium Isolated from As-Contaminated Soils on the As-Phytoremediation Capacity of the Tropical Woody Legume Anadenanthera Peregrina, International Journal of Phytoremediation, vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 1362--1371, November 2020. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1775548. Abstract
    The synergistic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant species may play a key role in phytoremediation of arsenic(As)-contaminated soils. By using modified Leonard jars, we investigated both the distinct and integrative roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF–Acaulospora scrobiculata) and rhizobia (BH-ICB-A8) isolated from As-contaminated soil on the capacity of Anadenanthera peregrina to reclaim arsenate [As(V)] from soil. AMF inoculation greatly increased plant phosphorous nutrition, as reflected in greater growth, and increased As-concentrations in the roots and shoots. While rhizobia inoculation alone increased nitrogen nutrition it did not promote plant growth or As-uptake. Rhizobia and AMF inoculation together had synergistic effects, however, increasing both the growth and the As-phytoremediation capacity of A. peregrina. Joint inoculation with rhizobia and AMF should therefore be considered a potential technique for rehabilitating As-contaminated areas using A. peregrina.
27. Mendes, Lucas José and Paula, Ranieri Ribeiro and {de Souza}, Paulo Henrique and Caldeira, Marcos Vinícius W. and Campanharo, Ítalo Favoreto and Trivelin, Paulo César O. and Delarmelina, William Macedo, Nitrogen Accumulated and Biologically Fixed by Uninoculated Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg Trees under Monospecific Stands in the Atlantic Forest Biome, Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 503--512, June 2021. doi: 10.1007/s40415-021-00713-z. Abstract
    Nitrogen-fixing legumes are widely used to improve ecosystems. However, N accumulation in biomass, N2 amounts biologically fixed, and the effects on soil N status are poorly understood for plantations with slow-growing N2-fixing legume trees in seasonally dry environments. In this study, we assessed these questions in monospecific stands of uninoculated Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) var. peregrina (angico) trees established in the Atlantic Forest biome. Nine experimental plots with a stand density of 1111 tree ha−1 were examined about five to six years after tree planting. N content in the leaves, branches, bark, and wood was estimated using allometric equations and N concentration in the tissues. To assess the N content, the topsoil layer was sampled in each plot and in one pasture area. The annual N2 fixation rate at the stand scale was estimated by the natural abundance of 15N, using leaves of angico and a mix of leaves of herbs and shrubs growing in the understory in each plot. N accumulation in aboveground biomass was estimated at 260~kg~ha−1 and N allocated in the leaves and branches was four-fold that in the tree stem. N derived from biological N2 fixation was estimated at 50\% on average, with an annual rate of N fixed in the aboveground biomass of 22~kg~ha−1~year−1. Soil N storage was similar between A. peregrina stands and the pasture area at six years after planting. Long-term gains of N2 fixation may be greatly improved by the adoption of breeding programs for this slow-growing species and the use of an adequate rhizobium strain.
28. Macedo, Raissa Assis and Queiroz, Thales Augusto Ferreira and Freitas, Karita Kristina Sousa and Ferreira, Wendy Carniello and Dias, D., Crescimento de Árvores Plantadas Para Recomposição de Área de Preservação Permanente Hídrica Em Meio Urbano, Revista Brasileira De Biociências, vol. 17, no. 1, 2019. url: https://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/RevistaGauchadeEnfermagem/ojs/index.php/rbrasbioci/article/view/114563. Abstract
    The objective of this work was to determine the growth of trees after five years of planting to recompose a permanent water preservation area in an urban environment and to evaluate the ability of these species, classified into different ecological groups and deciduous patterns, to promote tree recovery. Seedlings of 15 tree species were planted with spacing of 2 x 3 m in a total area of 1.06 ha, in 2010. In 2014 and 2015, the diameter and height of the trees were determined. The average periodic increment in diameter (IPMD) and height (IPMA) per species was calculated, as well as the average annual increment in diameter and height (IMAD and IMAA). After five years of planting, the survival rate of the trees was 97.2\%. Both the diameter and the height of the trees varied between species. Anadenanthera peregrina showed the highest IPMD (7.06 cm.year-1), followed by Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (6.02 cm.year-1) and Tabebuia sp. (5.09 cm.year-1). For IPMA, A. peregrina and Hymenaea courbaril (4 m.year-1) stood out. The IMAD ranged from 3.12 (A. peregrina) to 0.73 cm.year-1 (Cedrela fissillis), while the IMAA ranged from 1.87 to 0.60 m.year-1 for the same species. Deciduous and evergreen species had lower IPMD and IPMA when compared to semideciduous ones. The IPMD did not vary between pioneers and secondary companies, unlike what happened to IPMA. Allied to the attractiveness of the fauna, fruit production and high basal area (4.48 m2.ha-1), the growth of the trees verified after five years suggests the initial recomposition of the area.
29. Aguiar, Bruno Aurelio Campos and da Silva, Norivania Diniz and Sousa, Mirlla Rayra Reis and Santos, Bárbara Maria Martins and Souza, Flávia Bezerra and de Souza, Priscila Bezerra, Influência Dos Dejetos Da Caprinocultura Na Composição De Substratos Para Produção De Mudas De Anadenanthera peregrina (L) Speg., DESAFIOS - Revista Interdisciplinar da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 170--177, September 2020. doi: 10.20873/uftv7-7404. Abstract
    Resumo O esterco caprino é um material orgânico que pode ser uma alternativa para a formulação de substratos para produção de mudas de espécies nativas. O trabalho foi conduzido em um viveiro, coordenado em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos: T1 – Terra de subsolo (TS) (100\%), T2 – Terra de subsolo (TS) + Esterco caprino (EC) (75\%:25\%), T3 – Terra de subsolo (TS) + Esterco caprino (EC) (50\%:50\%), T4 – Terra de subsolo (TS) + Esterco caprino (EC) (25\%:75\%) e T5 - Esterco caprino (EC) (100\%) com 4 repetições. Foi possível observar pela análise de variância que houve diferença significativa (p{$<$}0,05) entre os tratamentos na porcentagem de esterco caprino (EC) para as variáveis germinação (G), altura (H) e diâmetro do colo (DC) aos 30 e 60 dias após a semeadura, massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) massa seca da parte radicular (MSPR), massa seca total (MST). O T4 proporcionou os melhores resultados nas variáveis analisadas, mesmo assim não é recomendado para a produção de mudas de Anadenanthera peregrina (L) Speg. no tempo avaliado, pois as mesma obtiveram~ valor inferior a 0,20 ao qual é recomendado na literatura para o índice de qualidade de Dickson.
30. Tótola, Marcos Rogério and Borges, Arnaldo Chaer, Growth and Nutritional Status of Brazilian Wood Species Cedrella Fissilis and Anadenanthera Peregrina in Bauxite Spoil in Response to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation and Substrate Amendment, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 31, pp. 257--265, October 2000. doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822000000400004. Abstract
    The growth of Cedrella fissilis Vell. (Cedro Rosa) and of Anadenanthera peregrina Benth (Angico Vermelho) in bauxite spoil was studied to evaluate their response to substrate amendment or to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The plants were grown in bauxite spoil, topsoil or spoil amended with either topsoil or compost, and inoculated with the AMF Acaulospora scrobiculata, Gigaspora margarita or Glomus etunicatum. Root colonization was highly dependent on the interaction plant-fungus-substrate. In C. fissilis, root colonization by Gigaspora margarita dropped from 75\% in bauxite spoil to only 4\% in topsoil. Contrarily, root colonization of A. peregrina by the same fungus increased from 48\% in spoil to 60\% in topsoil. Root colonization of C. fissilis in topsoil was lower than in the three other substrates. The opposite was observed for A. peregrina. Inoculation of the plants with Acaulospora scrobiculata or Glomus etunicatum was very effective in promoting plant growth. Plants of both C. fissilis and A. peregrina did not respond to amendments of bauxite spoil unless they were mycorrhizal. Also, a preferential partitioning of photosynthates to the shoots of A. peregrina inoculated with G. etunicatum or A. scrobiculata, and of C. fissilis inoculated with any of the three species of AMF was observed. C. fissilis showed a greater response to mycorrhizal inoculation than A. peregrina. The mean mycorrhizal efficiency (ME) for dry matter production by C. fissilis was 1,847\% for A. scrobiculata, 1,922\% for G. etunicatum, and 119\% for G. margarita. In A. peregrina, the ME was 249\% for A. scrobiculata, 540\% for G. etunicatum, and 50\% for G. margarita. The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth seems to be related in part to an enhanced phosphorus absorption by inoculated plants. Moreover, the efficiency with which the absorbed nutrients were used to produce plant biomass was much greater in plants inoculated with A. scrobiculata or G. etunicatum.
31. Gross, E. and Cordeiro, L. and Caetano, F. H., Nodulação e Micorrização Em Anadenanthera Peregrina Var. Falcata Em Solo de Cerrado Autoclavado e Não Autoclavado, R. Bras. Ci. Solo, vol. 28, pp. 95--101, 2004. doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832004000100010. Abstract
    The leguminous tree Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (angico-do-cerrado) formssymbiotic associations with nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobia) and arbuscular mycorrhizalfungi. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the influence of rhizobial and arbuscularmycorrhizal inoculation on the initial growth of angico-do-cerrado plants, in autoclavedand non-autoclaved soil with and without inoculations. The experiment was carried out ina greenhouse using mycorrhized roots of maize and a mixture of rhizobial isolates as inocula.Plant growth was positively affected by dual inoculation of mycorrhizal fungus and rhizobia:plants of this treatment produced 60 \% more biomass than in the control in the 10th month.Inoculation of only one microsymbiont, however, did not promote difference in plant growth.Mycorrhizal formation was significantly more extensive and the number of nodules higherin plants of non-autoclaved soil, caused by native soil borne fungi and rhizobia. In thistreatment mass accumulation was lowest in the xylopodium, probably because of thephotosynthetic drain caused by microsymbionts, and P concentrations in shoot andxylopodium were about 1.2 and 8 times higher in these plants, respectively, due to themycorrhizal colonization.Index terms: angico-do-cerrado, rhizobia, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
32. GROSS, E. and CORDEIRO, L. and CAETANO, F. H., Nodule Ultrastructure and Initial Growth of Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg. Var. Falcata (Benth.) Altschul Plants Infected with Rhizobia, Annals of Botany, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 175--183, August 2002. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcf184. Abstract
    The anatomy and ultrastructure of root nodules of Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (Leguminosae‐Mimosoideae) were analysed, as was plant growth. To ensure that nodules developed, seedlings were inoculated with a mixture of six strains of rhizobia. Nodules were produced that differed in appearance—and probably also effectiveness—but their structure was similar and they showed characteristics typical of indeterminate nodules, such as persistent meristematic tissue and a gradient of cells at different stages of development. Many starch grains were present in inner cortex cells and interstitial cells of infected tissue. Infected cells were densely packed with bacteroids, which contained many poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules. The high incidence of these granules, together with high levels of starch accumulation in interstitial cells, suggested low N2‐fixation efficiency of the rhizobia isolates used for inoculation. In the symbiosomes of early‐senescent infected cells, reticulum‐like structures, small vesicles and a fibrillar material were observed; these may be related to bacteroid degradation. In the cytoplasm of late‐senescent infected cells, many vesicles and membrane‐like structures were observed, probably associated with membrane degradation of bacteroids and peribacteroids. The total biomass of plants inoculated with rhizobia was low and their xylopodia and shoots had low levels of N compared with non‐inoculated plants fertilized with ammonium nitrate. However, inoculated plants did not show N‐deficiency symptoms and grew better than non‐inoculated plants without N fertilization. These growth results, together with ultrastructural observations of nodules, suggest that nitrogen fixation of rhizobia isolates associated with Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata roots is poor.
33. Torres, Constantino Manuel and Repke, David B. and Repke, David B., Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America, 2006. Abstract
    A multidisciplinary study of pre-Columbian South America--centering on the psychoactive plant genus Anadenanthera As cultures formed and evolved in pre-Columbian South America, Anadenanthera became one of the most widely used shamanic inebriants. Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America is more than a comprehensive reference on shamanic visionary substances; it is a useful tool for archeologists and pre-Columbian art historians. This thorough book examines the ritual and cultural use of Anadenanthera from prehistory to the present, along with its botany, chemistry, pharmacology, anthropology, and archeology. The earliest evidence for the use of psychoactive plants in South America is provided by remains of seeds and pods recovered from archeological sites four millennia old. Various preparations were derived from it with the intent of being a shamanic inebriant. Inhaled through the nose, smoked in pipes or as cigars, and prepared in fermented drinks, Anadenanthera served a central role in the cultural development of indigenous societies in South America. Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America explores the full spectrum of information gleaned from research, covering numerous archeological sites in the Andean region, as well as discussing Amazonian shamanic rituals and lore. Analyses of the artistic expressions within the decorations of associated ceremonial paraphernalia such as ritual snuffing tubes and snuff trays are included. The text is richly illustrated with photographs and images of decorated ritual implements, and provides a comprehensive bibliography. Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America explores: botanical aspects, taxonomy, and geographical distribution of Anadenanthera ethnographical, historical, and traditional aspects of Anadenanthera use chemical and pharmacological investigations of the genus and the various visionary preparations derived from it--with emphasis on the biologically active constituents theories of the mechanisms of action of the active tryptamines and carboline alkaloids comparisons of wood anatomy, morphology, and percentage of alkaloid content evaluation of stylistic and iconographic traits Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America is a thorough, useful resource for archeologists, anthropologists, chemists, researchers, pre-Columbian art historians, and any layperson interested in pre-Columbian art, archeology, or visionary plants.
34. Souza, P. B. and Souza, A. L. and Costa, Walter da Silva and Peloso, Ricardo Vieira Del and Lana, J. M., Florística e Diversidade Das Espécies Arbustivo-Arbóreas Regeneradas No Sub-Bosque de Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg., 2012. doi: 10.1590/S0104-77602012000300008. Abstract
    A classificacao sucessional das especies amostradas nas classes I e II revelou maior riqueza de espe species iniciais na sucessao secundaria, com o grupo formado pelas secundarias iniciaIS e pioneiras totalizando 93,5\% na classe I e 93\% naClasse II. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se analisar a composicao floristica e a estrutura da vegetacao arbustivo-arborea em plantio de Anadenanthera peregrina (L) Speg., no municipio de Naque, MG, de, aproximadamente, 10 ha, de propriedade da empresa Celulose Nipo - Brasileira SA, (19o15'05"S e 42o20'30'W). Foram estabelecidas dez parcelas aleatorias de 20 x 50 m para amostrar os individuos com CAP igual ou maior que 15 cm (Classe I). No centro de cada parcela de 20 x 50 m, foi instalada uma sub-parcela de 10 x 10 m para amostrar os individuos com altura total igual ou maior que 1,30 m do solo ate CAP menor que 15 cm (Classe II). Os individuos das parcelas de 20 x 50 m foram classificados quanto as sindromes de dispersao e categorias sucessionais. Alem disso, foram realizadas a distribuicao diametrica dos individuos amostrados. Foram encontrados 510 individuos na classe I, pertencentes a 10 familias, 15 generos e 15 especies e na classe II, 47 individuos de 10 familias, 14 generos e 14 especies, com indice de similaridade de Sorensen igual a 48\%. A classificacao sucessional das especies amostradas nas classes I e II revelou maior riqueza de especies iniciais na sucessao secundaria, com o grupo formado pelas secundarias iniciais e pioneiras, totalizando 93,5\% na classe I e 93\% na classe II. Considerando as sindromes de dispersao, classe I 60\% das especies possuem dispersao anemocorica. Quanto a distribuicao diametrica por classe de diâmetro de Anadenanthera peregrina e das demais especies, respectivamente, distribuiram-se em "J"-invertido.
35. Gross, E. and Cordeiro, L. and Caetano, F. H., Anatomical and Ultrastructural Aspects of Root and Mycorrhiza of Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg. Var. Falcata (Benth.) Altschul (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae), 2003. doi: 10.1590/S0100-84042003000400010. Abstract
    The ultrastructural observations showed that in intercellular hyphae and arbuscules vacuoles were dominant and that in rough endoplasmatic reticulum and small vesicles seems to be associated with arbuscule senescence process. A. peregrina var. falcata form mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. An anatomical and ultrastructural study was carried out to analyze some aspects of this simbiotic association as well as some root features. The results evidenced the presence of fibers with non-lignified thicked secondary walls in the stele and sparse papillae on root surface. A. peregrina var. falcata mycorrhizas presented features of Arum-type (intercellular hyphae) and Paris-type (extensive coils) arbuscular mycorrhiza. Their general appearance with extraradical hyphae, intracellular coils, intercellular hyphae and arbuscules, is in agreement with arbuscular mycorrhizas of several plants. The ultrastructural observations showed that in intercellular hyphae and arbuscules vacuoles were dominant and that in rough endoplasmatic reticulum and small vesicles seems to be associated with arbuscule senescence process.
36. Marinho, T. A. and Oliveira, M. G. and {Menezes-Filho}, A. C. P. and Castro, C. F. S. and Oliveira, I. M. M. and Borges, L. L. and {Melo-Reis}, P. R. and {Silva-Jr}, N. J., Phytochemical Characterization, and Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Hydroethanolic Extract of {\emph{Anadenanthera Peregrina}} Stem Bark, Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 82, March 2021. doi: 10.1590/1519-6984.234476. Abstract
    Abstract The Brazilian Cerrado biome consists of a great variety of endemic species with several bioactive compounds, and Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg is a promising species. In this study, we aimed to perform phytochemical characterization and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of the hydroethanolic extract of A. peregrina stem bark. The barks were collected in the Botanical Garden of Goiânia, Brazil. The hydroethanolic extract was obtained by percolation and subjected to physicochemical screening, total phenolic content estimation, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting, and antioxidant (IC50 values were calculated for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay - DPPH) and antibacterial activity determination. The pH of the extract was 5.21 and density was 0.956 g/cm3. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides, organic acids, reducing sugars, hemolytic saponins, phenols, coumarins, condensed tannins, flavonoids, catechins, depsides, and depsidones derived from benzoquinones. The extract showed intense hemolytic activity. The total phenolic content was 6.40 g GAE 100 g-1. The HPLC fingerprinting analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin. We confirmed the antioxidant activity of the extract. Furthermore, the extract did not inhibit the growth of E. coli colonies at any volume tested, but there were halos around S. aureus colonies at all three volumes tested. These results contribute to a better understanding of the chemical composition of A. peregrina stem bark and further support the medicinal applications of this species.
37. Fonseca, Ana Clara Carneiro and da Silva, Renata Carvalho and Aguiar, Bruno Aurélio Campos and de Souza, Priscila Bezerra, Produção e Caracterização morfológica de Mudas de Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. em Diferentes Tipos de Substratos, Cadernos de Agroecologia, vol. 15, no. 4, December 2020. url: https://cadernos.aba-agroecologia.org.br/cadernos/article/view/6462. Abstract
    Resumo Objetivou-se produzir e avaliar as características morfológicas de mudas de Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. em diferentes tipos de substratos, a fim de indicar o melhor substrato para seu desenvolvimento. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 18 tratamentos e 11 repetições. Para compor os substratos foram utilizados: Terra de Subsolo (TS), Casca de Arroz Carbonizada (CAC), Casca de Arroz in natura (CAIN), Serragem (S), Esterco Bovino (EB), Pó de coco (PC) e Substrato Comercial BIOFLORA® (SC). Os parâmetros morfológicos utilizados nas avaliações foram: Altura da Planta, Diâmetro do Coleto, Peso de Matéria Seca Total, Peso de Matéria Seca da Parte Aérea, Peso de Matéria Seca das Raízes e o Índice de Qualidade de Dickson. O tratamento que apresentou maior IQD foi o tratamento terra de subsolo + esterco bovino com proporção de 50:50. A utilização de resíduos industriais auxilia na produção de mudas, bem como para uma reutilização de um produto.