This paper discusses the productivity evaluation results (shoot length, shoot number, leaf size, and yields) of hydroponically grown perforate St. John’s wort ( Hypericum perforatum L.). Hydroponic technique enables year-round growing of this medicinal plant preserving natural plant population in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District - Yugra; perforate St. John’s wort is listed in the District’s Red Book as the species that should be closely monitored in its natural habitat. A vertical ebb-and-flow hydroponic unit was used for growing. The research target was the Optimist variety of perforate St. John’s wort. Generally accepted research methods were applied. Phytopathological evaluation of the perforate St. John’s wort plantation revealed low level of infestation with fusarium disease (less than 5%). The experiment showed that the plants reached the best values of all growth indices when grown under white lights of luminous flux of 8000 lm, color temperature of 4000 K, and РРF of 165 µmol s m2. Moreover, lighting with white LEDs stimulates transition of growing plants to flowering stage on the 97th day after planting and increases yield to 3.12 kg m2. The variety Optimist variety of perforate St. John’s wort in hydroponic environment forms creeping, aggressively branching shoots that should be considered during growing.
Овчинникова, Гончарова, Харченко, Леонова, and А. К. Буряк, “Ldi Mass-Spectrometry Assessment of Hypericin, Hyperforin and Pseudohypericin in Cultivar and Wild Hypericum Perforatum L. in Vivo and in Vitro,” Altai State University, 2016.http://journal.asu.ru/cw/article/view/1273.
Исследовали способность к образованию гиперицина, псевдогиперицина и гиперфорина в интактных (in vivo) растениях Hypericum perforatum L. (зверобоя продырявленнего) и полученных методом микроклонального размножения (in vitro). В качестве объектов исследования использовали дикорастущие и культурные (сорт Солнечный) растения. Надземную часть растений, полученных in vivo, а также листья, стебли и каллусную ткань растений, полученных in vitro, подвергали лиофильной сушке. Перед началом измерений проводили экстракцию метанолом в течение 1 ч. Для обнаружения указанных химических соединений применяли времяпролетный масс-спектрометр с лазерной десорбцией/ионизацией (ЛДИ). В метанольном экстракте лиофильно высушенных дикорастущих и культурных растениях, выращенных in vivo, были обнаружены все исследуемые соединения. При выращивании in vitro в дикорастущем зверобое были также определены все вышеуказанные соединения, однако в растениях сорта Солнечный гиперфорин масс-спектрометрически идентифицировать не удалось. После хранения лиофильно высушенных растений в эксикаторе в темноте при 20 °С в течение 2,5 месяца в темноте удалось обнаружить все изучаемые соединения только у растений, выращенных in vivo. В растениях дикорастущего и культурного зверобоя, выращенных in vitro, был обнаружен только псевдогиперицин.
Природные запасы многих дикорастущих лекарственных растений из-за нерационального их использования из года в год сокращаются. Актуальным становится создание промышленных плантаций. К наиболее популярным и широко используемым растениям как в официальной, так и в народной медицине принадлежит зверобой продырявленный ( Hypericum perforatum L.). Опыт заложен в 2013 г. в учебно-опытном хозяйстве «Уралец» на коллекционном участке лекарственных растений УрГАУ. В схему опыта включены четыре варианта: 1) зверобой продырявленный (контроль дикорастущий вид); 2) сорт Золотодолинский; 3) сорт Айболит; 4) сорт Солнечный. В эксперименте стабильно высокую продуктивность обеспечил сорт Айболит, прибавка урожайности по годам исследования (по сравнению с контролем) колебалась от 43,0 % до 54,7 %. Довольно высокую продуктивность формировал сорт Золотодолинский, отклонения от контроля варьировались от 25,6 % до 42,1 %. Менее результативным оказался сорт Солнечный, выход лекарственного сырья был на 25,6-38,4 % ниже, чем у сорта Айболит. Максимальная продуктивность за все годы наблюдений получена в 2016 г.: Золотодолинский 13,5 т/га; Айболит 14,7 т/га; Солнечный 12,9 т/га. На пятый год исследования (2017 г.) наметилось заметное снижение продуктивности надземной биомассы: снизилось проективное покрытие (80-85 %), отмечено более позднее и медленное отрастание растений в весенний период, замедлилась скорость апикального роста растений (0,87 см/сутки контроль; 1,1 см/сутки сорт Айболит).
A. Kačergius and D. Radaitienė, “Greenhouse Test for the Resistance to Root and Stem Rot of Hypericum Perforatum L. Accessions,” Plant Protection Science, vol. 38, no. SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002, pp. 533–535, 2017.
doi: 10.17221/10547-pps.
Root and stem rot caused by soil-borne agent Fusarium avenaceum is a major disease of wild Hypericum perforatum accessions in the field collection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP) of the Institute of Botany in Lithuania. These wild accessions of H. perforatum are growing as an initial material for breeding. In 1998–2001 the monitoring of epidemiological situation of field collection of H. perforatum showed differences among accessions considering the resistance to root rot. High intensity of root rot was observed in the third–fourth years of cultivation. The most damaged plants (> 50%) were among the accessions 219, 379, 381, and cv. Zolotodolinskaja. Fungi of the Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Rhizoctonia, and Verticillium genera were associated with H. perforatum roots together with the rot agent Fusarium avenaceum. Seven accessions from Lithuania and cv. Zolotodolinskaja of H. perforatum were tested for the resistance to root rot under greenhouse conditions. Two accessions (219, 381) were highly susceptible to the disease, another two (218, 383) were less susceptible, others were free of the symptoms of root rot. Accessions and single plants, survived after artificial infection, have been selected for further investigations.
W. G. Abrahamson and S. P. V. Kloet, “The Reproduction and Ecology of Hypericum Edisonianum: An Endangered Florida Endemic,” Castanea, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 168–181, Sep. 2014.
doi: 10.2179/14-016.
The reproduction and ecology of the narrow endemic and Florida endangered shrub Hypericum edisonianum (Edison’s St. John’s Wort) was investigated through field and greenhouse studies. Hypericum edisonianum exhibits a number of traits common to rare and geographically limited plant species including heavy reliance on clonal propagation to maintain local stands, passive seed dispersal resulting in a near-parent seed shadow, limited numbers of genetically unique individuals in its isolated seasonal-pond habitat, and likely self-incompatibility. In the field study, most flowers were produced by a small subset of the monitored ramets. Indeed, three ramets belonging to a single genetic individual accounted for 26% of all seed output from the 78 ramets monitored over a one-year period. In spite of strong seed production and germination, seedling establishment appears to occur episodically. The implication is that H. edisonianum is poorly equipped to withstand landscape drainage, agricultural and human development, and climate change. Such impacts will severely challenge the persistence of not only H. edisonianum but also many of the associated species inhabiting Florida scrub. Detailed information is needed about the population-genetic structure of H. edisonianum populations in order to understand its metapopulation structure. Protection of existing and potential H. edisonianum stands is crucial to the long-term preservation this species.
S. Afzali Gorouh, M. Solouki, and M. Nejati, “Effect of Salicylic Acid on Phytochemical Charactrization in Medicinal Plant (Hypericum Perforatum L.) under Salt Stress,” New Finding in Agriculture, May 2019.https://nfa.arak.iau.ir/article_664937.html.
به منظور بررسی اثر متقابل شوری و اسیدسالیسیلیک بر خصوصیات فیتوشیمیایی در گیاه دارویی علفچای، آزمایشی گلدانی، در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زابل واقع در سدسیستان در سال زراعی 95-94 به اجرا درآمد. در این آزمایش، به گیاهان با غلظت 50 میلی مولار کلرید سدیم تنش اعمال شد سپس با غلظت 5/0 میلی مولار اسیدسالیسیلیک محلول پاشی شدند (S2SA3). یک گیاه هم به عنوان شاهد (بدون تنش کلریدسدیم و محلول پاشی اسیدسالیسیلیک)، به منظور مقایسه تغییرات ترکیبات شیمیایی و درصد آنها در گیاه انتخاب شد (S1SA1). آنالیز ترکیبات اسانس با GC/MS در تیمار شاهد (S1SA1) نشان داد که 20 نوع ترکیب شیمیایی در سرشاخهها و برگهای گیاه وجود دارد. در این تیمار، ترکیبات 1و6- سیکلودکادین، 1-کاریوفیلن بی سیکلو و سزکوئیترپن اسپاتلنول به ترتیب 92/25، 69/16، 38/11 درصد، اجزای غالب اسانس را تشکیل میدادند و ترکیبات 3 و4 دی متیل هپتان و آلفاپینین کمترین میزان را داشتند. در تیمار (S2SA3) در اسانس این گیاه، 30 نوع ترکیب شیمیایی شناسایی شد که سزکوئیترپنهای ژرماکرن و بتاکاریوفیلن به ترتیب 58/15، 79/11 درصد و ترکیب غیرترپنی 2- متیل اکتان 46/10 درصد، اجزای غالب اسانس را تشکیل میدادند. ترکیبات نفتالن، تائوکادینول و 1- هگزادکانول نیز کمترین میزان را نسبت به سایر ترکیبات داشتند. تغییرات میزان (درصد) ترکیبات در دو تیمار تفاوت زیادی باهم دارند. میزان این ترکیبات در تیمار شاهد (S1SA1) و تیمار (S2SA3) به ترتیب شامل: کاریوفیلن 93/0 و 74/6، فیتول 03/6 و 38/1، بتاکاریوفیلن 60/2 و 79/11، نفتالن 40/2 و 84/1، آلفاپینن 36/2 و23/1، دلتاکادینن 89/1 و 81/0درصد میشوند. تفاوت در میزان ترکیبات به عوامل مختلفی همانند عوامل محیطی وتنشها، نحوه برداشت و خشک کردن گیاه و... بستگی دارد. در این میان محلولپاشی اسیدسالیسیلیک با تعدیل کردن اثرات سو تنش شوری موجب بهبود و افزایش درصد و همچنین افزایش ترکیبات شیمیایی موجود در اسانس گیاه علفچای میشود.
A. R. Alan, S. J. Murch, and P. K. Saxena, “Evaluation of Ploidy Variations in Hypericum Perforatum L. (St. John’s Wort) Germplasm from Seeds, in Vitro Germplasm Collection, and Regenerants from Floral Cultures,” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 452–462, Aug. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s11627-015-9708-7.
Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) is an important medicinal herb and a subject of intensive research for its complex and diverse bioactive chemicals. An in vitro-grown germplasm collection of elite H. perforatum lines, established to provide easy access to physiologically uniform plants, was used for ploidy assessment studies. Germplasm lines were maintained by repeated subculture of shoot tips for over 10 yr with little change in their capacity to produce multiple shoots. Shoots of four of these lines were rooted and grown in the greenhouse to obtain plants to provide anther and filament explants. Culture of explants on a regeneration medium supplemented with 1 mg L−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) induced large numbers of calluses and shoots on all explants. Flow cytometric (FCM) analysis of nuclei samples revealed that the nuclear DNA contents of calluses and shoots developed from anther and filament explants of germplasm lines were not significantly different from those of the donor plants. FCM screening of in vitro-maintained germplasm lines in the collection showed that they had similar nuclear DNA amounts and were all tetraploid (2n\,= 4x). Analysis of seedlings obtained from the original seed source used to derive the germplasm lines showed that ~11% of them were hexaploid (2n\,= 6x). Data obtained from FCM screens confirmed the preservation of tetraploidy in in vitro-maintained H. perforatum germplasm and the regenerants obtained from male floral organs. The consistent ploidy of the H. perforatum plants of in vitro origin further supports the usefulness of such technologies to ensure genetic uniformity of medicinal plants over extended periods of culture and may facilitate long-term preservation of their elite clones.
C. V. T. do Amarante, P. R. Ernani, and A. G. de Souza, “Influenceof Liming and Phosphate Fertilization on Nutrients Accumulation and Plant Growth of St. John’s Wort,” Horticultura Brasileira, vol. 25, pp. 533–537, Dec. 2007.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-05362007000400008.
A erva-de-São-João (Hypericum perforatum L.), planta medicinal amplamente utilizada no tratamento humano anti-depressivo, tem sido pouco estudada agronomicamente. Avaliou-se os efeitos da calagem e da adubação fosfatada no acúmulo de nutrientes e no crescimento inicial de plantas dessa espécie. O experimento foi conduzido em Lages, SC, de julho a dezembro de 2003, em casa de vegetação. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (fatorial 4x3), correspondente a quatro valores de pH (4,1; 5,5; 6,0 e 6,5) e três doses de fósforo (0; 50 e 100 mg kg-1 de solo), com quatro repetições. Foram cultivadas duas plantas por vaso, num Cambissolo Húmico Álico. Avaliaram-se os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu e Fe no solo e na parte aérea e o rendimento de massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes. A calagem, combinada com a adubação fosfatada, favoreceu o acúmulo de Ca, Mg, K, N e P na parte aérea e o crescimento da erva-de-São-João.
R. Anand et al., “A Simple and Reliable Semipreparative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Technique for the Isolation of Marker-Grade Hyperforin from Hypericum Perforatum L. Extract,” Journal of Chromatographic Science, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 444–444, Sep. 2003.
doi: 10.1093/chromsci/41.8.444.
E. Ariyakiya, H. Ramezani, H. Ghafoori, A. Doulatyari, M. Naghavi, and S. A. A. Shahzadeh Fazeli, “The Effect of Cryopreservation on Germination and Growth Indices of Some Orthodox Seeds,” Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 218–230, Feb. 2012.
doi: 10.22092/ijrfpbgr.2012.6694.
With regard to the trend of plant germplasm degradation in our country, as one of the richest countries on plant genetic resources, it is necessary to act fundamentally on conservation and maintenance of available genetic diversity. Using seed cryopreservation, as one of the Ex situ plant germplasm conservation method we can store seed for long-term, with much lower costs and without losing seed viability. In this study the effect of cryopreservation on germination and growth indices (germination percent, germination rate, seed vigour index, plantlet length, plantlet fresh weight) on orthodox seeds of seven plant species (Artemisia khorassanica, Hypericum perforatum, Origanum spp, Trigonella monantha, Phytolacca americana, Hypericum androsaemum, Datura innoxia) in two storage conditions of freezer (-20ºC) and cryopreservation (-196ºC) were evaluated for two months. Comparing cryopreservation and freezer treatments on each species based on t- student method, no significant differences were observed on germination and growth indices except for germination percent and germination rate. Cryopreservation may be recommended as a suitable and alternative method for healthy long term storage of orthodox seeds in germplasm resources conservation centers.
N. Aziz, R. J. Sauve, D. Long, and M. Cherry, “Genetic and Phytochemical Diversity Assessment Among Eleven Hypericum Accessions via AFLP and HPLC Analyses,” Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, vol. 12, no. 1-2, pp. 97–105, Jan. 2007.
doi: 10.1300/J044v12n01_09.
Phytochemical profiles and DNA fingerprints were obtained from 11 species and cultivars of Hypericum (H. androsaemum, H. calycinum, H. frondosum var. “Sunbrust”, H. grandiflorum, H. inodorum, H. moseranum, H. olympicum, H. patulum var. “Sungold”, H. perforatum, H. perforatum var. “Anthos”, and H. perforatum var. “Topas”). Accessions were identified using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and DNA fingerprints. Although each accession had a distinctive DNA fingerprint, correlations between structurally similar plants and their DNA profiles were apparent. DNA banding patterns between each accession genetic distances were analyzed and quantified using a dendogram software program. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the content of chlorogenic acid, hyperforin, hypericin, pseudohypericin, and rutin in methanolic extracts of each Hypericum accession. Hypericum perforatum accessions and H. inodorum contained the highest concentration of marker phytochemicals, while H. calycinum, H. grandiflorum, and H. olympicum contained the lowest concentration. AFLP profiles of the plants were correlated with their levels of marker phytochemicals enabling true to type identification and marker-assisted breeding programs.
M. Azizi, “Change in Content and Chemical Composition of Hypericum Perforatum L. Oil at Three Harvest Time,” Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 79–85, Jan. 2008.
doi: 10.1300/J044v13n02_07.
St. John’s wort is an important medicinal plant that contained a wide range of secondary metabolites such as naphthodianthrones, phloroglucinols and essential oil. The quality of Hypericum perforatum was determined by several cultural practices. In this research essential oil content and composition determined at before flowering, full flowering and fruit set stages. Water distillation was used for essential oil extraction. Essential oil composition was determined by GC and GC/MS. On the basis of the results herb of Saint John’s wort in full flowering stage has higher amount of essential oil (0.35 ml/100 g dry weight) than before flowering and fruit set stage (0.12 and 0.16 ml/100 g dry weight, respectively). The essential oil contains longifolene, α- and γ-eudesmol, spathulenol, bicyclogermacrene, β-caryophyllene, α-cadinol, α-cadinene and β-bisabolene as major constituents. These constituents are affected by harvest time. In this respect longifolene is identified in oil sample before flowering and at fruit set stage (18.71 and 21.99%, respectively) but unidentified in the oil of full flowering stage. The amount of bicyclogermacrene was the highest (16.93%) at full flowering stage and decreased sharply at other harvest time. According to the results the most suitable time for harvesting of Hypericum perforatum with respect to essential oil content and composition is full flowering.
M. Azizi and R. Omidbaigi, “Effect of Np Supply on Herb Yield, Hypericin Content and Cadmium Accumulation of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 576, pp. 267–271, Apr. 2002.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.576.39.
M. Azizi, H. S. Kaboli Farshchi, S. H. Nemati, and V. R. Sarvestani, “Effect of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on Some of Phytochemical Attributes and Nutrients Content in St. Johns Wort (Hypericum Perforatum),” in 3rd National Congress on Medicinal Plants, 2014.http://profdoc.um.ac.ir/paper-abstract-1042614.html.
جستجو در مقالات دانشگاهی و کتب استادان دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
E. Bagdonaite, V. Janulis, L. Ivanauskas, and J. Labokas, “Between Species Diversity of Hypericum Perforatum and H. Maculatum by the Content of Bioactive Compounds,” Natural Product Communications, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 1934578X1200700220, Feb. 2012.
doi: 10.1177/1934578X1200700220.
The objective of present study was to establish and compare the contents of secondary metabolites of two Hypericum species, H. perforatum and H. maculatum, native to Lithuania, and to evaluate factors predetermining their variation with some practical implications for utilization and conservation. The HPLC analysis of the ethanolic extracts of the studied species showed some regularity in their composition. Both species contained chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin and hypericin. The presence of rutin and hyperforin was observed only in H. perforatum. The quantitative analysis showed higher content of quercitrin in H. perforatum, than in H. maculatum, whereas the differences in the contents of quercetin, hypericin and chlorogenic acid were not statistically significant between the species. H. maculatum contained a significantly higher content of hyperoside than H. perforatum. The data on phytochemical analysis suggest almost equivalent use of both H. perforatum and H. maculatum extracts in the food industry, cosmetics and pharmaceutics.
This study describes the variation of hypericin and flavonoid contents in different accessions of Saint John’s Wort, Hypericum perforatum L. Twenty-one Lithuanian wild accessions as well as two cultivars, Polish ‘Topas’ and Russian ‘Zolotodolinskaya’, were studied under the same cultivated field conditions with the latter two used as control. The chemical and morphological investigations were carried out in two-year-old plants. Samples of flowering tops of H. perforatum were collected and analysed for hypericin and flavonoids using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The results showed that hypericin contents in flowering tops ranged within 0.23–1.24 mg/g; flavonoid contents varied in different accessions as follows: rutin 2.95–17.10 mg/g, hyperoside 0.42–31.13 mg/g, quercitrin 0.16 to 7.52 mg/g, and quercetin 0.37–1.90 mg/g. The results revealed a reliable relation between the contents of hypericin and the morphotypes of H. perforatum. Some of the accessions of H. perforatum are distinguished by higher contents of the secondary metabolites studied if compared with the cv. ‘Zolotodolinskaya’ and ‘Topas’ and could be used for breeding purposes. Keywords: Hypericum perforatum, hypericin, flavonoids, morphotypes
E. Bagdonaitė and J. Labokas, “Morphological Variability of the Field Accessions of Hypericum Perforatum,” Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Botanikos sodo raštai, vol. 11, pp. 8–13, 2006.https://vb.gamtc.lt/object/elaba:6223016/.
Variation of ten phenotypic characters was assessed among fifteen Lithuanian accessions of Hypericum perforatum L. of wild origin as well as Polish cultivar "Topaz" cultivated in the field collection of medicinal plants at the Institute of Botany. High variations were established within accessions in length and width of inflorescence and weight of raw material. It was established that the morphotypes vary very much within the accessions as well. The accessions No. 381, No. 419, No. 423, No. 424, No. 426 and No. 427 are adequate to the cv. "Topaz" and produce fairly long and wide inflorescences with high total yield of medicinal raw material.
E. Bagdonaite, V. Janulis, L. Ivanauskas, and J. Labokas, “Variation in Contents of Hypericin and Flavonoids in Hypericum Maculatum (Hypericaceae) from Lithuania,” Acta Botanica Hungarica, vol. 51, no. 3-4, pp. 237–244, Sep. 2009.
doi: 10.1556/abot.51.2009.3-4.1.
This study, carried out in 2004–2005, describes the variation of hypericin and flavonoid contents in different samples of Hypericum maculatum . Flowering tops of H. maculatum were collected and analysed for hypericin and flavonoids using HPLC. The contents of hypericin ranged from 0.35–0.95 mg/g; flavonoid contents varied as follows: hyperoside — 16.66–40.89 mg/g, quercitrin — 0.00 to 1.07 mg/g and quercetin — 1.46–4.96 mg/g. The study indicated that flavonoid rutin was absent from the flavonoid pattern of H. maculatum , or present only in trace amounts (0.00–0.67 mg/g), however, H. maculatum is one of the most important sources of hyperoside. The samples of H. maculatum which accumulated high levels of flavonoids seem to be promising for further propagation.
E. Bagdonaitė, P. Mártonfi, M. Repčák, and J. Labokas, “Variation in the Contents of Pseudohypericin and Hypericin in Hypericum Perforatum from Lithuania,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 634–640, Aug. 2010.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2010.08.005.
Hypericin and hypericin-like substances are considered the main active compounds in Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae). In this work pseudohypericin and hypericin of H. perforatum collected in Lithuania were quantified. Studies on accumulation dynamics and between-accession variation of the contents of these secondary metabolites were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data were statistically processed with ANOVA and PCA. Significant difference between pseudohypericin and hypericin content in floral budding and full flowering stages was detected. The highest amounts of the secondary metabolites were observed in the flowering stage. The study revealed evident within population variations in H. perforatum. Mean concentrations of pseudohypericin and hypericin among accessions varied from 3.45 to 6.82 mg/g and from 1.17 to 2.59 mg/g, respectively. Accessions of H. perforatum showed remarkable differences in chemical composition depending on the provenance of plants.
M. Bahmani, M. Taherikalani, M. Khaksarian, S. Soroush, B. Ashrafi, and R. Heydari, “Phytochemical Profiles and Antibacterial Activities of Origanum Vulgare and Hypericum Perforatum and Carvacrol and Hypericin as a Promising Anti-Staphylococcus Aureus,” Mini Rev Med Chem, 2019.
doi: 10.2174/1389557519666190121124317.
OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacteria, is ranked second among the causes of hospital infections and is one of the three main causes of food poisoning. In recent times, the spread of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus has become very worrisome. Therefore, research for new effective drugs is important. The present study aims to investigate the phytochemical profiles and antibacterial effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Origanum vulgare (Lamiaceae family) and Hypericum perforatum (Clusiaceae family) and their active compounds on S. aureus (ATCC 12600) in vitro. METHODS: The identification of phytochemical compounds in both plants was performed by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To investigate microbial susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and disc diffusion method (DAD) were used. Finally, the results of the study were compared with methicillin. RESULTS: Of the 42 combinations of O. vulgare, carvacrol (48%) and of the 38 combinations of H. perforatum, hypericin (46.2%) were the most abundant. The MIC, MBC and DAD of O. vulgare and H. perforatum, carvacrol, hypericin and methicillin were 625, 625, 312.5, 78.12 and 384 μg/mL, 10000, 10000, 2500, 2500 and 384 μg/mL, and 15.66 ± 4.49, 12.66 ± 0.47 and 22 ± 0.81 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the significant effects of O. vulgare and H. perforatum and their active components against S. aureus, it is expected that in the future, hypericin, carvacrol and their derivatives can be used as effective antibacterial agents against S. aureus
N. Bardhi, G. Stefkov, M. Karapandzova, I. Cvetkovikj, and S. Kulevanova, “Essential Oil Composition of Indigenous Populations of Hypericum Perforatum L. from Southern Albania,” Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 333–341, Nov. 2015.
doi: 10.20450/mjcce.2015.618.
The aim of this study was to investigate the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) isolated from over-ground parts of different populations of Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) (HP) from southern Albania. The EO yield of 11 specimens of indigenous populations of HP ranged from 2.50 ml/kg to 11.00 ml/kg. GC/FID/MS analyses of the EOs revealed a total of 126 identified compounds representing 77.35–88.29% of the oils. Based on the prevalence of principal components, two types of EO were distinguished: pinene-type, which included seven populations with EO rich in α-pinene, and caryophyllene-type, which included four populations with EO rich in trans-(E)-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide. The information obtained can help to assess the potential of the studied Albanian populations for further sustainable wild exploitation to take it into a consideration as a resource of valuable genetic material or for further cultivation and breeding.aim of this study was to investigate the yield and the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) isolated from over ground parts of different populations of Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) (HP) from southern Albania. The EO yield of 11 specimens of indigenous populations of HP ranged from 2.50 ml/kg to 11.00 ml/kg. GC/FID/MS analyses of the EOs reviled a total of 126 identified compounds representing 77.35-88.29 % of the oils. Based on prevalence of the principal components two types of EO were distinguished: pinene type that include 8 populations with EO reach in α-pinene and caryophyllene type that include 3 populations with EO rich in trans-(E)-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide. Obtained information can help to assess the potential of studied Albanian populations for further sustainable wild exploitation as well as can be taken into a consideration as a resource of valuable genetic material for further cultivation and breeding.
B. Barl, A. Katrusiak, and D. Dunlop, “Determination of Quality Parameters in Hypericum Perforatum Grown in Saskatchewan,” Feb. 2000.https://harvest.usask.ca/handle/10388/9911.
Hypericum perforatum, a medicinal plant known as Saint John’s Wort, has been used extensively for its antidepressant activity in North America over the past three years. The objective of this study was to establish the influence of plant part and time of harvest on phytomedicinal quality of Saint John’s Wort grown in Saskatoon. Varietal influence on quality was also investigated. Flowering tops, upper leaves and stems, and lower leaves and stems of two and three years old plants, variety Standard, harvested at seven different times from budding to post-blooming from June to September, 1998, were used for quality assessment. Extraction protocol for optimal recovery and an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for quantification of 7 marker compounds for Saint John’s Wort, hypericin and pseudohypericin, and 5 selected flavonoids (quercitrin, quercetin, rutin, hyperoside and biapigenin) were developed. The flowering tops followed by the upper most leaves contained the highest concentration of hypericins and flavonoids when harvested in late June, 0.35 % and 4.0%, respectively. The hypericins content declined by more than 90% between late June and end of August. The content of flavonoids showed a similar declining trend from early July onward. A correlation between date of harvest and quality, and plant part and quality was apparent. Two varieties, Anthos and Elixir™, were found superior in both plant yield and plant quality.
J. Barnes, J. T. Arnason, and B. D. Roufogalis, “St John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.): Botanical, Chemical, Pharmacological and Clinical Advances,” Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 1–3, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.1111/jphp.13053.
L. Becker et al., “Improvement of Antioxidant Activity and Polyphenol Content of Hypericum Perforatum and Achillea Millefolium Powders Using Successive Grinding and Sieving,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 87, pp. 116–123, Sep. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.036.
This work aims at evaluating the effect of successive grinding and sieving processes on the polyphenol content of plants. Powders of particle size ranging from 20 to 500μm and over were produced from aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum and Achillea millefolium. The evaluation of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, as well as the identification and quantification of some bioactive compounds by LC-ESI/MS were performed. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained for the 100–180μm fraction: IC50 of 0.43 and 0.51mg/mL for H. perforatum and A. millefolium, respectively. LC-ESI/MS analyses evidenced that two intermediate granulometric classes, 100–180μm and 180–315μm, allowed achieving the highest polyphenol content. These results show that fine grinding and sieving lead to a differential distribution of bioactive compounds according to particle size.
M. Beckmann, H. Bruelheide, and A. Erfmeier, “Germination Responses of Three Grassland Species Differ between Native and Invasive Origins,” Ecological Research, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 763–771, Jul. 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s11284-011-0834-3.
The germination stage is critical in plant life-history and is also a key process during the expansion of species’ ranges into new environments. In this study we investigated the germination patterns of three plant species (Achillea millefolium, Hieracium pilosella and Hypericum perforatum) that are invasive to New Zealand (NZ) and native to Central Europe. We asked whether the species show differences in germination temperature requirements, germination speed and maximum germination rates, and thus, whether they display evidence of adaptation to different conditions in the invasive range. Seeds from three populations per species and region were subjected to three different temperature regimes to compare germination rates among origins and across temperature conditions. For Achillea millefolium and Hypericum perforatum, germination rates were significantly higher for invasive NZ provenances than for native German ones. Seeds from invasive populations of all three species displayed increased maximum germination at medium temperature conditions when compared to native populations, which indicates altered germination strategies in the invaded range. Changes in temporal development patterns were most conspicuous for invasive Hieracium pilosella and Hypericum perforatum populations. These findings imply that adaptation in germination patterns towards different climatic conditions in invasive populations has occurred. Our study emphasises the importance of the germination stage during plant invasion and its role in explaining range expansion of these species.
M. Berti, F. Hevia, R. Wilckens, J. Joublan, H. Serri, and J. Allende, “Fertilización Nitrogenada Del Cultivo de Hierba de San Juan (Hypericum Perforatum L.) En Chillán, Provincia de Ñuble, Chile,” Ciencia e investigación agraria, vol. 27, pp. 107–116, Aug. 2000.
doi: 10.7764/rcia.v27i2.1002.
A. Bertoli, C. Çirak, and F. Seyis, “Hypericum Spp. Volatile Profiling and the Potential Significance in the Quality Control of New Valuable Raw Material,” Microchemical Journal, vol. 136, pp. 94–100, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.01.006.
The genus Hypericum (Guttiferae) is one of the most representative species in temperate zones and Turkey is one of the most important Mediterranean sites. Due to the increasing commercial value of Hyperici herba (Hypericum perforatum), many wild Turkish Hypericum species have received currently a considerable renewed interest as potential substitutes of the well-established H. perforatum crops for their similar content in the standardization bioactives (hypericins, hyperforins, and flavonoids). The present paper reported the volatile fingerprints of three selected wild Turkish Hypericum species recently characterized as H. perforatum bioactive-like profiles but lacking of the requested well-established usage in the EU market. In this context, the volatile constituents of the three-selected Hypericum spp. were investigated as additional discriminating markers to enhance the likelihood that this adulterating plant raw material will be detected before it is incorporated into finished H. perforatum products.
B. R. Bianchi and E. P. Chu, “In Vitro Propagation of Hypericum Cordatum (Vell. Conc.) N. Robson (Clusiaceae) and Phytochemical Analysis of Its Secondary Compounds,” Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, vol. 15, pp. 25–33, 2013.
doi: 10.1590/S1516-05722013000100003.
Hypericum cordatum, planta com possível atividade medicinal foi analisada no presente estudo quanto a sua propagação in vitro e seus principais compostos secundários em comparação com Hypericum perforatum, espécie medicinal utilizada como antidepressivo. Diante das dificuldades que ocorrem na coleta e sua multiplicação por sementes ou via estacas caulinares, iniciou-se a propagação in vitro tendo como resultados: que a indução e o crescimento de brotações foram estimulados pelo regulador 6-benziladenina (2,0 mg L-1), que houve indução de raízes por ácido indol-butírico (0,5 mg L-1), e que as baixas concentrações de auxinas, ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético, ou ácido naftalenoacético (0,01 a 0,4 mg L-1) induziram a formação de calos sendo uma alternativa viável para a multiplicação desta espécie in vitro. Constatou-se com base nas análises bioquímicas e cromatográficas realizadas nesta fase de desenvolvimento das plantas mantidas em culturas in vitro, que as mesmas não contêm hipericina. No entanto, pode-se atribuir o potencial medicinal de H. cordatum às outras substâncias que também possuem importantes atividades biológicas, tais como a xantona e o ácido clorogênico sintetizados nas glândulas foliares de H. cordatum.
V. Blėkaitytė, I. Jonuškienė, and V. Mickevičius, “The Influence of N-Substituted β-Alanines Containing Naphthoquinone and Thiazole Moieties on the Growth of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.) and Its Ability to Accumulate Metabolites,” Chemical Technology, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 29–35, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.5755/j01.ct.62.4.3409.
In recent years, the growing interest in medicinal plants and their products led the producers of pharmaceuticals to start utilizing the biomass of cultivated plants instead of collecting the biomass that naturally appears in nature. Most of these plants are grown organically; therefore, they are highly exposed to the pathogens that lower the yield of medicinal plants and modify the chemical composition of the plant extracts. The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare the effect of N-substituted β-alanine derivatives containing 1,4-naphthoquinone and thiazole fragments on the growth of St. John’s wort and its ability to accumulate valuable metabolites. Five β-alanine compounds were used during this research, and three well known compounds (3-indolylacetic acid, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, N-phenyl-N-tiocarbamoyl-β-alanine) were chosen for comparison. The shoots of medicinal plants were evaluated for their growth after treatment with different concentrations (0.25–5 mg/l) of β-alanine derivatives. The highest growth-regulating effect on Hypericum perforatum L. was shown by N-(1,4-naphthoquinon-2-yl)-β-alanine (1) (1 mg/l) and N-phenyl-N-[(5-(phenyl)methylidene)-4-oxo-2(4H)-thiazolyl]-β-alanine (5) (1 mg/l); therefore, they were chosen for the further research. The shoots of St. John’s wort were grown on the Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with compounds 1 and 5. The highest amount of pigments (carotenoids, chlorophylls a and b) after a short period of cultivation was obtained in the leaves of shoots grown on the MS + 1 (1 mg/l) medium; however, treatment with compound 5 increased the content of pigments after a long period (8–9 weeks) of cultivation. According to the results, the highest content of phenolics was found in shoots grown on a medium supplemented with compound 5.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ct.62.4.3409
G. Bonari, F. Monaci, F. Nannoni, C. Angiolini, and G. Protano, “Trace Element Uptake and Accumulation in the Medicinal Herb Hypericum Perforatum L. Across Different Geolithological Settings,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 267–276, May 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s12011-018-1453-4.
The worldwide growing interest in traditional medicines, including herbal medicines and herbal dietary supplements, has recently been accompanied by concerns on quality and safety of this type of health care. The content of nutritional and potentially toxic elements in medicinal plants is of paramount interest as it may vary remarkably according to different environmental and ecophysiological factors. In this study, the concentrations of essential and non-essential trace elements—Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Sr, and Zn—were determined in the roots and aerial parts of the worldwide distributed and economically important medicinal herb Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) and in its growing substrate. Most of the analyzed trace elements varied considerably in the plant parts according to edaphic conditions and soil geochemistry. However, uptake and retention in H. perforatum compartments of Co, Cr, and Ni, which markedly differentiated the investigated soils, were controlled by excluding mechanisms of the plant. Despite this, the Ni concentrations in the aerial parts, commonly used in herbal preparations, of H. perforatum plants from serpentine soils were not insignificant in relation to eventual human consumption. Good practice to assure the herbal product quality of H. perforatum collected from the wild cannot ignore the thorough understanding of the geolithological and geochemical features of the harvesting areas.
H. A. Borthwick, “Retarded Germination in the Seed of Hypericum Perforatum Caused by Calcium,” Botanical Gazette, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 270–282, Dec. 1936.
doi: 10.1086/334636.
1. Germination studies with Hypericum perforatum seed showed that tap water retards germination as contrasted with the germination rate in distilled water. Mixtures of the two containing as little as 10 per cent tap water cause as pronounced germination delay as pure tap water. A relatively short period in tap water, followed by transfer to distilled water, also results in a definite retardation. 2. High alkalinity of the tap water and its ionic constitution are both possible causes of the effect observed. The data show that it is not a question of alkalinity, for similar results can be produced in solutions at or below the neutral point. The effects of the various ions present in tap water indicate that calcium causes the retarded germination. 3. No conclusive explanation is offered as to the method of operation of calcium in delaying germination. The data suggest that it alters the permeability of the coat to water.
The effects of few methods of presowing treatment on seed germination and the presence of fungi on untreated and disinfected seeds of Hypericum perforatum were studied. Seeds were treated with Dithane M-45 (mancozeb), sodium hypochlorite solution and hydroprimed in three different ways. Treatment with sodium hypochlorite solution resulted in reduction of mean germination time and increased seed germination at the final count. The impact of hydropriming on seed germination depended on the applied method. The highest germination at the final count of all tested hydropriming combinations was noted for seeds hydroprimed 3 hours in aerated water followed by three days of incubation on water surface in a closed container at 20 deg C. Only 3 fungi genera were detected on untreated and disinfected seeds
M. L. Brechner, L. D. Albright, and L. A. Weston, “Impact of a Variable Light Intensity at a Constant Light Integral: Effects on Biomass and Production of Secondary Metabolites by Hypericum Perforatum,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 756, pp. 221–228, Nov. 2007.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.756.23.
I. Brondz, T. Greibrokk, and A. J. Aasen, “N-Alkanes of Hypericum Perforatum: A Revision,” Phytochemistry, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 295–296, Jan. 1983.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80110-7.
A study of the n-alkanes of Hypericum perforatum L. revealed the presence of all members in the series C16C29. Contrary to previous reports the prevailing n-alkane was found to be nonacosane which was isolated in the pure state and identified on the basis of physical and spectral properties.
R. Bruni and G. Sacchetti, “Factors Affecting Polyphenol Biosynthesis in Wild and Field Grown St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L. Hypericaceae/Guttiferae),” Molecules, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 682–725, Feb. 2009.
doi: 10.3390/molecules14020682.
The increasing diffusion of herbal products is posing new questions: why are products so often different in their composition and efficacy? Which approach is more suitable to increase the biochemical productivity of medicinal plants with large-scale, low-cost solutions? Can the phytochemical profile of a medicinal plant be modulated in order to increase the accumulation of its most valuable constituents? Will polyphenol-rich medicinal crops ever be traded as commodities? Providing a proactive answer to such questions is an extremely hard task, due to the large number of variables involved: intraspecific chemodiversity, plant breeding, ontogenetic stage, post-harvest handling, biotic and abiotic factors, to name but a few. An ideal path in this direction should include the definition of optimum pre-harvesting and post-harvesting conditions and the availability of specific Good Agricultural Practices centered on secondary metabolism enhancement. The first steps to be taken are undoubtedly the evaluation and the organization of scattered data regarding the diverse factors involved in the optimization of medicinal plant cultivation, in order to provide an interdisciplinary overview of main possibilities, weaknesses and drawbacks. This review is intended to be a synopsis of the knowledge on this regard focused on Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae/Guttiferae) secondary metabolites of phenolic origin, with the aim to provide a reference and suggest an evolution towards the maximization of St. John’s Wort bioactive constituents. Factors considered emerged not only from in-field agronomic results, but also from physiological, genetical, biotic, abiotic and phytochemical data that could be scaled up to the application level. To increase quality for final beneficiaries, growers’ profits and ultimately transform phenolic-rich medicinal crops into commodities, the emerging trend suggests an integrated and synergic approach. Agronomy and genetics will need to develop their breeding strategies taking account of the suggestions of phytochemistry, biochemistry, pharmacognosy and pharmacology, without losing sight of the economic balance of the production.
R. Bruni et al., “Herbal Drug Quality and Phytochemical Composition of Hypericum Perforatum L. Affected by Ash Yellows Phytoplasma Infection,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 964–968, Feb. 2005.
doi: 10.1021/jf0487654.
Qualitative/quantitative phytochemical variations were observed in dried flowering tops of cultivated Hypericum perforatum L. cv. Zorzi infected by phytoplasmas of the “ash yellows” class, identified by direct and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR); this is the first report of ribosomial group 16SrVII phytoplasmas in St. John’s Wort. Methanolic extracts of healthy and infected plants were separated by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography to quantify naphthodianthrones and flavonoids, while essential oils were analyzed by means of gas chromatography (GC)−GC/MS. The affected plants exhibited decreased amounts of rutin (1.96 ± 0.23 vs 4.96 ± 0.02 mg/g), hyperoside (2.38 ± 0.21 vs 3.04 ± 0.05 mg/g), isoquercitrin (1.47 ± 0.04 vs 3.50 ± 0.08 mg/g), amentoflavone (0.12 ± 0.01 vs 0.39 ± 0.02 mg/g), and pseudohypericin (1.41 ± 0.23 vs 2.29 ± 0.07 mg/g), whereas the chlorogenic acid content was doubled (1.56 ± 0.11 vs 0.77 ± 0.02 mg/g). Hypericin, quercitrin, and quercetin contents were not severely affected. The essential oil yield was drastically reduced in infected material (0.11 vs 0.75% in healthy material) and revealed an increased abundance of sesquiterpenes (β-caryophyllene, δ-elemene, and germacrene D, in particular) and a matching decrease in monoterpene hydrocarbons and aliphatics. The consequences that the phytopathological condition of cultivated H. perforatum plants has on the commercial quality, market value, and therapeutic efficacy are outlined. Keywords: Phytoplasma disease; Hypericum perforatum; cultivation; hypericins; flavonoids; essential oil
R. Brutovská, E. Čellárová, and J. Doležel, “Cytogenetic Variability of in Vitro Regenerated Hypericum Perforatum L. Plants and Their Seed Progenies,” Plant Science, vol. 133, no. 2, pp. 221–229, Apr. 1998.
doi: 10.1016/S0168-9452(98)00041-7.
Fertile plants were regenerated from adventitious shoot cultures of Hypericum perforatum. The plants were maintained under field conditions and after open pollination, two seed generations were obtained. Chromosome counting and flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA content revealed a considerable degree of variation in ploidy levels in regenerated plants. While the ploidy level of progenies of diploid regenerants was stable, extensive variation was observed in seed progenies of other regenerants. Crossing experiments made under controlled conditions between tetraploid and diploid plants indicated that this behaviour could be explained by the special mode of reproduction of this species (facultative apomixis).
R. Brutovská, E. Čellárová, and I. Schubert, “Cytogenetic Characterization of Three Hypericum Species by in Situ Hybridization,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 46–50, Jul. 2000.
doi: 10.1007/s001220051447.
The chromosomal positions of the 5S/25S rRNA genes of Hypericum perforatum (2n=32), H. maculatum (2n=16) and H. attenuatum (2n=32) were comparatively determined by FISH, and six, three and seven chromosome pairs of the respective karyotypes were subsequently distinguished. The rDNA loci between H. perforatum and H. maculatum seem to be identical (with respect to the ploidy difference), indicating that H. perforatum probably arose by autotetraploidization from an ancestor closely related to H. maculatum. The positional differences between the 5S rRNA gene loci of H. perforatum and H. maculatum on the one hand and H. attenuatum on the other argue against a previous hypothesis according to which H. perforatum originated from a remote interspecific hybridization between H. maculatum and H. attenuatum.
R. Brutovská, P. Kušniriková, E. Bogyiová, and E. Čellárová, “Karyotype Analysis of Hypericum Perforatum L.,” Biologia Plantarum, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 133–136, Mar. 2000.
doi: 10.1023/A:1026575602059.
A karyotype study was made on Hypericum perforatum using plants differentiated in vitro with different ploidy level. The chromosomes of this species are small, morphologically similar, median and submedian. In the basic chromosome set the most distinguishable is chromosome number 1 which was subjected to detail analysis. It was found that there are two types of this chromosome which contribute differentially in diploid, triploid and tetraploid plants.
Y. M. Buckley, D. T. Briese, and M. Rees, “Demography and Management of the Invasive Plant Species Hypericum Perforatum. I. Using Multi-Level Mixed-Effects Models for Characterizing Growth, Survival and Fecundity in a Long-Term Data Set,” Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 481–493, 2003.
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00821.x.
1 Hypericum perforatum, St John’s wort, is an invasive perennial herb that is especially problematic on waste ground, roadsides, pastures and open woodland in south-eastern Australia. We use detailed data from a long-term observational study to develop quantitative models of the factors affecting growth, survival and fecundity of H. perforatum individuals. 2 Multi-level or hierarchical mixed-effects statistical models are used to analyse how environmental and intrinsic plant variables affect growth and reproduction within a complex nested spatial and temporal context. These techniques are relatively underused in ecology, despite the prevalence of multi-level and repeated-measures data generated from ecological studies. 3 We found that plant size (rosette or flowering stems) was strongly correlated with all life stages studied (growth, probability of flowering, asexual reproduction, survival and fruit production). Environmental variables such as herbivory, ground cover and rainfall had significant effects on several life stages. 4 Significant spatial variation at the quadrat level was found in the probability of flowering, flowering stem growth and fruit production models; variation at all other spatial levels in all models was non-significant. Yearly temporal variation was significant in all models where multi-year data were available. 5 Plants in shaded habitats were smaller but had higher survival probabilities than plants in open habitats. They are therefore likely to have slightly different population dynamics. 6 Synthesis and applications. Analysis of these models for H. perforatum has provided insights into which plant traits and environmental factors determine how populations increase and persist in exotic ecosystems, enabling population management strategies to be most effectively targeted. Spatially and temporally correlated data are often collected in long-term ecological studies and multi-level models are a way in which we can fully exploit the wealth of data available. Without these tools data are either underexploited or crucial assumptions of independence on which many statistics are based are contravened.
B. Büter, C. Orlacchio, A. Soldati, and K. Berger, “Significance of Genetic and Environmental Aspects in the Field Cultivation of Hypericum Perforatum,” Planta Medica, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 431–437, Jun. 1998.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957475.
Hypericum perforatum L. is a high value vulnerable medicinal plant of the Indian Himalayan Region. Seeds of this species showed poor germination. In present study, of the total 15 pre-sowing treatments tried, 13 significantly (P < 0.05) stimulated seed-germination, where GA3 (150 mM), KNO3 (150 mM) and NaHClO3 (15 minutes) were found to be most effective. The control showed only 27.8% germination while it increased highest upto 71.1% by KNO3 (150 mM). These treatments were also effective in reducing the time required for germination and mean germination time. In view of the low cost and easy applicability of KNO3 and NaHClO3 compared to the expensive and technically complicated plant growth regulators, these chemicals could be used by poor and unskilled farmers of the Indian Himalayan Region for the ex-situ cultivation of H. perforatum.
A. Çakir, M. E. Duru, M. Harmandar, R. Ciriminna, S. Passannanti, and F. Piozzi, “Comparison of the Volatile Oils of Hypericum Scabrum L. and Hypericum Perforatum L. from Turkey,” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 285–287, 1997.
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199707)12:4<285::AID-FFJ649>3.0.CO;2-W.
M. H. Campbell, B. R. Milne, J. J. Dellow, and H. I. Nicol, “Effect of Herbicides on St John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.),” Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 499–501, 1991.
doi: 10.1071/ea9910499.
The effect of type of herbicide and time and rate of application on the reduction in ground cover of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) was determined at Orange, New South Wales. In January, April, July and November 1988, 8 herbicide treatments including the currently used glyphosate and picloram + 2,4-D were applied to vigorously growing H. perforaturn, and the reduction in percentage ground cover was recorded in December 1989. Ineffective herbicides (a.i./ha) were tebuthiuron, 0.8-6.4 kg; metsulfuron, 5-20 g; and paraquat + diquat, 0.4 + 0.5 kg. The addition of metsulfuron (2.5 g a.i./ha) to glyphosate (0.9 and 1.8 kg a.i./ha) did not increase the effectiveness of the latter. Effective herbicides (kg a.i./ha) were triclopyr + picloram, 0.6 + 0.2; picloram + 2,4-D, 0.2 + 0.8; glyphosate, 1.8; and triclopyr, 1.92. There was a strong trend for these herbicides to be more effective in January and November than in April and July. Based on price, effectiveness and selectivity, triclopyr + picloram would be preferred to the other herbicides for boom and spot spraying, and glyphosate would be the only herbicide suitable for aerial application prior to sowing improved pastures on non-arable land.
M. H. Campbell, “Germination, Emergence and Seedling Growth of Hypericum Perforatum L.,” Weed Research, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 259–266, 1985.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1985.tb00643.x.
Germination of new seeds (1–6 months old) of Hypericum perforation L. was restricted by high temperatures (16h/8h, 20/30°C), darkness and a chemical inhibitor in exudate from the capsule, whereas germination of old seeds (9 years) was only restricted by the inhibitor. The effect of the chemical inhibitor and high temperatures was overcome, respectively, by washing seeds in water and by reducing temperatures to constant 15°C. Calcium in solution from CaCO3 and from three different soils did not prevent the germination of new or old seeds or of seeds collected from five different locations. There were differences in the germination characteristics and dormancy mechanisms of seeds collected from different localities, Restriction of the emergence of seedlings by a covering of > 2 mm of soil appeared to be due to lack of seedling vigour rather than to lack of light. Seedling growth was much slower than in other pasture species. Thus the requirements for germination of H. perforatum of low temperature and moisture to wash away the chemical inhibitor favour its establishment but the slow growth of its seedling restricts its emergence and renders it extremely susceptible to competition from other plants.
M. H. Campbell, C. E. May, I. A. Southwell, and J. D. Tomlinson, “Variation in Hypericum Perforatum L. (St. John’s Wort) in New South Wales,” Plant Protection Quarterly, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 64–66, 1997.
Since 1929 it has been accepted that the only variety of the apomictic species, Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) in Australia is the narrow leaved var. angustifolium DC. To test this assumption specimens were collected in 1985–86 from various locations in New South Wales (NSW), grown in a common environment at Bathurst and examined for differences in morphology, cytology, chemical content, protein electrophoresis and germination characteristics. The specimens had a range of leaf sizes from what is accepted as broad (mean 12 × 24 mm) to what is accepted as narrow (mean 8 × 28 mm). Differences between broad and narrow leaved plants could not be recognised using protein electrophoresis but broad leaved specimens were shorter, earlier flowering, had larger capsules, thicker stems, lower levels of hypericin and fewer glands in the leaves than narrow leaved specimens. There were no differences in chromosome number, all forms having 2n=32. Because of the effects of environmental stresses on leaf size, the best time to distinguish between broad and narrow leaved forms in the field is in early spring when the new flowering stems are growing vigorously. It is concluded that all forms collected in NSW though they differ in leaf width, other morphological characters and chemical content are best considered as belonging to the same variable taxon, H. perforatum.
A. Carrubba, S. Lazzara, A. Giovino, G. Ruberto, and E. Napoli, “Content Variability of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites in Hypericum Perforatum L.,” Phytochemistry Letters, vol. 46, pp. 71–78, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2021.09.011.
St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.; Hypericaceae) is a perennial medicinal herb widespread and largely used in folk medicine inside the Mediterranean basin. Many bioactive compounds have been identified within its extracts. Under a pharmacological point of view, the most important of them belong to the chemical classes of naphthodianthrones, phloroglucinols and polyphenols. Many factors have been claimed responsible for the phytochemical variability in Hypericum perforatum, such as genotype, geographical origin, harvesting stage and age of the plants. Yet, when harvested plant material is addressed to the industry, the standardization of the active ingredients over cultivation years is a crucial issue. With the aim to detect the stability over years and genotypes of several bioactive Hypericum compounds, seven Hypericum biotypes retrieved from different Italian geographical areas were cultivated in 2015 and 2016, and their aerial flowering parts were analyzed. Naphthodianthrones (hypericin and its biosynthetic precursors), phloroglucinols (hyperforin and adhyperforin), and main polyphenols were determined by HPLC-DAD analysis. The results were statistically evaluated through ANOVA, and the stability over cultivation years of the tested genotypes was assessed. In rather all the examined metabolites, the ANOVA revealed a remarkable effect of both factors “year” (Y) and “provenance” (P), but the occurrence of significant “Y x P” interactions evidenced that the effect of climatic variability was often different according to the genotype. The evaluation of the stability level between years evidenced that only one biotype out of seven exhibited constantly higher-than-average amounts of rather all identified metabolites.
A. Ceylan, E. Bayram, O. Arabaci, R. A. Marquard, N. Özay, and H. Geren, “Ege Bölgesi Florası Kantaron (Hypericum perforatum L.) Populasyonlarında Uygun Kemotiplerin Belirlenmesi ve Islahı.”
P. S. Chatzopoulou, T. Markovic, D. Radanovic, T. V. Koutsos, and S. T. Katsiotis, “Essential Oil Composition of Serbian Hypericum Perforatum Local Population Cultivated in Different Ecological Conditions,” Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 666–673, Jan. 2009.
doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2009.10643772.
The Serbian Hypericum perforatum local population D4 was investigated under the different ecological conditions in two districts of Serbia and Greece. The biomass yields resulted in an average of 1937–2021 (kg/ha). The GC and GC-MS analysis of the hydro distilled essential oils showed significant differences in their composition indicating the great influence of the local agro-ecological conditions. Aliphatic compounds (43.83 %) and sesquiterpenes (39.73 %) were the predominant components in the oil from Serbia, while monoterpenes (α- and β-pinene) were the main compounds in the oil from Greek cultivation.
R. S. Chauhan, R. K. Vashistha, M. C. Nautiyal, A. Tava, and R. Cecotti, “Essential Oil Composition of Hypericum Perforatum L. from Cultivated Source,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 20–25, May 2011.
doi: 10.1080/10412905.2011.9700452.
Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) is the most commercially important species within the genus Hypericum. A wild strain was cultivated at Pothiwasa (2200 m), Uttarakhand, India. Aerial parts were collected (the upper two-thirds) during the flowering phenophase and used to extract the essential oil by means of a Clevenger-type apparatus. Forty compounds constituting 91.0% of the total volatile oil were identified using GC-FID and GC/MS analysis. The major constituent of the essential oil was germacrene D (22.1%), whereas other important constituents were found to be β-caryophyllene (11.3%), α-pinene (8.6%), α-cadinol (4.4%), β-pinene (3.8%), 2-methyl-octane (3.7%), terpinen-4-ol (3.3%), caryophyllene oxide (3.3%), α-muurolol (2.9%) and spathulenol (2.8%). The chemical composition of the oil varied qualitatively and quantitatively as compared to previous investigations. The peculiarity of the oil composition from the sample investigated in this paper may be attributed to environmental factors, such as soil nutrient status and growth environment, as well as to the genetic features of the cultivated strain
C. L. Chen, Y. J. Tsai, and J. M. Sung, “Photoperiod Effects on Flowering and Seed Setting of Hypericum Perforatum,” Experimental Agriculture, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 393–400, Jul. 2010.
doi: 10.1017/S0014479710000050.
The effects of day length extension and night interruption on flowering responses of St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) plants were investigated. Field-grown plants were subjected to five different day lengths (11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 h d−1) or night interruption for 70 days. The results indicated that St John’s Wort is a long-day plant requiring a critical day length of 15 hd−1 for flowering induction. Both day length extension (duration longer than 15 h) and night interruption, with artificial light (fluorescent lamps that delivered 30 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density at plant height) were effective for flowering induction and seed setting. Day length extension or night interruption experienced by the maternal plant also affected the germination responses of the seeds produced. Plants that had received 19 h of day length treatment produced seeds with better germination responses. Night interruption with daylight type fluorescent lamps was also effective for producing relatively high quality seeds, although these seeds had slightly lower germination rates and longer mean germination time than seeds produced under 19 h of day length. Such a night interruption system could be considered for seed production of St John’s Wort on a commercial scale.
L.-H. Cheng and X.-M. Li, “[Study on the extraction process of total flavonoids from Hypericum perforatum],” Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 904–907, Jun. 2008.
ObjectiveTo investigate the factors affecting the extracting total flavonoids from Hypericum perforatum L. systematically.MethodsTaken total flavonoids yield as index, the effects of ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, extraction time, extraction times and solvent consumption on total flavonoids yield were investigated separately by single factor test. Orthogonal test was designed by extraction temperature, solvent consumption, ethanol concentration and extraction time.ResultsThe factors affecting total flavonoid yield was in the order of extraction temperature, ethanol concentration, extraction times and ethanol consumption. The total flavonoid was the highest extracted in ten times of 60% ethanol for 3 times.ConclusionProcess condition is optimized, which forms the scientific and reasonable bases for developing the anti-impressive active parts from Hypericum perforatum L.
C. Çırak, K. Kevseroğlu, and A. K. Ayan, “Breaking of Seed Dormancy in a Turkish Endemic Hypericum Species: Hypericum Aviculariifolium Subsp. Depilatum Var. Depilatum by Light and Some Pre-Soaking Treatments,” Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 159–164, Jan. 2007.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.03.027.
The aim of this study was to enhance the germination rate of Hypericum aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum seeds, which have a low germination rate under normal laboratory conditions. The seeds were soaked for 30min in 50, 100 or 150ppm GA solution, tap water, 40, 50 or 60°C hot water before placing in Petri dishes. For KNO3 treatment, seeds imbibed in 20ml KNO3 (0.01mol) in Petri dishes. To evaluate the effect of light on germination rate, the study was performed under both continuous illumination and darkness in a growth chamber. Light was the most important factor in seed germination in H. aviculariifolium. Light, tap water and GA 50ppm treatments significantly enhanced germination. In darkness, only the seeds treated with KNO3 germinated effectively. Results revealed that H. aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum seeds have exogenous dormancy and a light requirement for germination. In order to overcome exogenous dormancy originating from a chemical inhibitor in the capsule and seed coat, soaking in tap water is recommended. KNO3 at a rate of 0.01mol treatment was an effective alternative to the seeds light requirements.
C. Cirak, A. K. A. ., and K. K. ., “The Effects of Light and Some Presoaking Treatments on GerminationRate of St. John’s Worth (Hypericum Perforatum L. ) Seeds,” Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 182–186, Jan. 2004.
doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2004.182.186.
C. Çirak, B. Sağlam, A. K. Ayan, and K. Kevseroğlu, “Morphogenetic and Diurnal Variation of Hypericin in Some Hypericum Species from Turkey during the Course of Ontogenesis,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1–13, Jan. 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2005.06.004.
The genus Hypericum has received considerable interest from scientists, as it is a source of a variety of biologically active compounds including the hypericins. The present study was conducted to determine ontogenetic, morphogenetic and diurnal variation of the total hypericins content in some species of Hypericum growing in Turkey namely, Hypericum aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum (endemic), Hypericum perforatum and Hypericum pruinatum. The Hypericum plants were harvested from wild populations at vegetative, floral budding, full flowering, fresh fruiting and mature fruiting stages four times a day. Plants were dissected into stem, leaf and reproductive tissues, which were dried separately, and subsequently assayed for total hypericin content. The density of dark glands on leaves at full flowering plants was determined for each species. Floral parts had the highest hypericin content in all species tested. But diurnal fluctuation in the hypericin content of whole plant during the course of ontogenesis varied among the species. It reached the highest level at floral budding and tended to increase at night in H. aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum and H. pruinatum, whereas in H. perforatum hypericin content was the highest at full flowering and no diurnal fluctuation was observed. In general, hypericin content of leaves and whole plant was higher in H. aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum whose leaves had more numerous dark glands than those of the two other species.
C. Cirak, J. Radusiene, Z. Stanius, N. Camas, O. Caliskan, and M. S. Odabas, “Secondary Metabolites of Hypericum Orientale L. Growing in Turkey: Variation among Populations and Plant Parts,” Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1313–1320, Jul. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s11738-012-0928-8.
The present study was conducted to determine the variation in the content of several plant chemicals, namely hyperforin, hypericin, pseudohypericin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetine, kaempferol, quercitrine and quercetine among ten Hypericum orientale L. populations from Northern Turkey. The aerial parts representing a total of 30 individuals were collected at full flowering and dissected into floral, leaf and stem tissues. After dried at room temperature, the plant materials were assayed for chemical contents by HPLC. The populations varied significantly in chemical contents. Among different plant parts, the flowers were found to be the principle organ for hyperforin, hypericin, pseudohypericin and rutin accumulations while the rest of the chemicals were accumulated mainly in leaves in all growing localities. The chemical variation among the populations and plant parts is discussed as being possibly the result of different genetic, environmental and morphological factors.
F. Conforti et al., “Comparative Chemical Composition and Variability of Biological Activity of Methanolic Extracts from Hypericum Perforatum L.,” Natural Product Research, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 295–303, Apr. 2005.
doi: 10.1080/14786410410001715596.
The biovariability of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s Wort) grown wild in Calabria and Sardinia (Italy) was reported with the aim to characterize the species through the isolation, detection, and quantitative evaluations of chemical markers (hypericin, quercetin, rutin) by HPLC analysis. Antioxidant activity of the methanolic H. perforatum extracts showed that the Calabrian samples were more active than those from Sardinia. The antibacterial activity evidenced the best performance on the gram positive bacteria with a MIC value of 50 µg/mL. Moreover, antifungal activity of all the extracts was also tested which showed interesting results particularly on the phytopathogene fungus P. ultimum. The variability shown by the samples could be attributed to environmental factors such as chemical–physical properties, composition of the soil, geographical coordinate, altitude, and solar exposure. The phytochemical analysis and the biological activity data suggested a possible use of H. perforatum extracts in the alimentary, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields.
D. Cossuta, T. Vatai, M. Báthori, J. Hohmann, T. Keve, and B. Simándi, “Extraction of Hyperforin and Hypericin from St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.) with Different Solvents,” Journal of Food Process Engineering, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 222–235, 2012.
doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2010.00583.x.
The extraction of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) was carried out with different solvents to obtain valuable components and natural agents rich extracts. Further aim of this study was to compare the raw materials that were gathered at the beginning and the end of the blossoming. For the laboratory Soxhlet extraction of St. John’s wort four different solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, 2-propanol, ethanol) were applied. Increasing the polarity of solvents higher extraction yields were achieved (43–360 g/kg). Pilot plant experiments were performed in a 5·10 - 3 m3 volume Soxhlet extractor with ethanol and in a 5·10 - 3 m3 volume high-pressure vessel at 313K and 45 MPa with supercritical CO2. The extract samples were analyzed by UV-visible spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography methods. The effective extraction of both main compounds (hypericin and hyperforin) was achieved. The sample gathered at the end of the blossoming extracted with nonpolar solvent (sc-CO2) at mild temperature (∼313K) provided stable hyperforin rich extract. The sample gathered at the begining of the blossoming extracted with polar solvent (ethanol) at mild temperature (∼313K) provided stable hypericin rich extract. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) is among the favorite herbal drugs, and is the only herbal alternative to classical synthetic antidepressants, in the therapy of mild-to-moderate depression. Several studies describe that the active ingredients in St. John’s wort are hypericin and hyperforin, which inhibit the reuptake of monoamines, including serotonin, noradrenalin and dopamine, as well as the amino acid neurotransmitters γ-aminobutiric acid and glutamate. The results from this study can be used for produce a stable hyperforin-rich extract and a stable hypericin rich extract. These extracts can be utilized for a production of food supplement herbal preparations which standardized on both main compounds.
X.-H. Cui and K.-Y. Paek, “Methyl Jasmonate Elicitation Induces the Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activities in Root Suspension Cultures of Hypericum perforatum L. Using Bioreactors,” 한국원예학회 학술발표요지, pp. 192–192, May 2011.https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE06136180.
X.-H. Cui, E.-J. Lee, and K.-Y. Paek, “Plant Growth Regulators, Inoculum Density and Medium Salt Strength Affect Root Biomass and Phenolics Production in Suspension Cultures of Hypericum perforatum L. Adventitious Roots,” 한국원예학회 학술발표요지, pp. 146–146, Oct. 2009.https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE06134506.
X.-H. Cui and K.-Y. Paek, “Production of Biomass and Secondary Metabolites from Adventitious Root Cultures of Hypericum perforatum L. Using an Airlift Bioreactor System,” 한국원예학회 학술발표요지, pp. 46–46, May 2010.https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE06134648.
DANIELA CICCARELLI, ANDREA CESARE ANDREUCCI, and ANNA MARIA PAGNI, “The Black Nodules of Hypericum Perforatum L. Subsp. Perforatum: Morphological,Anatomical, and Histochemical Studies during the Course of Ontogenesis,” Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 33–40, Jan. 2001.
doi: 10.1560/46Y5-AFWD-TCY0-KGFG.
Hypericum perforatum L., traditionally used in folk medicine as a therapeutic plant, is today investigated for its antidepressant and antiretroviral activities. This species is characterized by the presence of different types of secretory structures: translucent glands or cavities, black nodules, and secretory canals. The aim of the present work is to characterize the black nodules on both the floral and vegetative parts, morphologically, anatomically, and histochemically. Nodules consist of a cluster of irregularly shaped cells surrounded by a single- or double-layered sheath. Histochemical tests show that the nodules are negative for the presence of lipids, essential oils, sesquiterpene lactones, steroids, and proteins and positive for pectic-like substances, tannins, and alkaloids. Our results show that the inflorescences are richest in nodules and are, there f ore, the best sites for the extraction of the secondary metabolites.
N. Davoodian, J. Bosworth, and N. Rajakaruna, “Mycorrhizal Colonization of Hypericum Perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) from Serpentine and Granite Outcrops on the Deer Isles, Maine,” Northeastern Naturalist, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 517–526, Sep. 2012.
doi: 10.1656/045.019.0312.
Given the paucity of literature on plant-fungal interactions on serpentine soils and limited investigation of serpentine geoecology in eastern North America, we examined mycorrhizal colonization of Hypericum perforatum from adjacent serpentine and granite outcrops on the Deer Isles, ME to determine whether plants were differentially colonized based on substrate. We coincided our sampling with three phenologic stages of H. perforatum (preflowering, flowering, postflowering) to determine possible differences in colonization based on plant phenology. The levels of mycorrhizal colonization in H. perforatum were not significantly different between serpentine and granite sites, while levels of colonization in postflowering plants were significantly higher than in those at preflowering and flowering stages.
N. Debrunner, A.-L. Rauber, A. Schwarz, and V. V. Michel, “First Report of St. John’s-Wort Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides in Switzerland,” Plant Disease, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 203–203, Feb. 2000.
doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.2.203C.
In Switzerland, the increase in St. John’s-wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) production was accompanied by the appearance of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. The disease was first observed in 1995. In 1999, most of the 20 ha of St. John’s-wort planted in Switzerland were grown organically, at an average gross income per hectare per year of 30,000 U.S. dollars. Anthracnose can destroy this perennial crop in the first year of cultivation, especially when it is grown in more humid areas and heavy soils. The restriction of fungicide use in organic farming can lead to a complete loss of the crop in such cases. Typical symptoms observed in the field were brown, sunken stem-girdling lesions and the reddish color of infected plants. In a later stage, aerial plant parts dried completely causing death. Acervuli that formed on stem lesions were sparsely setose. No saete occurred when the pathogen was grown on potato dextrose agar and ascospores of the teleomorph Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & Schrenk were observed. Strain AN16 was sent to CABI Bioscience Identification Services (Egham, U.K.) who confirmed our identification. A conidial suspension (107 spores per ml) of AN16 was prepared and used to inoculate two St. John’s-wort accessions, Hp 7 and Hp 9. Inoculation occurred under highly conducive conditions in the greenhouse. Symptoms developed on all infected plants 1 week after inoculation. One week later, the more susceptible Hp 9 was killed, whereas the more resistant Hp 7 showed only occasional stem lesions. Koch’s rules were completed by reisolating the pathogen from infected plants.
S. Dresler, J. Kováčik, M. Strzemski, I. Sowa, and M. Wójciak-Kosior, “Methodological Aspects of Biologically Active Compounds Quantification in the Genus Hypericum,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 155, pp. 82–90, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.048.
Accumulation of selected secondary metabolites in two Hypericum species (H. perforatum and H. annulatum) was compared in their vegetative parts (stems and leaves) and in terms of the extraction solvent (80% aq. methanol or 60% aq. ethanol). The presence of chlorogenic acid and quercitrin was not detected in stem of both species. Almost all metabolites were more accumulated in the leaves than in the stems (rutin, hyperoside, quercetin and hypericin) but epicatechin showed the opposite in both species and hyperforin in H. annulatum. Extraction solvents showed rather species-specific differences with EtOH being more suitable for the extraction of hypericin, quercetin, quercitrin, and hyperoside (on average, for both the leaves and stems, extraction increased by approximately 130, 30, 25, and 15%, respectively) while MeOH for the extraction of epicatechin, rutin, and hyperforin (increased extraction by approximately 50, 40, and 35%, respectively). On the other hand, content of total soluble phenols did not differ in relation to solvent in any organ or species. Various ages of H. annulatum plants did not show dramatic impact on the amount of metabolites. Subsequently, the usefulness of capillary electrophoresis (CE) as an alternative to HPLC for the quantification of metabolites in H. perforatum was tested and results showed non-significant differences between CE and HPLC with the methods we developed (the difference did not exceed 10%).
J. Duncan, “An Investigation into the Possible Formation of Estrogens from Cholesterol by Human Breast Tumour Tissue in Short Term Organ Culture,” 1982.http://ethos.bl.uk/ProcessSearch.do?query=331916.
L. M. Duppong et al., “The Effect of Natural Mulches on Crop Performance, Weed Suppression and Biochemical Constituents of Catnip and St. John’s Wort,” Crop Science, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 861–869, 2004.
doi: 10.2135/cropsci2004.8610.
Because of expanding markets for high-value niche crops, opportunities have increased for the production of medicinal herbs in the USA. An experiment was conducted in 2001 and 2002 near Gilbert, IA, to study crop performance, weed suppression, and environmental conditions associated with the use of several organic mulches in the production of two herbs, catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) and St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L. ‘Helos’). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design and included a positive (hand-weeded) control, a negative (nonweeded) control, oat straw, a flax straw mat, and a nonwoven wool mat. Catnip plant height was significantly greater in the oat straw than the other treatments at 4 wk through 6 wk in 2001; at 4 to 8 wk in 2002, catnip plant height and width was significantly lower in the negative control compared with the other treatments. Catnip yield was significantly higher in the flax straw mat than all other treatments in 2001. In 2002, St. John’s wort yields were not statistically different in any treatments. All weed management treatments had significantly fewer weeds than the non-weeded rows in 2002. Total weed density comparisons in each crop from 2 yr showed fewer weeds present in the flax straw and wool mat treatments compared with positive control plots. There was no significant weed management treatment effect on the concentration of the target compounds, nepetalactone in catnip and pseudohypericin–hypericin in St. John’s wort, although there was a trend toward higher concentrations in the flax straw treatment.
C. a. J. Erdelmeier, “Hyperforin, Possibly the Major Non-Nitrogenous Secondary Metabolite of Hypericum Perforatum L.,” Pharmacopsychiatry, vol. 31, no. S 1, pp. 2–6, Jun. 1998.
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-979339.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
M. L. B. Faron, M. B. Perecin, A. A. do Lago, O. A. Bovi, and N. B. Maia, “Light, Temperature and Potassium Nitrate in the Germination of Hypericum. Perforatum L. and H. Brasiliense Choisy Seeds,” Bragantia, vol. 63, pp. 193–199, 2004.
doi: 10.1590/S0006-87052004000200004.
Hypericum perforatum L. e H. brasiliense Choisy, da família Clusiaceae, são espécies de plantas de considerável valor medicinal. A primeira é comercialmente cultivada na Europa e largamente utilizada como fitoterápico para tratamento da depressão. A segunda é nativa do Brasil e, recentemente, vem sendo objeto de muitos estudos por possuir o mesmo potencial farmacológico. Neste trabalho, as sementes de ambas as espécies foram investigadas com relação à massa de mil sementes e a diversas condições de germinação, combinando-se quatro temperaturas, ou seja, 20, 25, 30 e 20-30 ºC, em presença ou ausência de luz e com ou sem umedecimento do substrato de germinação com solução aquosa de nitrato de potássio a 0,2%. O diminuto tamanho das sementes ficou bem revelado pelos valores da massa de mil sementes que foram de 0,13 g (7.692 sementes por grama) e 0,02 g (50.000 sementes por grama) para H. perforatum e H. brasiliense respectivamente. As temperaturas mais benéficas à germinação foram as alternadas de 20-30 ºC, para as duas espécies, ou as constantes de 20 ºC, para H. perforatum e de 30 ºC, para H. brasiliense. A luz foi necessária para a germinação das sementes das duas espécies, porém seu efeito foi mais pronunciado em H. brasiliense. Em H. perforatum o efeito da luz foi mais evidente a 20-30 ºC enquanto em H. brasiliense esse efeito acentuou-se em todas as temperaturas estudadas. A aplicação de nitrato de potássio a 0,2% foi eficaz para as sementes de H. brasiliense porém não afetou as de H. perforatum.
A. O. Ferreira, H. G. Cardoso, E. S. Macedo, D. Breviario, and B. Arnholdt-Schmitt, “Intron Polymorphism Pattern in AOX1b of Wild St John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum) Allows Discrimination between Individual Plants,” Physiologia Plantarum, vol. 137, no. 4, pp. 520–531, 2009.
doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01291.x.
The present paper deals with the analysis of natural polymorphism in a selected alternative oxidase (AOX) gene of the medicinal plant, St John’s wort. Four partial AOX gene sequences were isolated from the genomic DNA of a wild plant of Hypericum perforatum L. Three genes belong to the subfamily AOX1 (HpAOX1a, b and c) and one to the subfamily AOX2 (HpAOX2). The partial sequence of HpAOX1b showed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragment size variation as a result of variable lengths in two introns. PCR performed by Exon Primed Intron Crossing (EPIC)-PCR displayed the same two-band pattern in six plants from a collection. Both fragments showed identical sequences for all exons. However, each of the two introns showed an insertion/deletion (InDel) in identical positions for all plants that counted for the difference in the two fragment sizes. The InDel in intron 1 influenced the predictability of a pre-microRNA site. The almost identical PCR fragment pattern was characterized by a high variability in the sequences. The InDels in both introns were linked to repetitive intron single nucleotide polymorphisms (ISNP)s. The polymorphic pattern obtained by InDels and ISNPs from both fragments together was appropriate to discriminate between all individual plants. We suggest that AOX sequence polymorphism in H. perforatum can be used for studies on gene diversity and biodiversity. Further, we conclude that AOX sequence polymorphism of individual plants should be considered in biological studies on AOX activity to exclude the influence of genetic diversity. The identified polymorphic fragments are available to be explored in future experiments as a potential source for functional marker development related to the characterization of origins/accessions and agronomic traits such as plant growth, development and yield stability.
J.-D. Fourneron and Y. Naït-Si, “Effect of Eluent pH on the HPLC-UV Analysis of Hyperforin from St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.),” Phytochemical Analysis, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 71–77, 2006.
doi: 10.1002/pca.888.
L. R. Fox, S. P. Ribeiro, V. K. Brown, G. J. Masters, and I. P. Clarke, “Direct and Indirect Effects of Climate Change on St John’s Wort, Hypericum Perforatum L. (Hypericaceae),” Oecologia, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 113–122, Jul. 1999.
doi: 10.1007/s004420050839.
We report results from a continuing, long-term field experiment addressing biotic responses to climatic change in grasslands. We focus on effects of summer precipitation (enhanced rainfall, drought, control) and winter ground temperatures (warming, control) on growth, reproduction and herbivory in St John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum L. Both winter warming and summer rainfall regimes modified performance and interactions of H. perforatum, particularly those with herbivorous insects. Winter warming had positive effects, with earlier initiation of plant growth and reduced damage by gall-forming and sucking insects in spring, but also had strong negative effects on plant height, flowering, and reproduction. Summer drought reduced reproductive success, but even severe drought did not affect plant growth or flowering success directly. Rather, summer drought acted indirectly by modifying interactions with herbivorous insects via increased vulnerability of the plants to herbivory on flowers and capsules. Overall, the effects of summer precipitation were expressed mainly through interactions that altered the responses to increased winter temperatures, particularly as summer drought increased. The field site, in Oxfordshire, UK, is near the northern limit of distribution of the species, and the experiment tested probable responses of H. perforatum as climates shift towards those more typical of the current center of the distribution of the species. However, if climates do change according to the projected scenarios, then H. perforatum is unlikely to fare well near its northern boundary. Increased winter temperatures, particularly if accompanied by increased summer drought, will probably render this species even less abundant in England than at present.
R. Franke, W. Heisig, and D. Müggenburg, “Quality Variation in Some Medicinal Plants,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 333, pp. 123–128, Nov. 1993.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1993.333.12.
R. Franke, R. Schenk, and U. Bauermann, “Variability in Hypericum Perforatum L. Breeding Lines,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 502, pp. 167–174, Dec. 1999.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1999.502.26.
S. Gadzovska et al., “Identification and Quantification of Hypericin and Pseudohypericin in Different Hypericum Perforatum L. in Vitro Cultures,” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 591–601, Jun. 2005.
doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.05.005.
Investigations have been made to develop an efficient protocol for micropropagation allowing to improve hypericin and pseudohypericin productions in Hypericum perforatum L. in vitro cultures. The role of growth regulator treatments has been particularly studied. Three in vitro culture lines with different morphological characteristics were obtained during H. perforatum micropropagation and referred to shoots, calli and plantlets according to their appearance. Multiplication and callogenesis from apical segments from sterile germinated seedlings were obtained on solid MS/B5 culture medium in the presence of N6-benzyladenine (BA) (0.1–5.0 mg/l BA). Regenerative potential of shoots was assessed on medium supplemented with auxins (0.05–1.0 mg/l), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The main goal of the research was to summarize the influence of plant growth regulators on hypericin and pseudohypericin productions in in vitro cultures of Hypericum. A rapid method for naphtodianthrone quantification was developed. The use of a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection was used. Identification of the compounds was confirmed by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) with electrospray in negative ion mode [M–H]¯. Calli, shoots and plantlets of H. perforatum produced hypericin and pseudohypericin. The concentration range of BA from 0.1 to 2.0 mg/l improved the production of hypericin (25–50 μg/g dry mass (DM)) and pseudohypericin (170–350 μg/g DM) in shoots. In callus cultures, BA (4.0–5.0 mg/l) did not changed hypericin contents (15–20 μg/g DM) but influenced pseudohypericin productions (120–180 μg/g DM). In the presence of auxins (IAA and IBA), Hypericum plantlets produced hypericin (30–100 μg/g DM) and pseudohypericin (120–400 μg/g DM). The presence of IAA did not influence naphtodianthrone productions in plantlets, but IBA decreased hypericin and pseudohypericin amounts in plantlets. The specific accumulation of the naphtodianthrones in in vitro cultures was influenced by phytohormonal supplementation of the medium. Results indicated that the production of hypericin and pseudohypericin could be increased by carefully adapted in vitro cultures. Hypericum in vitro cultures represent promising systems for hypericin and pseudohypericin productions.
W. Gao, D. He, J. Zheng, and Y. Li, “Effects of Light Intensity and LED Spectrum on the Medicinal Component Accumulation of Hydroponic Hypericum Perforatum L. under Controlled Environments,” International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 63–69, Nov. 2022.
doi: 10.25165/ijabe.v15i5.7373.
Medicinal components of Hypericum perforatum L. plants varies widely due to fluctuations in growth environment and biotic and abiotic contamination during cultivation management. The quality of extracts or preparations is difficult to control because of the unstable raw materials. The aim of this study is to enhance the yield and medicinal component contents of H. perforatum by optimizing lighting factors under controlled environment. H. perforatum plants were hydroponically cultivated for 30 d under 3 levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) with 200, 300, and 400 μmol/(m2·s) using white LEDs (R:B ratio is the ratio of red light to blue light, R:B ratio of 0.9 and 1.8) and white plus red LED (R:B ratio of 2.7). The results showed that PPFD and LED spectrum had significant effects on the growth and accumulation of medicinal components of H. perforatum. Biomass accumulation of stem, leaf, and root increased linearly with the increase of PPFD under each LED spectrum. Fresh weights and dry weights of stem, leaf, and root were significantly higher under a PPFD of 400 μmol/(m2·s) with R:B ratio of 0.9 than those of 200 μmol/(m2·s), respectively. The relative growth rate and net photosynthetic rate showed linear relationships with PPFD under the same LED spectrum. Total hypericin content, total hyperforin content, and energy yield of hypericin increased with increasing PPFD. Total hypericin content and energy yield of hypericin of P400-L0.9 were 78% and 89% more than those of P400-L2.7, respectively. Total hyperforin content and energy yield of hyperforin of P400-L0.9 and P400-L2.7 were no significant differences. Based on energy efficiency, an R:B ratio of 0.9 of white LEDs with a PPFD of 400 μmol/(m2·s) was beneficial to improve medicinal component contents of hydroponic H. perforatum in plant factory with LED lighting. Keywords: LED spectrum, light intensity, controlled environments, Hypericum perforatum L. DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20221505.7373 Citation: Gao W, He D X, Zheng J F, Li Y. Effects of light intensity and LED spectrum on the medicinal component accumulation of hydroponic Hypericum perforatum L. under controlled environments. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2022; 15(5): 63–69.
M. Gaudin, X. Simonnet, N. Debrunner, and A. Ryser, “Breeding for a Hypericum Perforatum L. Variety Both Productive and Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides (Penz.) Tolerant,” Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, vol. 9, no. 2-3, pp. 107–120, Sep. 2002.
doi: 10.1300/J044v09n02_16.
The acreage of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.), a drug-yielding plant used for its antidepressive properties, considerably increased in Europe over the last few years. In Switzerland, this acreage regularly suffers anthracnose, a disease caused by the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) fungus. Our tests were designed to compare 21 wild and 3 commercial varieties on 3 sites with distinct soil climates. This article emphasizes a high genotype variation for this species. We were able to select a genotype that is in agronomical terms more satisfactory than the reference variety (Topas). It is dieback tolerant, high-yielding, easy to harvest and should subsequently prove more cost-effective. It blooms early and is thus particularly suitable for growth at high altitude. Finally, its flavonoid and hypericin contents are pharma-ceutically promising. It has also been noted that anthracnose is not so virulent at high altitudes and the soil type has an influence on flower production but does not reduce their secondary metabolite contents.
A. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, M. Fatahi-Vanani, L. Craker, and H. Shirmardi, “Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Essential Oils of Hypericum Helianthemoides. Hypericum Perforatum and Hypericum Scabrum,” Pharmaceutical Biology, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 175–181, Feb. 2014.
doi: 10.3109/13880209.2013.821663.
Context: A number Hypericum species are well known for their therapeutic efficacy and use in traditional medicine. The various species of Hypericum have been traditionally used for the treatment of wounds, eczema, burns, trauma, rheumatism, neuralgia, gastroenteritis, ulcers, hysteria, bedwetting and depression.Objective: This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and phytochemical properties of essential oils of Hypericum helianthemoides (Spach) Boiss., Hypericum perforatum L. and Hypericum scabrum L. (Hypericaceae) collected from alpine region of Southwest Iran.Materials and methods: The essential oils obtained from dried flowering aerial parts of three Hypericum species were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine chemical compositions. The antibacterial activity of essential oils within concentration ranges from 16 to 500 µg/mL was individually evaluated against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes. Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhimurium. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of essential oils was determined using DPPH assay.Results: Essential oil yield of H. helianthemoides. H. scabrum and H. perforatum were 0.12, 0.20 and 0.21 mL/100 g dried material, respectively. The major constituents of the essential oils were α-pinene (12.52–49.96%), β-pinene (6.34–9.70%), (E)-β-ocimene (4.44–12.54%), β-caryophyllene (1.19–5.67%), and germacrene-D (2.34–6.92%). The essential oils of three Hypericum species indicated moderate-to-good inhibitory activities against four bacteria, especially against L. monocytogenes.Discussion and conclusion: The essential oils of the three studied Hypericum species sourced in alpine region of West Iran were rich in monoterpene and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons. Among the three tested species, the essential oil of H. scabrum showed the highest antibacterial and antioxidant activities.
\relax A. N. T. O. N. I. O. GIOVINO, \relax A. L. E. S. S. A. N. D. R. A. CARRUBBA, \relax S. I. L. V. I. A. LAZZARA, \relax E. D. O. A. R. D. O. NAPOLI, and \relax G. I. A. N. N. I. A. N. T. O. N. I. O. DOMINA, “An Integrated Approach to the Study of Hypericum Occurring in Sicily,” Turkish Journal of Botany, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 309–321, Jan. 2020.
doi: 10.3906/bot-1912-34.
R. M. Giurgiu, G. Morar, A. Dumitraș, G. Vlăsceanu, A. Dune, and F.-G. Schroeder, “A Study of the Cultivation of Medicinal Plants in Hydroponic and Aeroponic Technologies in a Protected Environment,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1170, pp. 671–678, Jul. 2017.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1170.84.
A. J. Gordon and R. L. Kluge, “Biological Control of St. John’s Wort, Hypericum Perforatum (Clusiaceae), in South Africa,” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 77–90, Oct. 1991.
doi: 10.1016/0167-8809(91)90140-S.
Hypericum perforatum L. is a herbaceous perennial plant that was first noticed as an invader in the Southwestern Cape of South Africa in 1945. Following an unsuccessful chemical control programme, a leaf-feeding beetle, Chrysolina quadrigemina Suffrain, was introduced in 1960, which almost completely destroyed dense stands of the weed. In 1972, a gall-midge, Zeuxidiplosis giardi Kieffer, was released and has proved valuable in damaging seedlings in moist habitats. Attempts to establish three other insect herbivore species failed. Hypericum perforatum is now considered to be under satisfactory control in the Southwestern Cape. Although C. quadrigemina, together with Z. giardi, has been pivotal in eliminating the dense stands of H. perforatum, other factors, such as climate, unsuitable habitats and a lack of dispersal agents, have probably also contributed to containing the weed.
The field experiments (1996-98) were carried out on sandy-loam and silty soils. From among row distance compared, plants grown in single rows (30 and 40 cm), on both soils were higher in comparison to those in double rows (40-20-20 cm) and triple rows (40-20-20-20 cm), but produced lesser number of branches. In result, the yield of herb was significantly higher from objects, where band arrangement of rows were applied (on average by 25 percent on sandy-loam soil and by 23 percent on silty one)
Yields of herbs of both compared species were significantly higher in the second year (St. John’s-wort by 47%, and goldenrod by 20%). The share of the most valuable parts (leaves and flowers) in the raw material was similar in the first and second year (St. John’s-wort: 68% and 69%, goldenrod: 73% and 68%, respectively). As far as the contents of biologically active compounds are concerned, the raw material obtained in the second year was more valuable: hypericine in St John’s-wort increased by 0.2% and leiocarposide in goldenrod by 0.15% (flavonoids were at the same level).
B. Gudžić, S. Dordević, R. Palić, and G. Stojanović, “Essential Oils of Hypericum Olympicum L. and Hypericum Perforatum L.,” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 201–203, 2001.
doi: 10.1002/ffj.978.
A. Hajdari et al., “Essential Oil Composition and Variability of Hypericum Perforatum L. from Wild Population in Kosovo,” Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 51–54, Jun. 2014.
doi: 10.2478/cipms-2014-0013.
Aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) were collected from ive wild populations in Kosovo, with aim to investigate the chemical composition and natural variation of essential oils between wild populations. his species could be considered of economic potential as it is widespread in Kosovo, on the other hand H. perforatum is one of the best-known medicinal herbs used in Kosovo folk medicine. Essential oils were obtained by steam distillation and analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Sixty-seven components were identiied. he yields of essential oils difered depending on the population and ranged from 0.04 to 0.26% based on dry weight. he aerial parts of H. perforatum were characterized by the following main constituents: 2-methyl-octane (1.1-15.5%), α-pinene (3.7-36.5%), β-caryophyllene (1.2-12.4%), caryophyllene oxide (3.3-17.7%) and n-tetradecanol (3.610.4%). Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the concentration of components depends on the origin of the plant populations, thus α-pinene and 2-methyl-octane were present in the highest concentration in population originating from Gjakovë, Prizren and Ferizaj, whereas in the populations originating from Pejë and Prishtinë the most abundant constituents were caryophyllene oxide, β-caryophyllene and n-tetradecanol. Further investigation is needed to establish the natural variability and chemopolymorphism of this species in the territory of Kosovo, which should be supported by molecular level analyses.
D. H. Hamer and C. A. Thomas, “Molecular Cloning,” Advances in pathobiology, no. 6, pp. 306–319, Jan. 1977.
K. Hazler Pilepić, Ž. Maleš, and M. Plazibat, “Genetic Structure in Hypericum Perforatum L. Population,” Periodicum biologorum, vol. 110, no. 4, pp. 367–371, Dec. 2008.https://hrcak.srce.hr/35949.
Background and Purpose: Population structure in Hypericum perforatum L., a hybrid apomictic plant species of medicinal importance, was studied using RAPD markers. The total of 109 samples collected from various locations in Croatia were compared on t...
J. He, F. Li, X. She, S. Pan, and W. Zhao, “Effects of light, gibberellin and ethephon on germination of seed of Hypericum perforatum,” Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 1994.http://dx.doi.org/.
F. Hevia, M. Berti, and R. Wilckens, “Quality and Yield in St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.) Harvested in Different Phenological Stages,” Acta Agronomica Hungarica, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 349–358, Jul. 2005.
doi: 10.1556/AAgr.50.2002.3.12.
Two experiments were conducted in the province of Ñuble, Chile during the 1997/98 and 1998/99 seasons with the objective of evaluating the effect of harvesting date on the yield and quality of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) in the second year of production. The apical 25 cm of the stem were harvested in the following stages: flower bud, beginning of flowering, full flower and petal drop. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. The best yield (fresh, dry and threshing weight) and the highest hypericin content were obtained at the petal drop stage. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the best time to harvest St. John’s wort is when 10 to 20% of the flowers are open and the rest are in the bud stage.
P. D. Hildebrand and K. I. N. Jensen, “Potential for the Biological Control of St. John’s-Wort (Hypericum Perforatum) with an Endemic Strain of Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides,” Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 60–70, Mar. 1991.
doi: 10.1080/07060669109500966.
J. Hölzl and E. Ostrowski, “Analysis of the Essential Compounds of Hypericum Perforatum,” Planta Medica, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 531–531, Dec. 1986.
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-969321.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
A. Hosayni, P. Babakhanlo, G. Abarseji, M. A. Dorry, and M. H. Lebaschy, “The effect of irrigation leves on different cultivar,s yield of endemic and external cultivar,s of Hypericum perforatum L. in Golestan province,” Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, 2006.https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=IR2008000642.
Because Hypericum perforatum L. distributes in altitude 0 – 2000 m from sea level in Golestan province and also regards to cultivation of medicinal plants in Iran and other parts of the world, this project was performed to introduce the suitable cultivar with the highest amount of effective material. This study was conducted on the cultivars yield of Hypericum perforatum L. at the Chalki Research Station from 1380-1384. Experiment was carried out as split plot based on Randomized Complete Block design with three replications. Treatments included: Furrow–irrigatation as main plot from April to September based on 0, -0.3, -5 and -15 Mpa. Based on Wilting point that was determinated by means of TDR, and Cultivars: two improved (NLC and TOPAZ) and two ecotypes collected from Golestan province as sub plots. Plants density was 6 plants per m2. the space between plants and rows were 30 and 50 cm respectively. The timing of irrigation was determined by TDR apparatus. The aerial parts of plants (20-25 cm from the top) were harvested during the flowering stage for determining of dry matter yield. Based on the analyses, there was no significant different in dry matter yield in different irrigation treatments, it was significant in ecotypes (p0.01) and interaction between ecotypes and irrigation levels (p 0.05). Also there were significant differents in Hypericin interaction between ecotypes, irrigation and ecotypes, ecotypes and replications (p0.01, 0.01 and 0.01).
C. Howard et al., “DNA Authentication of St John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.) Commercial Products Targeting the ITS Region,” Genes, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 286, Apr. 2019.
doi: 10.3390/genes10040286.
There is considerable potential for the use of DNA barcoding methods to authenticate raw medicinal plant materials, but their application to testing commercial products has been controversial. A simple PCR test targeting species-specific sequences within the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was adapted to screen commercial products for the presence of Hypericum perforatum L. material. DNA differing widely in amount and extent of fragmentation was detected in a number of product types. Two assays were designed to further analyse this DNA using a curated database of selected Hypericum ITS sequences: A qPCR assay based on a species-specific primer pair spanning the ITS1 and ITS2 regions, using synthetic DNA reference standards for DNA quantitation and a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) assay separately targeting the ITS1 and ITS2 regions. The ability of the assays to detect H. perforatum DNA sequences in processed medicines was investigated. Out of twenty different matrices tested, both assays detected H. perforatum DNA in five samples with more than 103 ITS copies µL−1 DNA extract, whilst the qPCR assay was also able to detect lower levels of DNA in two further samples. The NGS assay confirmed that H. perforatum was the major species in all five positive samples, though trace contaminants were also detected.
C. B. Huffaker and J. K. Holloway, “Changes in Range Plant Population Structure Associated with Feeding of Imported Enemies of Klamath Weed (Hypericum Perforatum L.),” Ecology, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 167–175, 1949.
doi: 10.2307/1931184.
Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, E. E. Echishvili, N. V. Portnyagina, and Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, “Biological Features of Seeds of Hypericum Perforatum L. and Hypericum Maculatum Crantz in the Conditions of Introduction (the Komi Republic),” Vestnik of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Electronic Scientific Journal, no. 30, pp. 127–136, 2019.
doi: 10.32516/2303-9922.2019.30.5.
M. Jafarova, A. Vannini, F. Monaci, and S. Loppi, “Influence of Moderate Cd and Pb Soil Pollution on Seed Development, Photosynthetic Performance and Foliar Accumulation in the Medicinal Plant Hypericum Perforatum,” Pollutants, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–9, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/pollutants1010001.
This study investigated whether moderate soil contamination by Cd and Pb may negatively affect seed germination, photosynthesis and foliar accumulation in the medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum. Seeds were incubated with Cd and Pb solutions of 10 and 100 µM, and two-month-old plants were watered weekly for three weeks with the same solutions. Control samples were treated with deionized water. The percentage of seed germination and seedling length, as well as chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and foliar reflectance, were measured, along with the foliar Cd and Pb concentrations. The results indicated that seed germination is not affected, while seedling length is decreased by approximately 81% by high Cd levels. Cadmium was subjected to foliar translocation from the soil depending on the supplied concentration, thus causing reductions in the chlorophyll content (−24%). It is of interest that foliar Cd levels in Cd-treated plants were close to or above the limit for the European Pharmacopoeia. Negative effects of Pb were not detected, but accumulation and blockage of this metal at the root level, although not approached experimentally, cannot be ruled out.
K. Jaimand et al., “Essential Oil Composition of Eight Hypericum Species (Hypericaceae) from Iran: Part II,” Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 61–68, Apr. 2013.
doi: 10.22092/jmpb.2013.108492.
The genus Hypericum is one of the most important medicinal plants that contain 17 species in Iran, three of them are endemics. This paper reports the essential oil composition of eight Hypericum species from Iran. The essential oil analysis of a number of the studied plants has already been reported but their report from Iran may be valuable for scientists. Samples collected from different places between June and August 2010. The composition of the essential oils from Hypericum was investigated on the flower head. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil yield and composition in H. androsaemum L.: oil yields (0.17%) and major components were longifolene 19.2%, b-gurjunene 16%, and g-gurjunene 8.4%, in H. apricum kar. & kir. oil yields (0.50%), and major components were cis-piperitol acetate 24.3%, p-cymenene 21% a-pinene 8.3%; in H. armenum Jaub. & Spach oil yields (0.20%) and major components were g-cadinene 30.6%, longifolene 10.4%, and E-nerolidol 7.4%; in H. asperulum Jaub. & Spach oil yields (0.05%), and major components were a-muurolol 17.6%, cis-sesquisabienen hydrate 12.5%, and germacrene B 9.8%; in H. hirsutum L. oil yields (0.05%), and major components were germacrene B 29.2%, citronellyl propanoate 7.9%, and g-gurjunene 7.5%; in H.linarioides Bosse oil yields (0.15%), and major components were (E, E)-farnesyl acetate 16.5%, cis-cadinene ether 12.7%, and 1-tridecene 5.7%; and in H. tetrapterum Fries oil yields (0.08%), and major components were trans-linalool oxide 22.3%, p-cymenene 6.2% and (E, E)-farnesyl acetate 6%, and in H. vermiculare Boiss. & Hausskn. oil yields (1.74%), and major components were a-pinene 61%, myrcyne 6% and E-b-farnesene 5.3%.
H. S. Kaboli Farshchi, M. Azizi, and S. H. Nemati, “Phytochemical and Morphological Attributes of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum) Affected by Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers; Humic Acid and Potassium Sulphate,” Notulae Scientia Biologicae, vol. 6, Nov. 2014.http://profdoc.um.ac.ir/paper-abstract-1047930.html.
جستجو در مقالات دانشگاهی و کتب استادان دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
A. M. kakhky, A. Rustaiyan, S. Masoudi, M. Tabatabaei-Anaraki, and J. Aboly, “Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils from Flowers, Leaves, Stems and Roots of Hypericum Perforatum L. from Iran,” Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 548–552, Jan. 2008.
doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2008.10643665.
The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the flowers, leaves, stems and roots of Hypericum perforatum L. growing wild in the Northeast of Iran were investigated by GC and GC-MS. The major constituents of the flower and leaf oils appeared to be α-pinene (36.0 % and 14.5 %), β-selinene (10.1 % and 25.4 %) and α-selinene (10.0 % and 13.5 %), respectively. The other main component in the flower oil of the plant was β-pinene (15.5 %). Germacrene D (37.8 % and 22.2 %) was the predominant compound in the stem and root oils, respectively.
K. Karppinen, E. Taulavuori, and A. Hohtola, “Optimization of Protein Extraction from Hypericum Perforatum Tissues and Immunoblotting Detection of Hyp-1 at Different Stages of Leaf Development,” Molecular Biotechnology, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 219–226, Nov. 2010.
doi: 10.1007/s12033-010-9299-9.
Sample preparation is crucial for obtaining high-quality proteins for the purpose of electrophoretic separation and further analysis from tissues that contain high levels of interfering compounds. Hypericum perforatum is a medicinal plant that contains high amounts of phenolic compounds, of which hypericins, hyperforins, and flavonoids contribute to the antidepressant activities of the plant. This study focuses on obtaining optimized amounts of high-quality proteins from H. perforatum, which are suitable for electrophoretic analyses. From the tested protein extraction solutions, sodium borate buffers at pH 9 and 10 gave the best protein yields from mature H. perforatum leaves. With these buffers, relatively high protein yields could also be obtained from roots, stems, and flower buds. The protein extracts of all organs were well resolved in SDS-PAGE after an efficient removal of non-protein contaminants with PVPP, phenol extraction, and methanolic ammonium acetate precipitation. The method was suitable for high-quality protein extraction also from other tested species of genus Hypericum. The applicability of the protocol for immunoblotting was demonstrated by detecting Hyp-1 in H. perforatum leaves at different stages of development. Hyp-1, which has been suggested to attend to the biosynthesis of hypericin, accumulated in high amounts in H. perforatum leaves at mature stage.
T. Kartnig, A. Gruber, and H. Sauer, “Comparative Phytochemical Investigations of Hypericum Species,” Planta Medica, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 215–215, Apr. 1989.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-961949.
The contents of hypericin, pseudohypericin, flavonoidglycosides, and biflavonoids in the aerial parts of the Hypericum perforatum cultivar TOPAS, cultivated in the RAC Centre des Fougeres, Switzerland, were investigated in particular ontogenetic phases. The study showed that the cultivar TOPAS grows very well under the given conditions of the canton of Wallis. The highest amount of hypericins could be seen at the time of full blooming, that of flavonoids and biflavonoids before the beginning of blooming. The distribution of hypericins and flavonoids in the aerial parts during ontogenesis is described
H. Kegler, E. Fuchs, A. Plescher, F. Ehrig, E. Schliephake, and M. Grüntzig, “Evidence and Characterization of a Virus of St John’s Wort (Hypericum Perfora Tum L.),” Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 205–221, Aug. 1999.
doi: 10.1080/03235409909383290.
Vein yellows, necrotic leaf spots and growth inhibition were observed on St John’s wort plants (Hypericum perforatum L.) growing in a field in northern Thuringia. A virus was isolated from diseased plants and mechanically transmitted to several species of the genera Antirrhinum, Chenopodium, Cucurbita, Datura, Gomphrena, Lathyrus, Malva, Nicotiana, Ocimum, Petunia, Phaseolus and Spinacia. After retransmitting the virus to H. perforatum it developed symptoms similar to those observed in the field and was reisolated from experimentally infected H. perforatum plants. High concentrations of the virus were found in Nicotiana clevelandii Gray and N. occidentalis Wheeler. The thermal inactivation point was 52°C. The virus remained infectious in frozen and dried leaves of N. clevelandii for at least 3 months, but lost its infectivity in crude sap of N. clevelandii plants already after 3 days, in crude sap of H. perforatum plants even after 1 day. The virus has isometric particles with a diameter of 27 nm. It is highly immunogenic and an antiserum was produced with a titre of 1/2 048. The virus is serologically not identical or related with 10 other viruses investigated. It is not transmissible by the aphid species Myzus persicae (Sulz.), but it seems easily transmissible by leaf contact and by cutting of leaves or stalks. The contents of valuable active compounds in diseased plants differ partly from those in healthy plants. According to the first preliminary studies different varieties of St John’s wort respond the virus infection in a distinct manner.
J. Khorshidi, M. R. Morshedloo, and S. Moradi, “Comparison of Growth Properties, Essential Oil Content, Total Phenol, and Antioxidant Potential of Different Populations of Three Hypericum Species (H. Scabrum L., H. Asperulum Jaub. & Spach. and H. Vermiculare),” Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 655–669, Sep. 2020.
doi: 10.22092/ijmapr.2020.127696.2634.
Hypericum sp. is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in the world. Both genetic and environmental factors influence the growth and phytochemical properties of the plant. Therefore, in this study, growth characteristics, essential oil content, total phenol and antioxidant potential were evaluated in different populations of three Hypericum species (H. scabrum (HS), H. asperulum (HA) and H. vermiculare (HV)). The results indicated that only flowering stem height was affected by species and other measured traits were not affected by species and population. But the interaction between species and population was significant on all measured traits. So that the highest flowering stem length (77.7 cm), flower and leaf weight (42.4 g), stem weight (30.9 g), plant weight (65.6 g), essential oil content (0.43%), total phenol (204.9 mg gallic acid.g-1 dry extract) and antioxidant potential (52.7 µg dry extract.ml-1) belonged to populations No.5 in HA, No.3 in HS, No.4 in HA, No.4 in HA, No.4 in HS, No.6 in HV, and No.5 in HA, respectively. A positive and significant correlation was observed between stem weight, flower and leaf weight and plant weight with mean annual rainfall of the habitat, between essential oil percentage with soil phosphorus and mean annual temperature of the habitat, and between the electrical conductivity of the habitat soil with the antioxidant potential of the extract. There was also a negative correlation between essential oil percentage and soil organic matter of the habitat. Stem weight, flower and leaf weight, and plant weight had the highest variance among populations belonging to the same species and, therefore, were identified as desirable traits for separation of populations. Generally, one population cannot be considered superior to the others because the superior population was different depending on the trait. Therefore, to achieve a superior population, all populations of the three species must be cultivated and compared under the same conditions.
A. Kirakosyan, D. M. Gibson, and T. Sirvent, “A Comparative Study of Hypericum Perforatum Plants as Sources of Hypericins and Hyperforins,” Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 73–88, Mar. 2004.
doi: 10.1300/J044v10n04_08.
Over 15 genetically distinct populations and 10 cultivars of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) from Armenia and North America were surveyed to identify superior plant germplasm as sources of the secondary metabolites hypericin, pseudohypericin, and hyperforin. Remarkably high concentrations (over 15% of dry weight) of the antide-pressive metabolite, hyperforin was detected in a population of H. perforatum collected in Armenia, while North American samples and cultivars had relatively high levels of hypericins (to 0.23 percent of dry weight). In vitro studies indicated that shoot cultures are excellent sources for both hypericins and hyperforin. Concentrations of hypericins in shoot cultures reached six times (1.4% of dry weight) that of wild-collected or greenhouse-grown plants, while the concentrations of hyperforin were lower.
S. Kitanović, D. Milenović, and V. B. Veljković, “Empirical Kinetic Models for the Resinoid Extraction from Aerial Parts of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.),” Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 1–11, Aug. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.02.010.
The empirical kinetic models for the resinoid extraction from St. John’s worth (Hypericum perforatum L.) aerial parts were analyzed to choose the optimum one regarding their relative simplicity and accuracy of fitting the experimental data obtained at different operating conditions. The following two-parametric models were analyzed: a parabolic diffusion model, a power law equation, a hyperbola equation, an exponential equation of the Weibull type and a logarithmic relation of the Elovich type. The aqueous solutions of ethanol (70 and 95% by volume) were used to isolate the resinoid from a charge of the ground plant material (the plant material-to-solvent ratio: 1:5 and 1:10g/mL; the extraction temperature: 25, 50 and about 80°C; and the mean plant particle size: 0.23, 0.57 and 1.05mm). All empirical models gave a good fit to the experimental data (root mean square, RMS<±5%), but the best one was Elovich’s equation having the smallest RMS (±2.5%) and the highest linear correlation coefficient (0.975). The best empirical model was somewhat better than the physical model based on the film theory (RMS=±2.8%). The effects of the process factors on the kinetic model parameters were assessed using the full factorial test plan 24.
S. Kizil, M. Inan, and S. Kirici, “Determination of The Best Herbage Yield and Hypericin Content of St. Johnas Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.) under Semi Arid Climatic Conditions,” Turkish Journal Of Field Crops, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 95–100, Jan. 2013.https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tjfc/issue/17122/179049.
St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) has been used as a medicinal herb since ancient times, it contains several natural products with noteworthy biological activities. There is no clear information about harvesting time yield and yield components of St. John’s Wort as the plants are collected from wild. Therefore, this research aimed to determine ontogenetic (pre-flowering, full flowering and post-flowering periods) and morphogenetic (bottom, middle and top parts) variations in herb yield and hypericin content of St. John’s Wort under Diyarbakır ecological conditions during the 2004-05, 2005-06 and 2006-07 growing seasons. Fresh and dry herb yield, dry leaf yield and hypericin content were recorded. Ontogenetic x morphogenetic interaction resulted in statistically significant effects on yield characteristics and hypericin contents. The plant was not harvested during the seedling year; whereas fresh herb yields in second and third year ranged 2721 to 5607 kg ha and 2196 to 3955 kg ha respectively; while dry leaf yield in the second year varied ranged 323 to 1555 kg ha and in the third year 161 to 928 kg ha, hypericin content in the second and third year varied between 0.022 to 0.093% and 0.018 to 0.065% depending on parts of the plant. Hypericin content varied according to different parts of the plant, and the maximum value of 0.093% was obtained from the top part of the plants at the full flowering period. The results showed that there is a relationship between dry leaf yield and hypericin content of the plant parts and development stages of the plant
N. Kladar et al., “Hypericum Perforatum: Synthesis of Active Principles during Flowering and Fruitification—Novel Aspects of Biological Potential,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2017, p. e2865610, Nov. 2017.
doi: 10.1155/2017/2865610.
St. John’s wort is a widely used medicinal plant. The quality of herbal drug, which is in most of the cases collected from nature, varies. Therefore, the aim of the present study was detailed chemical characterization of Hypericum perforatum subsp. perforatum samples collected in close time intervals during flowering and fruitification with the purpose to state the phenological stage characterized by maximum levels of active principles. The antioxidant potential and potential to inhibit biologically important enzymes, as well as the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the sample collected during the full flowering period, were evaluated. Data showed that the optimal period for the achieving of maximum level of active principles is the phenophase between floral budding and flowering stage. Significant antioxidant potential and the ability to inhibit biologically important enzymes (especially α-glucosidase) were recorded. The extract exhibited no genotoxicity in subcytotoxic concentrations, while increased cytotoxicity recorded in cotreatment with bleomycin on malignant cell lines was especially significant.
Preformed field investigations with times of sowing, rows spacing, seeds spacing and mineral fertilization demonstrated that the most advantageous period for time of sowing of Hypericum perforatum L. is autumn. The seed spacing in quantity 2-4 seeds for 1 ha and the row spacing of 30-40 cm does not cause any essential differences in the yields of raw material. The most effective fertilizer is nitrogen used with phosphorus and potassium
J. Kováčik, S. Dresler, M. Strzemski, I. Sowa, P. Babula, and M. Wójciak-Kosior, “Nitrogen Modulates Strontium Uptake and Toxicity in Hypericum Perforatum Plants,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 425, p. 127894, Mar. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127894.
Strontium is an unavoidable element occurring in plants due to its abundance in the soil and similarity with calcium. To mimic natural conditions, impacts of additional inorganic (nitrate) or organic (urea and allantoin) nitrogen sources (1 mM of each N form in addition to 3.53 mM N in the basic cultivation solution) or N deficit on strontium-induced changes (100 µM Sr) in the widely used medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum L. were studied. Though various effects of Sr on primary (stimulation of amino acids but depression of most Krebs acids, ascorbic acid and thiols) and secondary metabolites (stimulation of phenols but no change of pseudo/hypericin) or mineral elements were observed (reduction of Ca amount in both shoots and roots), organic N forms often mitigated negative action of Sr or even combined stimulatory impact was observed. Organic N forms also elevated shoot accumulation of Sr while N deficit reduced it. Additional N forms, rather than Sr itself, modulated reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide formation in the root tissue. Germination experiment showed no toxicity of Sr to H. perforatum up to 1 mM Sr and even stimulated accumulation of amino acids and phenols, indicating similar ontogenetic-related responses.
N. A. Kovalenko, A. V. Yantsevich, G. N. Supichenko, and V. N. Leont’ev, “Preparation of Hypericin Enriched St. John’s Wort Extracts,” 2015.https://elib.belstu.by/handle/123456789/21056.
Results of solid phase extraction (SPE) of St. John’ s Wort extracts were described. In order to obtain the extract the air-dried plant material of Hypericum perforatum L. (cultivar Yantar) grown in the Central Botanical Garden of NAS of Belarus was used. Analysis of the St. John’s wort extract solutions was carried out by electronic absorption spectroscopy. It was shown the influence of the nature of the solvent on the spectral characteristics of the ex tract. The sorbent Waters Sep-Pak S18®Vac RC was used for solid-phase extraction. The methanol solutions of different concentrations were used as an eluent system. For SPE metanol fractions absorption and fluorescence spectra were registered. It is shown that the main part of hypericin was eluted with 80% methanol. The values of quantum yields were calculated. These results suggest that solid phase extraction on the non-polar sorbent is a promising way to increase the content of the hypericin in the St. John’s Wort extracts.
H. Koyu and M. Haznedaroglu, “Investigation of Stability of Hypericum Perforatum l. Total Extract Due to Temperature and Humidity,” Planta Medica, vol. 77, no. 12, p. PL80, Aug. 2011.
doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1282729.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
N. Krstonijević-Živanović, S. Prodanović, and Z. Girek, “Divergence of the Local Populations of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.) Based on Leaf Morphological Traits,” Zbornik naučnih radova Instituta PKB Agroekonomik, vol. 21, no. 1-2, pp. 141–149, 2015.http://RIVeC.institut-palanka.rs/handle/123456789/165.
The present study was conducted in order to analyze the divergence of the fourteen native populations of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) originating from different locations of Serbia based on six leaf morphological characteristics including leaf length and width, leaf area, leaf length/width ratio and light and dark gland density on leaves. Plants were grown under the same ex situ conditions, along with the standard cultivar ‘Maya’, used as control. The one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed highly significant differences (p lt 0.01) among investigated populations of H. perforatum in all studied characteristics. The highest morphological heterogeneity within populations was observed in the leaf light gland density (CV = 9.71 - 47.81%) and was followed by leaf dark gland density (CV = 12.94 - 42.19%). These characteristics are considered as important morphological markers, indicating thereby the relative extent of biologically active substances present in the analyzed genotypes of this species, without the need of chemical estimation. The noted morphological variation in H. perforatum probably had a genetic character as all plants had grown under uniform conditions. One can therefore expect that wild populations of H. perforatum are potentially important sources of genetic variation that could be utilized in breeding programs for an improvement of cultivated material and/or selection of new cultivars. Based on the results of UPGMA cluster analysis a group of genotypes of H. perforatum are distinguished from others by higher leaf gland density and presumably higher contents of the biologically active substances if compared with the cv.’Maya’ and hence could be considered in the future breeding programs.
S. Kusari, M. Lamshöft, S. Zühlke, and M. Spiteller, “An Endophytic Fungus from Hypericum Perforatum That Produces Hypericin,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 159–162, Feb. 2008.
doi: 10.1021/np070669k.
For the first time, an endophytic fungus has been isolated from the stems of the medicinal herb Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort). The fungus produced the napthodianthrone derivative hypericin (1) in rich mycological medium (potato dextrose broth) under shake flask and bench scale fermentation conditions. Emodin (2) was also produced simultaneously by the fungus under the same culture conditions. We propose 2 as the main precursor in the microbial metabolic pathway to 1. The fungus was identified by morphology and authenticated by 28S (LSU) rDNA sequencing. Compounds 1 and 2 were identified by LC-HRMS, LC-MS/MS, and LC-HRMS/MS and confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. In bioassays with a panel of laboratory standard pathogenic control strains, including fungi and bacteria, both fungal 1 and 2 possessed antimicrobial activity comparable to authentic standards. This endophytic fungus has significant scientific and industrial potential to meet the pharmaceutical demands for 1 in a cost-effective, easily accessible, and reproducible way.
S. Lazzara, A. Carrubba, and E. Napoli, “Cultivating for the Industry: Cropping Experiences with Hypericum Perforatum L. in a Mediterranean Environment,” Agriculture, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 446, May 2021.
doi: 10.3390/agriculture11050446.
Hypericum perforatum is an intensively studied medicinal plant, and much experimental activity has been addressed to evaluate its bio-agronomical and phytochemical features as far. In most cases, plant material used for experimental purposes is obtained from wild populations or, alternatively, from individuals grown in vases and/or pots. When Hypericum is addressed to industrial purposes, the most convenient option for achieving satisfactory amounts of plant biomass is field cultivation. Pot cultivation and open field condition, however, are likely to induce different responses on plant’s metabolism, and the obtained yield and composition are not necessarily the same. To compare these management techniques, a 4-year cultivation trial (2013–2016) was performed, using three Hypericum biotypes obtained from different areas in Italy: PFR-TN, from Trento province, Trentino; PFR-SI, from Siena, Tuscany; PFR-AG, from Agrigento province, Sicily. Both managements gave scarce biomass and flower yields at the first year, whereas higher yields were measured at the second year (in open field), and at the third year (in pots). Plant ageing induced significant differences in phytochemical composition, and the total amount of phenolic substances was much higher in 2015 than in 2014. A different performance of genotypes was observed; the local genotype was generally more suitable for field cultivation, whereas the two non-native biotypes performed better in pots. Phytochemical profile of in-pots plants was not always reflecting the actual situation of open field. Consequently, when cultivation is intended for industrial purposes, accurate quality checks of the harvested material are advised.
S. Lazzara, A. Carrubba, and E. Napoli, “Variability of Hypericins and Hyperforin in Hypericum Species from the Sicilian Flora,” Chemistry & Biodiversity, vol. 17, no. 1, p. e1900596, 2020.
doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201900596.
Within Sicilian flora, the genus Hypericum (Guttiferae) includes 10 native species, the most popular of which is H. perforatum. Hypericum’s most investigated active compounds belong to naphtodianthrones (hypericin, pseudohypericin) and phloroglucinols (hyperforin, adhyperforin), and the commercial value of the drug is graded according to its total hypericin content. Ethnobotanical sources attribute the therapeutic properties recognized for H. perforatum, also to other Hypericum species. However, their smaller distribution inside the territory suggests that an industrial use of such species, when collected from the wild, would result in an unacceptable depletion of their natural stands. This study investigated about the potential pharmacological properties of 48 accessions from six native species of Hypericum, including H. perforatum and five ‘minor’ species, also comparing, when possible, wild and cultivated sources. The variability in the content of active metabolites was remarkably high, and the differences within the species were often comparable to the differences among species. No difference was enlightened between wild and cultivated plants. A carefully planned cultivation of Hypericum seems the best option to achieve high and steady biomass yields, but there is a need for phytochemical studies, aimed to identify for multiplication the genotypes with the highest content of the active metabolites.
M. Lebaschi and E. Sharifi, “Fluctuation of Hypericin in Natural Habitates of Hypericum Perforatum,” Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 87–101, Jan. 2002.https://ijmapr.areeo.ac.ir/article_118365.html.
Natural habitates of Iran content of more than 7500 plant species which many of them are medicinal plants. It is as the germplasm and could be source of supplying and producing of medicinal plant for cultivation. Hypericum perforatum growing naturally in the north and west of Iran. In this study which have done in 1998 and 1999, samples of Hypericum perforatum at the flowering stage were collected from Gorgan, Nowshahr, Gilan in the north as the wetlands and Khalkhal in the west as the mountainous region. Hypericin as the secondary metabolite of Hypercicum perforatum were extracted by Soxhelt and measured by Spectrophotometer. Among the natural habitates, Gorgan and Gilan in 1998 with 2730 and 2584 PPM hypericin were significant with Nowshar anc Khalkhal respectively. Gilan, Gorgan and Nowshahr in 1999 with 2230, 2218 and 2120 PPM hypericin were significant with Khalkhal respectively. It seems hypericin production potential is high in regions with 250-400 m altitude and 500-900 mm rainfall and rich soil with organic and matter minerals.
R. N. Mack, “Plant Naturalizations and Invasions in the Eastern United States: 1634-1860,” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 77–90, 2003.
doi: 10.2307/3298528.
Plant immigrants to North America arrived from Europe with the first human immigrants, products of the intense incentive early colonists felt to transplant European agriculture into the Western Hemisphere. Among early deliberate and accidental introductions were species that would soon become naturalized in eastern North America: Artemisia absinthium, Hyoscyamus niger, Plantago lanceolata, and Taraxacum officinale. The naturalized flora grew as species for food, forage, seasonings, and medicine were imported, cultivated, and escaped the bounds of cultivated fields. Importation of what has become the most common category of naturalized species, erstwhile ornamentals, had a modest beginning by the mid 17th century. The first recorded invasion, the spread and proliferation of Linaria vulgaris in the Mid-Atlantic colonies, was recognized by the mid 18th century, and Berberis vulgaris was rampant in southern New England before 1800. Botanical records, including published floras, became much more common in the first decades of the 19th century and reveal a naturalized flora in the U.S. that was quite similar in composition to the agricultural weed flora of Western Europe. Many ruderals and agricultural weeds were widespread in the eastern U.S., but probably not invasive by 1860, and included Bromus secalinus, Cynoglossum officinale, Galium aparine, and Senecio vulgaris. Other alien species had, however, become invasive by the 1840s, such as Echium vulgare in Virginia. Species that were to form devastating invasions in the United States from 1860 onward (e.g., Bromus tectorum, Euphorbia esula, Lonicera japonica, Melaleuca quinquenervia) had either not arrived by 1860, were undetected, or were not reported as having escaped from cultivation. Growth of the naturalized flora and the subsequent number of invasive taxa was certainly facilitated, and probably sparked, by the enormous growth of railroads and rail-borne commerce in the late 19th century.
F. Maggi and G. Ferretti, “Essential Oil Comparison of Hypericum Perforatum L. Subsp. Perforatum and Subsp. Veronense (Schrank) Ces. from Central Italy,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 492–494, Nov. 2008.
doi: 10.1080/10412905.2008.9700067.
Essential oil comparison of flowers from Hypericum perforatum L. subsp. perforatum and subsp. veronense (Schrank) Ces. from central Italy, performed by GC and GC/MS, led us to identify two chemotypes within H. perforatum taxon. α-Pinene and 2,6-dimethyloctane were the most abundant components in H. perforatum subsp. veronense flower oil, while β-caryophyllene and 2,6-dimethylheptane were predominant in the oil of H. perforatum subsp. perforatum. Monoterpenes hydrocarbons were also predominant in the oil of subsp. veronense, while sesquiterpenes and aliphatic hydrocarbons were found in the oil of subsp. perforatum. Such quantitative differentiation in the oil composition of the flowers may be useful as a chemotaxonomic intraspecific discriminatory character.
F. Maggi, G. Ferretti, N. Pocceschi, L. Menghini, and M. Ricciutelli, “Morphological, Histochemical and Phytochemical Investigation of the Genus Hypericum of the Central Italy,” Fitoterapia, vol. 75, no. 7, pp. 702–711, Dec. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2004.09.009.
Eight entities of the genus Hypericum that spontaneously grow on the Central Italy (Appennino Umbro-Marchigiano) have been studied under the morphological, histochemical and phytochemical aspects. From the morphological standpoint, they differ in the shape and size of flowers and leaves and in the dimension and distribution of the secretory structures through the various parts of the plant. It has been possible, with the histochemical and phytochemical studies, to localize and identify some secondary metabolites inside the secretory structures.
\relax R. A. Z. E. A. MAMAGHANI, \relax S. E. Y. E. D. MOHAMMADI, and \relax S. A. E. I. D. AHARIZAD, “Transferability of Barley Retrotransposon Primers to Analyze Genetic Structure in Iranian Hypericum Perforatum L. Populations,” Turkish Journal of Botany, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 664–672, Jan. 2015.
doi: 10.3906/bot-1405-76.
J. L. Maron, M. Vilà, and J. Arnason, “Loss of Enemy Resistance Among Introduced Populations of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum),” Ecology, vol. 85, no. 12, pp. 3243–3253, 2004.
doi: 10.1890/04-0297.
The Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis predicts that introduced plants should lose enemy resistance and in turn evolve increased size or fecundity. We tested the first prediction of this hypothesis by growing introduced North American and native European genotypes of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) in common gardens in the state of Washington, USA, and in Girona, Spain. In both gardens we measured levels of hypericin and pseudohypericin (and in Washington, hypericide)— compounds known to be toxic to generalist pathogens and herbivores. In a third common garden, in Spain, we experimentally manipulated native pathogen pressure (by treating plants with fungicides) and quantified how pathogen resistance varied between North American and European genotypes. North American St. John’s Wort had lower levels of hypericin than European conspecifics in common gardens in Washington and Spain. North American plants also produced less hypericide (in Washington) and pseudohypericin (in Spain) than did European plants. In Spain, individuals were attacked by three generalist pathogens: Colletotrichum sp. (Coelomycetes), Alternaria sp. (Hyphomycetes), and Fusarium oxysporum (Hyphomycetes). A higher percentage of individuals from North American populations were infected by pathogens and died from pathogen attack compared to European genotypes. Infection also appeared to reduce plant size and fecundity; these negative effects were similar in magnitude for North American and European genotypes. Taken together, results indicate that introduced St. John’s Wort has lost enemy resistance. However, contrary to EICA, current and previous results indicate that these changes have not been associated with an increase in plant size or fecundity.
The pollen size and exine structure of the following Hypericum L. species were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy: Hypericum dubium, H. x desetangsii, H. hirsutum, H. maculatum, H. montanum, H. perforatum and H. tetrapterum. Of the taxa studied H. maculatum has the smallest pollen grains in average (13.7-20.6 × 11.5-17.2 μm) and H. dubium the largest grains in average (16.0-27.5 × 13.7-22.9 μm). Regular pollen grains of all 7 species are 3-zonocolporate and can be classified as Hypericum perforatum type. For the H. perforatum, H. x desetangsii and H. montanum irregular pollen grains were identified. 6- and 8-pericolpate pollen grains are the most frequent while 12- and 4-syncolporate ones are rare. 3-syncolporate pollen grain is presented as new one among the irregular pollen grains in the genus Hypericum. A weak correlation is found between pollen size and chromosome number. The value of pollen characters for taxonomic purposes and the position of the taxa studied within the genus Hypericum are discussed.
P. Mártonfi, M. Repčák, and L. Mártonfiová, “Secondary Metabolites during Ontogenetic Phase of Reproductive Structures in Hypericum Maculatum,” Biologia, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 473–478, Aug. 2006.
doi: 10.2478/s11756-006-0079-8.
The distribution patterns of flavonoids hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, I3,II8-biapigenin and naphtodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin were studied in reproductive structures during ontogenetic phase of flowering in Hypericum maculatum Crantz. Considerable differences in the content of these secondary metabolites, in the particular flower parts were found. The content of all the metabolites studied is stable during the whole period of flowering in green flower parts (sepals). In petals, stamens and pistils their content undergoes considerable change associated with the biological functions of particular metabolites. The most conspicuous changes during ontogenetic phase of flowering were the decrease of hyperoside and isoquercitrin content in petals (average content in buds 1.589 mg g−1 dry weight, average content in overblown flowers 0.891 mg g−1 dry weight), the decrease of the I3,II8-biapigenin content in stamens (in buds 1.189 mg g−1 dry weight, in overblown flowers 0.319 mg g−1 dry weight), and the increase of hypericin and pseudohypericin content in both petals (total average content of hypericins in the buds 0.547 mg g−1 dry weight; in overblown flowers 0.792 mg g−1 dry weight) and stamens (in buds 0.189 mg g−1 dry weight; in overblown flowers 0.431 mg g−1 dry weight). Hypericins are absent in the pistil. The flavonoids hyperoside and isoquercitrin, the content of which decreased during ontogenetic phase of flowering, reach the highest contents in the pistil.
G. M. Mayo and P. Langridge, “Modes of Reproduction in Australian Populations of Hypericum Perforatum L. (St. John’s Wort) Revealed by DNA Fingerprinting and Cytological Methods,” Genome, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 573–579, Aug. 2003.
doi: 10.1139/g03-038.
Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) is widely used in homeopathic medicine, but has also become a serious weed in Australia and many other countries. Reproduction in H. perforatum was investigated using markers based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Between two Australian populations, plants displayed 14 polymorphisms from a total of 22 scorable RFLP markers when genomic DNA was probed with M13 bacteriophage, but individuals within each population exhibited identical RFLP fingerprints. Ninety-four percent of the progeny of four crosses made between the two populations exhibited identical fingerprint and ploidy level to the maternal parent, and probably originated apomictically. Seven seedlings with recombinant RFLP or AFLP fingerprints were found from a total of 121 progeny. Both molecular marker techniques detected the same recombinants from a subset of screened progeny. Cytological analysis showed that the seven recombinants comprised three tetraploids (2n = 4x = 32), three hexaploids (2n = 6x = 48), and one aneuploid (2n – 1 = 31), which suggested that the level of normal reduced embryo sacs was only 2.5%. These results are discussed in relation to the management of invasive populations, and the implications for plant breeding and production of St. John’s wort for medicinal purposes.Key words: Hypericum perforatum, apomixis, DNA fingerprint, RFLP, AFLP.
G. R. Meadly, “Weeds of Western Australia - St. John’s Wort - (Hypericum Perforatum L. Var Angustifolium D.C.),” Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 3, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 661–666, Nov. 1956.https://library.dpird.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture3/vol5/iss6/5.
D. M. Milenović, V. B. Veljković, B. T. Todorović, and M. S. Stanković, “Extraction of Resinoids from St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L): I. Efficiency and Optimization of Extraction,” Hemijska industrija, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 54–59, 2002.
doi: 10.2298/HEMIND0202054M.
The extraction of resinoids from St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L) was studied in a series of two papers. In the first part, the effects of the operating conditions on the yield of resinoids (total extract) were analyzed, while the mathematical models of extraction kinetics were compared in the second one. The extraction was carried out using an aqueous solution of ethanol (70 and 95 % v/v) at a hydromodulus (plant material to solvent ratio, w/v) of 1:5 or 1:10. The plant material was disintegrated and divided into three fractions (mean particle size: 0.23, 0.57 and 1.05 mm). The temperature was 25, 50 or about 80°C (boiling temperature). A higher yield of resinoids was obtained when the plant material of greater disintegration degree (0.23 mm) was treated with 70% v/v aqueous ethanol solution at higher hydromoduli (1:10) and temperatures (80°C). The effects of the operating factors on the yield of resinoids were estimated by using both the full factorial experimental plan 24 and artificial neuronic networks (ANN) of 3-4-1 topology. Of the two methods, the ANN one was found to be advantageous because of its capability of estimating the yield of resinoids in the whole range of the applied operating conditions.
N. R. Mohammad, A. Dalar, F. A. Ozdemir, and M. Turker, “In Vitro Propagation and Secondary Metabolites Investigation of Hypericum Perforatum L.,” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 5569–5576, 2019.https://www.cabdirect.org/globalhealth/abstract/20219910826.
Hypericum perforatum L. was regenerated in plant tissue culture and secondary metabolites (Hypericin, pseudohypericin, quertin, rutin, and chlorogenic acid) of the plants collected from field and regenerated in vitro were quantitatively compared The liquid, semi solid and solid form of Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with plant growth regulators (PGRs) in different...
R. M. Moore, J. D. Williams, and A. O. Nicholls, “Competition between Trifolium Subterraneum L. and Established Seedlings of Hypericum Perforatum L. Var. Angustifolium DC,” Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 1015–1025, 1989.
doi: 10.1071/ar9891015.
St John’s Wort (Hypericurn perforatum) and Trifolium subterraneum were grown in mixtures and monocultures in 16 planting combinations. The experiment was biased to favour H. perforatum by establishing it 49 days prior to sowing T. subterraneum seed and by growing plants in a nutrient-rich medium.In monocultures maximum dry matter yields of H. perforatum after 188 days were half those of T. subterraneum at similar densities. Leaf areas of the two species were similar at all harvests. In mixtures, a single T. subterraneum plant completely suppressed H. perforaturn growth and caused extensive mortality, even at its highest density 16 plants per pot within 140 days, the period of the experiment. Increasing the numbers of H. perforaturn plants in mixtures had little effect on the growth of a single T. subterraneum plant. Final yields of T. subterraneum in such mixtures were similar to those of comparable densities in monocultures.The competitive superiority of T. subterraneurn in mixtures was attributed to its canopy height which overtopped most H. perforaturn leaves. The consequent reduction in photosynthesis and subsequent death of lower leaves of H. perforaturn contributed to its lower competitiveness and mortality in mixtures. The application of these findings to agronomic practices designed to prevent re-establishment by H. perforaturn is discussed.
H. Naghdi Badi et al., “Variation in Quantitative Yield and Hypericin Content of St. John’s Wort., Hypericum Perforatum L.,” Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 59–67, Sep. 2004.http://jmp.ir/article-1-738-en.html.
St John’s wort, Hypericum Perforatum L. (Culsiaceae) is an important medicinal plant, which has different bioactive constituents and hypericin (a naphtodianthrone) is one of this compounds. Hypericin has many pharmacological effects such as antidepressant, antiviral and antibacterial, which cause to high production and consumption. It has known that region and ...
M. R. Nazari, V. Abdossi, F. Z. Hargalani, and K. Larijani, “Antioxidant Potential and Essential Oil Properties of Hypericum Perforatum L. Assessed by Application of Selenite and Nano-Selenium,” Scientific Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 6156, Apr. 2022.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10109-y.
It is necessary to develop a simple way to achieve food quality quantitatively. Nanotechnology is a key advanced technology enabling contribution, development, and sustainable impact on food, medicine, and agriculture. In terms of medicinal and therapeutic properties, Hypericum perforatum is an important species. For this study, a randomized complete block design with three replications was used in each experimental unit. The foliar application of selenite and nano-selenium (6, 8, 10, and 12 mg/l), control (distilled water), at the rosette stage and harvesting at 50% flowering stage has been applied as an alleviation strategy subjected to producing essential oils and antioxidant activity. Experimental results revealed that the selenite and nano selenium fertilizers had a significant effect on traits such as total weight of biomass, essential oil percentage, the content of hypericin and hyperforin, the selenium accumulation in the plant, relative leaf water content, chlorophylls, phenolic content, proline, catalase, peroxidase, malondialdehyde, and DPPH. The highest essential oil content was obtained from the control treatment when the accumulation of selenium was achieved with 12 mg/l nano-selenium. The maximum rate of hypericin was seen in the foliar application of 8 mg/l selenite whereas the maximum hyperforin was gained at 10 mg/l selenium. Conceding that the goal is to produce high hypericin/ hyperforin, and also the accumulation of selenium in the plant, treatments of 6 and 8 mg/l of selenite and nano-selenium could be applied. Consequently, an easy detection technique proposed herein can be successfully used in different ranges, including biology, medicine, and the food industry.
M. Nemati Khoei, A. Abbasi Surki, and S. Fallah, “Optimization of Seed Enhancement Methods on Seed Germination and Emergence of St. John’s Wort,” Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 95–108, Jul. 2018.
doi: 10.22034/ijsst.2018.117055.
Optimizing the best methods to enhancement of seed germination and early seedling growth of Hypericum perforatum L. an experiment was conducted in Shahrekord University in two stages. In the first stage, a factorial experiment was done in a randomized complete block design with four replications in seed science and Technology lab, Faculty of Agriculture. Treatments consisted osmopriming with PEG in five levels (0, -3, -6, -9 and -12 bar) as first factor and application of GA in four levels (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) as second factor. results showed that PEG -12 bar + GA 1000 ppm with an average of 91.5% ranked the highest percentage of germination which had no significant difference with PEG -9 bar + GA 1500 ppm and PEG -9 bar + GA 1000 ppm respectively with the germination percentage average 88 and 88.5%, while the control seed with an average (53.5%) had the lowest percentage of germination. As well as combination treatments PEG -9 bar + GA 1000 ppm increased seedling length, seedling dry weight and seed vigor and increased them respectively as by as 1.19, 1.3, 1.96 and 2.14 times than control. The second experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouses conditions, and treatments consisted of the best treatments of first experiment and control. In greenhouse conditions osmopriming PEG -12 bar and application of GA 1000 ppm with an average of 82% ranked the highest percentage of emergence which had better performance than the control with an average of 41.33 %. Finally to enhance seed performance of medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum L., it could be recommended osmopriming with PEG -12 bar and application of GA 1000 ppm or PEG -9 bar + GA 1000 ppm.
The total concentration of zinc, iron, nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as their water and acetic acid extractable forms – nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus – were determined in St. John’s wort herb ( Hypericum perforatum L.) yarrow herb ( Achillea millefolium...
“Effects of Different Levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Hypericin Content of St. John’s Wort,” Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 720–725, Jun. 2001.https://jijas.ut.ac.ir/article_14480.html.
Side effects of synthetic drugs has led to more extensive use of medicinal plants. A variety of several herbal medicines have been produced recently. St.john’s wort is an important one in the pharmaceutical industries of developing countries. St.john’s wort cultivation has been introduced to and developed in our country during recent years. This investigation was carried out for studying the e1Iects of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the plant A complete randomized block design with three replicates was used. Hypericin content was measured by spectrophotometry and on the basis of Hungarian standards. Chlorophyll content was measured by Espad - 502 Chlorophyll meter. Results show that the highest fresh yield in the first harvest (1597.5 glm2) belongs to N250PO treatment and the lowest (l187.5 glm2) to control treatment. Results of fresh yield of 2nd harvest and dry yield of first harvest show no significant difference. All fertilizer treatments increased the number of flowering stems, hypericin and chlorophyll content of the herb as compared to control. There is a positive correlation observed between hypericine content of the herb and no of flowering stems as well as between chlorophyll content and hype:ricin level (r2=0.84 and r2=0.74 respectivt_ly ).
“Impact of Differing Light Integrals at a Constant Light Intensity: Effects on Biomass and Production of Secondary Metabolites by Hypericum Perforatum.” .https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.24198.
J. de M. Nunes, A. V. Pinhatti, G. L. von Poser, and S. B. Rech, “Promotive Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Growth of Tissue Culture-Derived Hypericum Polyanthemum Plants during Acclimatization,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 329–332, Sep. 2009.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.06.002.
The effect of long-term fertilization supply on biomass yield and secondary metabolites accumulation was assessed in vegetative and reproductive parts of acclimatized field grown plants of Hypericum polyanthemum, an endemic species of southern Brazil. Fertilization caused positive responses in plant growth with biomass increment of vegetative and reproductive parts, proportional to the MS solution concentration (25%, 50% and 100%), whereas the chemical analyses indicated that the supply of fertilization solution did not alter the concentration of 6-isobutyryl-5,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-benzopyran (HP1), 7-hydroxy-6-isobutyryl-5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-benzopyran (HP2), uliginosin B as well as total phenolic compounds (TPCs), and increased the accumulation of 5-hydroxy-6-isobutyryl-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-benzopyran (HP3) in all fertilization regimes.
D. Obratov-Petković, I. Bjedov, and S. Belanović, “The Content of Heavy Metals in the Leaves of Hypericum Perforatum L. on Serpentinite Soils in Serbia,” Glasnik Šumarskog fakulteta, no. 98, pp. 143–153, 2008.
doi: 10.2298/GSF0898143O.
St John’s wort is one of the best known and used medicinal plants. The demands for St John’s wort in Serbia is still supplied by the collection of native plants. Therefore it was necessary to examine the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and in plant material on serpentinites and to assess the potential safe harvesting and further utilisation of this plant species. The research was performed on three serpentinite sites in Serbia: Zlatibor, Divčibare and Goč. The main soil types were determined and the contents of 7 chemical elements were analyzed in the soil and in the plant material. It was determined that the soils of all three localities had increased concentrations of nickel, chromium and manganese. The St John’s wort plant material (leaves) showed the increased concentrations of iron, nickel and chromium. It was concluded that St John’s wort was a tolerant species regarding the heavy metal content, and it was recommended to avoid its harvesting on the investigated localities.
E. Osinska and Z. Weglarz, “Comparative Study on Three Hypericum Species Growing Wild in Poland,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 576, pp. 41–43, Apr. 2002.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.576.5.
J. Patočka, “The Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of the Biologically Active Constituents of the Herb Hypericum Perforatum L.,” Journal of Applied Biomedicine, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 61–70, Jul. 2003.
doi: 10.32725/jab.2003.010.
St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) has been used as a medical herb for over 2000 years. Over the past two decades, its application as a standardized plant extract for treating depression has undergone rigorous scientific investigation, and its effectiveness has been shown in studies comparing it with other commonly used antidepressants and placebos. Safety and tolerability studies have revealed that Hypericum preparations have better safety and tolerability profiles than synthetic antidepressants. The indications for St. John’s wort preparations are mild or moderate depression. The mechanism of the antidepressant action of Hypericum extract is not fully known. The view of the chemical composition and pharmaceutical a toxicological properties of biologically active substances of Hypericum perforatum is the main purpose of this paper.
M. Pavlović, O. Tzakou, P. V. Petrakis, and M. Couladis, “The Essential Oil of Hypericum Perforatum L., Hypericum Tetrapterum Fries and Hypericum Olympicum L. Growing in Greece,” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 84–87, 2006.
doi: 10.1002/ffj.1521.
F. Pérez-García, M. Huertas, E. Mora, B. Peña, F. Varela, and M. E. González-Benito, “Hypericum Perforatum L. Seed Germination: Interpopulation Variationand Effect of Light, Temperature, Presowing Treatments and Seed Desiccation,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1187–1198, Sep. 2006.
doi: 10.1007/s10722-005-2012-3.
Germplasm conservation of medicinal plants is of increasing interest and, when possible, seed banking is the most efficient system for ex situ conservation of these plant genetic resources. Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort, Guttiferae) is a medicinal plant with evidence of efficacy as an anti-depressant. The aim of this work was to increase knowledge of its seed germination behaviour by studying 68 wild populations. Seed germination tests were carried out at 25/15 °C under a photoperiod of 16-h light/8-h darkness. Final germination percentages were highly variable depending on the accession, ranging from 6 to 98%. Similarly, germination rate (as expressed by T50 values) varied significantly from 6.1 to 23.0 days. The effect of seed desiccation with silica gel on subsequent germination was also studied. The effect of two other incubation temperatures (15 and 25 °C) and light (photoperiod or darkness) on seed germination was studied in several accessions. Temperature had no significant effect on final germination percentages. However, light significantly increased the germination of most but not all accessions assayed. Seeds from four accessions with low germination percentages were subjected to different presowing treatments that could increase germination: dry heat, hot water and gibberellic acid. Germination was promoted significantly by gibberellic acid in two of the four accessions assayed, but the thermal treatments did not enhance significantly the germination percentages. This study reveals that conclusions based on one population of Hypericum perforatum cannot characterize the germination behaviour for the entire species.
A. Piovan, R. Filippini, R. Caniato, A. Borsarini, L. Bini Maleci, and E. M. Cappelletti, “Detection of Hypericins in the ‘Red Glands’ of Hypericum Elodes by ESI–MS/MS,” Phytochemistry, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 411–414, Feb. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2003.11.003.
The biologically active naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin were detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) in microsamples from the sepals of Hypericum elodes (Hypericaceae) containing the so-called “red glands”, i.e. stipitate glands with red-coloured heads. The occurrence of hypericins in the red glands of H. elodes supports the taxonomic position of the section Elodes within the genus Hypericum and provides evidence that the ability of carrying out the biosynthetic pathway leading to the naphthodianthrone compounds, rather than the absolute amounts produced, should be regarded as a chemical marker of the phylogenetically more advanced sections of genus Hypericum. The biologically active phloroglucinol derivatives hyperforin and adhyperforin, so far found only in H. perforatum, were also detected and evidence for their localization in the sepal secretory canals with large lumen, is given.
\relax Z. Pluhár, J. Bernáth, and E. Neumayer, “MORPHOLOGICAL, PRODUCTION BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL DIVERSITY OF ST. JOHN’S WORT (HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L.),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 576, pp. 33–40, Apr. 2002.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.576.4.
M. Porceddu, M. Sanna, S. Serra, M. Manconi, and G. Bacchetta, “Seed Germination Requirements of Hypericum Scruglii, an Endangered Medicinal Plant Species of Sardinia (Italy),” Botany, vol. 98, no. 10, pp. 615–621, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1139/cjb-2020-0039.
A. Poutaraud and P. Girardin, “Agronomic and Chemical Characterization of 39 Hypericum Perforatum Accessions between 1998 and 2000,” Plant Breeding, vol. 123, no. 5, pp. 480–484, 2004.
doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0523.2004.00916.x.
Thirty-nine accessions of St John’s Wort were studied over a 3-year period. The percentage of diseased plants ranged from 0 to 100%. After 3 years of cultivation, 18% of the accessions presented a dieback rate of <10%. Hypericins and hyperforins in flowering tops (top 30 cm of plants at full bloom) and flowers were assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD Diode Array Detector) (one to three cuttings a year). The hypericin contents in flowering tops ranged from 0.7 to 3%. These levels were, on average, 2.8-fold lower than those recorded in flowers. Hyperforin levels varied in the different accessions, ranging from 0.65 to 3% in flowering tops and 2 to 5.7% in the flowers. In line with present industrial needs, a minimum content of one or more of the active components, it will therefore be necessary to select accessions in terms of the dry weight yield and the contents of flowering tops and flowers. Dry weight depends on cutting height, which also affects the quality of the plant material harvested. Because of the plant to plant variability, the performance of the accessions selected would be improved.
A. Poutaraud and P. Girardin, “Improvement of Medicinal Plant Quality: A Hypericum Perforatum Literature Review as an Example,” Plant Genetic Resources, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 178–189, Aug. 2005.
doi: 10.1079/PGR200567.
Numerous factors influence the chemical quality of medicinal plants from crop establishment to extraction of raw material. The most important ones are described using the example of Hypericum perforatum. Optimization of these factors contributes to the objective of producing a high-quality drug, and a method consisting of three scientific approaches (technological, agronomical, plant breeding) is presented. All data concerning the plant (biology, physiology and environmental impacts) and the active components and by-products (pathway, localization and stability) are useful to adapt and to develop management sequences. Although plant breeding appears to be the principal way of improvement, and gives good results in terms of resistance to pathogens, active component content and yield; the agronomical and the technological approaches are also very important. The technological approach after harvesting is especially important to avoid degradation of the active components and to induce, in some cases, the transformation of by-products to those molecules sought. This integrated method (plant breeding and agronomical and chemical approaches) requires research on different levels of organization from molecule to field, and includes all processing systems from farmers to chemists.
N. V. Pryvedenyuk and A. P. Shatkovskyi, “Productivity of Common Saint-John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.) by Using Transplant Reproduction Method in the Conditions of Drip Irrigation,” Land Reclamation and Water Management, no. 1, pp. 153–161, May 2021.
doi: 10.31073/mivg202101-275.
The influence of plant nutrition area and mineral fertilizer rates on the productivity of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) by using transplant reproduction method in the conditions of drip irrigation was studied. It was proved that the transplant method of cultivation of St. John’s wort under drip irrigation is a very effective method of reproduction of this crop. Four variants of planting density per unit area were studied: 42 thousand plants / ha (cultivation scheme 60x40 cm), 56 thousand plants / ha (60x30 cm), 83 thousand plants / ha (60x20 cm) and 167 thousand plants / ha (60x10 cm). Yield recording of raw materials (air-dry tops) was carried out in the phase of mass flowering. In the first year of vegetation this period was in the first decade of August, in the second year – in the second decade of June. It was found that the increase in the number of planted plants of St. John’s wort per 1 ha contributed to the increased plantation productivity. When having a cultivation plant density of 42,000 plants / ha, the yield of dry grass in the first year of vegetation was 3,02 t / ha. Increasing the number of plants to 56 thousand plants / ha provided 3,26 t / ha of raw materials. The highest yield of dried St. John’s wort – 3,76 t / ha in the first year of vegetation was obtained in the variant with the largest number of planted plants per unit area - 167 thousand plants / ha. In the second year of vegetation of St. John’s wort in the variant with the lowest plant density of 42 thousand plants / ha, the yield was 3,65 t / ha. The most productive plantation of the second year of vegetation was in the variant with a plant density of 83 thousand plants / ha, where the yield of dry raw materials was 3,96 t / ha. A further increase in the number of plants per unit area led to a decrease in crop yields. The influence of four variants of the main application of mineral fertilizers on the productivity of St. John’s wort was also studied: N0P0K0 (reference), N60P60K60, N120P120K120 and N180P180K180. It was found that with increasing fertilizer application rate, the yield of dry raw materials increased. The most favorable conditions for growth and development of plants of St. John’s wort developed in the variant with the maximum rate of fertilizer application - N180P180K180, where the yield of dry raw materials in the first year was 3,31 t / ha, and in the second year – 4,15 t / ha, which exceeded the reference result (without fertilizers) by 0,61 t / ha and 0,84 t / ha, respectively.
A. C. Raclariu et al., “Comparative Authentication of Hypericum Perforatum Herbal Products Using DNA Metabarcoding, TLC and HPLC-MS,” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 1291, May 2017.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01389-w.
Many herbal products have a long history of use, but there are increasing concerns over product efficacy, safety and quality in the wake of recent cases exposing discrepancies between labeling and constituents. When it comes to St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) herbal products, there is limited oversight, frequent off-label use and insufficient monitoring of adverse drug reactions. In this study, we use amplicon metabarcoding (AMB) to authenticate 78 H. perforatum herbal products and evaluate its ability to detect substitution compared to standard methods using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Hypericum perforatum was detected in 68% of the products using AMB. Furthermore, AMB detected incongruence between constituent species and those listed on the label in all products. Neither TLC nor HPLC-MS could be used to unambiguously identify H. perforatum. They are accurate methods for authenticating presence of the target compounds, but have limited efficiency in detecting infrageneric substitution and do not yield any information on other plant ingredients in the products. Random post-marketing AMB of herbal products by regulatory agencies could raise awareness among consumers of substitution and would provide an incentive to manufacturers to increase quality control from raw ingredients to commercialized products.
D. Radanovic, T. Nastovski, and D. Pljevljakušic, “Comparative investigation of cultivated Hypericum perforatum L. local populations in Serbia,” The scientific journal for phytotechnics and zootechnics, 2006.https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6472492753aa8c896304f96d.
In a period of two years, pre-selected St. John s Worth (Hypericum perforatum L.) local populations V2 (origin: Slovakia), V3 (origin: Bulgaria) and D4 (origin: West Serbia) were tested for herb yield, hypericin yield and content and intensity of wilting disease, in two localities in Serbia. Cultivation was established in spring, through winter nursery plant production. In lowland climatic conditions, two harvests obtained in year I yielded 1,070-2,440 kg per ha, while in mountainous climatic conditions there was just one harvest yielding 220-720 kg per ha of dry herb. In general, the best yields of dry herb in year 11 were produced by the local population D4 (about 2000 kg per ha of dry herb) above all due to a better tolerance to wilting disease, unfavourable climatic conditions and better plant density preservation in comparison with two other tested local populations. The lowest hypericin yield was recorded in the first harvest of the first vegetation (0.3-1.3 kg per ha) and the highest one in the first harvest of the second vegetation (1.7-3.8 kg per ha). Due to the best yield of dry herb and satisfactory hypericin content, local population D4 stands out as the best source of hypericin among all tested local populations. Intensity of wilting disease was lower in mountainous locality, which means that the mountainous climatic conditions impose themselves as a better solution to growing H. perforatum in terms of avoidance of wilting disease.
D. Radanovic, S. Antic-Mladenovic, and M. Jakovljevic, “Influence of Some Soil Characteristics on Heavy Metal Content in Hypericum Perforatum L. and Achillea Millefolium L.,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 576, pp. 295–301, Apr. 2002.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.576.44.
P. S. Ramakrishnan, “Nutritional Factors Influencing the Distribution of the Calcareous and Acidic Populations in Hypericum Perforatum,” Canadian Journal of Botany, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 175–181, Jan. 1969.
doi: 10.1139/b69-021.
Hypericum perforatum L. was found to have a wide range of distribution occurring on both calcareous and acidic sites. The two populations showed differential responses to macronutrients like calcium and phosphorus and micronutrients like aluminum and manganese. The acidic population showed better growth yield than the calcareous population at lower calcium levels in the medium, but at higher levels the reverse was true. The acidic population had higher uptake of calcium and phosphorus in all the different treatments and of magnesium, potassium, and sodium at low-calcium levels. The individuals of the calcareous population exhibited ‘phosphate toxicity’ at high phosphorus level in the medium while those of the acidic type gave better yield with increase in phosphorus level. Phosphorus uptake was consistently higher in the case of the acidic type compared to the calcareous population. The calcareous population was adversely affected at higher levels of aluminum and manganese and the individuals of this population exhibited severe toxicity symptoms. The acidic population gave good growth yield at both low and high levels of aluminum and manganese. The uptake of aluminum and manganese increased at higher levels of these nutrients in the media. These observations on the two populations have been discussed and it was concluded that besides the direct role of calcium, the differential response to phosphorus, aluminum, and manganese, the availability of which is determined by the pH of the soil, also control the restriction of the two ecotypes to their respective natural habitats.
The localisation of naphthodianthrones, acylphloroglucinols and flavonoids in main flower parts of Hypericum perforatum was studied. Distribution patterns of flavonol quercetin monosides quercetin, hyperoside and isoquercitrin are similar. The highest content of quercetin glycosides is found in sepals and petals. Diglycoside rutin is more accumulated in sepals and less in stamens. Biflavonoid 3.8" -biapigenin is present in all the flower parts studied but the highest content was found in stamens and petals. In organs where plant gametes are formed (stamens and pistils) naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin are accumulated in stamens and petals. Acylphoroglucinols hyperforin and adhyperforin are present at a high percentage (7.1 percent) in pistils and are absent from stamens. Different accumulation of naphthodianthrones and acylphloroglucinols in particular floral parts can be connected with specific defensive role of individual compound and other phenomena of plant reproduction
M. Rezaei Nazari, V. Abdossi, F. Zamani Hargalani, and K. Larijani, “The Effect of Nano Selenium Foliar Application on Some Secondary Metabolites of Hypericum Perforatum L.,” Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 21, no. 81, pp. 67–78, Mar. 2022.
doi: 10.52547/jmp.21.81.67.
Background: Hypericum perforatum L. belongs to the Hypericaceae family has been considered due to its medicinal properties. The use of nanofertilizers can improve the yield and medicinal value of plants. Selenium has a protective role and a positive effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of plants. Objective: Due to the importance ...
M. Roblek, M. Germ, T. Trošt Sedej, and A. Gaberščik, “Morphological and Biochemical Variations in St. John’s Wort, Hypericum Perforatum L., Growing over Altitudinal and UV-B Radiation Gradients,” Periodicum biologorum, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 257–262, Oct. 2008.https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/51850.
Abstract Background and Purpose: The climate of the Alpine region is marked by a higher proportion of UV radiation which, combinedwith other stresses, plays an important role in determining the differences between highland and lowland plant popul...
Gale Academic OneFile includes Phytoremediation using the influence of aromatic crop o by Maryam Mashhoor Roodi, Md. Azlin Bin Md. Click to explore.
Z. Rouis et al., “Chemical Composition and Larvicidal Activity of Several Essential Oils from Hypericum Species from Tunisia,” Parasitology Research, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 699–705, Feb. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s00436-012-3189-y.
The chemical composition of the essential oils extracted from some Tunisian Hypericum species and their larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens larvae were evaluated. The chemical compositions of the essential oils from the aerial plant parts were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. One hundred and thirty-four compounds were identified, ranging between 85.1 and 95.4 % of the oil’s composition. The components were monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, non-terpenic hydrocarbons, and others. The larvicidal activity of the essential oils was evaluated using a method recommended by WHO. Larvicidal tests revealed that essential oils from the Hypericum species have a significant larvicidal activity against C. pipiens, with LC50 ranging between 102.82 and 194.70 ppm. The most powerful essential oils against these larvae were Hypericum tomentosum and Hypericum humifusum samples, followed by the essential oil of Hypericum perforatum.
L. Rusalepp, A. Raal, T. Püssa, and U. Mäeorg, “Comparison of Chemical Composition of Hypericum Perforatum and H. Maculatum in Estonia,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 73, pp. 41–46, Aug. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2017.06.004.
Of numerous species belonging to the medicinally important genus Hypericum, only H. perforatum L. and H. maculatum Crantz grow widely in Estonia. A comparative biochemical systematics study of hypericins, hyperforins and other phenolics within Hypericum spp. growing in Estonia was performed. For comprehensive metabolomic investigation, 42 samples of H. perforatum and 16 samples of aerial parts of H. maculatum were collected in two consecutive years from various locations; methanolic extracts were prepared from airdried leaves and flowers. The concentrations of a quinic acid derivative, caffeic acid glucoside, vanillic acid glucoside, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, myricetin glucoside, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, rutin, quercetin pentoside, quercitrin, kaempferol glucoside, kaempferol rutinoside, quercetin, hyperforin, adhyperforin, protopseudohypericin, pseudohypericin, and hypericin were determined by LC-DAD-MS/MS. All the aforementioned compounds were detected in both species, although some at very different levels – H. maculatum contained rutin and hyperforins only in trace amounts and overall tended to contain more phenolic compounds. The level of total hypericins was the same for both species. These results constitute a further contribution to the systematic knowledge about the Hypericum spp. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated distinct between-years and between-species diversity in the chemical composition of the plants studied. Between-years diversity in Hypericum spp. has not been addressed before.
F. K. S and M. R, “Effect Of Salt Stress On Seed Germination Characters Of Ten St. Johns Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.) Genotypes,” vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 75–81, Jan. 2010.https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=189610.
Download Free Full-Text of an article Effect Of Salt Stress On Seed Germination Characters Of Ten St. Johns Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.) Genotypes
M. Saffariha, A. Jahani, R. Jahani, and S. Latif, “Prediction of Hypericin Content in Hypericum Perforatum L. in Different Ecological Habitat Using Artificial Neural Networks,” Plant Methods, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 10, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.1186/s13007-021-00710-z.
Hypericum is an important genus in the family Hypericaceae, which includes 484 species. This genus has been grown in temperate regions and used for treating wounds, eczema and burns. The aim of this study was to predict the content of hypericin in Hypericum perforatum in varied ecological and phenological conditions of habitat using artificial neural network techniques [MLP (Multi-Layer Perceptron), RBF (Radial Basis Function) and SVM (Support Vector Machine)].
G. Sagratini, M. Ricciutelli, S. Vittori, N. Öztürk, Y. Öztürk, and F. Maggi, “Phytochemical and Antioxidant Analysis of Eight Hypericum Taxa from Central Italy,” Fitoterapia, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 210–213, Apr. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.11.011.
Eight taxa of the Hypericum spp. growing in Central Italy (Appennino Umbro-Marchigiano) were analyzed by HPLC-DAD for constituents quantitation, for antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. H. perforatum subsp. veronense was the richest in phenolic compounds and hyperforin was detected for the first time in H. hircinum subsp. majus. Significant values of antioxidant activity were found in the investigated Hypericum taxa.
M. Schneider and \relax D. R. Marquard, “Investigations on the Uptake of Cadmium in Hypercum Perforatum.l. (St. John’s Wort),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 426, pp. 435–442, Aug. 1996.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1996.426.48.
I. Schwob, J.-M. Bessiere, V. Masotti, and J. Viano, “Changes in Essential Oil Composition in Saint John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.) Aerial Parts during Its Phenological Cycle,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 735–745, Aug. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2003.12.005.
The quantitative and qualitative variations of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum were examined. Plant material was harvested at different phenological stages (i.e. vegetative, floral budding, flowering, and fruiting stages) of the life cycle of the species. Analysis by GC and GC/MS of the essential oils enabled us to identify 69 of the 97 components. In all the oils analysed, the main components were caryophyllene oxide, β-caryophyllene, spathulenol, 1-tetradecanol, β-funebrene, 1-dodecanol, and γ-muurolene; 64 of the identified compounds were common to all these oils. However, monoterpenoids composition and levels of aliphatic alcohols varied with the phenological cycle and the number of compounds detected increased during ontogenesis.
I. Schwob, J.-M. Bessière, and J. Viano, “Composition of the Essential Oils of Hypericum Perforatum L. from Southeastern France,” Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol. 325, no. 7, pp. 781–785, Jul. 2002.
doi: 10.1016/S1631-0691(02)01489-0.
The composition of the volatile oils from the aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L. collected in six localities from southeastern France was analysed by GC–MS. Twenty-nine to 41 compounds have been identified in these volatile oils. The main constituents were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and minor variations were pointed out in the oil composition among the six populations. However, the composition of all the analysed oils greatly varied from that of the previous studies, carried out on H. perforatum essential oils from other localities, in which monoterpenoids were the major constituents, particularly, the α-pinene. Résumé La composition des huiles essentielles des parties aériennes de Hypericum perforatum L., récoltées dans six stations du Sud-Est de la France, a été analysée par CG–SM. De 29 à 41 composés ont été identifiés dans ces huiles essentielles. Les composés majoritaires sont des sesquiterpènes. Une variabilité réduite de la composition des huiles obtenues pour les six populations a pu être mise en évidence. Cependant, la composition de l’ensemble de ces huiles est très différente de celles, précédemment publiées dans la littérature, de spécimens de H. perforatum provenant d’autres localités et très riches en monoterpènes, notamment en α-pinène.
N. Seguí, M. A. Jiménez, and J. Cursach, “Local Conditions Effects on Seed Germination of Hypericum Balearicum L. in Response to Temperature,” Flora, vol. 282, p. 151896, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2021.151896.
Temperature, which is one of the most relevant abiotic factors affecting seed germination, is strongly influenced by local site conditions. Here, we collected seeds of Hypericum balearicum, an endemic shrub of the Balearic Islands, from 11 sites of Mallorca. We investigated variations in final germination percentage (FGP), germination rate (t50) and germination timing (t0) of seeds from different provenances according to the local conditions of each location (here classified in mountain, coast and valley environment) under a range of temperature treatments (12–24 ºC). An environmental data logger was installed in three of the sites to determine the temperature variability for each environment. Hypericum balearicum germinates in the optimal temperature range of Mediterranean plants. FGP was neither affected by temperature treatments nor by the site of origin (environment). However, the coast environment showed higher t50 and t0 values in all temperatures tested compared to mountain and valley, especially at low temperatures compared to mountain environment and at low and high temperatures compared to valley environment. These differences among environments were consistent with the temperature parameters recorded in each environment. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of taking into account local temperature conditions effects in germination in order to know how plants will respond to environmental changes.
M. Semenko and S. Pospelov, “Agrobiological Features of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.),” Collection of scientific papers «ΛΌГOΣ», no. May 20, 2022; Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 106–107, Jun. 2022.
doi: 10.36074/logos-20.05.2022.032.
St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) is a perennial rhizome herbaceous plant up to 100 cm high with erect dihedral stems. In nature it is found in meadows, gaps, near the forest. St. John’s wort leaves are opposite, sessile, from oval to oblong-linear, with many small glands that shine in the sun and are filled with essential oil [7].
M. Semenko and S. Pospelov, “Technological Aspects of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.) Cultivation,” Grail of Science, no. 16, pp. 160–162, Jul. 2022.
doi: 10.36074/grail-of-science.17.06.2022.027.
Despite the widespread raw material base of St. John’s wort in nature, there is an urgent need to cultivate it [4,5]. In this regard, there is already some experience in growing crops and developed the basic elements of cultivation technology.
H. Sher, F. Hussain, and H. Sher, “Ex-Situ Management Study of Some High Value Medicinal Plant Species in Swat, Pakistan,” 2010.
doi: 10.17348/era.8.0.17-24.
An ex-situ experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of six medicinal species (Aconitum laeve Royle, Bunium persicum B. Fedtsch., Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, Delphinium roylei Munz and Hypericum perforatum L.) from upper Swat, Pakistan. Experiments were conducted at four different locations in the upper Swat valley at altitudes ranging from 1200 to 1900 m.a.s.l. The objectives were; 1) to determine the suitability of ex-situ cultivation of different medicinal species, and; 2) to assess the economic feasibility of growing medicinal plants in the area. A highest mean survival of 80.7% across all locations was observed for H. perforatum followed by 58.7% for B. persicum. The remaining four species exhibited very poor survival rates, although D. roylei, did show encouraging signs of growth and flowered, before experiencing high mortality rates late in the trial. Altitude generally seemed to enhance the degree of sprouting for all species except H. perforatum. However, the productive yield of H. perforatum was certainly not reduced, but rather slightly enhanced in the higher altitude sites. Overall, cultivation of only two of the investigated species, B. persicum and H. perforatum, appeared successful and potentially economically viable under farmland conditions at upper Swat.
G. Simonetti et al., “In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Extracts Obtained from Hypericum Perforatum Adventitious Roots Cultured in a Mist Bioreactor against Planktonic Cells and Biofilm of Malassezia Furfur,” Natural Product Research, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 544–550, Mar. 2016.
doi: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1028059.
Xanthone-rich extracts from Hypericum perforatum root cultures grown in a Mist Bioreactor as antifungal agents against Malassezia furfur.Extracts of Hypericum perforatum roots grown in a bioreactor showed activity against planktonic cells and biofilm of Malassezia furfur. Dried biomass, obtained from roots grown under controlled conditions in a ROOTec mist bioreactor, has been extracted with solvents of increasing polarity (i.e. chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol). The methanolic fraction was the richest in xanthones (2.86 ± 0.43 mg g− 1 DW) as revealed by HPLC. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the methanol extract against M. furfur planktonic cells was 16 μg mL− 1. The inhibition percentage of biofilm formation, at a concentration of 16 μg mL− 1, ranged from 14% to 39%. The results show that H. perforatum root extracts could be used as new antifungal agents in the treatment of Malassezia infections.
A. A. Šmelcerović, S. M. Đorđević, B. T. Gudžić, and Ž. D. Lepojević, “Identification and Determination of Hypericine in the Extracts of the Amber - Hypericum Perforatum L. Ssp Angustifolium,” Hemijska industrija, vol. 54, no. 7-8, pp. 327–329, 2000.https://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?artid=0367-598X0008327S.
The extraction of plant species Hypericum perforatum L. ssp. angustifolium (amber) was carried out by the following methods: maceration, ultrasonic maceration and extraction with CO2 under high pressure. The highest yields of dry extract were achieved by the ultrasonic maceration method (23.3%) and the conventional maceration method (22.9%). Freytag’s HPLC method was used to determine the hypericine content in methanol ultrasonic macerate (0.039%) and in methanol macerate (0.036%). In the extracts obtained by extraction by CO2 under high pressure no traces of hypericine were found. The results obtained indicate that the most convenient method for the extraction of hypericine is ultrasonic maceration with methanol as the extraction agent.
A. G. de Souza, C. V. T. do Amarante, F. C. Deschamps, and P. R. Ernani, “Liming and Phosphate Fertilization Promote Initial Growth and Hipericin Production in St. John’s Wort,” Horticultura Brasileira, vol. 24, pp. 421–425, Dec. 2006.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-05362006000400005.
A erva-de-São-João é uma planta medicinal empregada no tratamento antidepressivo. A hipericina é considerada um dos compostos que contribui para o efeito medicinal da planta. Uma vez que a concentração e a quantidade do princípio ativo pode ser afetada pela nutrição das plantas, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do pH do solo e da adubação fosfatada sobre o crescimento inicial e a produção de hipericina em erva-de-São-João. O experimento foi realizado em Lages, SC, de julho a dezembro de 2003, em casa de vegetação. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (fatorial 4 x 3), correspondendo a quatro valores de pH (4,1; 5,5; 6,0 e 6,5) e três doses de P (0, 50 e 100 mg kg-1 de solo), com quatro repetições. Foram cultivadas duas plantas por vaso, em um Cambissolo Húmico Álico. Avaliou-se a produção de massa seca, a altura e o número de ramificações da parte aérea, o número de glândulas escuras nas folhas e a concentração e a quantidade total de hipericina na parte aérea. A produção de massa seca da parte aérea aumentou com a adição de P e, em maior magnitude, com a calagem. A altura das plantas somente foi influenciada pela calagem. O número de ramificações e de glândulas escuras e a concentração de hipericina aumentaram com a aplicação de P apenas na ausência de calagem, e com a calagem na ausência de P. Os maiores conteúdos de hipericina por vaso foram verificados nos tratamentos com pH 6,0 e 6,5 e doses de P de 50 e 100 mg kg-1 de solo.
Y. Soysal and S. Öztekin, “PH—Postharvest Technology: Technical and Economic Performance of a Tray Dryer for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,” Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 73–79, May 2001.
doi: 10.1006/jaer.2000.0668.
This research considers engineering design, operation, functional performance and economic analysis of a heated-air tray dryer designed for medicinal and aromatic plants. In investigating the performance of the dryer, six drying tests with varying loading density were conducted with Mentha piperita and Hypericum perforatum. The drying process which reduced the product moisture contents from 59 to 80% (w.b.) to moisture content below 15% (w.b.) took 6–9 h depending on the material being dried and loading density. To obtain the high-quality dried products in terms of flavour and colour, the temperature of the drying air was controlled at 46±4°C during drying experiments. This dryer can be successfully used to dry 145 kg of M. piperita and 120 kg of H. perforatum in each drying batch. The specific heat energy consumption of the dryer for M. piperita and H. perforatum were determined as 4840 and 7694 kJ kg-1[water], respectively, when the dryer was operated at maximum capacity. The payback period of the dryer is estimated to be less than 2·0 months for M. piperita drying and less than 0·5 months for H. perforatum drying.
H. Tanko, D. J. Carrier, L. Duan, and E. Clausen, “Pre- and Post-Harvest Processing of Medicinal Plants,” Plant Genetic Resources, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 304–313, Aug. 2005.
doi: 10.1079/PGR200569.
Herbal medicine is used worldwide either as a sole treatment method or as part of a comprehensive treatment plan alongside orthodox methods of diagnosis and treatment. A survey reported that, in the USA, nearly one-sixth of women took at least one herbal product in 2000. Despite their widespread use, numerous reports show that the herbal products available to consumers are of variable quality. This disparity in quality of herbal preparations can be attributed to the fact that their production is complicated. To produce high-quality herbal products, attention must be paid to, among others, phytochemical variations due to plant breed, organ specificity, stages of growth, cultivation parameters, contamination by microbial and chemical agents, substitution, adulteration with synthetic drugs, heavy metal contamination, storage and extraction. This review focuses on organ specificity, seasonal variations, the effect of drying and storage, and the extraction of phytochemical constituents. Special emphasis is placed on the four most frequently used herbal products in the USA: echinacea, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng and St John’s Wort.
D. Tekel’ová and M. Mrlianová, “[Experimental cultivation of Hypericum perforatum L. in Bratislava],” Ceska a Slovenska farmacie, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 294–298, Nov. 2001.
Experiments in small plots were performed to cultivate Hypericum perforatum L. var. angustifolium DC on light soil and at a sunny location in Bratislava. In the 1st year of vegetation the herb was not harvested. Harvests were made in the 2nd and 3rd years of vegetation and later plants died. In the course of the vegetation year it was possible to carry out three harvests on the rule. The 1st one was made just prior to blooming or at the stage of the onset of blooming, and only the blooming top parts were collected. The yield of the dry tops varied in dependence on the vegetation year, conditions of the location, age of the plants, and the date of the 1st harvest. From the two-years old plants, a whole-year yield of 8.12-14.87 kg. 10 m-2 of dry tops and from the three-years old plants, 8 kg.10 m-2, was obtained. The content of hypericin varied from 0.06 to 0.13%, and 60% ethanol extracted 21.7-27.9% of substances.
D. Tekel’ová, M. Repák, E. Zemková, and J. Tóth, “Quantitative Changes of Dianthrones, Hyperforin and Flavonoids Content in the Flower Ontogenesis of Hypericum Perforatum,” Planta Medica, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 778–780, Dec. 2000.
doi: 10.1055/s-2000-9779.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
E. W. Tisdale, M. Hironaka, and W. L. Pringle, “Observations on the Autecology of Hypericum Perforatum,” Ecology, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 54–62, 1959.
doi: 10.2307/1929922.
S. Trifunović et al., “Oxidation Products of Hyperforin from Hypericum Perforatum,” Phytochemistry, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1305–1310, Nov. 1998.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00903-5.
The isolation of two oxidation products of hyperforin from the aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum and their structure determination by means of 2D NMR methods is reported. The products had the same 1-(2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)-2,12-dioxo-3,10β-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-11β-methyl-11α-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-5-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.04,8]-3-dodecene skeleton. In addition, one of them, with the same number of carbons as hyperforin (C35H52O5), contained a 1-methyl-1-hydroxyethyl group in the 6β-position, whereas the other compound (a hemiacetal, C32H46O5), presumably a degradation product of hyperforin, exhibited a 6-hydroxy function. The latter was an inseparable mixture of 6α- and 6β-hydroxy epimers undergoing (according to phase sensitive NOESY) mutual interconversion.
C. E. Trueblood, T. G. Ranney, N. P. Lynch, J. C. Neal, and R. T. Olsen, “Evaluating Fertility of Triploid Clones of Hypericum Androsaemum L. for Use as Non-Invasive Landscape Plants,” HortScience, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 1026–1028, Jul. 2010.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.45.7.1026.
Although Hypericum androsaemum L. is a valuable landscape plant, the species can be weedy and potentially invasive in certain locations. Infertile, non-invasive cultivars of H. androsaemum with desirable ornamental features would be ecologically beneficial and valuable for the horticultural industry. The male and female fertility of 10 triploid H. androsaemum, developed with a combination of variegation and foliage colors, was investigated under greenhouse (controlled pollination) and field conditions (natural pollination). Male fertility was evaluated based on pollen viability tests (pollen staining and pollen germination). Female fertility was based on fruit set, seed set, germinative capacity of seeds, and number of seedlings produced for each flower. Although values for different measures of fertility varied among triploid clones, pollen germination was significantly reduced for all triploids and nine of the 10 triploids produced no viable seed. These results represent 100% failure of ≈171,000 potential fertilization events based on fertility levels of diploid controls. The remaining triploid clone produced two seedlings per flower compared with 260 seedlings per flower for the controls. However, the seedlings produced by the triploid clone died shortly after germination. This research documented that the triploid H. androsaemum tested are highly infertile with no measurable female fertility. These clones will provide ideal alternatives to fertile forms of H. androsaemum where invasiveness is a concern. These methods also provide a useful protocol for evaluating fertility of other taxa that are selected or developed as non-invasive cultivars of potentially weedy species.
M. Urbanova, M. Skyba, V. K. Toteva, K. Danova, and E. Cellarova, Comparison of Some Physiological Markers Prior to and Post Vitrification in Hypericum Perforatum L. MTT, 2008.https://jukuri.luke.fi/handle/10024/473476.
The aim of this work is to present the differences between survival rate of Hypericum perforatum L. shoot tips cryoprotected with PVS2 or PVS3 and to compare some physiological patterns prior to and post vitrification procedure. H. perforatum shoot tips pretreated either with 0.076ìM abscisic acid (ABA) for 10 days or 0.3M sucrose for 16 hours were cryoprotected with two different cryoprotective solutions, PVS2 (10% v/v glycerol, 20% w/v sucrose, 10% v/v DMSO) or PVS3 (50% w/v sucrose, 50% v/v glycerol). Survival rate was determined 7 weeks after thawing. As Table 1 shows we have observed 1.47 to 8.6 times higher survival rates (except for the genotypes 40/7/3 and 42/7/3) using PVS3 after ABA pretreatment, whereas in case of sucrose pretreatment survival rate of most genotypes exposed to the same cryoprotection procedure decreased (except for 29/7/5 and 34/7/1, respectively). Recovered plants were subjected to assessment of some physiological markers. Conductivity, H2O2 and MDA content were determined in recovered samples and their control plants (up to 100 mg FW). Our preliminary results indicate that at least one of the parameters studied exceeded level of control values (prior to cryopreservation) after recovery of cryopreserved samples (Figure 2) with an exception of one sample. Possible effect of these findings will be presented and discussed.
J. Vacek, B. Klejdus, and V. Kubán, “[Hypericin and hyperforin: bioactive components of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum). Their isolation, analysis and study of physiological effect],” Ceska a Slovenska farmacie, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 62–66, Apr. 2007.
St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) is commonly accepted as a medicinal plant. The data on the physiological activities of the individual substances that are produced in different organs of H. perforatum are well known at present. The highest attention is focused on the characterization and phytochemical properties of hypericin and hyperforin. These organic compounds are used as antidepressant, anticarcinogenic (photodynamic), antimicrobial and virostatic agents. The review paper surveys the present knowledge of chemical and analytical methods for their identification and quantification, physiological activity, and pharmacological and biomedical applications of hypericin and hyperforin.
V. Vajs et al., “Further Degradation Product of Hyperforin from Hypericum Perforatum (St. John’s Wort),” Fitoterapia, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 439–444, Jul. 2003.
doi: 10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00114-X.
Repeated examination of the aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum yielded a new degradation product of hyperforin (1) namely deoxyfurohyperforin A (2), together with the previously identified furohyperforin (3), furoadhyperforin (4), furohyperforin A (5a and 5b), pyrano[7,28-b]hyperforin (6) and 3-methyl-4,6-di(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2-(2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)-3-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-cyclohexanone (7). The antimicrobial activity of the compounds 3, 5a and 5b, 6 and 7 was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.
K. Varbanova and D. Dimitrova, “Growth and Development of Wild Medicinal Species at Cultivation,” Plant Science (Bulgaria), 2009.
The wild species Melissa officinalis and Hypericum perforatum, collected in the expedition are propagated by in vitro and traditional methods. Some morphological and biological traits of plants, cultivated in field and compared according to the two methods of propagation dre ivestigated. It has been found that regenerants from in vitro propagated Melissa officinalis have faster development rate than the traditionally cultivated plants. For Hypericum perforatum no such difference has been observed. Both methods are appropriate for its cultivation.
P. R. Venskutonis and E. Bagdonaite, “Comparative Study on Essential Oil Composition of Different Accessions of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.),” Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 442–452, Jan. 2011.
doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2011.10643599.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of the essential oil of the aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum and to assess the differences among various field accessions. For this purpose essential oils from the aerial parts of H. perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) collected in Lithuania was extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In total 95 components were identified in the essential oil of H. perforatum, representing 75 – 96 % of the oil. Remarkable quantitative and qualitative differences were determined among the analyzed H. perforatum accessions. Comparatively low contents of monoterpenes and high contents of sesquiterpenes were characteristic to the oils. The oxygen containing monoterpene fraction represented 1.1 – 9.1 % of the total oil, with linalool (0.7 – 4.1 %) as the main component. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (25.3 – 38.4 %) prevailed in the sesquiterpenes fraction; caryophyllene oxide (5.4 – 18.7 %) and spathulenol (1.2 – 12.2 %) were major constituents in the most of the accessions. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons represented 2.4 -7.2 % of the total oil, with cadalene (0.4 – 4.3 %) as the main component. Significant differences were found in the composition of oils of H. perforatum wild accessions and cultivar ‘Zolotodolinskaja’. The main conclusion is that the essential oils of H. perforatum showed remarkable differences in chemical composition which depends on the plant habitat.
V. Verma et al., “Phenolic Constituents and Genetic Profile of Hypericum Perforatum L. from India,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 201–206, Mar. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2007.09.003.
The content of hypericins (hypericin and pseudohypericin), hyperforin, and flavonoids (rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, and quercetin) and genetic profiles of eight accessions of Hypericum perforatum L., collected from different locations in India, have been determined. The secondary metabolite content was determined using a highly selective LC/MS/MS method. Pearson and Spearman’s correlation coefficient were used to investigate the relationships between the secondary metabolites and a significant positive correlation was found between hypericin and pseudohypericin contents. Genetic profiling was undertaken using the random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and single sequence repeat (SSR) methods. Among the 49 random primers used for the initial screening, only nine yielded polymorphic RAPD profiles. The SSR analysis shows that seven out of the 11 primers were polymorphic. There exists only a partial correlation between the chemical content and genetic profiling data among the accessions under study.
M. Vilà, A. Gómez, and J. L. Maron, “Are Alien Plants More Competitive than Their Native Conspecifics? A Test Using Hypericum Perforatum L.,” Oecologia, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 211–215, Oct. 2003.
doi: 10.1007/s00442-003-1342-0.
The evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis predicts that introduced plants that are long liberated from their natural enemies may lose costly herbivore defense, enabling them to reallocate resources previously spent on defense to traits that increase competitive superiority. We tested this prediction by comparing the competitive ability of native St John’s wort ( Hypericum perforatum) from Europe with introduced St John’s wort from central North America where plants have long grown free of specialist herbivores, and introduced plants from western North America where plants have been subjected to over 57 years of biological control. Plants were grown in a greenhouse with and without competition with Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum). St John’s wort from the introduced range were not better interspecific competitors than plants from the native range. The magnitude of the effect of ryegrass on St John’s wort was similar for introduced and native genotypes. Furthermore, introduced plants were not uniformly larger than natives; rather, within each region of origin there was a high variability in size between populations. Competition with ryegrass reduced the growth of St John’s wort by >90%. In contrast, St John’s wort reduced ryegrass growth <10%. These results do not support the contention that plants from the introduced range evolve greater competitive ability in the absence of natural enemies.
B. Vinterhalter, S. Ninković, A. Cingel, and D. Vinterhalter, “Shoot and Root Culture of Hypericum Perforatum L. Transformed with Agrobacterium Rhizogenes A4M70GUS,” Biologia Plantarum, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 767–770, Dec. 2006.
doi: 10.1007/s10535-006-0127-9.
Hairy root cultures of Hypericum perforatum were obtained following inoculation of aseptically germinated seedlings with A. rhizogenes strain A4M70GUS. Effect of sucrose on the growth and biomass production of hairy root cultures was investigated. Hairy root cultures spontaneously regenerated shoots buds from which a number of shoot culture clones was established. Transformed shoot cultures exhibited good shoot multiplication, elongation and rooting on a hormone-free woody plant medium. Plants regenerated from hairy roots were similar in appearance to the normal, nontransformed plants.
E. Volkova, “The Total Content of Polyphenols in Dry Extracts from Different Parts of Hypericum Perforatum L.,” 2020.
doi: 10/12144.
Introduction. Hypericum perforatum L. belonging to the family Hypericaceae is a reputed medicinal plant including a wide range of important phytochemical components. The major components are: chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin, pseudohypericin, hypericin and hyperforin. Crude extract and individual compounds of H. perforatum have been reported to exert antidepressant, antibiotic, and antitumor activities. Getting of dry extracts is beneficial in terms of rational use of plant products, because the extraction yield of biologically active compounds is maximum, which also determines their high therapeutic properties. Aim of the study. Quantitative determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids in dry extracts from aerial parts, flowers and seeds of H. perforatum L. Materials and methods. The aerial parts, flowers and seeds of H. perforatum L. have been collected from the spontaneous flora and shade-dried. The dry extracts have been obtained through fractional maceration method. It was used as solvent ethanol 80%. The concetration of the extracts was done with the rotative evaporator Laborota 4011. Quantitative analysis of the phenolic compounds was realized using the Metertech UV/VIS SP 8001 Spectrophotometer. Results. The total of flavonoids and polyphenols in the dry extracts from flowers (57,10 and 105,04 mg/ml) is higher than in the aerial parts (38,24 and 42,63 mg/ml) and the seeds (14,04 and 32,39 mg/ml). The total polyphenol content was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The concentration of flavonoids and polyphenols was calculated from a standard curve plotted with known concentration of rutin and gallic acid. Conclusions. There is a need for further chemical study of plant materials Hyperici flores and Hyperici semina, therefore, these parts of the plant can be used as future vegetal products.
S. J. P. Waters and C. D. Pigott, “Mineral Nutrition and Calcifuge Behaviour in Hypericum,” Journal of Ecology, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 179–187, 1971.
doi: 10.2307/2258460.
Three glasshouse experiments were carried out to investigate the calcifuge behaviour of Hypericum humifusum and H. pulchrum, by comparing their growth with that of the lime-tolerant H. perforatum on two acid and two highly calcareous soils. Additions to the soil of phosphate, chelated iron, nitrate, potassium and manganese were made. All treatments were combined factorially. Addition of phosphate alone produced large increases of dry matter yield in all species on the acid soils and in H. perforatum on the calcareous soils, but produced a rather small increase in growth of H. pulchrum and no increase in growth of H. humifusum on the calcareous soils. Addition of chelated iron alone produced large growth increases in H. pulchrum and in H. humifusum on the calcareous soils, accompanied by relief of lime-induced chlorosis and, in H. humifusum, promotion of flowering. Phosphate and chelated iron added in combination showed a strong positive interaction in promoting growth and flowering in H. humifusum on one of the calcareous soils. A preliminary outdoor experiment indicated clearly that additional factors must be considered in natural environments.
P. Weyerstahl, U. Splittgerber, H. Marschall, and V. K. Kaul, “Constituents of the Leaf Essential Oil of Hypericum Perforatum L. from India,” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 365–370, 1995.
doi: 10.1002/ffj.2730100606.
The essential oil of Hypericum perforatum L. of North Indian origin consists of 74% of monoterpene hydrocarbons, 7% of oxygenated monoterpenes, 10% of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and only 1.5% of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Ishwarane and α-cuprenene were isolated (besides some well-known monoterpene acetates and other sesquiterpenes) from the high boiling fraction of the oil. The low boiling fraction contained 5- and 6-methylheptan-2,4-dione as trace consistuents, while from the residue two new dimethylchromene derivatives 7-sec-butyl- and 7-isobutyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H,5H-pyrano[4,3-b]pyran-5-one were isolated.
N. Więckowska, “Badania nad dynamiką akumulacji flawonoidów w kulturach in vitro trzech odmian hodowlanych Hypericum perforatum – Elixir, Helos i Topas,” Jul. 2018.https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/225454.
A. J. Willis, J. E. Ash, and R. H. Groves, “The Effects of Herbivory by a Mite, Aculus Hyperici, and Nutrient Deficiency on Growth in Hypericum Species,” Australian Journal of Botany, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 305–316, 1995.
doi: 10.1071/bt9950305.
The combined effects of herbivory by a mite, Aculus hyperici Liro, and a deficiency of nutrients on plant growth were measured for Hypericum perforatum L. and H. gramineum J.Forst. grown in a glasshouse. The results are discussed in relation to the biological control of H. perforatum, an introduced weed in southern Australia, relative to growth of its indigenous congener, H. gramineum. Growth of both species was reduced when infested with the mite, although the growth of H. perforatum was reduced by more than that of H. gramineum. Nutrient deficiencies also reduced growth of both species, especially of roots. Imposition of nutrient deficiency on mite-infested plants caused multiplicative reductions in plant growth equivalent to the product of the proportional reductions caused by either herbivory or nutrient deficiency alone.
A. J. Willis, R. H. Groves, and J. E. Ash, “Seed Ecology of Hypericum Gramineum, an Australian Forb,” Australian Journal of Botany, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1009–1022, 1997.
doi: 10.1071/bt96074.
Aspects of the seed ecology of Hypericum gramineum Forster, a perennial forb that is native to Australia, were examined in several germination and seed predation experiments. Fresh seeds were innately dormant. Highest germination of non-dormant seeds occurred in the light at a temperature regime of approximately 35/25˚C. The results of field experiments indicated that there was no strongly seasonal effect on germination. Predators, such as ants, removed < 20% seeds, thereby suggesting that post-dispersal seed predation is relatively unimportant in the dynamics of H. gramineum populations. Seeds that escape predation and that fail to germinate after dispersal may be incorporated into a persistent soil seed bank.
Y. Xu, F. Li, and Z. Wang, “Studies on tissue culture and plantlet regeneration of common St. Johnŝwort (Hypericum perforatum,” Zhong cao yao = Chinese traditional and herbal drugs, vol. 30, no. 2. pp. 132–134, Jan-1999.
Tissue culturing of Hypericum perforatum L. from plumular axis and cotyledon explants were studied for the first time in our country. Regenerated individual plantlet could be obtained through callus or explants directly, and some of them could be transplanted successfully. On MS medium supplemented with BA and 2,4-D, the callus was easy to induce and propagated rapidly. Hypericin was possibly present in the callus by initial tests. The regenerated individual plantlets were easy to obtained and its propagate coefficient was high.
X.-K. Yu, X.-C. Piao, Y. Dai, T.-J. Li, and M.-L. Lian, “[Preliminary study on cultivation of adventitious roots of Hypericum perforatum in bioreactors],” Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, vol. 37, no. 24, pp. 3808–3811, Dec. 2012.
ObjectiveTo cultivate adventitious roots of Hypericum perforatum in bioreactors, in order to seek for suitable conditions for adventitious growth.MethodThe effect of IBA concentration, sugar type and concentration, inoculum volume and air volume of adventitious roots on the cultivation of adventitious roots of H. perforatum was observed in a 5 L air-lift bioreactor.ResultAdventitious roots of H. perforatum were cultivated in a MS culture dish. With the increase of IBA concentration, the propagation coefficient of adventitious roots of H. perforatum was on the rise. The IBA concentration ranging between 1.25-1.75 mg x L(-1) was suitable for the growth of adventitious roots. Adventitious roots grew best with sucrose in MS medium, with the propagation coefficient up to 22.15. When sucrose concentration was 30 g x L(-1), fresh weight, dry weight and propagation coefficient reached the maximum value. An adventitious root reactor with an inoculum volume of 20 g was favorable for the growth of adventitious roots. The air volume of reactors of 0.075 vvm (air volume/culture volume per minute) was favorable for the growth of adventitious roots, with the significant increase in the propagation coefficient of adventitious roots. In the amplification experiment, we found that the cultivation conditions of adventitious roots in a 5 L bioreactor was completely applicable to that in 10 and 20 L bioreactors, and adventitious roots grew well in a large bioreactor.ConclusionIBA concentration, sugar type and concentration, inoculum volume and air volume had a significant effect on the growth of adventitious roots.
Z. Zandavifard and M. Azizi, “Effect of Different Drying Methods on Drying Time and Hypericin Content in St John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L.),” in 3rd National Congress on Medicinal Plants, 2014.http://profdoc.um.ac.ir/paper-abstract-1042604.html.
جستجو در مقالات دانشگاهی و کتب استادان دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
S. M. A. Zobayed, S. J. Murch, H. P. V. Rupasinghe, and P. K. Saxena, “In Vitro Production and Chemical Characterization of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum L. Cv ‘New Stem’),” Plant Science, vol. 166, no. 2, pp. 333–340, Feb. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.10.005.
Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) is a traditional medicinal plant that has been used for the treatment of neurological disorders and depression. To investigate a large-scale in vitro growth system for St. John’s wort cv ‘New Stem’, six different culture systems, balloon type bubble bioreactor, temporary immersion bioreactor, temporary root zone immersion bioreactor, Erlenmeyer flask, large vessel with gelled medium under forced ventilation (LFV system), and Magenta vessel, were compared with greenhouse-grown plants for biomass production efficiency and accumulation of the selected bioactive molecules, hypericin, pseudohypericin, and hyperforin. After 25 days in culture, significantly more plant fresh mass was observed in a balloon type bubble (BB) bioreactor system than in other in vitro culture systems or in the greenhouse system. Plant dry mass was at a similar level in BB bioreactor, LFV system, and greenhouse. Chlorophylls a and b were highest in the leaves of plantlets grown in either large vessels with forced ventilation or temporary root zone immersion bioreactors. In general, levels of hypericin, pseudohypericin and hyperforin of the plantlets grown in the LFV system and levels of hypericin and pseudohypericin in the Magenta vessel were greater or similar to those in greenhouse-grown plants. Gelled medium (LFV system and Magenta vessel) had higher concentrations of hypericin and pseudohypericin than those grown in liquid medium. Together these results show that St. John’s wort can be efficiently produced in a variety of in vitro culture systems for aseptic production of bioactive compounds.
