D. A. Abdullaeva and K. S. Safarov, “Features of Reproduction Rare and Endangered Species of Lagochilus Proskorjakovii Ikramov in Culture in Vitro,” vol. 5, no. 9, 2013.
The features of micro propagation herb Lagohilus proskorjakovii Ikramov - rare endemic of Nuratau mountain. The conditions for the introduction of rare and endangered plant species L. proskorjakovii sterile in vitro culture: the method of sterilization, type of primary explants, saline environments and hormonal preparations. We investigated a number of culture media for culturing to determine the most optimal to maintain the culture. It is shown that only when the sterilization of seeds L. proskorjakovii in solutions of AgNO3 0.1% (15 min.) And 70% ethanol (1 min.) Remained viable in culture conditions. The optimal concentration of auxin in combination with cytokines in the multiplication phase. The conditions for rooting induction in culture in vitro.
P. H. Addy, “Chapter 68 - Behavioral and Psychological Effects of Salvia Divinorum: A Focus on Self-Reported Subjective Acute Behavioral Effects and Laboratory Studies,” in Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, V. R. Preedy, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 2016, pp. 733–738.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800212-4.00068-6.
Salvia divinorum is a plant used as a recreational hallucinogen that is legally available in many states and countries. Salvia divinorum is not a popular substance of abuse, is rarely used frequently or regularly, and is used primarily out of curiosity, for interest in altered states of consciousness and for spiritual purposes. Smoking commercially available Salvia divinorum produces rapid onset and short duration of intense subjective effects (5–15min), with few effects lasting more than 24h after use. Preliminary evidence suggests that acute inhalation may lead to transient and reversible verbal learning memory deficits, but does not affect verbal working memory. Research subjects do not report euphoria or craving to use, and do not seek out Salvia divinorum, subsequent to experimental exposure. Large surveys have found little or no associations between Salvia divinorum use and adverse events, although Salvia divinorum use is correlated with use of other recreational substances, particularly hallucinogens and cannabis.
P. H. Addy, A. Garcia-Romeu, M. Metzger, and J. Wade, “The Subjective Experience of Acute, Experimentally-Induced Salvia Divinorum Inebriation,” Journal of Psychopharmacology, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 426–435, Apr. 2015.
doi: 10.1177/0269881115570081.
This study examined the overall psychological effects of inebriation facilitated by the naturally-occurring plant hallucinogen Salvia divinorum using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Thirty healthy individuals self-administered Salvia divinorum via combustion and inhalation in a quiet, comfortable research setting. Experimental sessions, post-session interviews, and 8-week follow-up meetings were audio recorded and transcribed to provide the primary qualitative material analyzed here. Additionally, post-session responses to the Hallucinogen Rating Scale provided a quantitative groundwork for mixed-methods discussion. Qualitative data underwent thematic content analysis, being coded independently by three researchers before being collaboratively integrated to provide the final results. Three main themes and 10 subthemes of acute intoxication emerged, encompassing the qualities of the experience, perceptual alterations, and cognitive-affective shifts. The experience was described as having rapid onset and being intense and unique. Participants reported marked changes in auditory, visual, and interoceptive sensory input; losing normal awareness of themselves and their surroundings; and an assortment of delusional phenomena. Additionally, the abuse potential of Salvia divinorum was examined post hoc. These findings are discussed in light of previous research, and provide an initial framework for greater understanding of the subjective effects of Salvia divinorum, an emerging drug of abuse.
K. Aghaei, A. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. Mousavi, H. N. Badi, and A. Mehnatkesh, “Effects of Foliar Spraying of L-Phenylalanine and Application of Bio-Fertilizers on Growth, Yield, and Essential Oil of Hyssop [Hyssopus Officinalis l. Subsp. Angustifolius (Bieb.)],” Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, vol. 21, p. 101318, Sep. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101318.
In order to improve growth and yield of medicinal and aromatic plants, the application of natural substances has been increased in recent years. In this study, the effects of different fertilizers under the foliar spray of l-phenylalanine on growth and physiological characteristics and essential oil content of hyssop [Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. Angustifolius (Bieb.)], as one important medicinal and aromatic plants, at field condition in southwestern Iran were investigated in a 2-year study (2016 and 2017). Experimental treatments were including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, chemical (N.P.K), manure, and vermicompost fertilizers with the control in the main plots and as well as three levels of the foliar application of l-phenylalanine in sub plots. Results indicated that the application of organic/biological fertilizers along with l-phenylalanine spraying have beneficial and effective role in improving the growth characteristics, shoot performance, photosynthetic pigments, and active substances of hyssop. Hence, l-phenylalanine spraying effects on improving arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis and the application of manure and vermicompost can be a promising strategy in achieving organic production of medicinal plants such as hyssop.
V. K. Agnihotri, H. N. ElSohly, T. J. Smillie, I. A. Khan, and L. A. Walker, “Constituents of Leonotis Leonurus Flowering Tops,” Phytochemistry Letters, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 103–105, Aug. 2009.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2009.02.001.
Phytochemical investigation of flowering tops of Leonotis leonurus, yielded a new diterpene ester, 1,2,3-trihydroxy-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecan-1-yl-palmitate along with five known metabolites. The structures of all compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods including 1D- and 2D NMR spectroscopy. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for antimalarial, cytotoxicity and for antimicrobial activities. Antimalarial activity for luteolin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (4) (IC50=2.2μg/mL for the D6 clone and 1.8μg/mL for the W2 clone) was observed. Chloroquine and artemisinin were used as positive controls which showed IC50 of 0.016 and 0.0048μg/mL for the D6 clone, respectively, and IC50 of 0.14 and 0.0047μg/mL for the W2 clone, respectively. None of the compounds were cytotoxic to Vero cells up to a concentration of 4.76μg/mL.
A. K. .Islamov, A. S. Turaev, I. R. Askarov, M. M. Mominjonov, and D. S. Tojiboeva, “Preparation of Supramolecular Complexes of Monoizopropyliden Lagoxyline with Gk, Gkmat and Gkmkt.,” MODELS AND METHODS FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH, vol. 2, no. 17, pp. 181–185, Nov. 2022.http://interonconf.org/index.php/ger/article/view/198.
In this thesis, diterpenoid lagochilin (LG) was isolated from Lagochilus inebrians plant according to the method known in the literature, and its monoizopropylidene (MIPL) derivative was synthesized on the basis of lagochilin. It is reported that supramolecular complexes of monoizopropylidene lagoxylin were obtained for the first time with glycyrrhizic acid (GK) and glycyrrhizic acid monoammonium (GKMAT), glycyrrhizic acid monopotassium (GKMKT) salts isolated from the dark extract of the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and their physicochemical properties and spectral properties were studied. .
A. Akhmedov, I. Rog, A. Bachar, H. Shomurodov, M. Nasirov, and T. Klein, “Higher Risk for Six Endemic and Endangered Lagochilus Species in Central Asia under Drying Climate,” Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, vol. 48, p. 125586, Feb. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2020.125586.
The high-mountain ecosystems of Central Asia are a biodiversity hotspot with unique plant communities and many endemic species. Intense human pressure and global warming have caused habitat destruction in these areas and a parallel increase in the number of endangered species. Lagochilus species are key medicinal herbaceous plants native to Central Asia, many of which have been recently added to the endangered of species in Uzbekistan. To assess the climate sensitivity of Lagochilus species, we (1) located populations of six species in their native sites across Uzbekistan, and assessed their health by partitioning to ontogenetic stages along five consecutive years; (2) collected plant materials from these species, as well as from old herbarium samples (1918–1964); and (3) analyzed the carbon-13 composition in those samples, as an indicator for drouht stress. Over the course of five years (2014–2018) of continuous monitoring, fluctuations in annual precipitation in the region indicated a decrease by ∼20 %, and the fraction of young plants in each population decreased from 20–50% to 0–5 %, depending on the species. Comparing the carbon-13 composition in current and historical leaf samples showed an increase of 1.5–3.5‰ associated with a decrease in precipitation of 2–30 %, depending on the site and species. Our results show the high sensitivity of Lagochilus populations’ regeneration to drying, among six species and in sites across Uzbekistan. On a multi-decadal temporal scale, the dramatic changes in carbon-13 indicate that the response to precipitation reduction is related with drought stress. Considering the expectation for drier and hotter climate in Uzbekistan in the coming decades, conservation of Lagochilus populations should become a priority in Central Asia.
A study of the ontogeny of L. inebrians of a semi-shrub life form showed that under the conditions of Uzbekistan, the life expectancy of L. inebrians individuals is at least 25 years. As a rule, the ontogeny of individuals is incomplete; they often do not survive to the post-generative period. In the old generative state, complete particulation of individuals occurs, and a compact clone is formed. Self-maintenance of cenopopulations occurs only by seed. Comparison of the ontogenetic structure of cenopopulations of L. inebrians in different ecological and phytocenotic habitat conditions showed that the spectrum of all cenopopulations is centered with a peak at middle-aged generative individuals. The density ranged from 0.7 to 2.6 individuals per square meter. Assessment of age (ÿ) and efficiency (ÿ) of cenopopulations showed that most cenopopulations are mature. The cenopopulation, located along the sides of the river, the bank of which is annually washed away by spring mudflows, approaches the aging one, the ripening one was found in the eremuros wormwood community, where favorable conditions are created for seed renewal and survival of undergrowth. An assessment of cenopopulations by a complex of organismal (and population traits) showed that the organismal and population optimums do not coincide: individuals are most developed in anthropogenically disturbed habitats, however, population indicators in such cenopopulations are low. The most stable existence of coenotic populations was noted with average values of population and organismal traits.
D. \relax K. Akramov et al., “Chemical Composition and Anticholinesterase Activity of Lagochilus Inebrians,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 575–577, May 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s10600-019-02748-x.
D. K. Akramov et al., “Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Lagochilus Species from Uzbekistan,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 154, p. 112715, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112715.
The species of the genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae) are widespread in Central, South-Central, and Eastern Asia. Some of these species are used for their medicinal and therapeutic effects, in particular as hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and anti-epileptic agents. A new iridoid, glucoside 7- cinnamoyllamalbide, along with known compounds lagochilin, 5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone, daucosterol, β-sitosterol, 8-acetylharpagide were isolated from L. gypsaceus. The high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was used to determine the chemical fingerprints of 7 different Lagochilus species (L. acutilobus, L. gypsaceus, L. inebrians, L. olgae, L. proskorjakovii, L. setulosus, L. vvedenskyi). Among the tested species, lagochilin content was highest in the endemic species L. inebrians collected from the Djizzakh region of Uzbekistan. In free radical scavenging and reducing power assays, L. inebrans and L. vvedenskyi exhibited the strongest abilities. Regarding cholinesterases, amylase and glucosidase inhibition abilities of the tested samples, 5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone was the most active compound.
J. R. G. da S. Almeida, J. de M. Barbosa, N. B. Cavalcante, and D. M. Delange, “A Review of the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Leonotis Nepetifolia (Linn.) R. Br. (Lion’s Ear),” Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales, vol. 23, no. 4, Jul. 2018.http://www.revplantasmedicinales.sld.cu/index.php/pla/article/view/687.
Introduction: For centuries, medicinal plants have been used to treat a variety of diseases. Leonotis nepetifolia (Linn.) R. Br. is a species native to tropical regions of Africa and southern India which is widely used for medicinal purposes. Objective: Review the main publications about L. nepetifolia with a chemical and pharmacological approach, and describe the most relevant papers found in the databases. Methods: Specialized databases were reviewed (LiLacs, PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect and Scopus) using the search terms Leonotis nepetifolia, phytochemistry, biological activity and Lamiaceae. Papers were selected whose titles and abstracts were related to the phytochemical characteristics and biological activity of the species, and their full text was analyzed. Results: Several studies have been conducted of the species L. nepetifolia, verifying its potential use for the treatment of various diseases. In the review, 32 papers were selected which evaluated the biological activity of extracts from the species, and 11 which dealt with the isolation of compounds produced by the secondary metabolism of the plant, showing the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of some of them. Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, anticarcinogenic, analgesic, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, antiplasmodial and anthelmintic activities were the most carefully evaluated, whereas the diterpenes labdane and bis-spirolabdane, flavonoids, fatty acids and esters, iridoids, and phenylethanoid glycosides and coumarins were the most common chemical compounds. Conclusions: The presence of certain chemical substances accounts for the various potential biological applications of the extracts and compounds isolated from L. nepetifolia for the production of new drugs and phytomedicines. Key words: Leonotis nepetifolia, medicinal plant, phytochemical, biological activity.
U. Amico Roxas, G. Iapichino, S. Accardo Palombo, and M. Bertolino, “Suitability of a Native South African Shrub as Pot Plant,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 723, pp. 437–440, Nov. 2006.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.723.62.
S. Angeloni et al., “Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of Crude and Purified Leonurus Cardiaca Extracts,” Plants, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 195, Feb. 2021.
doi: 10.3390/plants10020195.
Leonurus cardiaca L. (Lamiaceae) is a perennial herb distributed in Asia and Southeastern Europe and has been used in traditional medicine since antiquity for its role against cardiac and gynecological disorders. The polar extracts obtained from L. cardiaca aerial parts contain several compounds among which alkaloids, iridoids, labdane diterpenes, and phenylethanoid glycosides play a major role in conferring protection against the aforementioned diseases. On the other hand, the antioxidant activities and the enzyme inhibitory properties of these extracts have not yet been deeply studied. On the above, in the present study, crude and purified extracts were prepared from the aerial parts of L. cardiaca and have been chemically characterized by spectrophotometric assays and HPLC-DAD-MS analyses. Notably, the content of twelve secondary metabolites, namely phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, caffeoylmalic and trans-ferulic acids), flavonoids (rutin and quercetin), phenylethanoid glycosides (verbascoside and lavandulifolioside), guanidine pseudoalkaloids (leonurine), iridoids (harpagide), diterpenes (forskolin), and triterpenes (ursolic acid), has been determined. Furthermore, the extracts were tested for their antioxidant capabilities (phosphomolybdenum, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and ferrous chelating assays) and enzyme inhibitory properties against cholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase, and glucosidase. The purified extracts contained higher phytochemical content than the crude ones, with caffeoylmalic acid and verbascoside as the most abundant compounds. A linear correlation between total phenolics, radical scavenging activity, and reducing power of extracts has been found. Notably, quercetin, caffeic acid, lavandulifolioside, verbascoside, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and ursolic acid influenced the main variations in the bioactivities found in L. cardiaca extracts. Our findings provide further insights into the chemico-biological traits of L. cardiaca and a scientific basis for the development of nutraceuticals and food supplements.
M. A. Ansonoff et al., “Antinociceptive and Hypothermic Effects of Salvinorin A Are Abolished in a Novel Strain of κ-Opioid Receptor-1 Knockout Mice,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 318, no. 2, pp. 641–648, Aug. 2006.
doi: 10.1124/jpet.106.101998.
Salvia divinorum is a natural occurring hallucinogen that is traditionally used by the Mazatec Indians of central Mexico. The diterpene salvinorin A was identified as an active component of S. divinorum over 20 years ago, but only recently has biochemical screening indicated that a molecular target of salvinorin A in vitro is the κ-opioid receptor. We have examined whether salvinorin A, the C2-substituted derivative salvinorinyl-2-propionate, and salvinorin B can act as κ-opioid receptor agonists in vivo. We found that following intracerebroventricular injection over a dose range of 1 to 30 μg of both salvinorin A and salvinorinyl-2-propionate produces antinociception in wild-type mice but not in a novel strain of κ-opioid receptor knockout mice. Moreover, both salvinorin A and salvinorinyl-2-propionate reduce rectal body temperature, similar to conventional κ-opioid receptor agonists, in a genotype-dependent manner. In addition, we determined that salvinorin A has high affinity for κ1- but not κ2-opioid receptors, demonstrating selectivity for this receptor subclass. Finally, treatment over the same dose range with salvinorin B, which is inactive in vitro, produced neither antinociceptive nor hypothermic effects in wild-type mice. These data demonstrate that salvinorin A is the active component of S. divinorum, selective for κ1-opioid receptors, and that salvinorin A and specific structurally related analogs produce behavioral effects that require the κ-opioid receptor.
N. Apana, T. Amom, L. Tikendra, A. M. Potshangbam, A. Dey, and P. Nongdam, “Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Clerodendrum Serratum (L.) Moon Using CBDP, iPBS and SCoT Markers,” Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 25, p. 100349, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2021.100349.
An investigation into the level of genetic diversity and population structure of medicinally important endangered Clerodendrum serratum was conducted for the first time in Manipur, a North-Eastern state of India, using CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP), inter primer binding site (iPBS), and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. The comparative analysis of the three marker systems revealed SCoT to be the most effective among other markers in detecting polymorphism and genotype differentiation. Mantel test revealed a positive correlation between CBDP and iPBS (r = 0.22), SCoT and CBDP (r = 0.48), and iPBS and SCoT (r = 0.62), indicating the effectiveness of each marker system and reliability of using them in conjunction with one another to generate accurate and consistent results. Marker analysis disclosed a moderately high estimate of moderately high gene flow (Nm = 1.133) between the populations which resulted in low genetic differentiation (Gst = 0.310) among populations. Mantel test disclosed a non-significant correlation between the geographic and genetic distances between the 8 different populations of C. serratum. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed the existence of genetic variation (66 %) within the population and the remaining variation (34 %) among the populations. Unweighted pair group arithmetic mean method (UPGMA) dendrograms constructed based on pooled CBDP, iPBS, SCoT marker data produced clusters similar to the pattern generated by the two-dimensional principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Bayesian model STRUCTURE analysis of C. serratum populations based on CBDP, iPBS, and SCoT markers gave three genetic clusters (K = 3), but the pooled marker data generated 5 different genetic groups with high admixture. GENELAND further assigned the 8 populations comprising 97 individual genotypes into two main genetic pools. The genetic information obtained from the present investigation will contribute to offering proper recommendations for the effective management and conservation of endangered C. serratum plants in the region.
J. Appel and D. Kim-Appel, “The Rise of a New Psychoactive Agent: Salvia Divinorum,” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 248–253, Jul. 2007.
doi: 10.1007/s11469-007-9086-4.
Since the 1990s, there has been a rise in the availability and recreational use of a herbal plant called Salvia divinorum. Numerous internet websites have advertised it for sale as a legal herbal alternative to illegal hallucinogens. Initial data surveying use has indicated many young adults are obtaining and using this herb for its psychoactive properties. Reported methods of ingestion for the plant include chewing, and smoking leaves or fortified extracts. Subjective effects of the plant include, affect changes, psychedelic-like changes in perception, and even loss of consciousness. Although the pharmacological properties and possible antidepressant effects have been studied in recent years, little information is known about potential negative impact resulting from recreational use, and scant information about Salvia divinorum currently exists in the psychological and substance abuse literature. While Salvia divinorum appears to be a substance with some therapeutic potential, it also poses some significant dangers as a substance of varying legal status with a potential for abuse.
E. Araque, D. Urbina, M. Morillo, L. Rojas-Fermín, and J. Carmona, “Estudio de la composición química de los aceites esenciales de las hojas y flores de Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. (Lamiaceae).,” Sep. 2018.http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/654321/3822.
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br., es una especie perteneciente a la familia Lamiaceae. Los aceites esenciales de las hojas y flores frescas, fueron aislados por hidrodestilación empleando la trampa de Clevenger con un rendimiento de 0,01 y 0,012 % respectivamente. Su composición química fue determinada por cromatografía de gases–espectrometría de masas (CG-EM). Los componentes mayoritarios en el aceite de las hojas fueron germacreno-D (36,2 %), β-cariofileno (13,8 %) y α-humuleno (9,9 %), mientras que, germacreno-A (16,9 %), germacreno-D (13,7 %) y β-elemeno (13,7 %) son los componentes mayoritarios en las flores. Este sería el primer reporte de la composición del aceite esencial de las flores de esta especie.
N. A. Arikat, F. M. Jawad, N. S. Karam, and R. A. Shibli, “Micropropagation and Accumulation of Essential Oils in Wild Sage (Salvia Fruticosa Mill.),” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 193–202, Mar. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2003.07.006.
A protocol for in vitro propagation of the wild three-lobed sage (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) (Synonym, Salvia triloba L.) was developed. Shoot tips were excised from in vitro seedlings and established on MS, Nitch and Nitch (NN), or B5 medium. For shoot proliferation, in vitro nodal and apical explants were cultured on MS medium containing 0.25–2μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin), or thidiazuron (TDZ). Proliferated microshoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with 2.7–11.4μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), or α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Results indicated that shoots established at 100% regardless of media type, however, shoot height, nodes per shoot, and leaf number were highest for explants established on MS medium compared to NN or B5. Number and height of proliferated shoots, nodes per shoot, and leaf number were highest for nodal explants cultured on a medium containing 0.75μM BA. Microshoots cultured on a medium supplemented with 2.7μM IBA exhibited the highest rooting percentage compared to those cultured with IAA or NAA. Essential oil composition in microshoots and shoots of greenhouse-grown plants was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The major essential oils detected in both plant materials were α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, and borneol. No α-thujone or β-thujone was detected. The content of essential oils, camphor, and borneol were higher in the microshoots than in shoots of greenhouse-grown plants.
L. Ascensão and M. S. Pais, “The Leaf Capitate Trichomes ofLeonotis Leonurus: Histochemistry, Ultrastructure and Secretion,” Annals of Botany, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 263–271, Feb. 1998.
doi: 10.1006/anbo.1997.0550.
The leaf capitate trichomes ofLeonotis leonurus(Lamiaceae) were investigated with scanning and transmission electron microscopy and their secreted material characterized by histochemical reactions. The trichomes, consisting of a four-celled globular head and a stalk of variable length and morphology, were classified into two categories: capitate trichomes of Type I with a short and cylindrical stalk and Type II with a long and conical stalk, supported by a cellular pedestal. According to histochemical tests they secreted, in addition to polysaccharides and proteins, small amounts of essential oils and flavonoids. During the secretory phase, the ultrastructure of the head cells of both trichomes was characterized by a highly developed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and numerous active Golgi stacks, cellular compartments involved in the synthesis and transport of a mucilaginous secretion. Unlike peltate trichomes, the glandular cells of capitate trichomes did not exhibit the typical ultrastructural features of cells actively involved in the secretion of terpenoids. It is suggested that the protein-polysaccharide component of the total secretion reaches the plasma membrane via Golgi-derived vesicles, while lipophilic constituents may be transported directly by ER. After exocytosis, the secretion stored temporarily in the periplasmic space, passes through the wall to accumulate in a small subcuticular space formed by cuticle detachment. In the absence of cuticular rupture, the release of secretion probably occurs through cuticular micropores.
L. Ascensão, N. Marques, and M. S. Pais, “Peltate Glandular Trichomes of Leonotis Leonurus Leaves: Ultrastructure and Histochemical Characterization of Secretions,” International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 158, no. 3, pp. 249–258, May 1997.
doi: 10.1086/297436.
The histochemical characterization of the oleoresin produced by peltate trichomes of Leonotis leonurus revealed terpenoids and flavonoid aglycones. At the onset of secretion, glandular cells were more densely cytoplasmic than the other trichome cells. The lateral stalk wall underwent cutinization, and the cuticle over the glandular cells became thicker. During the active secretory stage, the most striking ultrastructural features of glandular cells were the hypertrophy of the leucoplastidome and the extensive proliferation of ER. The high development of these two cellular compartments was related with the biosynthesis and transport of the secretory product. A granulocrine secretion mechanism may operate alone or concurrently with an eccrine process. In the glandular head, the loosening of the outer wall fibrillar matrix, and the accumulation of secretion in the newly formed interfibrillar spaces led to a secretory cavity development by detachment of the cuticle and the outermost pectic layer of cell wall. Successive accumulation of secretion in the secretory cavity conferred the spherical shape, characteristic of a peltate gland, to the trichome. The interfibrillar spaces, initially small and elongated, enlarged, became roundish, and appeared as vesicles delimited by an electron-dense layer. These vesicle-like structures are interpreted as lipophilic secretion globules in a hydrophilic phase. It is suggested that pectic polysaccharide wall constituents may be the main components of this hydrophilic matrix. The dense layer around the vesicles may represent an interphase between lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds. The secretion seemed to remain trapped in the secretory cavity, since no cuticular disruption was observed.
A. J. Aubin and M. Waite, “U P Lc Ms /Ms Ana Lysis O F Sa Lv Ino Rin a F Rom Salvia Divino Rum.”
K. Avani, P. Harish, and S. Neeta, “Ex Situ Conservation Method for Clerodendrum Inerme: A Medicinal Plant of India,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 415–418, 2006.
doi: 10.4314/ajb.v5i5.
Clerodendrum inerme L. (Verbenaceae), commonly known as vanajai or garden quinine is a perennial shrub. Leaves and roots of the plant are used in rheumatism and skin diseases. In Indian classical literature the plant is also reported as a substitute of quinine. Since root of the plant is used as drug, whole plant has to be destroyed; this has resulted in the depletion of the plant population. Present investigation was taken up to establish a protocol for mass production of better quality plant material, using axillary bud multiplication. The protocol will help in ex situ conservation of the plant. Maximum number of multiplied axillary bud was observed in 16 M 6-benzyladenine (BA) with 3% sucrose. After elongation, regenerated micro-shoots were rooted in MS medium in absence of plant growth regulators (PGR). The rooted plantlets showed 100% field survival. The regenerated plants showed similar phytochemical profile as mother plant when compared.Keywords: Clerodendrum inerme, finger print profile, micropropogation
D. Banisetti and J. S. R. Aluri, “Reproductive Biology of the Hill Glory Bower, Clerodendrum Infortunatum L. (Lamiaceae),” Sep. 2018.
Clerodendrum infortunatum L. is a gregarious woody shrub that flowers during dry season. The flowers are strongly protandrous, herkogamous and dichogamous displaying temporal dioecy. The flowers prevent autonomous autogamy but facilitate geitonogamy and xenogamy which together constitute the facultative xenogamous breeding system. The flowers are visited by diurnal insects, bees, ants, thrips and butterflies of which only papilionid and pierid butterflies are pollinators. The fruit is an indehiscent drupe with fleshy mericarps and each mericarp consists of one seed only. The reddish fruiting calyx exposes the ripe fleshy fruit. The birds such as Acridotheres tristis, Corvus splendens, Corvus macrorhynchos and Turdoides caudatus, and humans feed on the fleshy part of the fruit and disperse seeds. The seeds soon dry up and also disperse by wind easily due to dry conditions during summer season. Therefore, the plant is ornithochorous, anthropochorous and anemochorous. The seeds germinate and produce new plants during wet season. Further, the perennial root stock also re-sprouts at the same time and produces new growth to carry out new reproductive cycle
C. M. Bertea et al., “PCR and PCR–RFLP of the 5S-rRNA-NTS Region and Salvinorin A Analyses for the Rapid and Unequivocal Determination of Salvia Divinorum,” Phytochemistry, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 371–378, Feb. 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.12.006.
Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva-M. is a perennial herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family; its active ingredient, the neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A, is a psychotropic molecule that produces hallucinations. A comparative evaluation of S. divinorum fresh and dried leaves, S. officinalis fresh leaves, and dried powdered leaves claimed to be S. divinorum was done. HPLC–MS data confirmed the presence of salvinorin A in both S. divinorun leaf extracts and the powdered leaves, whereas no salvinorin A was found in S. officinalis. The non-transcribed spacer (NTS) in the 5S-rRNA gene of all leaf samples and the dried powdered leaves was amplified by PCR using a pair of primers located at the 3′ and 5′ ends of the coding sequence of 5S-rRNA gene. The resulting PCR products (about 500bp for S. divinorum and 300bp for S. officinalis) were gel purified, subcloned into pGEM®-T Easy vector and sequenced. By aligning the isolated nucleotide sequences, great diversities were found in the spacer region of the two species. Specific S. divinorum primers were designed on the sequence of the 5S-rRNA gene spacer region. In addition, a PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) method was applied using NdeI and TaqI restriction enzymes. An NdeI site, absent in S. officinalis, was found in S. divinorum NTS region at 428–433bp. For TaqI, multiple sites (161–164, 170–173, and 217–220bp) were found in S. officinalis, whereas a unique site was found in S. divinorum (235–238bp). The results of this work show that the combined use of analytical chemical (HPLC–MS) and molecular (DNA fingerprinting) methods lead to the precise and unequivocal identification of S. divinorum.
E. Bienvenu, G. J. Amabeoku, P. K. Eagles, G. Scott, and E. P. Springfield, “Anticonvulsant Activity of Aqueous Extract of Leonotis Leonurus,” Phytomedicine, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 217–223, Jan. 2002.
doi: 10.1078/0944-7113-00103.
Water extract of Leonotis leonurus was tested for anticonvulsant activity against seizures produced in mice by pentylenetetrazole, picrotoxin, bicuculline and N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid (intraperitoneal injections). L. leonurus extract in the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively protected 37.5% and 50% of animals used and significantly (p < 0.05; Student’s t-test) delayed pentylenetetrazole (90 mg/kg)-induced tonic seizures. Similarly, the same doses of L. leonurusextract significantly (p < 0.05; Student’s t-test) delayed the onset of tonic seizures produced by picrotoxin (8 mg/kg) and N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid (400 mg/kg). However, all the doses of aqueous extract of L leonurus used did not alter the seizures induced by bicuculline (20 mg/kg) to any significant extent. The data suggest that the extract of L. leonurus has anticonvulsant activity and may probably be acting through non-specific mechanisms, since it affects both gabaergic and glutaminergic systems. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and phytochemical tests carried out respectively show a spectrum profile, characteristic of L. leonurus and the presence of alkaloids, saponins and tannins in the extract.
A. K. Bigham, T. A. Munro, M. A. Rizzacasa, and R. M. Robins-Browne, “Divinatorins A−C, New Neoclerodane Diterpenoids from the Controlled Sage Salvia Divinorum,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 1242–1244, Sep. 2003.
doi: 10.1021/np030313i.
Three new neoclerodane diterpenoids, divinatorins A−C (7−9), have been isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum. The compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods as derivatives of the antibiotic (−)-hardwickiic acid (10), which was also isolated, along with four other known terpenoids. Neither the crude extract nor 7−9 displayed antimicrobial activity.
\relax K. M. Bobokulov, M. G. Levkovich, A. \relax K. Islamov, U. N. Zainutdinov, and N. D. Abdullaev, “Quantitative Determination by PMR Spectroscopy of Lagochilin in the Substance and Tablets of the Medicinal Preparation Inebrin,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 149–152, Mar. 2007.
doi: 10.1007/s10600-007-0066-5.
A modified method of additions in PMR spectroscopy was described for quantitative determination of the main active principle in preparations. The effectiveness and reliability of the method was approved for quantitative analysis of the active principle lagochilin in the substance (2.0%) and tablets (0.85%) of the commercial medicinal preparation inebrin.
M. A. Bodnar, V. L. McGuffin, E. Lansing, R. W. Smith, B. Hall, and E. Lansing, “Criminalistics Section – 2010.”
D. Braida et al., “Potential Anxiolytic- and Antidepressant-like Effects of Salvinorin A, the Main Active Ingredient of Salvia Divinorum, in Rodents,” British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 157, no. 5, pp. 844–853, 2009.
doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00230.x.
Background and purpose: Drugs targeting brain κ-opioid receptors produce profound alterations in mood. In the present study we investigated the possible anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of the κ-opioid receptor agonist salvinorin A, the main active ingredient of Salvia divinorum, in rats and mice. Experimental approach: Experiments were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats or male Albino Swiss mice. The anxiolytic-like effects were tested by using the elevated plus maze, in rats. The antidepressant-like effect was estimated through the forced swim (rats) and the tail suspension (mice) test. κ-Opioid receptor involvement was investigated pretreating animals with the κ-opioid receptor antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine (1 or 10 mg·kg−1), while direct or indirect activity at CB1 cannabinoid receptors was evaluated with the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, N-(piperidin-1-yl) -5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM251, 0.5 or 3 mg·kg−1), binding to striatal membranes of naïve rats and assay of fatty acid amide hydrolase in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Key results: Salvinorin A, given s.c. (0.001–1000 µg·kg−1), exhibited both anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects that were prevented by nor-binaltorphimine or AM251 (0.5 or 3 mg·kg−1). Salvinorin A reduced fatty acid amide hydrolase activity in amygdala but had very weak affinity for cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Conclusions and implications: The anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of Salvinorin A are mediated by both κ-opioid and endocannabinoid systems and may partly explain the subjective symptoms reported by recreational users of S. divinorum.
A. M. Brito-da-Costa, D. Dias-da-Silva, N. G. M. Gomes, R. J. Dinis-Oliveira, and Á. Madureira-Carvalho, “Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Salvinorin A and Salvia Divinorum: Clinical and Forensic Aspects,” Pharmaceuticals, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 116, Feb. 2021.
doi: 10.3390/ph14020116.
Salvia divinorum Epling and Játiva is a perennial mint from the Lamiaceae family, endemic to Mexico, predominantly from the state of Oaxaca. Due to its psychoactive properties, S. divinorum had been used for centuries by Mazatecans for divinatory, religious, and medicinal purposes. In recent years, its use for recreational purposes, especially among adolescents and young adults, has progressively increased. The main bioactive compound underlying the hallucinogenic effects, salvinorin A, is a non-nitrogenous diterpenoid with high affinity and selectivity for the κ-opioid receptor. The aim of this work is to comprehensively review and discuss the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of S. divinorum and salvinorin A, highlighting their psychological, physiological, and toxic effects. Potential therapeutic applications and forensic aspects are also covered in this review. The leaves of S. divinorum can be chewed, drunk as an infusion, smoked, or vaporised. Absorption of salvinorin A occurs through the oral mucosa or the respiratory tract, being rapidly broken down in the gastrointestinal system to its major inactive metabolite, salvinorin B, when swallowed. Salvinorin A is rapidly distributed, with accumulation in the brain, and quickly eliminated. Its pharmacokinetic parameters parallel well with the short-lived psychoactive and physiological effects. No reports on toxicity or serious adverse outcomes were found. A variety of therapeutic applications have been proposed for S. divinorum which includes the treatment of chronic pain, gastrointestinal and mood disorders, neurological diseases, and treatment of drug dependence. Notwithstanding, there is still limited knowledge regarding the pharmacology and toxicology features of S. divinorum and salvinorin A, and this is needed due to its widespread use. Additionally, the clinical acceptance of salvinorin A has been hampered, especially due to the psychotropic side effects and misuse, turning the scientific community to the development of analogues with better pharmacological profiles.
A. von Bunge, Beitrag zur kenntniss der flor Russlands und der steppen Central-Asiens. St. Petersburg : Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1851.http://archive.org/details/mobot31753000517331.
E. R. Butelman and M. J. Kreek, “Salvinorin A, a Kappa-Opioid Receptor Agonist Hallucinogen: Pharmacology and Potential Template for Novel Pharmacotherapeutic Agents in Neuropsychiatric Disorders,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 6, p. 190, Sep. 2015.
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00190.
Salvinorin A is a potent hallucinogen, isolated from the ethnomedical plant Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A is a selective high efficacy kappa-opioid receptor (KOPr) agonist, and thus implicates the KOPr system and its endogenous agonist ligands (the dynorphins) in higher functions, including cognition and perceptual effects. Salvinorin A is the only selective KOPr ligand to be widely available outside research or medical settings, and salvinorin A-containing products have undergone frequent non-medical use. KOPr/dynorphin systems in the brain are known to be powerful counter-modulatory mechanisms to dopaminergic function, which is important in mood and reward engendered by natural and chemical reinforcers (including drugs of abuse). KOPr activation (including by salvinorin A) can thus cause aversion and anhedonia in preclinical models. Salvinorin A is also a completely new scaffold for medicinal chemistry approaches, since it is a non-nitrogenous neoclerodane, unlike other known opioid ligands. Ongoing efforts have the goal of discovering novel semi-synthetic salvinorin analogs with potential KOPr-mediated pharmacotherapeutic effects (including partial agonist or biased agonist effects), with a reduced burden of undesirable effects associated with salvinorin A.
R. Capasso et al., “The Hallucinogenic Herb Salvia Divinorum and Its Active Ingredient Salvinorin A Reduce Inflammation-Induced Hypermotility in Mice,” Neurogastroenterology & Motility, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 142–148, 2008.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.00994.x.
The hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum has been used for medical treatments of gastrointestinal disorders. Here, we evaluated the effect of a standardized extract from the leaves of Salvia divinorum (SDE) and of its active ingredient salvinorin A on motility in vivo, both in physiological states and during croton oil-induced intestinal inflammation. SDE (1–100 mg kg−1) significantly inhibited motility only in inflamed, but not in control, mice. In control mice, salvinorin A (0.01–10 mg kg−1) significantly inhibited motility only at the highest doses tested (3 and 10 mg kg−1) and this effect was not counteracted by naloxone or by the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist nor-binaltorphimine. Inflammation significantly increased the potency of salvinorin A (but not of the KOR agonist U-50488) in reducing motility. The inhibitory effects of both salvinorin A and U-50488 in inflamed mice were counteracted by naloxone or by nor-binaltorphimine. We conclude that salvinorin A may reduce motility through activation of different targets. In physiological states, salvinorin A, at high doses, inhibited motility through a non-KOR mediated mechanism. Gut inflammation increased the potency of salvinorin A; this effect was mediated by KOR, but it was not shared by U-50488, thus suggesting that salvinorin A may have target(s) other than KOR in the inflamed gut.
Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva (S. divinorum) is endemic to the Sierra Mazateca cloud forests of Oaxaca, Mexico. It has been used as a traditional medicine and in ceremonies by the Mazatec, the indigenous people of Oaxaca, for many centuries. In more recent times Salvia divinorum has become globally recognized, both for its potent psychoactive effects, as well as its potential use as a phyto-medicine. Previous research by the author demonstrated that S. divinorum use is a growing, global phenomenon, particularly for recreational use. Despite this, published, peer reviewed research on this plant species is limited in comparison to other medicinal plants. The purpose of this research was to explore the genetic and phytochemical variation of S. divinorum. One study has examined intraspecifc variation of this species but only in a small number of Oaxacan samples. Since its global dispersal from Mexico, propagation has been primarily by clonal methods, therefore, genetic variation of this species outside Mexico may be limited. Before to commencing investigation of intraspecifc variation, it was necessary to assess the quality of DNA which could be extracted from fortifed Saliva divinorum material. It was confrmed that DNA of suffcient quality could be obtained from fortifed extracts for further intraspecifc analysis. Regions of the chloroplast genome shown to be variable within other plant species were amplifed with universal primers to assess genetic variation in S. divinorum. In particular, regions containing chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSR’s) were targeted as these have been widely used for the detection of intraspecifc variation and phylogeography in plants. Chloroplast sequence data, approximately 2.4 kilobases in length, including the intergenetic spacers trnS-trnG, rps16-trnK, trnL-trnF and the trnL intron, were examined for variation among S. divinorum samples from Europe, North America and Australia. Sequenced alignments contained cpSSR repeat regions, however, no genetic variation was detected in more than 40 globally-distributed plant samples and fortifed commercial products used in the study. The majority of phytochemical research, to date, has focused on salvinorin A, the main psychoactive diterpene in S. divinorum, and little is known of other chemical compounds or chemical variation in S. divinorum. Numerous compounds have been identifed across the Salvia genus and many of these may also be present but not identifed in S. divinorum. HPLC and LC/MS data generated from the collected samples was used to perform two principal component analyses (PCA) to elucidate patterning in the chemical make up of S. divinorum. This analysis revealed two similar sets of groupings in both PCAs. HPLC and LC/MS analysis confrmed the presence of rosmarinic acid in S. divinorum. This compound is commonly identifed in the Salvia genus and it is surprising that it has not been confrmed in S. divinorum previously, as the UV peak is very prominent on the chromatogram. A high variation in the concentration of rosmarinic acid was also observed across the 37 samples tested. Not all salvinorin A fortifed products had higher salvinorin A concentrations than unfortifed samples. The variation in the phytochemical make up and the lack of genetic variation in S. divinorum are interesting results and the combined genetic phytochemical approach offers novel insights. The lack of genetic variation found, adds evidence to the proposition that all plants outside Mexico have a common source. While there are several other factors which may affect phytochemical variation it may be that chemical variation in S. divinorum is determined phenotypically. Growing conditions may be the primary consideration to achieve optimal levels of active constituents as this species is further developed as a phyto-medicine.
I. Casselman, C. J. Nock, H. Wohlmuth, R. P. Weatherby, and M. Heinrich, “From Local to Global—Fifty Years of Research on Salvia Divinorum,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 768–783, Feb. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.032.
Ethnopharmacological relevance In 1962 ethnopharmacologists, Hofmann and Wasson, undertook an expedition to Oaxaca, Mexico. These two researchers were the first scientists to collect a flowering specimen of Salvia divinorum allowing the identification of this species. While the species’ traditional use is confined to a very small region of Mexico, since Hofmann and Wasson’s expedition 50 years ago, Salvia divinorum has become globally recognized for its main active constituent, the diterpene salvinorin A, which has a unique effect on human physiology. Salvinorin A is a kappa-opioid agonist and the first reported psychoactive diterpene. Methods This review concentrates on the investigation of Salvia divinorum over the last 50 years including ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, taxonomy, systematics, genetics, chemistry and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic research. For the purpose of this review, online search engines were used to find relevant research. Searches were conducted between October 2011 and September 2013 using the search term “Salvia divinorum”. Papers were excluded if they described synthetic chemical synthesis of salvinorin A or analogues. Results Ethnobotanically there is a comprehensive body of research describing the traditional Mazatec use of the plant, however, the modern ethnobotanical use of this plant is not well documented. There are a limited number of botanical investigations into this plant and there are still several aspects of the botany of Salvia divinorum which need further investigation. One study has investigated the phylogenetic relationship of Salvia divinorum to other species in the genus. To date the main focus of chemistry research on Salvia divinorum has been salvinorin A, the main active compound in Salvia divinorum, and other related diterpenoids. Finally, the effects of salvinorin A, a KOR agonist, have primarily been investigated using animal models. Conclusions As Salvia divinorum use increases worldwide, the emerging cultural use patterns will warrant more research. More botanical information is also needed to better understand this species, including germination, pollination vector and a better understanding of the endemic environment of Salvia divinorum. As well there is a gap in the genetic knowledge of this species and very little is known about its intra-species genetics. The terpenes in Salvia divinorum are very well documented, however, other classes of constituents in this species warrant further investigation and identification. To date, the majority of the pharmacology research on Salvia divinorum has focused on the effects of salvinorin A using animal models. Published human studies have not reported any harmful effects when salvinorin A is administered within the dose range of 0.375–21µg/kg but what are the implications when applied to a larger population? More data on the toxicology and safety of Salvia divinorum are needed before larger scale clinical trials of the potential therapeutic effects of Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A are undertaken.
I. Casselman and M. Heinrich, “Novel Use Patterns of Salvia Divinorum: Unobtrusive Observation Using YouTube™,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 138, no. 3, pp. 662–667, Dec. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.065.
Ethnopharmacological relevance and Aims The traditional use of the Hallucinogenic sage, Salvia divinorum has been of ethnopharmalogical interest for some time. This plant, endemic to Oaxaca Mexico and traditionally used by the Mazatec, is now utilized worldwide for its psychoactive effects. This use demonstrates a novel use pattern which is distinctly different from Mazatec use. This study offers a new methodology to study emerging global plant use and assesses the users’ experience with it. The aim of this research was to develop a new methodology to collect and analyze archived data on the World Wide Web, specifically videos which depict Salvia divinorum use. Methods The basis of the methodology for this project was unobtrusive observation which allows the researcher to observe without influencing the event which is being observed. Qualitative, ethnographic data was used in conjunction with quantitative meta data collected by a customized web crawler programed to archive YouTube™ data. Results Using this methodology enabled us to understand reported uses and the users’ experiences as expressed on the World Wide Web. The main result of this research was the documentation of a distinct, novel use pattern of Salvia divinorum which has developed outside of Oaxaca; a use pattern which differs in a number of ways from traditional, Mazatec use. The majority of the YouTube™ videos analyzed were found to present indications of a positive Salvia divinorum experience. This result highlighted the contradiction between ethnographic data and what is reported by the media. Finally the representation of Salvia divinorum on YouTube™ (and by inference the WWW as a whole) is a growing phenomena. Conclusions While anthropological and more specifically medico-anthropological research has, for many years, embraced the dynamics of cultures, until recently, ethnopharmalogical research has generally focused on ‘traditional’ plant use, failing to capture the dynamic elements of plant/human interaction and framing research in the past or as decontextualized largely descriptive reports. Global migration and urban environments formed a basis for looking at the interplay of continuity and change. Such cultural dynamics are exacerbated by the opportunities which the WWW offers.
S. Chakraborty and S. Majumdar, “Natural Products for the Treatment of Pain: Chemistry and Pharmacology of Salvinorin A, Mitragynine, and Collybolide,” Biochemistry, vol. 60, no. 18, pp. 1381–1400, May 2021.
doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00629.
Pain remains a very pervasive problem throughout medicine. Classical pain management is achieved through the use of opiates belonging to the mu opioid receptor (MOR) class, which have significant side effects that hinder their utility. Pharmacologists have been trying to develop opioids devoid of side effects since the isolation of morphine from papaver somniferum, more commonly known as opium by Sertürner in 1804. The natural products salvinorin A, mitragynine, and collybolide represent three nonmorphinan natural product-based targets, which are potent selective agonists of opioid receptors, and emerging next-generation analgesics. In this work, we review the phytochemistry and medicinal chemistry efforts on these templates and their effects on affinity, selectivity, analgesic actions, and a myriad of other opioid-receptor-related behavioral effects.,
M. I. Chambers, J. E. Giffen-Lemieux, and R. A. Musah, “Rapid Detection and Quantification of Hallucinogenic Salvinorin A in Commercial Salvia Divinorum Products by DART-HRMS,” ACS Omega, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 761–770, Dec. 2022.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06106.
, In recent years, national laboratories have identified several plant-derived materials as concerns to public health because of their psychoactive effects, potential for abuse, and the lack of federal regulation of their use. One of these is Salvia divinorum (aka Salvia), which has received focused attention due to its increasing recreational use and the ease by which it can be acquired. Traditional chromatographic approaches for the detection of the major psychoactive component of Salvia (i.e., salvinorin A) typically require time-consuming sample pretreatment prior to identifying the presence of salvinorin A in plant material unknowns. In this study, direct analysis in real time–high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) was used to rapidly screen for Salvia plant material. This approach facilitated the analysis of bulk material in its native form, thereby bypassing sample pretreatment steps. In addition, a validated DART-HRMS method was developed for the quantification of salvinorin A in commercial Salvia products (e.g., raw plant materials, enhanced leaf extracts). In this regard, cholesterol was found to be a suitable internal standard. The average salvinorin A content in raw Salvia leaves was determined to be 1.54 mg/g, while the salvinorin A quantified in enhanced Salvia leaf extracts was between 13.0 and 53.2 mg/g.
C. Chavkin et al., “Salvinorin A, an Active Component of the Hallucinogenic Sage Salvia Divinorum Is a Highly Efficacious κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist: Structural and Functional Considerations,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 308, no. 3, pp. 1197–1203, Mar. 2004.
doi: 10.1124/jpet.103.059394.
The diterpene salvinorin A from Salvia divinorum has recently been reported to be a high-affinity and selective κ-opioid receptor agonist (Roth et al., 2002). Salvinorin A and selected derivatives were found to be potent and efficacious agonists in several measures of agonist activity using cloned human κ-opioid receptors expressed in human embryonic kidney-293 cells. Thus, salvinorin A, salvinorinyl-2-propionate, and salvinorinyl-2-heptanoate were found to be either full (salvinorin A) or partial (2-propionate, 2-heptanoate) agonists for inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production. Additional studies of agonist potency and efficacy of salvinorin A, performed by cotransfecting either the chimeric G proteins Gaq-i5 or the universal G protein Ga16 and quantification of agonist-evoked intracellular calcium mobilization, affirmed that salvinorin A was a potent and effective κ-opioid agonist. Results from structure-function studies suggested that the nature of the substituent at the 2-position of salvinorin A was critical for κ-opioid receptor binding and activation. Because issues of receptor reserve complicate estimates of agonist efficacy and potency, we also examined the agonist actions of salvinorin A by measuring potassium conductance through G protein-gated K+ channels coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes, a system in which receptor reserve is minimal. Salvinorin A was found to be a full agonist, being significantly more efficacious than (trans)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide methane-sulfonate hydrate (U50488) or (trans)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide methane-sulfonate hydrate (U69593) (two standard κ-opioid agonists) and similar in efficacy to dynorphin A (the naturally occurring peptide ligand for κ-opioid receptors). Salvinorin A thus represents the first known naturally occurring non-nitrogenous full agonist at κ-opioid receptors.
X. Chen, A. Berim, F. E. Dayan, and D. R. Gang, “A (–)-Kolavenyl Diphosphate Synthase Catalyzes the First Step of Salvinorin A Biosynthesis in Salvia Divinorum,” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 1109–1122, Feb. 2017.
doi: 10.1093/jxb/erw493.
Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae) is an annual herb used by indigenous cultures of Mexico for medicinal and ritual purposes. The biosynthesis of salvinorin A, its major bioactive neo-clerodane diterpenoid, remains virtually unknown. This investigation aimed to identify the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of salvinorin A biosynthesis, the formation of (–)-kolavenyl diphosphate [(–)-KPP], which is subsequently dephosphorylated to afford (–)-kolavenol. Peltate glandular trichomes were identified as the major and perhaps exclusive site of salvinorin accumulation in S. divinorum. The trichome-specific transcriptome was used to identify candidate diterpene synthases (diTPSs). In vitro and in planta characterization of a class II diTPS designated as SdKPS confirmed its activity as (–)-KPP synthase and its involvement in salvinorin A biosynthesis. Mutation of a phenylalanine into histidine in the active site of SdKPS completely converts the product from (–)-KPP into ent-copalyl diphosphate. Structural elements were identified that mediate the natural formation of the neo-clerodane backbone by this enzyme and suggest how SdKPS and other diTPSs may have evolved from ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase.
O. S. Chizhov, \relax Y. S. Ryabokobylko, and A. V. Kessenikh, “NMR Spectra of Lagochilin,” Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1482–1484, Jul. 1979.
doi: 10.1007/BF00947325.
1.An assignment was made of the lines in the13C and1H NMR spectra of the diterpene alcohol lagochilin.2.The spectral parameters were compared with the characteristic structural traits of lagochilin, which can be used to establish the structure, configuration, and conformation of diterpenes of the labdane series.
O. S. Chizhov, A. V. Kessenikh, I. P. Yakovlev, B. M. Zolotarev, V. A. Petukhov, and N. D. Zelinsky, “Structure of Lagochilin,” Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 10, no. 17, pp. 1361–1364, Jan. 1969.
doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)87886-2.
This paper presents the preliminary results of introduction of five therapeutically important plants (Leonotis nepetifolia, Leonurus sibiricus, Basella alba, Basella rubra, Lycium chinense) in the Botanical Garden (Istitute) of ASM. The studied taxa were obtained from seeds received by international exchange. The study was preceded by an extensive literature survey of studied plants according to their therapeutic importance and utilization in popular and modern medicine. Investigations included propagation aspects and research into cultivation techniques in order to observe their reproductive behavior in our conditions and accumulate experience on their agro-technical peculiarities. Seasonal rhythm of development of these taxa was studied.
J. R. Clarkson, C. Grice, and C. Dollery, “Chasing the Lion’s Tail. The Value of Program Review: A Case Study from the Management of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. in Rinyirru (Lakefield) National Park,” in Australasian Weeds Conference, 2012, vol. 18, pp. 53–56.http://caws.org.nz/old-site/awc/2012/awc201210531.pdf.
The annual herb Leonotis nepetifolia (lion’s tail) has been present in Rinyirru (Lakefield) National Park on Cape York Peninsula since at least the early- to mid-1980s and has been the target of control action for at least 17 years. A review of the program was conducted in 2010. The program is notable for the sustained effort that has been made but the review concluded that eradication was unlikely without some modification of the approach. There was a need for improved delimitation and a shift in where efforts were concentrated. A five-year plan was devised with the aim of eliminating three small outlying infestations whilst containing two larger infestations in the short term. Subsequently, capacity and approach to eliminate the main infestations could be determined.
U. Coffeen and F. Pellicer, “Salvia Divinorum: From Recreational Hallucinogenic Use to Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Action,” Journal of Pain Research, vol. 12, p. 1069, 2019.
doi: 10.2147/JPR.S188619.
Salvia divinorum is a herbal plant native to the southwest region of Mexico. Traditional preparations of this plant have been used in illness treatments that converge with inflammatory conditions and pain. Currently, S. divinorum extracts have become ...
F. Y. Daramola, M. Tanga, A. O. Oyedeji, O. O. Oyedeji, and F. B. Lewu, “Composition of Bioactive Compounds in American Skullcap (Scutellaria Lateriflora L.) Leaves as Influenced by Mineral Fertilization,” no. 4377508. Rochester, NY, Mar-2023.
doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4377508.
American skullcap is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds and possesses excellent therapeutic values. There is limited information on the cultivation of plant materials with mineral fertilization, as supply is mostly dependent on natural habitats. In this study, leaf extracts obtained from plants that were cultivated with different mineral fertilizer rates were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), condensed tannins (PAC), and antioxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydarazy (DPPH), Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen peroxide were evaluated for aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of different fertilizer treatments. The effect of the fertilizer treatments was significant (P<0.05) among treatment combinations. The post-flowering stage had the highest concentration of TPC (41.65%), pre-flowering (33.83%), and the least at the flowering stage (24.52%). A higher concentration of tannins was recorded at the pre-flowering stage (38.5%), post-flowering stage (31.2%), and the least at the flowering stage (30.3%). However, for the TFC, a higher concentration was recorded at the post-flowering stage (38.2%), followed by the pre-flowering stage (34.2%) while the least TFC was recorded at the flowering stage (27.6%). Also, treatments with lower amounts of supplementary phosphorous (P1=213kg/ha) produced higher concentrations of bioactive compounds across all the phenological stages, with methanol extract producing a higher concentration than aqueous extract.
Having trouble getting my Lagochilus inebrians to grow. Possibly its not just the air moisture content. One thing Im considering is the substrate composition. In the past Ive used a balanced mix based on IVS ( In Vitro Soil )- appox 33% large perlite, 33% large vermiculite and 33% good quality pe...
M. T. Darzi and B. Sadeghi Nekoo, “Effects of Organic Amendments and Biofertilizer Application on Some Morphological Traits and Yield of Hyssop (Hyssopus Officinalis L.),” Journal Of Horticultural Science, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 491–500, Nov. 2016.
doi: 10.22067/jhorts4.v30i3.46003.
Introduction: Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) is a perennial herb which is cultivated in temperate regions of Asia, Europe and America. The essential oil of hyssop is widely used as traditional drug in some of the parts of Asia and Europe to treat respiratory diseases. Hyssop is also used in food, pharmaceutical, flavor and cosmetic industries throughout the world. It is mainly used for antispasmodic, stomachic, antifungal, relax spasm and cough treatment. Applying organic fertilizers and biofertilizers such as compost, vermicompost and nitrogen fixing bacteria contain Azotobacter and Azospirillum has led to a decrease in chemical fertilizers consumption and has provided high quality agricultural products. Several studies have shown that organic and bio-fertilizers application such as vermicompost and nitrogen fixing bacteria can increase essential oil content of medicinal plants of dill, basil and fennel.The main object of this work was to record the best suitable treatment of organic and biological fertilizer to obtain highest yield of Hyssop. Materials and Methods: A field experiment, arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with eight treatments and three replications at research field of the Agriculture Company of Ran, Firouzkuh, Iran during the growing season of 2012. The treatments were (1) 20 t/ha compost, (2) 12 t/ha vermicompost, (3) biofertilizer [inoculated seeds with Azotobacter and Azospirillum], (4) 10 t/ha compost + 6 t/ha vermicompost, (5) 20 t/ha compost + biofertilizer, (6) 12 t/ha vermicompost + biofertilizer, (7) 10 t/ha compost + 6 t/ha vermicompost + biofertilizer and (8) control [without fertilizer application]. Inoculation was carried out by immersing the hyssop seeds in the cells suspension of 108 CFU/ml for 15 min. The required quantities of compost and vermicompost were applied and incorporated to the top 5 cm layer of soil in the experimental beds before planting of hyssop seeds. Each experimental plot was 3 m long by 2.28 m wide with the spacing of 15 cm between the plants and 38 cm between the rows. There was a space of one meter between the plots and 2 meters between replications. Hyssop seeds were directly sown by hand. There was no incidence of pest or disease on hyssop during the experiment. Weeding was done manually and the plots were irrigated weekly (as trickle irrigation system). All necessary cultural practices and plant protection measures were followed uniformly for all the plots during the entire period of experiment. In this study, some morphological traits and yield hyssop including plant height, branch no./plant, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant, herb fresh yield, herb dried yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield were evaluated. In order to determine herb fresh yield and herb dry yield, 1 m-2 plants were used at the harvest time (full blooming). For determine the essential oil content (%), About 100 g dried herb of hyssop (dried in shadow) as sample from the each plot were selected and then were subjected to hydro-distillation (Clevenger type apparatus) for 3 hours. Essential oil yield also was calculated by using essential oil content and herb dried yield. Analysis of variance by using SAS software and mean comparisons by Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) (at the 5% probability level) was done. Results and Discussion: The present results have shown that the highest plant height and branch no/plant in treatment of integrated application of 20 t/ha compost,biofertilizer,the maximum fresh weight of plant and herb fresh yield in treatment of application of 20 t/ha compost were obtained. Also, the highest dry weight of plant in treatment of integrated application of 10 t/ha compost, 6 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer and the highest herb dried yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield in treatment of integrated application of 12 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer were obtained. Vermicompost application through high ability for absorption of mineral nutrients like N, P and K by plants and then increase of biomass amount has a positive effect on secondary metabolites concentration such as essential oil and subsequently the enhanced essential oil content. Increased essential oil yield in treatment of 12 tonnes vermicompost per hectare and biofertilizer can be owing to the improvement of yield attributes such as herb dry yield and essential oil content. Conclusion:Integrated application of organic manures and biofertilizer positively influenced morphological traits and yield of hyssop, as the highest herb dry yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield were obtained in treatment of integrated application of 12 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer and treatment of integrated application of 10 t/ha compost, 6 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer. On the base of research results, organic amendments and biofertilizer application can be caused in improvement of morphological characters and yield of hyssop.
D. P. de Oliveira et al., “Exploring the Bioactivity Potential of Leonotis Nepetifolia: Phytochemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antileishmanial Activities of Extracts from Different Anatomical Parts,” Natural Product Research, vol. 35, no. 18, pp. 3120–3125, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1686367.
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) Br. (Lamiaceae) is an African shrub popularly known as ‘cordão-de-frade’ in Brazil, traditionally used to treat infectious diseases, among other uses. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition of hydroethanolic extracts from L. nepetifolia prepared from stems, leaves, roots and glomerulus, as well as their cytotoxicity, antileishmanial and antimicrobial activities. The chemical composition of the extracts was assessed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, whereas the antileishmanial activity was evaluated against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Cytotoxicity was tested on murine macrophages and the antimicrobial activity was investigated by a microdilution assay against several strains of fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The flavonoids apigenin, cirsiliol apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin, luteolin-4′-O-glucoside, luteolin-4′-O- glucuronide and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were identified in all tested extracts. Extracts from leaves and roots showed more potent antileishmanial activity (IC50 32.90 µg mL−1 and 57.70 µg mL−1, respectively) against amastigotes forms in comparison to the other extracts. The leaf extract inhibited Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus growth (125 µg mL−1 and 100 µg mL−1, respectively), and also showed anti-Candida activity (10–125 µg mL−1). The biological effect can be related to the identified flavonoids. Our findings disclose the potential of L. nepetifolia as a source of bioactive compounds for the development of new therapeutic options for treating infectious diseases, especially flavonoids.
A. P. de Oliveira et al., “Influence of Light Intensity, Fertilizing and Season on the Cirsiliol Content, a Chemical Marker of Leonotis Nepetifolia (Lamiaceae),” PeerJ, vol. 7, p. e6187, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.6187.
Background Leonotis nepetifolia (Family Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant from which the flavonoid cirsiliol with sedative, hypnotic, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity has been extracted. Methods Seedlings were cultivated under different levels of shade in native or fertilized modes. The content of cirsiliol was measured monthly by high-performance liquid chromatography and the total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Monitoring of growth was carried out with the weekly measurement of height until the stabilization of growth. Results The application of fertilizing and/or shading does not alter significantly the cirsiliol content. However, this content varies throughout the year, reaching the peak production in the summer, independently of the treatment applied. This same profile, with production in the summer, was also verified for phenolic compounds, reaching 58.15 ± 9.35 mg of equivalents of gallic acid per g of extract in the summer, content 1.84 times greater than the content verified in winter (31.56 ± 4.09 mg of gallic acid/g of extract). Although shading and fertilizing had no effect on cirsiliol content, the results also showed a positive influence on the height and biomass of the plant, which can causes a higher yield of extractable material. Discussion Biotic and abiotic stresses are able to increase or decrease the production of secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds in medicinal plants and, as the stress response is peculiar to each species, cultivation studies become necessary. The present study reports by the first time the influence of shading, fertilizing and seasons in cirsiliol content in L. nepetifolia. Among analyzed variables, the seasons showed a larger influence in expression of cirsiliol and among seasons, our results showed that the summer is the ideal season for collections. In summer, the photoperiod is larger than in other seasons of the year and due to that, the plants need greater protection against the long photoperiod. For this, the plants increase the production of phenolic compounds as observed in this study. Although they do not influence the production of cirsiliol, the shading and nutrients in soil favor growth and leaf area of several plants, explaining, thus, the higher height and biomass obtained.
A. Delaune, “Aspects of Production for Clerodendrum as Potted Flowering Plants,” LSU Master’s Theses, Jan. 2005.
doi: 10.31390/gradschool_theses.174.
A. Delaune* and J. Kuehny, “Clerodendrum as Flowering Potted Plants,” HortScience, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 877C–877, Jul. 2004.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.39.4.877C.
The genus Clerodendrum is of interest to the floriculture industry as a woody, flowering pot plant because of its variation in type of foliage and flowers, production of many inflorescences on one plant, continuous bloom, fast growing and short production cycle. Plant height, however, needs to be successfully controlled to produce a marketable plant. Paclobutrazol (Bonzi) and ancymidol (A-Rest) have been shown to reduce plant growth and increase the number of flowers of C. thomsoniae. The remaining species are relatively new to the floriculture industry and very little information is available on use of growth retardants. Determination of the proper timing, number of applications and rates of growth retardants were studied. Paclobutrazol and ancymidol were applied either as a spray at 0, 100 or 200 ppm, or as a drench at 0, 0.5 or 1.0 a.i./pot to C. thomsoniae, C. ugandense, and C. bungii. Applications began three weeks after rooted cuttings were potted for three consecutive weeks, with randomized plants treated either in week one, two or three with all treatment rates. As in previous studies, C. thomsoniae responded to paclobutrazol and ancymidol by producing a marketable plant, while plant height of C. ugandense and C. bungii was not affected by treatments.
N. G. Dhawan, A. S. Khan, and P. Srivastava, “A General Appraisal of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L) R. Br: An Essential Medicinal Plant,” vol. 2, p. 4, 2013.
The total plant species which India harbors includes many important medicinal plants some of whose potential is yet to be explored. As the demand of medicinal plants has increased globally due to insurgence of interest in and acceptance of herbal medicines, there is an urgent need to develop and implement cultivation of important medicinal plants on commercial scale. But, the most limiting factor for the plant production on commercial scale is the insufficient knowledge of agrotechniques including the balanced fertilizer management. The cultivation of medicinal plants is the key to meet the raw material needs of the industry based on the medicinal plant products. The review of literature reveals that Leonotis nepetifolia which belongs to family Lamiaceae needs special attention for its promotion of cultivation on a large scale. The present review scrutinizes the important medicinal properties of the plant.
J. L. Díaz, “Ethnopharmacology and Taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants,” Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, vol. 11, no. 1-2, pp. 71–101, Jan. 1979.
doi: 10.1080/02791072.1979.10472094.
J.-L. Díaz, “Salvia Divinorum: A Psychopharmacological Riddle and a Mind-Body Prospect,” Current Drug Abuse Reviews, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 43–53.
doi: 10.2174/18744737112059990004.
The multidisciplinary research on Salvia divinorum and its chemical principles is analyzed concerning whether the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, mental effects, and neuropharmacology of this sacred psychoactive plant and main principle clarify its experienced effects and divinatory uses. The scientific pursuit spans from the traditional practices, continues with the botanical identification, isolation of active molecules, characterization of mental and neural effects, possible therapeutic applications, and impinges upon the mind-body problem. The departure point is ethnopharmacology and therefore the traditional beliefs, ritual uses, and mental effects of this Mazatec sacred mint recorded during a 1973- 1983 field research project are described. A water potion of crushed leaves produced short-lasting light-headedness, dysphoria, tactile and proprioceptive sensations, a sense of depersonalization, amplified sound perception, and an increase visual and auditory imagery, but not actual hallucinations. Similar effects were described using questionnaires and are attributable to salvinorin A, but cannot be explained solely by its specific and potent brain kappa-opioid receptor agonist activity. Some requirements for a feasible classification and mechanism of action of consciousness-altering products are proposed and include the activation of neural networks comprising several neurochemical systems. Top-down analyses should be undertaken in order to characterize such neural networks and eventually allowing to explore the differential ethnic effects. As is the case for other consciousness-altering preparations, a careful and encompassing research on this plant and principle can be consequential to endeavors ranging from the mind-body problem, a better understanding of shamanic ecstasy, to the potential generation of analgesic, antidepressant, and drug-abuse attenuating products.
(Full-text PDF) Reproductive systems are life attributes important in defining the demography and genetic constitution of invasive alien species populations. We describe the phenology, floral behavior and floral visitors in Mexican populations of
M. K. Doss et al., “The Acute Effects of the Atypical Dissociative Hallucinogen Salvinorin A on Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain,” Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 16392, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73216-8.
Salvinorin A (SA) is a κ-opioid receptor agonist and atypical dissociative hallucinogen found in Salvia divinorum. Despite the resurgence of hallucinogen studies, the effects of κ-opioid agonists on human brain function are not well-understood. This placebo-controlled, within-subject study used functional magnetic resonance imaging for the first time to explore the effects of inhaled SA on strength, variability, and entropy of functional connectivity (static, dynamic, and entropic functional connectivity, respectively, or sFC, dFC, and eFC). SA tended to decrease within-network sFC but increase between-network sFC, with the most prominent effect being attenuation of the default mode network (DMN) during the first half of a 20-min scan (i.e., during peak effects). SA reduced brainwide dFC but increased brainwide eFC, though only the former effect survived multiple comparison corrections. Finally, using connectome-based classification, most models trained on dFC network interactions could accurately classify the first half of SA scans. In contrast, few models trained on within- or between-network sFC and eFC performed above chance. Notably, models trained on within-DMN sFC and eFC performed better than models trained on other network interactions. This pattern of SA effects on human brain function is strikingly similar to that of other hallucinogens, necessitating studies of direct comparisons.
A.-C. Druțu et al., “Research on the Influence of Nutrition on the Production of Space and Quality Herba Hyssopus Officinalis l. (Hyssop) Cultivated Ecological Conditions in A.R.D.S. Secuieni,” 2014.https://repository.uaiasi.ro/xmlui/handle/20.500.12811/2140.
Hyssopus officinalis L. (hyssop) has been known as a medicinal plant since ancient times. Grown for herba contains volatile oil (0.5 and 1.3 % in dry herba between 0.10 and 0.15 % in fresh herba ), flavonoids, ursolic and oleanolic acids, carbohydrates, hisopina, tannins, resins, gums, sugars and a substance with antiviral marubiina, which gives a bitter taste. Due to the volatile oil constituents, the plant has antiseptic expectorant action and is bitter tonic (because marubiinei) and slightly astringent (due to tannins). Climatic conditions during the experiment were good, the average temperature in the two years was 9,150 C, the difference from the annual average (8.7ºC) being 0.45ºC. The amount of rainfall was 488.5 mm by 59.4 mm less than the annual average (552.1mm). The average for the two years of experimentation average number of branches per plant ranged from 14.27 branches/plant variant sown at 50 cm between rows and incineration (Mt.) and 23 branches/plant variant sown at 70 cm between rows and incineration. The average length of inflorescence was higher (12.25 cm) in variant sown distance of 70 cm between rows and 20 cm between plants in the row. Regarding the production of dry herba it was influenced by both the distance between rows (average factor A) and the distance between plants in the row (average factor B). The average for the two years of experimentation, production highest (2510 kg/ha) was obtained in the variant sown at a distance of 70 cm between rows and 20 cm between plants in the row. An average production close of 2368 kg/ha was obtained in variant sown at a distance of 70 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants in the row. Highest production of essential oil (80.88 l/ha) was obtained in the variant sown at a distance of 70 cm between rows and 20 cm between plants in the row.
M. A. El-Ansari et al., “Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies on Leonotis Leonurus,” Pharmaceutical Biology, Sep. 2009.
doi: 10.1080/13880200902942428.
The present study aimed at isolation of the flavonoid constituents of Leonotis leonurus R. Br. (Lamiaceae) flowering aerial parts, identification of the isolated compounds, and evaluation of the he...
C. Epling and C. D. Jativa-M., “A New Species of Salvia from Mexico,” Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 75–76, Dec. 1962.
doi: 10.5962/p.168537.
A. Eshibaev, Z. Aimenova, L. Akynova, L. Nurseitova, and A. Kopabaeva, “The Population Status of Lagochilus Setulosus Vved. and Its Biochemical Composition,” Ecological Questions, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 111–118, Apr. 2021.
doi: 10.12775/EQ.2021.018.
This article describes endemic species of the genus Lagochilus growing in the territory of South Kazakhstan – Lagochilus setulosus Vved. Its biochemical composition, namely qualitative and quantitative composition of biologically active compounds was investigated. The established composition of substances indicates that this plant species can be used in pharmaceutical biotechnology to create a biological preparation with a hemostatic effect based on Lagochilus setulosus.
А. А. Eshibaev, Z. Е. Aimenova, А. D. Matchanov, and A. H. Islamov, “Results of a comparative study of the macro- and microelement composition of Lagochilus inebrians and Lagochilus setulosus,” Вестник КазНУ. Серия биологическая, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 12–19, 2015.https://bb.kaznu.kz/index.php/biology/article/view/1058.
By method of optical-emissive spectrometry with inductive-connected argonplasma 15 elements in Lagochilus inebrians and 13 elements in Lagochilus setulosus are revealed. In plant Lagochilus inebrians are found out Se and Ag which were are absent at plant Lagochilus setulosus. But the quantitative content of iron, magnesium, lithium, aluminium in 2-3 times is more at plant Lagochilus setulosus. While the content of potassium, calcium, zinc surpasses at plant Lagochilus Inebrians. At both plants from chemical elements calcium is most of all presented, and the plasma hemostasis in combination with Lagochilin and calcium is realized.
F.A. Sobirova, A.Kh. Islamov, F.N. Tashpulatov, A.D. Matchanov, and U.N. Zainutdinov, “Study of the Accumulation Dynamics and Localization of 9,13-Epoxylabdanes in the Vege-Tative Organs of Introduced Plants of the Genus Lagochilus,” Altai State University, 2021.http://journal.asu.ru/cw/article/view/7331.
Extracts of the plant Lagochilus inebrians Bunge (Lamiaceae) are used as sedatives, antihypertensive and anti-allergic agents, and to stop bleeding. The main active ingredients of this plant are diterpenoids of the 9-13-epoxylabdanes series, as well as some alkalides.Not rational use of stocks of wild Lagohilus has led to the fact that this plant is currently included in the Red Book. Currently, work is underway to introduce this plant species.Therefore, the study of the dynamics of accumulation and localization of 9,13-epoxylabdans in the vegetative organs of introduced and wild plants of the genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae) is of interest in terms of collecting the plant for use as a medicinal raw material, for the systematics of data on the accumulation of diterpenoids in the vegetative organs of the plant, for their use. in practical terms, the preparation of diterepenoids and their modification is an urgent task.Some systematic chemical studies of plants of the genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae) were carried out by the school of Academician A.S. Sadykov. As a result of studying 10 plants of the species Lagochilus (Lamiaceae), more than 20 new diterpenoids of the labdan series were isolated. All of them are natural derivatives of the diterpene alcohol lagochilin. Their structure and configuration were established using IR, PMR and mass spectroscopy, as well as by synthesis from lagochilin or transformation into lagochilin.By studying the composition of diterpenoids of an introduced and wild plant of the genus Lagochilus, it was shown that the main diterpenoids of the 9-13-epoxylabdans series, exhibiting the main biological activity: lagochiline and its acetyl derivatives, accumulate mainly in the leaves and calyx of the plant in August, which is also consistent with some literature data. data.For isolation, extraction methods were used with various solvents. The methods of thin layer chromatography and spectroscopic research methods such as IR, PMR and mass spectrometry were used for identification.
S. K. Frost and P. G. H. Frost, “Territoriality and Changes in Resource Use by Sunbirds at Leonotis Leonurus (Labiatae),” Oecologia, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 109–116, Apr. 1980.
doi: 10.1007/BF00346715.
Leonotis leonurus was studied with the aim of characterising nectar quality and quantity, and of monitoring the sunbirds’ response to the resource. The flowers produced high quality nectar in low quantities. Nectar quality remained constant during the day and averaged 23.4% sucrose equivalents (an energy content of 3.8j/μl). Nectar production was highest during the morning when flow rates reached a peak of 3.3 μl/h.
B. Galambosi, K. P. Svoboda, S. G. Deans, and E. Hethelyi, “Agronomical and Phytochemical Investigation of Hyssopus Officinalis,” Agricultural and Food Science, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 293–302, Jul. 1993.
doi: 10.23986/afsci.72652.
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) obtained from various commercial sources was grown for three years (1990-1992) in Finland. Yield characteristics, flower colour, volatile oil content/composition and its antimicrobial quality were studied. For comparison, Scottish-grown hyssop was included in oil and quality determinations. The description of the flower colour given by the seed firms was not a reliable indicator of the true colour in many cases. Oil yield was satisfactory and oil composition was rather uniform. Only one different chemotype was identified, this was derived from a Romanian seed source. There was considerable variation in herb yield between plants from different sources. The total fresh herb yield was 0.5-3.2 kg/m2, the dry leaf yield was 67-326 g/m2. Seed germination was satisfactory (76-99%), offering opportunities for seed production of varieties with different characteristics.
R. Gang and Y. Kang, “Botanical Features and Ethnopharmacological Potential of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L.) R. Br: A Review,” Journal of Plant Biotechnology, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 3–14, Mar. 2022.
doi: 10.5010/JPB.2022.49.1.003.
V. Georgiev and A. Pavlov, “Genetic Engineering and Manipulation of Metabolite Pathways in Salvia Spp.,” in Salvia Biotechnology, V. Georgiev and A. Pavlov, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017, pp. 399–414.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-73900-7_10.
Plants from the genus Salvia have been recognized as medicinal herbs all over the world since earliest times. They are known to accumulate diverse range of bioactive phytochemicals, including polyphenols (rosmarinic and salvianolic acids), triterpenes (ursolic and oleanolic acids), diterpenes (tanshinones, carnosic acid), flavonoids and sterols, etc. Nowadays, the powerful methods of genetic and metabolic engineering, synthetic biology and combinatorial biosynthesis have been widely applied for improvement of commercial crops yields and for increasing their medicinal value by modulating the accumulation of biologically active phytochemicals. Over the past few years, these techniques have been applied in Salvia plants and in vitro systems, but the research still remains limited to few species. In this chapter, we summarized the recent achievements in genetic engineering of Salvia species, with special attention on metabolite engineering of phenolic biosynthesis and terpenoids biosynthesis pathways. Some aspects of the applications of functional genes, cloned by Salvia species, for the needs of synthetic biology and combinatorial biosynthesis are reviewed as well.
N. Gholamreza, H. Madani, and E. Farahani, “The Assessment Effects of Bio and Chemical Fertilizers on Vegetative Growth and Essential Oil of Hyssop (Hyssopus Officinalis L.).”
In this study the effect of bio and chemical fertilizer on Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) plant characteristics, biomass yield and essential oil was investigated during 2009 -2011. Treatments were Control, without using any fertilizes (F1), Chemical fertilizers application (F2), PSB: Phosphate solublizing Bacteria application (F3) and Nitroxin: Nitrogen fixation Bacteria (F4). The experimental design for both years was complete randomized block design with three replications. The results have shown a significant increase in some plant characteristics and properties of hyssop compare to control. Chemical fertilizers application with by 2824 kgha-1 had highest Biomass but the most essential oil yield were obtain in Chemical fertilizers application plus Nitroxin that were significantly increased yield of essential oil by 4.1 kg/ha and biomass yield by 2530 kg/ha.
N. T. H. Giang, P. V. Ngot, D. T. N. Thanh, N. T. H. Giang, P. V. Ngot, and D. T. N. Thanh, “Morphological, Anatomical and Antibacterial Characteristics of Leonotis Nepetifolia Plants Growing in Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam,” GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 053–063, 2021.
doi: 10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.2.0041.
Lion’s ear [Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br.] is a Vietnamese medicinal plant that has been described in basic morphology and isolated for a number of chemical compounds. This study aims to supplement a database of morphology, micro-anatomy and antibacterial abilities of this species. Micro-anatomical analysis was based on a double staining method microscopic dimensional measurement of plant. The antibacterial capacity was based on the diameter of the inhibitory zone. The results showed that the plant had the characteristics of adapting to the dry and light conditions of the region. Leaf extract at the content of 4.8 to 8.0 mg had the best inhibitory ability on 5 strains of bacteria B. cereus, S. aureus, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The inhibition zone diameters were 0.27, 10.33, 5.00, 3.80 and 2.23 mm, respectively.
S. Gibbons, “‘Legal Highs’ – Novel and Emerging Psychoactive Drugs: A Chemical Overview for the Toxicologist,” Clinical Toxicology, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 15–24, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.3109/15563650.2011.645952.
Introduction. ‘Legal highs’ are psychoactive chemicals which are sold from ‘head shops’, the internet and from street suppliers and may be possessed without legal restriction. An increase in the marketing of these materials has resulted in a corresponding increase in published reports of their adverse effects. However, a lack of primary literature pertaining to their chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology, makes an evaluation of their harm difficult. This review covers the basic chemistry of these novel psychoactive compounds and relates them to endogenous neurotransmitters and existing drugs of abuse. Methods. A survey of the internet was used to identify websites that are marketing ‘legal highs’ in the UK. Trivial and systematic chemical compound names, for example methoxetamine, 4-methoxyphencycline, 4-fluorotropacocaine and ethyl phenidate were entered into PubMed to retrieve data on these compounds. This search elicited no citations. Other search terms which were more fruitful included desoxypipradrol, diphenylprolinol, methylenedioxy-2-amino-indane and methylenedioxy-2-amino-tetralin, alpha-methyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-N,N-diallyl-tryptamine. Results. ‘Legal highs’ from the phenylethylamine, cocaine, tryptamine and phencyclidine classes are increasingly being marketed and, in the majority of cases, little is cited in the literature on their true chemical identity, pharmacology or toxicology. Conclusions. ‘Legal highs’ are gaining in popularity and present clear challenges to toxicologists and society as a whole. Whilst improved use of existing legislation and development of new legislation can be used to reduce the supply of these materials, investment in better education for young people on the harms associated with ‘legal highs’ is needed.
F. B. Gill and C. A. Conway, “Floral Biology of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. (Labiatae),” Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 131, pp. 244–256, 1979.https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064790.
We describe characteristics of the flowers of the African weed Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. from the viewpoint of ornithologists interested in the ecology of nectar feeding sunbirds, and summarize information on flower age, structure, density, and nectar characteristics. Although flowers of Leonotis nepetifolia are clearly adapted for pollination by sunbirds, they do not appear to be closely coevolved with any one of the large sunbird species that often visit them to obtain nectar.
P. Giovannini and M. Heinrich, “Xki Yoma’ (Our Medicine) and Xki Tienda (Patent Medicine)—Interface between Traditional and Modern Medicine among the Mazatecs of Oaxaca, Mexico,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 121, no. 3, pp. 383–399, Jan. 2009.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.11.003.
Objectives Little is known about the interface of traditional (generally plant based) medicines and of commercially available pharmaceutical (and related) products. Here we provide a case study to understand how and to what extent traditional and modern medicine have been integrated in an indigenous community and whether these two categories offer a meaningful model for understanding medicine selection. Consequently, this paper explores the use and knowledge of medicinal plants and patent medicines among laypeople living in a rural Mazatec indigenous community in Oaxaca, Mexico. Methods This paper is based on field study over a period of approximately 20 months using participant observation, unstructured and structured interviews including freelisting. The medicinal plant species and commercially available pharmaceuticals were assessed using published biomedical information. Main outcomes The local ethnopharmacopoeias, emic concepts of illness, epidemiology, and case studies on therapeutic choice were documented. We found that self-treatment is the most common first therapeutic choice. Many of the plant species used by Mazatecs have recognized therapeutic properties, in some cases in vivo and in vitro studies point to well defined pharmacological effects, and in a few cases clinical evidence is available. Likewise, people commonly use patent medicines that are effective in the treatment of the most common health conditions. However, we also documented the medicinal use of some toxic plant species (Aristolochia spp.) and of some patent medicines that are held to be unsafe in developed countries (sodium metamizole). Conclusions When looking at a complex pluralistic medical system an approach that goes beyond the externally imposed dichotomic categories of traditional and modern medicine can be very useful to shed light on other dimensions that underlie the local use of medicines. With the increasing integration of the Mazatecs with the outside world, the concomitant use of both types of resources is constantly changing and helps the Mazatecs in their struggle for health.
C. Giroud, F. Felber, M. Augsburger, B. Horisberger, L. Rivier, and P. Mangin, “Salvia Divinorum: An Hallucinogenic Mint Which Might Become a New Recreational Drug in Switzerland,” Forensic Science International, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 143–150, Aug. 2000.
doi: 10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00180-8.
Salvia divinorum Epling & Jativa is an hallucinogenic mint traditionally used for curing and divination by the Mazatec Indians of Oaxaca, Mexico. Young people from Mexican cities were reported to smoke dried leaves of S. divinorum as a marijuana substitute. Recently, two S. divinorum specimens were seized in a large-scale illicit in-door and out-door hemp plantation. Salvinorin A also called divinorin A, a trans-neoclerodane diterpene, was identified in several organic solvent extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The botanical identity of the plant was confirmed by comparing it to an authentic herbarium specimen. More plants were then discovered in Swiss horticulturists greenhouses. All these data taken together suggest that many attempts exist in Switzerland to use S. divinorum as a recreational drug. This phenomenon may be enhanced because neither the magic mint, nor its active compound are banned substances listed in the Swiss narcotic law.
A. Gohari, E. Barari, S. Saeidnia, A. Shakeri, and E. Motaghedi, “Phytochemical Study of Lagochilus Cabulicus Benth,” Planta Medica, vol. 77, no. 12, p. PG83, Aug. 2011.
doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1282567.
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N. Golubkina et al., “Yield, Essential Oil and Quality Performances of Artemisia Dracunculus, Hyssopus Officinalis and Lavandula Angustifolia as Affected by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi under Organic Management,” Plants, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 375, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/plants9030375.
Utilization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for enhancing growth and development as well as production of essential oil in aromatic plants has been increasingly drawing research interest. In order to assess the AMF effects on different aromatic species, an open-field experiment was carried out using Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon), Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) and Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop). AMF stimulated the growth of tarragon and lavender plants, whereas hyssop showed a slight developmental slowing; nonetheless, a significant increase in essential oil content in the three species was seen. AMF application increased the biomass of A. dracunculus and H. officinalis by 20–35%. No differences in antioxidant activity and phenolics content were recorded at harvest between the control and AMF-inoculated plants, but the latter showed a significant increase in antioxidant status upon storage at high temperature and humidity compared to the untreated control. The enhancement of abiotic stress resistance during storage in plants inoculated with AMF was the highest in A. dracunculus, and the lowest in H. officinalis, while the untreated control plants showed a significant decrease in phenolics, ascorbic acid and chlorophyll content, as well as antioxidant activity, upon the abiotic stress. AMF inoculation differentially affected the mineral composition, increasing the accumulation of Se, I and Zn in A. dracunculus, and decreasing the levels of heavy metals and Co, Fe, Li, Mn in H. officinalis. Based on the outcome of the present research, AMF inoculation resulted in a significant enhancement of the overall performances of A. dracunculus, L. angustifolia and H. officinalis, and also in the improvement of plant antioxidant status upon storage in stress conditions.
The present invention relates to a chewing gum formulation which serves as a means for awakening human consciousness and mindfulness to the sensorial subtleties, which in turn strengthens sovereignty such that overall psycho-spirituality is enhanced. More particularly, this invention relates to a dietary supplement consisting of the botanical plant Salvia divinorum as the source substance, including Salvinorin Alpha (A) as its primary active constituent, which is precisely extracted from S. divinorum to achieve a consistent dosing regimen predetermined for standardized efficacies.
J. G. González-Gallegos, J. H. Vega-Mares, and J. A. Fernández, “Salvia Reginae and S. Spellenbergii (Lamiaceae), Two New Species from Chihuahua, Mexico,” Willdenowia, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 319–328, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.3372/wi.49.49303.
During botanical explorations in the highlands of NW Mexico, two new Salvia L. species were discovered in the state of Chihuahua: S. reginae J. G. González & J. H. Vega and S. spellenbergii J. G. González. The first one is morphologically similar to S. concolor Lamb. ex Benth., from which it differs by having smaller floral bracts, a longer upper corolla lip, stamens parallel to the dorsal corolla line, longer filament and connective, the latter ornate with an antrorse tiny acute tooth, longer thecae, longer and exserted styles, and bigger mericarps. Salvia spellenbergii resembles S. fruticulosa Benth., S. goldmanii Fernald and S. pruinosa Fernald; however, it can be distinguished from these because of its shorter petioles, smaller leaf blades, usually fewer floral nodes, fewer flowers per floral node, and regularly shorter calyces. Both species are described and illustrated. Tables with morphological comparisons, illustrations, conservation assessment, and a distribution map are also presented.Citation: González-Gallegos J. G., Vega-Mares J. H. & Fernández J. A. 2019: Salvia reginae and S. spellenbergii (Lamiaceae), two new species from Chihuahua, Mexico. – Willdenowia 49: 319 – 328. doi: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.49.49303Version of record first published online on 26 November 2019 ahead of inclusion in December 2019 issue.
Abstract After a thorough review of the limited ethnographic data on shamanic use of the entheogenic mint Salvia divinorum by the Mazatec Indians of the Sierra
J. W. Gruber, D. J. Siebert, A. H. D. Marderosian, and R. S. Hock, “High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Quantification of Salvinorin a from Tissues of Salvia Divinorum Epling & Játiva-m,” Phytochemical Analysis, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 22–25, 1999.
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199901/02)10:1<22::AID-PCA428>3.0.CO;2-0.
O. Grundmann, S. M. Phipps, I. Zadezensky, and V. Butterweck, “Salvia Divinorum and Salvinorin A: An Update on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology,” Planta Medica, vol. 73, no. 10, pp. 1039–1046, Aug. 2007.
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-981566.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
I.-S. Han, Y.-M. Ha, D.-Y. Kim, and B.-H. Lee, “Basic Studies of Korean Native Clerodendron trichotomum Thunberg for Landscape Uses,” Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 130–138, 2011.
doi: 10.14700/KITLA.2011.29.2.130.
본 연구는 전통식물 누리장나무를 조경 소재로 개발하기 위한 기초연구로서 자생지 환경특성 및 생육특성과 번식방법을 규명하고자 실시하였다. 우리나라 전역에 자생하고 있는 누리장나무는 예로부터 어린 잎을 식용하거나 줄기, 뿌리 등을 약용으로 이용한 토종식물로서 전통 조경식물로 구분할 수 있다. 누리장나무가 기록된 최초의 문헌은 1937년 정태현 등이 저술한 <조선식물향명집> 에서 개똥나무라 칭하였으며, 황해도 이남 산야지, 산기슭, 하천변, 둑 등에서 자라고, 식용 및 약용으로 이용된다. 누리장나무는 우리 역사와 함께 하였으며, 여름에 피는 흰 꽃과 가을에 익는 비취색의 열매는 관상가치가 높아 조경용 소재로 개발할 가치가 높다. 누리장나무는 낙엽활엽관목으로 한 화방내 꽃의 크기는 1.2cm로 작은 편이며 수술의 수는 4개, 암술의 수는 1개였다. 화방의 총 길이는 15cm, 화방폭은 20cm였으며, 화방당 꽃수는 84개로 한 화방당 꽃이 많은 것을 알 수 있었다. 열매색은 흑청색으로 과폭은 0.72~0.75cm, 과고는 0.71~0.73cm로서 거의 원형에 가까웠으며, 6월 11일 착과되어 이듬해 봄까지 열매가 달려있어 열매 감상기간이 총 175일로 길었다. 자생지의 토양산도는 안양 수리산이 4.58로 강원도의 정선 아우라지의 5.52보다 낮았다. 누리장나무의 종자발아율은 자생지별로 다양하였으며, 플러그(plug) 상자에서 발아율이 80% 이상으로 높게 나타났으며, 생장 역시 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 녹지삽목 시기를 6월과 7월에 걸쳐 실시한 결과 7월 7일 처리구에서 공히 발근율이 가장 높게 나타난 반면 6월 23일과 7월 21일 처리구는 발근율이 오히려 낮아졌다. IBA 농도에 따른 발근율을 조사한 결과, 7월 7일 IBA 1,000 ppm과 2,000 ppm 처리구에서 발근율이 94%, 97%의 높은 발근율을 보여 누리장나무의 녹지삽목은 7월 상순 IBA 1,000~2,000 ppm의 저농도에서 실시하는 것이 가장 적합하다고 판단되었다. This study was carried out to investigate growth characteristics and propagation methods of Clerodendron trichotomum for landscape uses. The results are obtained as follows: In the first place, Korean native C. trichotomum was printed in the "Enumeration of plants in Chosun" in 1937 by Tae Hyun Chung. C. trichotomum is a shrub with round shape. This is noted for its late summer flowers, showy fruit and malodorous foliage. White flowers in long-peduncled cymes bloom in the upper leaf axils from late summer into fall. Flowers are followed by small bright blue fruits, each subtended by a fleshy red calyx. C. trichotomum showed high seed germination rate and greater shoot length in plug box than in normal seeding bed. The rooting rate of C. trichotomum according to cutting date was highest on July 7. The optimum date for cutting was on July 7~10 when the shoots were more hardened. Soil acidity ranged from pH 4.58 to 5.52. The most effective method for rooting of C. trichotomum was treatment with 1,000 ppm IBA on July 7 cuttings, which showed rooting rate of over 90%. Korean native C. trichotomum was successfully propagated through soft cutting and seed.
J. P. Han et al., “Relationship between DNA Barcoding and Chemical Classification of Salvia L. Medicinal Herbs,” Planta Medica, vol. 75, no. 04, pp. P-11, Mar. 2009.
doi: 10.1055/s-2009-1216449.
J. R. Hanson, “Natural Products from the Hallucinogenic Sage,” Science Progress, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 171–180, Jun. 2010.
doi: 10.3184/003685010X12626983776947.
The isolation, structures and biological activity of the neoclerodane and other natural products obtained from the Mexican hallucinogenic sage, Salvia divinorum are reviewed.
D. C. Hao, X.-J. Gu, and P. G. Xiao, “14 - Phytochemical and Biological Research of Salvia Medicinal Resources,” in Medicinal Plants, D. C. Hao, X.-J. Gu, and P. G. Xiao, Eds. Woodhead Publishing, 2015, pp. 587–639.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100085-4.00014-1.
Sage (Salvia) species have been used in traditional medicine for the relief of pain, protecting the body against oxidative stress, free radical damages, angiogenesis, inflammation, bacterial and virus infection, etc. Various terpenoids and phenolic compounds of Salvia plants are found to be useful in industry and health care. Many studies suggest that sage species can be considered for drug development because of their reported pharmacology and therapeutic activities in many countries of Asia and Middle East. Transcriptome data provide useful information on transcript profiles, gene discovery, transcriptional regulation, tissue biogenesis, and marker-assisted selections. Omics platform will greatly contribute to the improvement of Salvia medicinal plants, for the purpose of ensuring adequate drug resources. This chapter covers the latest advances in phytochemical, pharmacological, phylogenetic, and omics studies of Salvia plants. More Salvia plants, besides the well-known S. miltiorrhiza, S. sclarea, and S. officinalis, have application potential in pharmaceutical industry and clinical therapy.
M. T. Harden, S. E. Smith, J. A. Niehoff, C. R. McCurdy, and G. T. Taylor, “Antidepressive Effects of the κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist Salvinorin A in a Rat Model of Anhedonia,” Behavioural Pharmacology, vol. 23, no. 7, p. 710, Oct. 2012.
doi: 10.1097/FBP.0b013e3283586189.
Salvinorin A (SalvA), the hallucinogenic derivative of the plant Salvia divinorum, is a selective κ-opioid receptor agonist that may also have antidepressant properties. Chronic mild stress (CMS) was applied to male and female Long–Evans rats to model anhedonia common in depression. The progressive loss in preference for a sucrose solution over plain water, a measure of anhedonia, and locomotor activity were monitored for 7 weeks. Because antidepressant medications often modify reproductive functions, endocrine glands and hormone-sensitive tissues were assessed at necropsy after the conclusion of the behavioral protocol. Three weeks of CMS exposure led to a decrease in sucrose preference. CMS was continued for 3 additional weeks and animals were randomly assigned to treatment with 1 mg SalvA/kg body weight or to a vehicle control group. The results indicate that SalvA reversed anhedonia whereas control animals continued to show a suppressed preference for the sucrose solution. In addition, no change in sucrose preference was observed in nonstressed rats that were exposed to the same dosage of SalvA. The results indicate that SalvA is an effective antidepressant agent when administered chronically to rats showing symptoms of depression similar to those observed in humans.
W. W. Harding et al., “Salvinicins A and B, New Neoclerodane Diterpenes from Salvia Divinorum,” Organic Letters, vol. 7, no. 14, pp. 3017–3020, Jul. 2005.
doi: 10.1021/ol0510522.
Two new neoclerodane diterpenes, salvinicins A (4) and B (5), were isolated from the dried leaves of Salvia divinorum. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques, including 1H and 13C NMR, NOESY, HMQC, and HMBC. The absolute stereochemistry of these compounds was assigned on the basis of single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis of salvinicin A (4) and a 3,4-dichlorobenzoate derivative of salvinorin B.
S. D. Hatipoglu, B. Yalcinkaya, M. Akgoz, T. Ozturk, A. C. Goren, and G. Topcu, “Screening of Hallucinogenic Compounds and Genomic Characterisation of 40 Anatolian Salvia Species,” Phytochemical Analysis, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 541–549, 2017.
doi: 10.1002/pca.2703.
A. L. Hayden, “Aeroponic and Hydroponic Systems for Medicinal Herb, Rhizome, and Root Crops,” HortScience, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 536–538, Jun. 2006.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.536.
Hydroponic and aeroponic production of medicinal crops in controlled environments provides opportunities for improving quality, purity, consistency, bioactivity, and biomass production on a commercial scale. Ideally, the goal is to optimize the environment and systems to maximize all five characteristics. Examples of crop production systems using perlite hydroponics, nutrient film technique (NFT), ebb and flow, and aeroponics were studied for various root, rhizome, and herb leaf crops. Biomass data comparing aeroponic vs. soilless culture or field grown production of burdock root (Arctium lappa), stinging nettles herb and rhizome (Urtica dioica), and yerba mansa root and rhizome (Anemopsis californica) are presented, as well as smaller scale projects observing ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) and skullcap herb (Scutellaria lateriflora). Phytochemical concentration of marker compounds for burdock and yerba mansa in different growing systems are presented.
F. He, C. Lindqvist, and W. W. Harding, “Leonurenones A–C: Labdane Diterpenes from Leonotis Leonurus,” Phytochemistry, vol. 83, pp. 168–172, Nov. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.07.014.
Labdanes, leonurenones A–C, two known labdanes, luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside and luteolin were isolated and characterized from a commercial source of Leonotis leonurus. Genetic methods allowed for identification of the plant material. The leonurenones contain an uncommon α,β-unsaturated enone moiety in ring B, and leonurenones A and B were evaluated in a competitive inhibition assay at the GABA A neuroreceptor site.
C. Hebert*, J. Kuehny, C. Johnson, and A. Delaune, “Pollen Viability of Clerodendrum,” HortScience, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 808A–808, Jul. 2004.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.39.4.808A.
The genus Clerodendrum belongs to the family Verbenaceae of which there are over 400 tree, shrub, and vine species. Species of Clerodendrum vary in leaf size, shape and texture; inflorescence shape; and flower shape, size and color. There is commercial interest in developing hybrids with desirable floricultural attributes. Interspecific hybridization could be used to increase variability in flower color, inflorescence shape, plant vigor, leaf color and shape for selection. Pollen viability among species is in question because of absence of seed set on many selected plants. The need for assessing viability of pollen used is important in determining the strategies to be used in hybridization. Clerodendrum floribundum, C. speciosissimum, C. splendens, C. × speciosum (C. thompsonia × C. splendens) and C. quadriloculare grown in a greenhouse under natural daylight were used as pollen sources. Pollen was collected from recently opened anther, placed in a scintillation vial on ice, and brought into the laboratory. A peroxidase test, dehydrogenase test, and the fluorescein diacetate procedure were used to determine percent viability of pollen before, during and after anthesis for each Clerodendrum species.
R. B. Hernández-Alvarado, A. Madariaga-Mazón, A. Ortega, and K. Martinez-Mayorga, “DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Salvinorin A,” ACS Chemical Neuroscience, vol. 11, no. 23, pp. 3979–3992, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00608.
Salvinorin A is the main bioactive compound in Salvia divinorum, an endemic plant with ancestral use by the inhabitants of the Mazateca mountain range (Sierra Mazateca) in Oaxaca, México. The main use of la pastora, as locally known, is in spiritual rites due to its extraordinary hallucinogenic effects. Being the first known nonalkaloidal opioid-mediated psychotropic molecule, salvinorin A set new research areas in neuroscience. The absence of a protonated amine group, common to all previously known opioids, results in a fast metabolism with the concomitant fast elimination and swift loss of activity. The worldwide spread and psychotropic effects of salvinorin A account for its misuse and classification as a drug of abuse. Consequently, salvinorin A and Salvia divinorum are now banned in many countries. Several synthetic efforts have been focused on the improvement of physicochemical and biological properties of salvinorin A: from total synthesis to hundreds of analogues. In this Review, we discuss the impact of salvinorin A in chemistry and neuroscience covering the historical relevance, isolation from natural sources, synthetic efforts, and pharmacological and safety profiles. Altogether, the chemistry behind and the taboo that encloses salvinorin A makes it one of the most exquisite naturally occurring drugs.
R. Hernández-Bello et al., “Salvinorin A Content in Legal High Products of Salvia Divinorum Sold in Mexico,” Forensic Science International, vol. 249, pp. 197–201, Apr. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.038.
Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae) is a herb native to Mexico where it is used by Mazatec shamans for spiritual and divination purposes. S. divinorum products are easily available to consumers and are used worldwide as legal highs because of the hallucinogenic effects caused mainly by salvinorin A. Highly popular videos and websites on the internet depicting the use of S. divinorum products have contributed to an increase in their consumption. Recent reports have highlighted the potential of these products to induce psychosis in consumers. In Mexico, dried leaf extracts of S. divinorum are sold in different strengths, claiming to correlate with increasing amounts of salvinorin A. In order to determine the variability of salvinorin A content between brands and to investigate possible correlation between brand strengths, this study sought to quantify salvinorin A in commercial products available in Mexico using an HPLC method. The HPLC analytical method showed a correlation coefficient R2>0.99, with LOD of 0.44μg/mL and LOQ of 1.34μg/mL. The retention time for salvinorin A was 23.09±0.95min and the measured concentrations ranged between 8.32±0.65 and 56.52±3.77mg/g dried leaf. The results for brand c did not show an agreement between the declared and the calculated amount of salvinorin A. Additionally, the emergence in Mexico of high strength salvia products (100×), the lack of regulation and the observed variability of salvinorin A content between brands of commercial legal highs products of S. divinorum could result in a health problem for consumers.
J. M. Hooker, Y. Xu, W. Schiffer, C. Shea, P. Carter, and J. S. Fowler, “Pharmacokinetics of the Potent Hallucinogen, Salvinorin A in Primates Parallels the Rapid Onset and Short Duration of Effects in Humans,” NeuroImage, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 1044–1050, Jul. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.003.
Salvia divinorum, a mint plant originally used by the Mazatecs of Oaxaca, Mexico in spiritual rituals has gained popularity, in smoked form, as a legal hallucinogen in the United States and Europe. Abuse results in rapid onset and short-lasting effects that include visual hallucinations and motor-function impairment. Salvinorin A, the psychoactive component of S. divinorum, is a uniquely potent agonist at κ-opioid receptors, targets for new therapeutic drugs. We labeled salvinorin A with C-11 by acylation of salvinorin B with [11C]-acetyl chloride to study whether its kinetic behavior in the brain parallels its uniquely fast, yet brief physiological effects. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies performed in 6 adult female baboons indicated extremely rapid brain uptake reaching a peak accounting for 3.3% of the total administered dose in 40 s and clearing with a half-life of 8 min. [11C]-salvinorin A was distributed throughout the brain with the highest concentration in the cerebellum and a notable concentration in the visual cortex, perhaps accounting for its physiological effects when smoked. Naloxone administration did not reduce the overall concentration of [11C]-salvinorin A significantly nor did it change its regional distribution. Peripheral organ kinetics suggested at least two modes of metabolism and excretion occur: through the renal and biliary systems. Our findings have revealed that the exceptionally rapid uptake and brief duration of salvinorin A in the brain match the time-course of visual hallucinations for S. divinorum when smoked. The effects of salvinorin A may occur at <10 μg in the human brain, emphasizing its remarkable potency.
V. Hoover, D. B. Marlowe, N. S. Patapis, D. S. Festinger, and R. F. Forman, “Internet Access to Salvia Divinorum: Implications for Policy, Prevention, and Treatment,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 22–27, Jul. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2007.07.011.
This study determined the degree to which Salvia divinorum, a potent hallucinogenic drug that is legal in most U.S. jurisdictions, is being proffered for sale over the Internet and how it is being characterized on popular Web sites. Search results revealed that between one half and two thirds (58%) of the Web sites either offered to sell S. divinorum or linked to other Web sites offering to sell the drug and that more than three quarters (78%) of the Web sites advocated for its use. Many of the statements issued on the Web sites were erroneous or falsely interpreted the absence of scientific data on the possible side effects of S. divinorum as evidence that no side effect exists. The portrayal and availability of S. divinorum on the Internet are similar to those of other illicit and prescription drugs of abuse. However, much less is known about the short- and long-term effects of this novel drug. Consequently, there is little basis to contradict the many Web sites that encourage its use. Implications for drug policy, prevention, and treatment are discussed.
E. Hunter et al., “Toward the Identification of a Phytocannabinoid-like Compound in the Flowers of a South African Medicinal Plant (Leonotis Leonurus),” BMC Research Notes, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 522, Nov. 2020.
doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-05372-z.
Current global trends on natural therapeutics suggest an increasing market interest toward the use and discovery of new plant-derived therapeutic compounds, often referred to as traditional medicine (TM). The Cannabis industry is currently one such focal area receiving attention, owing to the occurrence of phytocannabinoids (pCBs) which have shown promise in health-promotion and disease prevention. However, the occurrence of pCBs in other plant species are often overlooked and rarely studied. Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. is endemic to South Africa with a rich history of use in TM practices amongst indigenous people and, has been recorded to induce mild psychoactive effects akin to Cannabis. While the leaves have been well-reported to contain therapeutic phytochemicals, little information exists on the flowers. Consequently, as part of a larger research venture, we targeted the flowers of L. leonurus for the identification of potential pCB or pCB-like compounds.
A. Ibragimov, D. Dolimov, S. Talipov, L. Izotova, and U. Zainutdinov, “Redetermnation of Lagochiline Monohydrate,” Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online, vol. 66, no. Pt 6, p. o1392, May 2010.
doi: 10.1107/S1600536810017800.
In the title compound, C20H36O5·H2O, previously studied by film methods [Vorontsova et al. (1975). Izvest. USSR Ser. Chem. 2, 338–343], the H atoms have been located and the absolute structure (seven stereogenic centres) established. An intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.
M. Imanshahidi and H. Hosseinzadeh, “The Pharmacological Effects of Salvia Species on the Central Nervous System,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 427–437, 2006.
doi: 10.1002/ptr.1898.
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br., is one of the wild members of family Lamiaceae. The plant is known for its anti-cold, anti- cough, anti-inflamatory and anti-diarrheal properties since ages and being used by local tribal communities as ethnomedicine. The present study is an attempt to investigate the preliminary phytochemical composition of this plant. The result reveals the presence of bioactive constituents comprising alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, glycosides, steroids and saponins in different solvents. The presence of these phytochemicals can be correlated with the medicinal potential of this plant.
B. Islamov, M. Hasanov, G. Turakulova, and A. Akhmedov, “Estimate of the Current Condition of Populations of the Lagochilus Olgae R.KAM. (Lamiaceae Lindl.) in Uzbekistan,” American Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 307–315, Mar. 2022.
doi: 10.4236/ajps.2022.133019.
Intense human pressure and global warming have caused habitat destruction in these areas and increased the number of endangered species. These species are endemic to the Nuratau ridge and are under high human pressure. We found four populations of both species in the Nuratau ridge. For each population we measured plant density and determined population maturity and ontogenetic spectrum. We also described the plant community where each population grew. At all sites population density was low, with most populations being classified as mature with centred ontogenetic structure.
R. Islamov, U. N. Zainutdinov, and \relax K. A. Aslanov, “Lagochilin 3-Monoacetate from Lagochilus Inebrians,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 342–343, May 1978.
doi: 10.1007/BF00713342.
\relax A. K. Islamov, I. R. Askarov, and D. S. Tojiboeva, “Study of Extraction Conditions of Lagochilus Inebrians Bge. Plant,” IJODKOR O‘QITUVCHI JURNALI, pp. 129–134, Nov. 2022.
The species Lagochilus has long been known for its healing properties, i.e. as a hemostatic agent, and it is one of the most popular, effective hemostatic medicinal plants of the East. Decoctions and tinctures based on the Lagochilus plant have been used in practice to stop various bleedings. The pharmacology of Lagochilus plant species was studied at the pharmacology departments of the Kuban, Samarkand, Andijan medical universities. Of these, aqueous and alcoholic decoctions of Lagochilus inebrians have been identified as having physiologically active properties such as sedative, hypotensive, sedative, anti-shock, anti-radiation and anti-allergic (anti-allergic) in addition to hemostatic properties[1-2]. The Lagochilus inebrians plant grows in the Nurota district of the Navoi region of Uzbekistan and in the village of Navandak, Mirdosh Langar, Akmal Ikromov collective farm of the Khatirchi district, on the banks of the river and in the rocky areas. It is also found in Bukhara and Kashkadarya regions. It was grown in the village of Darmana in the former Frunze state farm of Shymkent province. It grows wild in the villages of Ko’shrabot, Gujumsoy, Bozorjoy, Jush, Samarkand region.
A. X. Islomov, I. R. Asqarov, A. S. Turayev, and M. M. o’g’li Mo’minjonov, “Obtaining the Oil Extract of Lagochilus Inebrians Plant and Using it in Folk Medicine,” Журнал химии товаров и народной медицины, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 313–325, Oct. 2022.
doi: 10.55475/jcgtm/vol1.iss4.2022.99.
This article describes the properties, chemical composition, methods for obtaining oil extracts of the plant Lagochilus inebrians Bunge, the results of the separation and physico-chemical properties of these vegetable oils by high performance liquid chromatography, as well as their use in traditional medicine.
This paper presents data on the effect of Gibberellin A3 (GA3) and Auxinindolyl-3-acetic acid (heteroauxin) stimulants on seed germination and growth for the culture of Lagochilus inebrians plant.
M. Iwarsson and Y. Harvey, “Monograph of the Genus Leonotis (Pers.) R. Br. (Lamiaceae),” Kew Bulletin, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 597–645, 2003.
doi: 10.2307/4111146.
In this revision of the genus Leonotis four new taxa are described and illustrated: L. grandis Iwarsson & Y. B. Harv. from the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, N Malawi and NE Zambia; L. decadonta Gürke var. porotoensis Iwarsson & Y. B. Harv. from the Southern Highlands of Tanzania; L. myricifolia Iwarsson & Y. B. Harv. from the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, E Zambia and N Malawi; and L. myrothamnifolia Iwarsson & Y. B. Harv. from the Mafinga Hills bordering Malawi and Zambia. The new combination L. decadonta Gürke var. vestita (Briq.) Iwarsson &: Y. B. Harv. is made and differences between the varieties of L. decadonta are described. A lectotype is selected for L. decadonta. This work accepts both varieties of L. nepetifolia (L.) R. Br., var. nepetifolia and the recently much-ignored var. africana (P. Beauv.) J. K. Morton.
K. J, S. Singh, and M. Khan, “Clerodendrum Colebrookianum Walp.: A Potential Folk Medicinal Plant of North East India,” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research, vol. 2, pp. 256–261, Jan. 2013.
In view of extensive ethno-medicinal importance and utilization in various forms of ethnomedicinal applications of Clerodendrum colebrookianum in the north eastern region, the present paper is an effort to compile the existing information on folklore medicine uses by different communities of north eastern India. The paper also encompasses to analyze the potential aspects in scientific identification of principle compounds and formulation of drug-like leads based on basic and applied research activities and for development of sustainable exploitation and conservation strategies in the near future. The present work is an extensive review and analysis of published literature supplemented by actual field surveys conducted and consultation with local healers and peoples familiar with ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal uses of Clerodendrum colebrookianum in different parts of the north eastern India. C. colebrookianum is known by more than thirty vernacular names among 20 different tribes and communities of north eastern region. The plant is used for treatment and cure of more than 16 different diseases and ailments. The use of young and tender leaves as decoction for antihypertensive purpose was the most common form of ethnomedicinal application for the species of C .colebrookianum among all ethnic tribes and communities in the region. A detailed investigation on the phytochemical, pharmacological properties of C. colebrookianum may lead to discover the potential lead compounds or molecules against life threatening diseases of human life such as hypertension, diabetes, etc.
A. Jamal, G. Ayub, A. Rahman, A. Rashid, J. Ali, and M. Shahab, “08. Effect of IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) Levels on the Growth and Rooting of Different Cutting Types of Clerodendrum Splendens,” Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 64–71, Oct. 2021.https://www.thepab.org/index.php/journal/article/view/2105.
An experiment to evaluate different IBA levels and cutting types for achieving growth and rooting of Clerodendrum splendens was studied at Ornamental Horticulture Nursery, Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan during the year 2012. In the experiment two types of cuttings were used i.e. stem cuttings and root cuttings and were treated with 0, 10, 20 and 30% IBA. Cuttings were then planted in polythene bags crammed with the mixture of clay, FYM and sand with the ratio of 1:1:1. IBA with the level of 20% showed best results regarding number of leaves per plant (14.0), number of roots per plant (9.8), root diameter (2.4mm) and survival percentage (60.0%). A significant increase in sprout length (29.1cm) and root length (24.8cm) were observed in cuttings treated with 10% IBA level over the control. Among cuttings, stem cuttings gave good results in all parameters as compared to the root cuttings. Interaction revealed that stem cuttings proved superior when treated with 20% IBA followed by 10% IBA, while root cuttings did not need IBA for rooting and resultant growth as these cuttings rooted and grew well without IBA. Hence it is recommended that stem cuttings need IBA at the rate of 20%, while root cuttings should be used without treating with IBA. Keywords: IBA; Cuttings; Clerodendrum splendens http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2016.50009
A. A. Jenks, J. B. Walker, and S.-C. Kim, “Evolution and Origins of the Mazatec Hallucinogenic Sage, Salvia Divinorum (Lamiaceae): A Molecular Phylogenetic Approach,” Journal of Plant Research, vol. 124, no. 5, pp. 593–600, Sep. 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s10265-010-0394-6.
Salvia divinorum Epl. & Játiva-M. (Lamiaceae) is a potent hallucinogenic plant that is classified within Salvia subgenus Calosphace, section Dusenostachys, and hypothesized to be an interspecific hybrid. It is of ethnobotanical significance due to its employment in traditional healing ceremonies by the Mazatecs of Oaxaca, Mexico, and due to its unique pharmacology—a highly selective, non-nitrogenous, κ-opioid receptor agonist. In order to test its phylogenetic position and putative hybridity, we sequenced multiple DNA regions (ITS, trnL-trnF, and psbA-trnH) of 52 species—representing the major lineages of subgenus Calosphace—and six accessions of S. divinorum. Our molecular phylogenetic results suggest that S. divinorum should not be classified within Dusenostachys and that it is not a hybrid. Additionally, we determine that the closest known relative of this psychoactive Mexican sage is S. venulosa, a rare endemic of Colombia.
A. A. Jenks and S.-C. Kim, “Medicinal Plant Complexes of Salvia Subgenus Calosphace: An Ethnobotanical Study of New World Sages,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 214–224, Mar. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.035.
Ethnopharmacological relevance The species of Salvia subgenus Calosphace are used medicinally and ritually in numerous traditions of folk healing among indigenous cultures of North and South America with more than 500 species. These species contain numerous bioactive terpenes and terpenoids, some active at human opioid and GABA receptors, which may contribute to their effectiveness as folk medicines. Medicinal plant complexes contain species which share common names, morphological and/or aromatic properties, and medicinal uses; these complexes are found in traditional systems of medicine. Our research looks for complexes within Calosphace and the secondary metabolites they contain. Materials and methods Several studies have combined molecular phylogenetics and ethnopharmacology to successfully target active medicinal species. In this paper, we have selected a monophyletic clade, Salvia subgenus Calosphace, and performed a literature search to identify medicinal plant complexes within it. We created a database from over 200 references, found using keywords, and herbarium sheets. To identify medicinal plant complexes within the database, all species with shared vernacular names were first grouped. If the species sharing common names had similar medicinal uses and morphological similarity, they were concluded to be a complex. In order to determine the accuracy and validity of this approach, the chia complex was used as control, and we more species than reported by all of the published references combined. After identifying complexes and species within each, we searched the phytochemical literature to identify all reported secondary metabolites for each. Results We identify four previously unidentified complexes. Mirto (5 species) is used extensively in the treatment of the folk illness susto and other illnesses in Mexico, and is characterized by red flowers. Ñucchu (7 species) used as a symbolic element in religious processions and in the treatment of respiratory ailments in Peru and characterized by red flowers. Cantueso (2 species), with blue flowers, is used for respiratory ailments in Mexico, and Manga-paqui (3 species) is used for kidney and liver diseases in Ecuador. For the species of each complex we report all traditional preparations, other vernacular names, and known secondary metabolites. Among these complexes, Mirto and Ñucchu appear to have exceptional levels of cultural significance. Conclusions Our results support our hypothesis that species within Salvia subgenus Calosphace will assort into complexes of medicinal plants that share common names, appearances, and medicinal uses. We have identified four new complexes within this monophyletic lineage, mirto, ñucchu, cantueso, and manga-paqui.
A. A. Jenks, “Systematics and Ethnobotany of Salvia Subgenus Calosphace and Origins of the Hallucinogenic Sage, Salvia Divinorum,” PhD thesis, UC Riverside, 2008.https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3f24n5mp.
Salvia subgenus Calosphace (Lamiaceae), the largest of 5 subgenera with some 500 species and strongly supported as monophyletic, has received no comprehensive systematic research since the initial establishment of 91 taxonomic sections. Representative taxa of 73 sections of Calosphace were sampled to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and identify major lineages using chloroplast (intergenic spacer, psbA-trnH) and nuclear DNA (ribosomal spacer region, ITS). Phylogenetic analysis of the combined data set established the monophyly of nine sections (Blakea, Corrugatae, Dusenostachys, Erythrostachys, Hastatae, Incarnatae, Microsphace, Nobiles, and Sigmoideae) and four major lineages (S. axillaris, “Hastatae clade”, “Uliginosae clade”, and “Core Calosphace”) corresponding with the four major stamen types identified within the subgenus. Disjunct sections spanning two or more centers of diversity are not supported by the results; no more than seven dispersal events to South America are required to account for the current disjunct distributions. One member of the subgenus, Salvia divinorum is hallucinogenic and used in traditional healing ceremonies by the Mazatec of Mexico. It was classified within section Dusenostachys and hypothesized to be an interspecific hybrid. Multiple DNA regions (ITS, trnL-trnF, and psbA-trnH) of 52 species representing the major lineages of subgenus Calosphace and six accessions of S. divinorum were sequenced to test its phylogenetic position and putative hybridity. Salvia divinorum should not be classified within Dusenostachys nor is it a hybrid according to the results; its closest relative is S. venulosa, a Colombian endemic. In addition to S. divinorum, there are many other Calosphace species that are used medicinally in North and South America. Ethnobotanical data was gathered for 150 species; those sharing the common names, medicinal uses, appearances, and similar compounds associated into medicinal plant complexes. Five new, previously undocumented complexes were identified: Mirto (5 spp. used extensively in the treatment of susto and other illnesses in Mexico), Ñucchu (7 spp. used as a symbolic element in religious prossessions and in the treatment of respiratory ailments in Peru), Lí’l++ (3 spp. used for food and medicine by the Chianantec), Cantueso (2 spp. used for respiratory ailments in Mexico), and Manga-paqui (3 spp. used for kidney and liver problems in Ecuador).
J. D. Jermain and H. K. Evans, “Analyzing Salvia Divinorum and Its Active Ingredient Salvinorin A Utilizing Thin Layer Chromatography and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 612–616, 2009.
doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.00999.x.
Abstract: In recent years, Salvia divinorum has become a major focus by state legislatures throughout the United States looking to prohibit the sale of the psychoactive plant. After researching testing procedures presented in the literature and those employed by crime laboratories throughout the country, it was decided that thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were the methods to use to analyze plant material for salvinorin A. With TLC, salvinorin A was detected from extracted plant material and was easily distinguishable from 13 other Salvia species as well as Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana). When using GC/MS, salvinorin A was best extracted from plant material with chloroform at ambient temperature when using a nonpolar solvent and acetone at ambient temperature when using a polar solvent. By utilizing these techniques, criminalists are now able to confirm the presence of salvinorin A in a submitted plant material suspected to be Salvia divinorum.
Jeyaraman AmuthaIswarya Devi, Murugan Vannithurai, and Velayutham Mani Mala, “Review on Leonotis Nepetifolia Linn,” International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Science, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 15–25, 2020.http://www.ijrpsonline.com/pdf/93007.pdf.
The plant of Leonotis nepetifolia Linn in India, belongs to family Lamiaceae. Leonotis nepetifolia is commonly called „kilp dagga‟ or „lion ear‟, „shandilay‟ and „bradi-bita‟. It is native to tropical Africa and southern India. It grows to a height of 3 metres and striking lipped flowers that are most commonly orange but can vary to red, white, and purple. It has drooping dark green, very soft serrated leaves that can grow up to 10 centimetres wide. The plant stems emanates from a thick wood base. Sunbirds and ants are attracted to the flowers. It has been found growing on road sides, rubbish heaps or waste land. The cultivation of medicinal plants is the key to meet the raw material needs of the industry based on the medicinal plant products. Phytochemical investigation shows the presence of alkaloids, protein & amino acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, glycosides, carbohydrate, saponins, steroids, tannins and fixed oil. Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectoscopy analysis of showed several active components. A review lowed formed on various parts of this plant are anti-inflammatory activity, anti-bacterial, antidiarrheal, Healing, antiviral, antifungal, anti-giardial, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-thelmintic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity.
P. Joffe, Easy Guide to Indigenous Shrubs, 1St ed. Pretoria: Briza, 2003.
T. F. John, L. G. French, and J. S. Erlichman, “The Antinociceptive Effect of Salvinorin A in Mice,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 545, no. 2, pp. 129–133, Sep. 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.077.
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic plant used by the Mazatec Indians of Mexico for traditional spiritual ceremonies. The active constituent, salvinorin A, induces profound hallucinations, however the biological mechanism for this action is not known. Affinity-binding studies suggest that the biologic activity of salvinorin A involves the κ-opioid receptor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of salvinorin A in mice. Salvinorin A and opioid receptor antagonists were administered intrathecally and the tail-flick latencies were used as a measure of antinociception. Salvinorin A increased tail-flick latencies in a dose-dependent manner (13.9–23.1 nmol) compared to control trials. Pretreatment with the κ-opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine attenuated the salvinorin A induced increase in tail-flick latency. In contrast, neither the μ-opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine nor δ-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole significantly affected the antinociceptive response of salvinorin A administration. These data support previous reports that salvinorin A represents a unique non-alkaloidal agonist for the κ-opioid receptor.
M. W. Johnson, K. A. MacLean, C. J. Reissig, T. E. Prisinzano, and R. R. Griffiths, “Human Psychopharmacology and Dose-Effects of Salvinorin A, a Kappa Opioid Agonist Hallucinogen Present in the Plant Salvia Divinorum,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 150–155, May 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.005.
Salvinorin A is a potent, selective nonnitrogenous kappa opioid agonist and the known psychoactive constituent of Salvia divinorum, a member of the mint family that has been used for centuries by Mazatec shamans of Mexico for divination and spiritual healing. S. divinorum has over the last several years gained increased popularity as a recreational drug. This is a double-blind, placebo controlled study of salvinorin A in 4 psychologically and physically healthy hallucinogen-using adults. Across sessions, participants inhaled 16 ascending doses of salvinorin A and 4 intermixed placebo doses under comfortable and supportive conditions. Doses ranged from 0.375μg/kg to 21μg/kg. Subject-rated drug strength was assessed every 2min for 60min after inhalation. Orderly time- and dose-related effects were observed. Drug strength ratings peaked at 2min (first time point) and definite subjective effects were no longer present at approximately 20min after inhalation. Dose-related increases were observed on questionnaire measures of mystical-type experience (Mysticism Scale) and subjective effects associated with classic serotonergic (5-HT2A) hallucinogens (Hallucinogen Rating Scale). Salvinorin A did not significantly increase heart rate or blood pressure. Participant narratives indicated intense experiences characterized by disruptions in vestibular and interoceptive signals (e.g., change in spatial orientation, pressure on the body) and unusual and sometimes recurring themes across sessions such as revisiting childhood memories, cartoon-like imagery, and contact with entities. Under these prepared and supportive conditions, salvinorin A occasioned a unique profile of subjective effects having similarities to classic hallucinogens, including mystical-type effects.
M. W. Johnson, K. A. MacLean, M. J. Caspers, T. E. Prisinzano, and R. R. Griffiths, “Time Course of Pharmacokinetic and Hormonal Effects of Inhaled High-Dose Salvinorin A in Humans,” Journal of Psychopharmacology, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 323–329, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.1177/0269881116629125.
Salvinorin A is a kappa opioid agonist and the principal psychoactive constituent of the Salvia divinorum plant, which has been used for hallucinogenic effects. Previous research on salvinorin A pharmacokinetics likely underestimated plasma levels typically resulting from the doses administered due to inefficient vaporization and not collecting samples during peak drug effects. Six healthy adults inhaled a single high dose of vaporized salvinorin A (n = 4, 21 mcg/kg; n = 2, 18 mcg/kg). Participant- and monitor-rated effects were assessed every 2 min for 60 min post-inhalation. Blood samples were collected at 13 time points up to 90 min post-inhalation. Drug levels peaked at 2 min and then rapidly decreased. Drug levels were significantly, positively correlated with participant and monitor drug effect ratings. Significant elevations in prolactin were observed beginning 5 min post-inhalation and peaking at 15 min post-inhalation. Cortisol showed inconsistent increases across participants. Hormonal responses were not well correlated with drug levels. This is the first study to demonstrate a direct relationship between changes in plasma levels of salvinorin A and drug effects in humans. The results confirm the efficacy of an inhalation technique for salvinorin A.
If you get only one book on the topic of psychoactive plants & compounds, this is it, the most complete reference book, a dense 639 pages covering over 1000 species with the largest bibliography on the subject ever compiled. Everything you ever wanted to know, and much more. Accurate, definitive, and surprisingly entertaining
N. Joshee et al., “Scutellaria: Biotechnology, Phytochemistry and Its Potential as a Commercial Medicinal Crop,” in Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants: Micropropagation and Improvement, S. Chandra, \relax H. E. M. A. N. T. LATA, and A. Varma, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013, pp. 69–99.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-29974-2_3.
Plants of the genus Scutellaria (family Lamiaceae) are distributed globally and they are integral part of Eastern as well as American traditional medicine. The genus Scutellaria, commonly referred to as skullcap, is considered as a North American perennial plant. At present this genus is represented by 350–360 species. Many species are rare, threatened, or endangered. Habitat destruction, urbanization, and poor seed set are a few reasons behind the diminishing population of many skullcaps. Many skullcap species have showy, beautiful blooms with great potential as ornamental plants. Skullcaps are used in alternative medicine as antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, nervine, sedative, and strong tonic. More than 295 compounds have been isolated from Scutellaria species and the majority of the compounds are flavonoids and diterpenes. We present a review of research carried out by various groups, covering aspects of phytochemical screening, biomedical studies, conservation, plant biotechnology, and development of Scutellaria as a premium crop. We have developed a germplasm collection at Fort Valley State University that includes 19 species. These species are maintained in the greenhouse and through micropropagation in the lab. Biotechnology presents significant advances for the use of Scutellaria. We will review progress in micropropagation, transformation for desired gene transfer, and hairy root induction, extraction, and HPLC analysis of targeted flavonoids, and preclinical and clinical studies on select extracts and isolated flavonoids using various cancer models.
S. K and K. H. H, “Obtaining Pathogen-Free Seedlings Based on Microclonal Propagation of Lagochilus Inebriance Bunge Using in Vitro Methods,” International Journal of Genetic Engineering, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 10–15, /26/2022.
doi: 10.5923/j.ijge.20221001.03.
In recent years, possibilities have been achieved based on the widespread use of in vitro methods in the preservation and development of biodiversity. The specificity of the morphogen response to the effects of growth regulators of the studied samples of Lagochilus inebriance in in vitro condition was determined using mineral nutrient media with different composition. The optimal medium was selected for the micropropagation of the studied L.inebriance samples; The addition of 0.1 μM BAP to the nutrient medium according to recipe B5 was noted to be effective; BDS medium containing 5.0 µM BAP and 2.0 µM NAA was used for samples of L. inebriance growing in laboratory conditions, and 0.4 µM BAP, 3.2 µM NAA for samples growing in greenhouse conditions and B5 nutrient medium supplemented with 2.3 μM IAA was noted to be the most effective. In the proliferative phase, the most effective cytokinin was BAP compared to TDZ and Kinetin.
J. W. Kadereit, Ed., Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2004.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-18617-2.
M. Kaufmann and M. Wink, “Molecular Systematics of the Nepetoideae (Family Labiatae): Phylogenetic Implications from rbcL Gene Sequences,” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, vol. 49, no. 9-10, pp. 635–645, Oct. 1994.
doi: 10.1515/znc-1994-9-1015.
Total DNA was extracted from 41 species (20 genera) of the subfamily Nepetoideae (family Labiatae). Using rbcL-specific primers, the rbcL gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced directly. RbcL sequences were evaluated with character state (maximum parsimony; PAUP) and distance methods (neighbour-joining; MEGA). In agree ment with classical systematics all taxa studied cluster within the Nepetoideae and are clearly distinguished from members of the subfamily Lamioideae. A number of distinctive clades are apparent within the Nepetoideae:, and XIII -Perovskia. At least five main branches rep resenting the clades I, II, III to VII, VIII, and IX to XIII respectively, can be distinguished within the Nepetoideae studied. They might be considered representing the tribes (according to Cantino, 1992) Elsholtzieae (I), Lavanduleae (II), and Mentheae (III - XIII). The tribe Mentheae needs to be subdivided into at least three main groups (clades III-VII, VIII and IX -XIII). Major ana hortensis which is often classified as Origanum hortensis does not cluster with Origanum and deserves a generic status of its own.
A. W. Keasling and J. K. Zjawiony, “Chapter 51 - The Plant Salvia Divinorum (Lamiaceae)—Chemistry and Pharmacology,” in Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, V. R. Preedy, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 2016, pp. 551–560.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800212-4.00051-0.
The plant Salvia divinorum (Epling & Játiva-M.) is a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae) endemic to the Sierra Mazateca region of the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca of southern Mexico. It has a history of known ethnobotanical use by the Mazatec Indians extending several centuries both in medicinal and spiritual practices. Reports of the perceptiotropic effects that accompanied use of this material led to phytochemical investigations which yielded a novel neoclerodane diterpenoid, salvinorin A. This compound was found to possess extremely high affinity and selectivity for the kappa opioid receptors and was determined to bind in a unique manner different from classic opioids. While S. divinorum and salvinorin A both produce pronounced perceptotropic effects (i.e., mixed hallucinogenic and dissociative effects) they have also been shown to attenuate drug-seeking behavior. Furthermore, salvinorin A has been repeatedly shown to possess an extremely low potential for physiological toxicity. Salvia divinorum represents a novel source of bioactive molecules some of which have been shown to have utility as antiaddiction therapeutics.
B. C. Kelly, “Legally Tripping: A Qualitative Profile of Salvia Divinorum Use among Young Adults,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 46–54, 2011.
doi: 10.1080/02791072.2011.566500.
During recent years, there has been increasing interest in "legal highs" among youth and young adults. Salvia divinorum is a legally available hallucinogenic plant, primarily utilized in smokable form, that produces a brief but intense hallucinogenic experience for the user. Data are presented from an ethnographic project to provide a qualitative profile of salvia use among young adults. Most users report primarily using in home settings such as apartments and houses, although a significant minority report use in environments such as parks, bars, and parties. The intense nature of the substance creates a differential subjective experience. Some describe the intensity of the hallucinogenic experience in positive ways. Others find the experience so intense that they would not continue to use the substance. With regard to the health effects of salvia, most young adults report no significant negative health effects from salvia use, although some report a mental cloudiness. Beyond their own experiences, users did not report any negative health events among peers. The lack of reports of negative effects may reinforce social norms favorable towards salvia use. Overall, young adults report a relatively low risk profile for salvia divinorum, which may be influenced, in part, by its legal status.
D. Kh. Akramov et al., “Comparative Study on the Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oils of Three Lagochilus Species Collected from Uzbekistan,” Natural Product Research, vol. 35, no. 16, pp. 2734–2738, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1655417.
Lagochilus species are mainly distributed in Central Asia and widely used in folk medicine as a sedative and haemostatic. The present investigation reports on the extraction by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition of three Lagochilus species (L. gypsaceus, L. inebrians and L. setulosus) essential oils from Uzbekistan. The chemical composition of these essential oils was determined by GC-MS. The results showed that the studied essential oils are made up mainly of linalool (11.97%), β-ionone (11.75%), trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (7.15%), α-terpineol (7.40%) for L. gypsaceus; trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (9.40%), eugenol (7.01%), trans-verbenol (3.85%), bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one (3.76%), pinocarvone (3.43%) for L. inebrians; and finally 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol (19.78%), bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-4-ol (5.43%), hexadecanoic acid (5.39%), limonene (5.19%), 2-hexenal (5.03%) for L. setulosus. The best antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity was observed for the essential oil of L. inebrians. However, L. setulosus essential oil exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against amylase.
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. is a herbaceous plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae and grows across India by the roadsides or on the barren land field. This plant is medicinally very important. Various parts of the plant are used as depurative,
H. Kitagaki, N. Seno, H. Yamaguchi, and I. Matsumoto, “Isolation and Characterization of a Lectin from the Fruit of Clerodendron Trichotomum,” The Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 791–799, 1985.
An agglutinin of Clerodendron trichotomum fruit (CTA), found to be specific for N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and D-galactose, was isolated and characterized. The fruit extract was decolorized first by passage through a Toyopearl column and a phenyl-Sepharose column. Then the lectin activity was adsorbed on p-aminophenyl N-acetyl-α-D-galactosaminide- or p-aminophenyl β-D-galactoside-Sepharose, and eluted as a sharp peak with 0.2M lactose. The purified CTA was found to be homogeneous by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel chromatography and ultracentrifugal analysis, and was determined to be a glycoprotein homodimer with a molecular weight of 56, 000 daltons. Hemagglutination-inhibition assay indicated that CTA is most specific for N-acetyl-D-galactosaminide with a hydro-phobic aglycon.
S. K. R. Kizi, K. K. Hadjibabayevich, and K. B. Esanovich, “Root System Formation and Adaptation to Ex Vitro Conditions in Regenerant Lagochilus Inebrians Bunge Samples,” E Conference Zone, pp. 43–48, Aug. 2022.http://www.econferencezone.org/index.php/ecz/article/view/1491.
When leaf axillary buds and leaf fragments were used as primary explants during experiments a combination of BAP (5 mg / l) + NAA (0.4 mg / l) in the MS culture medium was found to be the optimal indicator for formation of callus tissue. It was also found that the intensity of callus tissue formation in the combination of BAP (3-4 mg / l) + NAA (0.4 mg / l) in the MS medium was high when using buds and leaf fragments located in the tip of stem .
S. Kizil, O. Toncer, A. Ipek, N. Arslan, S. Saglam, and K. Mahmood Khawar, “Blooming Stages of Turkish Hyssop (Hyssopus Officinalis L.) Affect Essential Oil Composition,” Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 273–279, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.1080/09064710701647297.
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), native to the Caucasus, North Western Iran, Turkish North Eastern Black Sea region, and Southern Anatolia, is a highly valued medicinal plant. The experiment was conducted to find the effect of harvesting at different blooming stages of the plant on fresh and dry herbage yield, dry leaf yield, essential oil content, and essential oil components. In total, twenty-nine components were identified in hyssop essential oil by GC/MS. Isopinocamphone was the dominating component (47.9–51.4%) in the all analysed oil samples. The results clearly demonstrated that oil contents are seriously affected by the environmental conditions and stage of blooming, with the highest oil yield and oil contents at the post-blooming stage.
R. Kleynhans, “Medicinal Plant Research in South Africa: Contribution by Arc-Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1007, pp. 967–972, Sep. 2013.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.1007.116.
A. P. Kowalczuk, V. Raman, A. M. Galal, I. A. Khan, D. J. Siebert, and J. K. Zjawiony, “Vegetative Anatomy and Micromorphology of Salvia Divinorum (Lamiaceae) from Mexico, Combined with Chromatographic Analysis of Salvinorin A,” Journal of Natural Medicines, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 63–73, Jan. 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s11418-013-0769-9.
Salvia divinorum—a species traditionally cultivated in Oaxaca, Mexico—possesses hallucinogenic properties. It is legally recognized as a controlled substance and prohibited in many countries. The proper identification of the plant, both in fresh and dried forms, is an important issue in crime-prevention campaigns. This paper provides a thorough anatomical description of leaves, petioles, and stems of S. divinorum. Detailed investigation of foliar trichomes was performed and illustrated. In addition, chromatographic analyses, including TLC and HPLC, were applied to fresh and dried plant material, together with the standard reference salvinorin A. A comprehensive identification method for S. divinorum based on a thorough anatomical examination is proposed, combined with chemical analysis for proper plant recognition.
T. Kowalczyk et al., “Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of the Biological Activity of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L.) R. Br Transformed Roots Extracts Obtained through Rhizobium Rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation,” Cells, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 1242, May 2021.
doi: 10.3390/cells10051242.
According to the present knowledge, this is the first report on establishing transformed root cultures of Leonotis nepetifolia after Rhizobium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed differences in the content of phenols and flavonoids in transformed and nontransformed roots. The dominant compounds in the analyzed extracts were (+)-catechin (5464 and 6808 µg/g DW), p-coumaric acid (2549 and 4907 µg/g DW), m-coumaric acid (1508 and 2048 µg/g DW) and rosmarinic acid (1844 and 2643 µg/g DW) for nontransformed (LNNR) and transformed (LNTR4) roots, respectively. Initial biological studies carried out on LNNR, and LNTR4 extracts showed a cytotoxic effect on the A549 lung, HCC1937 breast and leukemia NALM-6 cell lines, antioxidants, as well as repair and protection against DNA damage induced by H2O2 in HUVEC cells. Due to the stronger effect of the LNTR4 root extract, which can be a relatively efficient and cheap source of bioactive secondary metabolites, further biological analyses are needed to discover in detail their potentially valuable biological properties.
K. Kuchta, J. Ortwein, A. Savtschenko, D. Briel, R. B. Volk, and H. W. Rauwald, “Leonurus Cardiaca, L. Japonicus, Leonotis Leonurus: Quantitative HPLC and Instrumental HPTLC Determination of Fourteen Phenolics,” Planta Medica, vol. 78, no. 11, p. PJ50, Jul. 2012.
doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1321210.
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K. Kuchta, J. Ortwein, and H. W. Rauwald, “Leonurus Japonicus, Leonurus Cardiaca, Leonotis Leonurus: A Novel HPLC Study on the Occurrence and Content of the Pharmacologically Active Guanidino Derivative Leonurine,” Die Pharmazie - An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 67, no. 12, pp. 973–979, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.1691/ph.2012.1856.
Leonurine is a prominent pharmacologically active guanidine alkaloid (4-{[amino(imino)methyl]amino} butyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoate), mainly exerting cardiovascular, hypotensive, uterotonic, and neuroprotective effects. It is commonly regarded as the predominant active principle of Leonurus and Leonotis drugs (subfamily Lamioideae), though its presence has only been unambiguously proven for the aerial parts of Leonurus japonicus Houtt. (yimucao/Chin.Ph.,DAB), used in TCM/Kampo for the treatment of various gynaecological and cardiovascular disorders. Although a series of claims concerning the occurrence of leonurine in European Leonurus cardiaca L. (Ph.Eur.) can be found describing it as an important active principle, this has never been conclusively demonstrated. The same holds true for the officinal Leonurus japonicus fruits (chongweizi/Chin.Ph.) and the closely related South African herb Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br. Since no reliable HPLC determination and quantification method for leonurine has been published up to now, in the present study, a highly reproducible RP-HPLC method was newly developed using a special octadecyl-bonded stationary phase and an acetonitrile/water gradient (adjusted to pH 2.5 by phosphoric acid) as mobile phase (DAD/277 nm). In particular, this use of reversed phase packing with hydrophilic endcapping clearly contributes to an improved peak shape for leonurine, to our knowledge the first application of this technique on a natural zwitterionic analyte, and clearly enhances the selectivity of separation compared to classical RP-phases. The method was shown to be precise with respect to concentration, exhibiting a linear response in the range of 2.5–12.5 μg/ml leonurine, detection limit well below 0.5 μg/ml, and correlation coefficients constantly higher than 0.99 (5 levels, n = 3) over numerous inter day repetitions, demonstrating the robustness of the newly developed HPLC protocol. Thus, nine samples of L. japonicus aerial parts, two of L. japonicus fruits, four of L. cardiaca aerial parts, as well as one sample each of L. cardiaca fruits, and Leonotis leonurus aerial parts were examined. No leonurine could be detected in any sample of L. cardiaca in contrast to newly published official drug assessments, which consequently have to be revised. Leonotis leonurus and surprisingly, seeds of L. japonicus did not contain leonurine, either. However, in aerial parts of L. japonicus drug samples, obtained from China and Japan, leonurine contents between 0.001 and 0.049% were determined, while L. japonicus from domestic cultivation displayed significantly higher amounts of at least 0.1%. Thus, the HPLC method described above could be used for quality control of leonurine contained in TCM/Kampo medicines and in pharmacopeial analytics for the differentiation of L. japonicus and L. cardiaca samples.
K. Kuchta, R. B. Volk, and H. W. Rauwald, “Stachydrine in Leonurus Cardiaca, Leonurus Japonicus, Leonotis Leonurus: Detection and Quantification by Instrumental HPTLC and 1H-qNMR Analyses,” Die Pharmazie - An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 68, no. 7, pp. 534–540, Jul. 2013.
doi: 10.1691/ph.2013.6527.
Stachydrine ((2S)-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium-2-carboxylic acid) may be regarded as an essential active principle of the aerial parts of Leonurus japonicus Houtt. (Leonuri herba, yimucao; Chin. Ph., DAB) which are used in TCM and Kampo for the treatment of various gynaecological and cardiovascular disorders. Medically and botanically closely related Lamioideae drugs are the fruits of L. japonicus (Leonuri fructus, chongweizi; Chin. Ph.), the aerial parts of European Leonurus cardiaca L. (Leonuri cardiacae herba; Ph. Eur.) as well as the aerial parts of their South African relative Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. (Leonotis leonuri herba). Regarding L. cardiaca, stachydrine might be an exceptionally interesting constituent as Dragendorff-positive substances like stachydrine were found to be enriched in an antiarrhythmic L. cardiaca refined extract, which was most recently developed via bioassay guided fractionation. The few pharmacological publications on this betaine do indeed describe cardiovascular, hypotensive, and tissue protective effects. However, its pharmacopeial analytics poses a severe difficulty, as it does not contain any chromophoric group suitable for customary HPLC-UV detection. For quality control of yimucao according to Chin. Ph. the entirety of its N-containing compounds is photometrically quantified after Reinecke’s complexation. Unfortunately, this method suffers from a relatively low reproducibility. Since no reliable quantification method for stachydrine is available up to now, a highly reproducible instrumental HPTLC method was newly developed, using postchromatographic derivatization by Vágújfalvi reagent, thus changing non absorbing stachydrine into a detectable derivative at 517 nm, and an automatic HPTLC system with scanner and analysis software (winCATS). This method was shown to be precise with respect to concentration and yielded highly reproducible data over numerous inter-day repetitions. Not only did the independent evaluation of the scanned HPTLC sheets for stachydrine peak area and height result in almost identical values for all samples, but also the results of a parallel-developed direct quantitative 1H-NMR procedure using its N-CH3 singlet δ 3.03 ppm in comparison with the singlet of the two vinylic protons of the internal standard maleic acid at δ 6.18 ppm were always within the standard deviation of the HPTLC data. These measurements of 12 drug samples revealed stachydrine contents (w/w) of 0.2 to 1.0 % for the L. japonicus aerial parts, 0.6 to 1.5 % for the L. cardiaca aerial parts, 6.7 % for the antiarrhythmic refined extract of L. cardiaca, and 0.3 % for the aerial parts of Leonotis leonurus, while both L. japonicus and L. cardiaca fruits contained, on average, 0.2 %. Furthermore, stachydrine was found for the first time as a constituent of L. japonicus and L. cardiaca fruits as well as Leonotis leonurus. Methodically, instrumental HPTLC may be a powerful tool for quality assurance for stachydrine containing plants and herbal drugs, especially for industrial routine protocols.
L. Kutrzeba, F. E. Dayan, J. L. Howell, J. Feng, J.-L. Giner, and J. K. Zjawiony, “Biosynthesis of Salvinorin A Proceeds via the Deoxyxylulose Phosphate Pathway,” Phytochemistry, vol. 68, no. 14, pp. 1872–1881, Jul. 2007.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.04.034.
Salvinorin A, a neoclerodane diterpenoid, isolated from the Mexican hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum, is a potent kappa-opioid receptor agonist. Its biosynthetic route was studied by NMR and HR-ESI-MS analysis of the products of the incorporation of [1-13C]-glucose, [Me-13C]-methionine, and [1-13C;3,4-2H2]-1-deoxy-d-xylulose into its structure. While the use of cuttings and direct-stem injection were unsuccessful, incorporation of 13C into salvinorin A was achieved using in vitro sterile culture of microshoots. NMR spectroscopic analysis of salvinorin A (2.7mg) isolated from 200 microshoots grown in the presence of [1-13C]-glucose established that this pharmacologically important diterpene is biosynthesized via the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway, instead of the classic mevalonic acid pathway. This was confirmed further in plants grown in the presence of [1-13C;3,4-2H2]-1-deoxy-d-xylulose. In addition, analysis of salvinorin A produced by plants grown in the presence of [Me-13C]-methionine indicates that methylation of the C-4 carboxyl group is catalyzed by a type III S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent O-methyltransferase.
L. M. Kutrzeba, D. Ferreira, and J. K. Zjawiony, “Salvinorins J from Salvia Divinorum: Mutarotation in the Neoclerodane System,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 72, no. 7, pp. 1361–1363, Jul. 2009.
doi: 10.1021/np900181q.
A search for biosynthetic precursors of salvinorin A (1) led to the isolation of a new neoclerodane diterpenoid hemiacetal mixture, salvinorins J (2), from the chloroform extract of Salvia divinorum. A leaf surface extraction method was used on S. divinorum, affording a chlorophyll-free extract containing predominantly neoclerodane diterpenoids, including the new salvinorins J (2) and 14 known analogues. Salvinorins J (2) represent an example of a neoclerodane hemiacetal (lactol) susceptible to mutarotation with the formation of an equilibrium mixture of C-17 epimers.
M. Kwon et al., “Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Biosynthesis of a Dihydrofuran Neoclerodane in Magic Mint (Salvia Divinorum),” ACS Catalysis, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 777–782, Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03691.
The hallucinogenic plant, Salvia divinorum, synthesizes neoclerodane diterpenes, such as salvinorins, salvidivins, and salvinicins, which are agonistic or antagonistic to μ- or κ-opioid receptors. From S. divinorum trichomes, crotonolide G synthase (SdCS; CYP76AH39) was identified. It catalyzes the conversion of kolavenol to a dihydrofuran neoclerodane, crotonolide G. 18O2-feeding studies confirmed that SdCS incorporates an aerobic oxygen into crotonolide G, rather than forming a cation at C16 that is trapped by the alcohol at C15. Structural modeling of SdCS accompanied by site-directed mutagenesis established the importance of V367 and F479 residues in substrate-binding. The dihydrofuran neoclerodane can serve as a unique lead structure for drug development.
B. Lal and R. S. Ambasht, “Ecological Studies on Seed Germination of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L) Ait. f. in Relation to Environmental Factors, with Emphasis on Fluoride Polluted Soils.,” Geo-Eco-Trop, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 229–237, 1982.http://www.geoecotrop.be/uploads/publications/pub_063_06.pdf.
Leonotis nepetifolia, a tall herb of the Labiatae, presents a pantropical distribution, growing on uneven landscape. In the Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh (India) the plant is characteristic of and dominant in fluoride-polluted areas. Ecological studies were conducted on seeds from this provenance. Fresh seeds were dormant due to the presence of a water soluble inhibitor in the seed coat....
D. Y. W. Lee et al., “New Neoclerodane Diterpenoids Isolated from the Leaves of Salvia Divinorum and Their Binding Affinities for Human κ Opioid Receptors,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 13, no. 19, pp. 5635–5639, Oct. 2005.
doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.054.
Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the leaves of Salvia divinorum has resulted in the isolation of three new neoclerodane diterpenoids: divinatorin D (1), divinatorin E (2), and salvinorin G (3), together with 10 known terpenoids, divinatorin C (4), hardwickiic acid (5), salvinorin-A (6), -B (7), -C (8), -D (9), -E (10), and -F (11), presqualene alcohol (12), and (E)-phytol (13). The structures of these three new compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. All these compounds were evaluated for their binding affinities to the human κ opioid receptors. In comparison with divinatorin D (1), divinatorin E (2), and salvinorin G (3), salvinorin A (6) is still the most potent κ agonist.
P.-X. Lin, J.-H. Li, S.-H. Chen, H.-C. Chang, and R. McKetin, “Quantitative Determination of Salvinorin A, a Natural Hallucinogen with Abuse Liability, in Internet-Available Salvia Divinorum and Endemic Species of Salvia in Taiwan,” Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 370, 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.017.
In recent years, recreational use of Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae), a herbal drug that contains a hallucinogenic ingredient, salvinorin A, has become a new phenomenon among young drug users. In Taiwan, as in many other countries, dry leaves of S. divinorum ...
L. M. O. Damasceno et al., “Cytotoxic Activity of Chemical Constituents and Essential Oil from the Leaves of Leonotis Nepetifolia (Lamiaceae),” Revista Virtual de Química, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 517–528, 2019.
doi: 10.21577/1984-6835.20190039.
Cancer is a health problem affecting a large part of the world population. In this context, several research groups have investigated molecules with higher efficiency and lower side effects. The species Leonotis nepetifolia is a shrub belonging to the Lamiaceae family with cytotoxicity activity reported in literature. This paper describes the isolation of compounds hentriacontane, phytyl palmitate, stigmasteryl glucoside, 6,7dimethoxy-5,3’,4’trihidroxyflavone, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside from extracts and the chemical composition of essential oil from the leaves of Brazilian L. nepetifolia species in addition to its in vitro cytotoxic activities. All compounds were identified by a series of spectrometric and spectroscopic methods, mainly NMR (1D and 2D) and GC-MS, as well as by comparison with literature data. The cytotoxic activity of isolated compounds and essential oil was performed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, against tumor cell lines HCT-116 (human colon) and SF-295 (glioblastoma). The alcohol 1-octen-3-ol was the majoritary compound of the essential oil and the compounds hentriacontane, phytyl palmitate, stigmasteryl glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were describes for the first time in this species. All compounds tested and essential oil showed low cytotoxic activity for the cell lines tested, suggesting that other phytochemical studies should be conducted for the discovery of compounds responsible by cytotoxic activity of the species.
D. J. Mabberley, Mabberley’s Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, Their Classification and Uses, 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
doi: 10.1017/9781316335581.
Mabberley’s Plant-book is internationally accepted as an essential reference text for anyone studying, growing or writing about plants. With some 26,000 entries, this comprehensive dictionary provides information on every family and genus of seed-bearing plant (including conifers), plus ferns and clubmosses, besides economically important mosses and algae. The book combines taxonomic details and uses with English and other vernacular names found in commerce. The third edition was recognised in the American Botanical Council’s annual James A. Duke Excellence in Botanical Literature Award for 2008 and the International Association for Plant Taxonomy’s Engler Medal in Silver for 2009. In this new edition, each entry has been updated to take into consideration the most recent literature, notably the greater understanding resulting from molecular analyses; over 1400 additional entries (including ecologically and economically important genera of seaweeds) have been included, ensuring that Mabberley’s Plant-book continues to rank among the most practical and authoritative botanical texts available.
K. A. MacLean, M. W. Johnson, C. J. Reissig, T. E. Prisinzano, and R. R. Griffiths, “Dose-Related Effects of Salvinorin A in Humans: Dissociative, Hallucinogenic, and Memory Effects,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 226, no. 2, pp. 381–392, Mar. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s00213-012-2912-9.
Salvinorin A is a kappa opioid agonist and the principal psychoactive constituent of the plant Salvia divinorum, which has increased in popularity as a recreational drug over the past decade. Few human studies have examined salvinorin A.
R. Mahendran, H. A. Lim, J. Y. S. Tan, S. M. Chua, and M. Winslow, “Salvia Divinorum: An Overview of the Usage, Misuse, and Addiction Processes,” Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 23–31, 2016.
doi: 10.1111/appy.12225.
Salvia divinorum, a sage plant with leaves that can produce a psychoactive high, has been used for hundreds of years for its psycho-mimetic effects in religious rituals in South America. Salvia has now become popular mainly with adolescents and young adults for the short-lived relatively pleasant experiences many consider a “legal high” and its ready availability through Internet purchases. The main (psycho)active compound in salvia is Salvinorin A, a potent κ-opioid agonist and although the short and long-term effects have not been examined in sufficient detail, it is widely believed to have low addictive potential and low toxicity. Recent findings, however, seem to suggest that Salvinorin A can precipitate psychiatric symptoms and negatively affect cognition. Its ready availability and increasingly widespread use requires clinicians to have knowledge and awareness of its effects.
F. N. Makhubu, S. M. Nkadimeng, G. Fouche, M. C. Khosa, and L. J. McGaw, “Isolation and Characterisation of Nematicidal Compound, Leolorin C, from Leonotis Leonurus Acetone Leaf Extract,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 284, p. 114802, Feb. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114802.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br. (Lamiaceae) is a perennial shrub native to South Africa used to treat various diseases including digestive tract problems, intestinal worms and constipation. Aim of the study The aim was to isolate and characterise nematicidal compounds from leaves of L. leonurus. Materials and methods Bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out using the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. Structural elucidation of the purified compound was carried out using NMR spectroscopic analyses and UPLC-QTOF-MS. The fractions and the isolated compound were tested for nematicidal activity on motility of plant-parasitic Meloidogyne incognita juveniles (J2s) and J2 hatch inhibition. Further screening was done to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fractions against bacterial phytopathogens and cytotoxicity against Vero kidney cells. Results Leoleorin C isolated from L. leonurus had moderate activity against C. elegans juveniles (34%) but was not active against J2 motility and J2 hatch of M. incognita. Thus, activity against the free-living C. elegans did not correspond with efficacy against plant-parasitic nematodes. Leoleorin C was not active against the tested bacterial phytopathogens, but some activity was observed in the bioautography assay against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, the organism causing bacterial canker in tomatoes. The plant extract, fractions and leolorin C were relatively non-toxic to Vero cells with LC50 values greater than 0.01 mg/mL. Conclusion The crude extract of L. leonurus and fractions may be useful in developing complementary treatments for controlling nematodes and phytopathogens. This study does not support the use of free-living nematodes as a model to isolate anti-parasitic compounds from plants.
N. Z. Mamadalieva et al., “The Genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae): A Review of Its Diversity, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology,” Plants, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 132, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.3390/plants10010132.
The genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae) is native to Central, South-Central, and Eastern Asia. It comprises 44 species, which have been commonly used as herbal medicines for the treatments of various ailments for thousands of years, especially in Asian countries. This review aims to summarize the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of species from the genus Lagochilus to unveil opportunities for future research. In addition, we provide some information about their traditional uses, botany, and diversity. More than 150 secondary metabolites have been reported from Lagochilus, including diterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, iridoid glycosides, lignans, steroids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, volatile, non-volatile and aromatic compounds, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and other secondary metabolites. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on the crude extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds from Lagochilus species showed hemostatic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, cytotoxic, enzyme inhibitory, antispasmodic, hypotensive, sedative, psychoactive, and other activities.
N. Mamedov, Z. Gardner, and L. E. Craker, “Medicinal Plants Used in Russia and Central Asia for the Treatment of Selected Skin Conditions,” Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, vol. 11, no. 1-2, pp. 191–222, Apr. 2005.
doi: 10.1300/J044v11n01_07.
Russia and Central Asia are geographically located in the heart of the Eurasian continent. The Russian landscape is generally composed of hardwood and softwood forests, while in the Central Asian countries of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Tadjikstan, and parts of Mongolia and China, mountains, steppes, and deserts are the primary landforms. The flora of Russia and Central Asia contains approximately 300 species of plants that have been used in prescription and non-prescription pharmaceutical preparations, while nearly 2500 plants are known to have been used in traditional medicine. This paper reviews the plants used in both traditional and non-prescription pharmaceutical remedies for the treatment of allergic rashes, skin irritations, boils, wounds, dermatitis, and pyoderma.
A. K. Mangal, A. G. Mhase, A. M. Gurav, R. Kolhe, P. P. Goli, and R. R. Nirawane, “Multiplication of Bharangi—Clerodendrum Serratum (L.) Moon: An Ayurvedic Important Plant,” Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 126–131, Sep. 2019.
doi: 10.5005/jdras-10059-0078.
Aim: To develop effective in vitro multiplication protocol for rare and endangered medicinal plants of Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. Materials and methods: Trials were carried out using nodal segments as explants, which were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) plain medium and different concentrations of phytohormones viz., benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (Kn), indol-3-butyric acid (IBA), indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and incubated for 8 hours of photoperiod using cool- white fluorescent tubes with a light intensity of 3,000 lux at 22°C +2°C. Results: The maximum (7.0 ± 0.045) numbers of shoots were developed from the nodal segment inoculated on MS fortified with BAP (4 mg/L) ± 0.1 % polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with shoots of 1.72 ± 0.018 cm height. Auxin BAP at 4 mg/L proved to be effective for bud proliferation and production of multiple shoots. The best and early root induction was achieved on MS + IBA (1–4 mg/L). Conclusion: The developed in vitro protocol would be beneficial for the fast multiplication of bharangi plants and help to minimize the burden on supply and demand, so that the huge demand for the drug is fulfilled and also helpful to protect the plant.
A. E. Maqueda, “The Use of Salvia Divinorum from a Mazatec Perspective,” in Plant Medicines, Healing and Psychedelic Science: Cultural Perspectives, B. C. Labate and C. Cavnar, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 55–70.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_4.
Salvia divinorum is a medicinal and psychoactive plant endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental of Oaxaca, Mexico. The Mazatec people have been using the leaves for centuries in ceremonies for its psychoactive properties and as a treatment for arthritis and inflammation, gastrointestinal problems, headaches, and addictions, among other uses. The active principle of Salvia divinorum, the terpene salvinorin A, is a uniquely potent and highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist and, as such, has enormous potential for the development of valuable medications. Among them, the most promising include safe and nonaddictive analgesics, neuroprotectors, short-acting anesthetics that do not depress respiration, antidepressants, anti-inflammatories, medications for the treatment of addiction to stimulants and alcohol, and drugs to treat disorders characterized by alterations in perception. The Mazatec consider Salvia divinorum to be a very powerful plant spirit that should be treated with utmost respect, and the preparation for the ceremony requires a strict regimen. They chew the fresh leaves at night while chanting and praying. In the Western use, the dry leaves are potentiated in extracts to be smoked. A lack of information about the appropriate doses and other considerations while smoking the extracts could result in overwhelming experiences due to the high potency and fast onset of the substance. For the Mazatec, smoking the plant is not the preferred mode. How could we create a bridge between the two perspectives? In this chapter, I will try to clarify the best ways to use Salvia divinorum for medicinal, psychotherapeutic, and inner exploration purposes.
M. P. F. Marsden and I. W. Bailey, “A Fourth Type of Nodal Anatomy in Dicotyledons, Illustrated by Clerodendron Trichotomum Thunb,” Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1–51, 1955.https://www.jstor.org/stable/43790809.
R. Marushia, “The Botany, Ethnobotany, Biochemistry and Future of a Mexican Mint.”
Salvia divinorum (Labiatae) is an entheogen used by the Mazatec Indians of the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca, Mexico. S. divinorum was introduced to the scientific community in the 1950’s, and has since become the subject of ethnobotanical, botanical, and biochemical research. Plant biologists are interested in S. divinorum due to its anthropogenic distribution and limited sexual reproduction, while biochemists have found that S. divinorum contains one of the most potent natural hallucinogens known: salvinorin A. Ethnobotanically, the Mazatec shamans used the plant for healing, divination, and shamanic training, and the spiritual qualities of S. divinorum may now contribute to its growing popularity among the general public, as experimental users seeking to “expand consciousness” order S. divinorum over the internet. The many applications and mysteries of Salvia divinorum have led to numerous research opportunities, and the plant may become more important both pharmacologically and socially worldwide.
Matchanov A.D., Sultonova K., Islamov A.Kh., Khodzhaeva N.D., and Kushiev Kh.Kh., “Micropropagation of Lagochilus Inebrians Under In Vitro Conditions,” ВЕСТНИК ВЕТЕРИНАРИИ И ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВА, vol. 1, no. 1, May 2021.
doi: 10.26739/2181-1008.
The article contains the results of the introduction into the culture in vitro and the microclonal dispersion of Lagochilus inebrians, which grows in the territory of Central Asia. In the quality of the material of the research, we used plants of Lagochilus inebrians, grown from seed materials in laboratory conditions. To obtain the acetic cultures of Lagochilus inebrians, it is necessary to use multi-stage sterilization protocols with the use of different types of anticeptics. It has been established that the optimal exploration for cultivation is the apex of the generative run. In the presence of high concentrations of exogenous cytokinins, the induction of adventive runs occurs.
Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. is a shrub widely known as wild dagga found in most parts of the world and belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Some of the many traditional applications of L. Leonurus include the leaf decoction being a strong purgative and used for wound healing and asthma. The leaves and stem are topically applied to sores and skin infections, or taken for high blood pressure and diabetes. The isolated 37 phytochemicals are largely constituted by flavanoids, labdane type diterpenoids and other phenolics detected in the acetone and methanol extracts. The plant contains significant amounts of nutrients and minerals. The essential oils have high content of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids showing significant antimicrobial activities. The plant extracts has good antioxidant and antibacterial properties. A few metabolites responsible for the extract activities have been identified, such as luteolin-7-O-glucoside, leoleorin L, Leoleorin C and Marrubin. An array of pharmacological studies based on traditional claims reported anticonvulsant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anthelmintic activities and hypoglycemic properties of L. leonurus. The therapeutic value and clinical trial data for the plant should be established to guide its safe use as a herbal product.
C. R. McCurdy, K. J. Sufka, G. H. Smith, J. E. Warnick, and M. J. Nieto, “Antinociceptive Profile of Salvinorin A, a Structurally Unique Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist,” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 109–113, Jan. 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.12.011.
Salvinorin A, is a structurally unique, non-nitrogenous, kappa opioid receptor (KOP) agonist. Given the role of KOPs in analgesic processes, we set out to determine whether salvinorin A has antinociceptive activity in thermal and chemo-nociceptive assays. The tail-flick assay was employed to investigate 1) salvinorin A’s (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg) dose–response and time-course (10, 20, and 30 min) effects in a thermal nociceptive assay, and 2) the ability for the KOP antagonist norBNI (10.0 mg/kg) to prevent salvinorin A antinociception. The hotplate assay was utilized as a second thermal nociceptive measure to test salvinorin A’s dose–response effects. The acetic acid abdominal constriction assay was used to study salvinorin A’s dose–response and time-course (over 30 min) effects in a chemo-nociceptive assay. Together, these studies revealed that salvinorin A produces a dose-dependent antinociception that peaked at 10 min post-injection but rapidly returned to baseline. Additionally, pretreatment with the KOP antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) reversed salvinorin A-induced antinociception. These findings demonstrate that salvinorin A produces a KOP mediated antinociceptive effect with a short duration of action.
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic plant that is increasing in popularity as a ‘legal’ alternative to marijuana. In response, however, thirty states have legislation concerning either S. divinorum or its psychoactive component, salvinorin A. Salvinorin A is unique to S. divinorum. Current analytical methods, including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and thin layer chromatography, require the extraction of salvinorin A, and use it’s presence to identify S. divinorum rather than identifying the plant. No presumptive or field tests exist to analyze S. divinorum. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) has been shown to be able to distinguish between species of plant genera, and so is being explored as a possible field test for S. divinorum that would not require sample preparation.
S. Meir, S. Salim, and S. Philosoph-Hadas, “Leonotis Leonurus as a Potential New Crop for Cut Flower Production: A Postharvest Perspective,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 813, pp. 233–240, Mar. 2009.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.813.30.
J. E. Mendelson et al., “Lack of Effect of Sublingual Salvinorin A, a Naturally Occurring Kappa Opioid, in Humans: A Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 214, no. 4, pp. 933–939, 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-2103-5.
Rationale Salvinorin A (SA) is a highly selective kappa opioid receptor agonist and the putative psychoactive compound in Salvia divinorum (SD), an increasingly abused hallucinogenic plant. Objectives The objectives of this study were to characterize the physiological and subjective effects of SA versus placebo and measure drug and metabolite levels. Methods Sublingual SA doses up to 4 mg were administered in dimethyl sulfoxide/polyethylene glycol 400 solution to eight SD-experienced subjects using a placebo-controlled ascending-dose design. Results No dose of SA produced significantly greater physiological or subjective effects than placebo. Furthermore, effects did not resemble reported “typical” effects of smoked SD. SA was detectable in plasma and urine, but was, in most cases, below the reliable limit of quantification (0.5 ng/mL). Conclusions Our results suggest that the sublingual bioavailability of SA is low. Higher doses, alternate formulations, or alternate routes of administration will be necessary to study the effects of SA in humans.
J. E. Mendelson et al., “Lack of Effect of Sublingual Salvinorin A, a Naturally Occurring Kappa Opioid, in Humans: A Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 214, no. 4, pp. 933–939, Apr. 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-2103-5.
Salvinorin A (SA) is a highly selective kappa opioid receptor agonist and the putative psychoactive compound in Salvia divinorum (SD), an increasingly abused hallucinogenic plant.
Salvia divinorum (aka “diviner’s sage”) is an extremely rare plant used by the Mazatec Indians in medico-magico-divinatory ceremonies. This comprehensive guide explains how anyone can cultivate this most mysterious of power plants.
P. K. Mitra, R. Adhikary, P. Mandal, A. Kundu, and V. Mandal, “Assessment of Mycorrhizal Association of a Threatened Medicinal Plant Clerodendrum Indicum (L.) O. Kuntze (Verbenaceae) in Different Ecological Variations,” Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, Jul. 2022.
doi: 10.1007/s42770-022-00805-2.
Mycorrhizae association is reported to enhance the survivability of the host plant under adverse environmental conditions. The present study aims to explore the mycorrhizal association in the roots of different ecotypes of a threatened medicinal plant, Clerodendrum indicum (L.) O. Kuntze (Verbenaceae), collected from W.B., India, which correlates the degree of root colonization to the nutritional status of the native soil. Ten ecotypes of C. indicum having diverse morphological variations were collected. The mycorrhizae were characterized by both morphological and molecular methods. The nutritional status of the native soils was estimated. The study revealed that all the ecotypes have an association with mycorrhizal forms like hyphae, arbuscules, and vesicles. The molecular analysis showed Glomus intraradices and Rhizophagus irregularis as the associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). A significant variation in arbuscule and vesicle formation was found growing in the varied nutritional statuses concerning soil parameters. The arbuscule was found negatively correlated with pH, conductivity, and potassium and positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The vesicle was found positively correlated with pH, organic carbon, and potassium and negatively correlated with conductivity, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The interaction between conductivity: nitrogen, conductivity: phosphorus, organic-carbon: nitrogen, and pH: conductivity was significant in influencing vesicle formation. However, none of the interactions between parameters was found significant in influencing arbuscule formation. Thus, the study concludes that G. intraradices and R. irregularis are the principle mycorrhizae forming the symbiotic association with the threatened medicinal plant, C. indicum. They form vesicles and arbuscules based on their soil nutritive factors. Therefore, a large-scale propagation through a selective AMF association would help in the conservation of this threatened species from extinction.
T. Miyake and K. Inoue, “Character Displacement in Style Length between Pollinator-Sharing Clerodendrum Trichotomum and C. Izuinsulare (Verbenaceae),” Plant Systematics and Evolution, vol. 243, no. 1, pp. 31–38, Nov. 2003.
doi: 10.1007/s00606-003-0059-1.
Competition for pollination may occur between pollinator-sharing sympatric plants and this may cause character displacement of their floral traits. We examined this possibility by comparing flower morphology of the sympatric population of Clerodendrum trichotomum and its co-flowering congener, C. izuinsulare, with that of the allopatric populations. The two species were visited in common by such insects as diurnal hawkmoths, bees, swallowtails and nocturnal hawkmoths, and were pollinated nocturnally as well as diurnally. Interspecific pollen transfer can occur by sharing pollinators; however, they did not hybridize when artificially pollinated. Flower size, including stamen and style lengths, is larger in C. trichotomum with an overlap in range. The style of C. izuinsulare in the sympatric population was significantly shorter than that in the allopatric population, while there was no significant difference in style length between the allopatric and the sympatric C. trichotomum. This seems to facilitate avoidance of interspecific pollen transfer in the sympatric population.
T. Miyake, N. Aihara, and H. Yokoi, “Relationship between Interspecific Pollen Transfer and Pistil Length in Sympatric Congeners, Clerodendrum Trichotomum and C. Izuinsulare,” Plant Species Biology, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 315–321, 2020.
doi: 10.1111/1442-1984.12287.
Interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) often leads to reproductive interference. Although character displacement of reproductive traits in plants is often considered a consequence of reproductive interference, few studies have tested whether intraspecific variation in floral morphology changes the intensity of reproductive interference among pollinator-sharing plants. We investigated whether intraspecific variation in pistil length changes the proportion of IPT (interspecific pollen transfer) in sympatric populations of Clerodendrum trichotomum and C. izuinsulare on the two islands. On Toshima Island, C. izuinsulare flowers with shorter pistils were significantly less likely to receive C. trichotomum pollen, and there was a slight tendency for longer pistiles of C. trichotomum flowers to receive less C. izuinsulare pollen, suggesting that IPT has caused character displacement in pistil length in these congeneric plants. In contrast, we did not detect any relationship between pistil length and the proportion of IPT for the two species on Niijima Island. The discrepancy between the islands may reflect differences in pollinator assemblages.
N. Mnonopi, R.-A. Levendal, M. T. Davies-Coleman, and C. L. Frost, “The Cardioprotective Effects of Marrubiin, a Diterpenoid Found in Leonotis Leonurus Extracts,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 138, no. 1, pp. 67–75, Oct. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.041.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Leonotis leonurus L. (Lamiaceae) is used as a traditional medicine for a variety of ailments in South Africa. The diterpene marrubiin is the major product constituent in specimens of this plant occurring in South Africa. Materials and methods Marrubiin isolated from South African specimens of L. leonurus in addition to an organic extract of L. leonurus were tested in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro for their anticoagulant, antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory activities. Results Marrubiin and the organic extract suppressed coagulation, platelet aggregation and inflammatory markers. For the coagulation markers it was found that the organic extract and marrubiin significantly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Fibrin and D-dimer formation were drastically decreased. These findings were observed in an ex vivo model and an obese rat model. Chemokines enhance leukocyte recruitment to inflammatory sites. TNF-α and RANTES secretion were significantly reduced by the extract and marrubiin when determined in the obese rat model relative to the controls. Calcium mobilization and TXB2 synthesis were suppressed by the extract and marrubiin. An in vitro model was used to elucidate the antiplatelet mechanism and it was found that the extract and marrubiin inhibited platelet aggregation by inhibiting the binding of fibrinogen to glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusion The findings reflect that marrubiin largely contributes to the extract’s anticoagulant, antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory effects observed.
N. Mnonopi, R.-A. Levendal, N. Mzilikazi, and C. L. Frost, “Marrubiin, a Constituent of Leonotis Leonurus, Alleviates Diabetic Symptoms,” Phytomedicine, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 488–493, Apr. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.12.008.
Aims Marrubiin and an organic extract of Leonotis leonurus were tested in vitro and in vivo for their antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities. Materials and methods INS-1 cells were cultured under normo- and hyperglycemic conditions conditions. An in vivo animal model confirmed the biological activities of marrubiin and the organic extract observed in the studies in vitro. Results The stimulatory index of INS-1 cells cultured under hyperglycemic conditions was significantly increased in cells exposed to the organic extract and marrubiin, relative to the hyperglycaemic conditions. Insulin and glucose transporter-2 gene expressions were significantly increased by the organic extract and marrubiin. Similarly, the extract and marrubiin resulted in an increase in respiratory rate and mitochondrial membrane potential under hyperglycaemic conditions. Marrubiin increased insulin secretion, HDL-cholesterol, while it normalized total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, atherogenic index, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in an obese rat model. Conclusion The results provide evidence that marrubiin, a constituent of Leonotis leonurus, alleviates diabetic symptoms.
M. Mofokeng, G. Prinsloo, and Q. Kritzinger, “Germination Response of Four South African Medicinal Plants to a Range of Temperatures and Treatments,” Seed Science and Technology, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 123–128, Apr. 2012.
doi: 10.15258/sst.2012.40.1.15.
Observation trials on seed germination of medicinal plant species of South Africa sometimes indicated erratic or low germination percentages (0-20%) attributed to seed dormancy. The aim of this research was to give a first report on the temperatures and treatments needed to obtain a high percentage of seed germination for four indigenous medicinal plant species, Alepidea amatymbica, Bowiea volubilis subsp. volubilis, Dicoma anomala subsp. anomala, and Leonotis ocymifolia var. raineriana. Germination, including additional treatments, like smoke treatment and removal of hair like structures on seeds, were investigated at temperatures ranging from 10°C to 30°C. Smoke treated seeds of A. amatymbica germinated best (10%) at 25°C while D. anomala showed increased germination (68%) at 15°C after the removal of hair like structures. Germination of untreated seeds of L. ocymifolia was best at 20°C with a germination percentage of 78%. Untreated seeds of B. volubilis germinated at 15°C gave the highest germination percentage of 92%.
A. Morgan, B. J. Pearson, G. S. Ali, K. Moore, and L. Osborne, “Effects of Volumetric Soil Water Content and Fertilizer Rate on Growth and Baicalin Accumulation in Two Species of Scutellaria,” Journal of Horticulture and Forestry, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 97–105, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.5897/JHF2018.0529.
Scutellaria or skullcap is a genus containing approximately 350 species of flowering plants, many of which are sold and marketed for their medicinal value. Flavonoids found in Scutellaria spp. have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antiviral, sedative, antithrombotic and antioxidant affects. Baicalin, a flavonoid produced by Scutellaria spp., is an important compound used to treat anxiety. Scutellaria spp. have potential as commercially valuable specialty crops based on their visual and medicinal properties; however, a lack of commercial production techniques for successful cultivation of this genus precludes adoption by most growers. The influence of plant production techniques on flowering and baicalin synthesis is undocumented; thus, empirical research is needed for development of commercial production protocol. Objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of nutrient application rate and plant available water on growth and baicalin synthesis in Scutellaria arenicola and Scutellaria integrifolia, two common species of Scutellaria found in eastern United States. To accomplish these objectives, S. arenicola and S. integrifolia were cultivated in a greenhouse and subjected to one out of four nutrient application rates and one out of two volumetric water content rates. Results demonstrated that synthesis of baicalin, the main flavonoid of the Scutellaria genus that contributes to its reported medicinal benefits, occurred in both species. Fertilization rate and volumetric water content were found to influence both plant growth and baicalin concentration in S. integrifolia. In contrast to results observed for S. integrifolia, volumetric soil water and nutrient application rate did not influence plant growth in S. arenicola. Scutellaria spp. cultivated in the greenhouse had similar concentrations of baicalin to those harvested from the wild, undisturbed natural habitats. Results from this investigation will assist in development of commercial production protocol for these species and provides the first foundational research that has reported the presence of baicalin, a high value medicinal compound in S. arenicola. Key words: Skullcap, medicinal, flavonoid, cultivation, production.
A. Moro, A. Zalacain, J. Hurtado de Mendoza, and M. Carmona, “Effects of Agronomic Practices on Volatile Composition of Hyssopus Officinalis L. Essential Oils,” Molecules, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 4131–4139, May 2011.
doi: 10.3390/molecules16054131.
The chemical composition of Hyssopus officinalis (Lamiaceae) essential oil grown in southeastern Spain was analyzed by GC-MS. Due to the high relevance of this species in the world market, the study is focused on chemical heterogeneity of different oil batches and their extraction yield, cultivated under irrigation and non-irrigation conditions and with different harvesting dates. All essential oil samples have two main terpene compounds which are pinocamphone and iso-pinocamphone, accounting for approximately 35–40% of the total oil content. Other relevant compounds were identified, with β-pinene, which accounted for 10–17% contribution to the total composition, standing out. Significant differences between their volatile composition have been observed between treatments, being limonene, (E)-β-ocimene, pinocarveol, α-pinene and β-phellandrene the compounds that contributed most to the discrimination. It was also observed that the irrigation period is the most favourable for the cultivation of hyssop in this region, specially for batch 7 which gives the highest extraction yield and the best EO quality.
Y. Motoda, Y. Nakamura, F. Tamai, and T. Tanabe, “Effects of three major nutrients on the growth and yield of baical skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi),” Journal of Agricultural Science - Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku (Japan), 2002.https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/647242c253aa8c896303c2cc.
"The fertilization test of three major nutrients of potassium chloride, super phosphate and ammonium sulfate was carried out for the establishment of the method of fertilizer application in baical skullcap cultivation, and the effect on the growth and yield was investigated. Results obtained are as follows. 1. Though the top growth was suppressed by the lack of ammonium sulfate and super phosphate, there was little effect to growth control by the lack of the potassium chloride. In addition the photosynthetic rate was lowered by nitrogen deficiency. 2. The application of super phosphate and potassium chloride was effective for early growth in the emergence of seedling, and the establishment of seedling also showed good result. 3. The effect of ammonium sulfate application in early growth seemed to be small, because it might slow the early growth of baical skullcap. 4. The application of ammonium sulfate and super phosphate seemed to be effective for subterranean part yield."
Joe Hollis of Mountain Gardens shows an alternative way of heating a greenhouse using a wood fired hot tub, and then demonstrates how to make cuttings of Salvia Divinorum. To learn more, visit http://www.mountaingardensherbs.com/
M. Mowry, M. Mosher, and W. Briner, “Acute Physiologic and Chronic Histologic Changes in Rats and Mice Exposed to the Unique Hallucinogen Salvinorin A,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 379–382, 2003.
doi: 10.1080/02791072.2003.10400021.
Salvinorin A is a unique hallucinogen that is seeing increased use in humans. It is not currently a controlled substance and is used as a legal alternative to controlled substances. Usually smoked or buccally absorbed by chewing, doses of approximately 200 mcg can produce profound hallucinogenic effects of short duration. The mechanism of action of salvinorin A is at the kappa-opioid receptor. Little data is available on the medical effects of this substance so animal studies were undertaken to explore the acute toxic effects of this substance in rats and the chronic effects in mice. Rats were anesthetized and administered salvinorin A at 1600 mcg/kg or vehicle. Recordings were made of galvanic skin response, EKG, temperature, and pulse pressure for 100 minutes. Mice were chronically exposed to vehicle or 400, 800, 1600, 3200, or 6400 mcg/kg of salvinorin A for two weeks. After exposure the animals were sacrificed and brain, heart, kidney, bone marrow, blood and spleen were removed, fixed, sectioned, stained and examined by light microscopy. No effects were seen on cardiac conduction, temperature, or galvanic skin response. A nonsignificant rise was seen in pulse pressure. Histologic studies of spleen, blood, brain, liver, kidney, and bone marrow did not find any significant histologic changes at any of the doses examined. These data suggests that the toxicity of salvinorin A is relatively low, even at doses many times greater than what humans are exposed to. However, further studies should be done on blood pressure effects. The psychological impact of this potent hallucinogen should also be investigated.
D. B. Muhammadjonova, F. A. Sobirova, M. S. Toshmuhammedov, and A. D. Matchanov, “Lagochilus Species and Diterpenes Isolated from Them. ( Chiqarishga Berilgan),” Texas Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, vol. 6, pp. 55–63, Jul. 2022.https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjabs/article/view/2217.
Lagohilus is a very common and promising medicinal plant. All over the world, extracting substances with high biological activity from the composition of plants and creating new medicines based on them is developing rapidly. Natural compounds isolated from the composition of plants have high biological activity, and their use in medical practice and folk economy occupies a special place. The main active ingredient of the Lagoxilus plant is the diterpenoid lagoxilin, which is a four-atom alcohol. Therefore, most plants belonging to the genus Lagochilus have hemostatic properties.
A. Mukherjee and A. Bandyopadhyay, “Inducing Somatic Embryogenesis by Polyamines in Medicinally Important Clerodendrum Indicum L.,” p. 15, 2014.
A. Mukherjee, S. Dutta, and A. Bandyopadhyay, “Micropropagation of Clerodendrum Indicum (L.)Kuntze: An Unexplored Medicinal Plant,” p. 10, 2012.
A. Mukherjee, A. Bandyopadhyay, S. Dutta, and S. Basu, “Phytoaccumulation of Iron by Callus Tissue of Clerodendrum Indicum (L),” Chemistry and Ecology, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 564–571, Aug. 2013.
doi: 10.1080/02757540.2013.779681.
Clerodendrum indicum (L.) is one of the important medicinal plants, originating in India. The plant is used as medicine for bronchitis, asthma and different immunological disease. Micro-propagation is a quick method, producing a huge number of plants. Apical leaf of Clerodendrum indicum (L.) was used as an explant for callogenesis. The combinations of different plant growth regulators (2,4-D, NAA, KN) in MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium produced two types of calli: one was friable and loose and the other was green, embryogenic and compact. Heavy metals cause pollution and health hazards. The plant absorbs heavy metals, which is very useful for controlling environmental pollution. Iron is a major nutrient for both plants and animals, but hyper accumulation of iron is injurious to health. Calli were used to study the optimum conditions of iron uptake in presence of different chemical environments. The different environments were created by using different chemical reagents such as (HCL, HNO3, H3PO4 and KNO3). Iron (III) was spiked with radioactive Fe-59 and dynamics of uptake was followed by measuring radioactivity by gamma-ray spectrometer. The best condition of iron uptake corresponded to 1 mol L−1 KNO3 after 4 hour of equilibration.
T. Munro, “The Chemistry of Salvia Divinorum,” PhD thesis, 2006.
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic sage used to treat illness by the Mazatec Indians of Mexico. Salvinorin A (1a), a neoclerodane diterpenoid isolated from the plant, is a potent, selective agonist at the kappa opioid receptor (KOR), and is the first non-nitrogenous opioid. The plant is used recreationally as a hallucinogen, but is unpopular due to its dysphoric effects. 1a has been prohibited in Australia under an invalid systematic name. An early report of psychoactive alkaloids in S. divinorum proved to be irreproducible. Similarly, tests in mice suggesting the presence of psychoactive compounds other than 1a were confounded and therefore unreliable. In this work, an improved isolation method for 1a was developed, using filtration through activated carbon to decolourise the crude extract. Six new diterpenoids were isolated: salvinorins D–F (1d–1f) and divinatorins A–C (28a–28c). Five known terpenoids not previously reported from this species were also isolated. The structure–activity relationships of 1a were evaluated via selective modifications of each functional group. Useful synthetic methods are reviewed, including the first thorough review of furanolactone hydrogenations. Testing of the derivatives at the KOR suggests that the methyl ester and furan ring of 1a are required for activity, but that the lactone and ketone functionalities are not. Other compounds from S. divinorum did not bind to the KOR, suggesting that 1a is the plant’s active principle.
T. A. Munro and M. A. Rizzacasa, “Salvinorins D−F, New Neoclerodane Diterpenoids from Salvia Divinorum, and an Improved Method for the Isolation of Salvinorin A,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 703–705, May 2003.
doi: 10.1021/np0205699.
Three new neoclerodane diterpenoids, salvinorins D−F (4−6), have been isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum. The structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods, particularly 1D and 2D NMR. A simplified isolation method using chromatography on activated carbon also gave improved yields of the controlled substance salvinorin A (1) and of salvinorin C (3).
T. M. Murphy and G. Bola, “DNA Identification of Salvia Divinorum Samples,” Forensic Science International: Genetics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 189–193, Jan. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.04.004.
Salvia divinorum (diviner’s sage) is a plant in the mint family that produces an hallucinogenic compound, salvinorin A. The plant is used, often by chewing or smoking, as a “recreational” drug source and is regulated or banned in several states and countries. We describe a simple DNA technique, polymerase chain reaction of the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit (rbcL) gene, that can distinguish S. divinorum leaf pieces from pieces of tobacco or cannabis. We have also found DNA sequences adjacent to the chloroplast leucine transfer RNA (trnL) gene that are specific to S. divinorum and distinguish it from other horticulturally popular Salvia species. We report some significant differences between the S. divinorum trnL sequences we determined and those now published in GenBank.
D. A. kizi Mustafoeva, M. P. Pulatova, B. N. Babayev, A. K. Islamov, and M. A. Davlatboevich, “Culture of Lagoxilus Plant in Laboratory,” Academicia, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 737–744, Oct. 2021.
doi: 10.5958/2249-7137.2021.02158.3.
This paper provides information on the effects of Gibberellin A3 (GA3) and Auxin-indolyl-3acetic acid (heteroauxin) stimulants on seed germination and growth for the culture of Lagochilus inebrians and the determination of lagoxilin diterpenoid by a known method in the literature.
In this paper, lagoxilin diterpenoid was isolated from a Lagochilus inebrians plant by a known method in the literature. physicochemical properties and spectral properties were studied and information on hemostatic activity was provided
S. K. Nagaraja, S. Nayaka, and R. S. Kumar, “Phytochemical Analysis, GC–MS Profiling, and In Vitro Evaluation of Biological Applications of Different Solvent Extracts of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. Flower Buds,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nov. 2022.
doi: 10.1007/s12010-022-04201-2.
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. is a medicinally important herb belonging to the family Lamiaceae. The plant is typically found in tropical regions, and its leaf and root extracts are renowned for their ethno-botanical and therapeutic applications. This study was designed to determine the presence of various bioactive components, and to evaluate antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative activities. The preliminary phytochemical screening and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of different solvent extracts revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, of which methanol extract showed 24 compounds, petroleum ether extract revealed 26 compounds, and 24 compounds in hexane extracts. The major bioactive components including λ-sitosterol (16.20 %) in methanol extract, 1-nonadecanol (15.48 %) in petroleum extract, and eicosane (13.22 %) in hexane extract have been reported with various bio-therapeutic applications. In addition, the flower bud methanolic extract of L. nepetifolia exhibited inhibitory potential against all tested bacterial and fungal pathogens. The DPPH radical scavenging assay revealed that methanolic extract possessed the highest antioxidant activity. The scavenging activity increased in a concentration-dependent manner, as indicated by a 74 % inhibition rate at 1000 µg/ml. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxic effects of the methanolic extract on the HepG2 cell line were evaluated. The IC50 value of methanolic extract against HepG2 cells was determined to be 83.28 µg/ml. The findings reveal that different solvent extracts of L. nepetifolia flower buds contain a significant amount of various bioactive phytochemicals with antioxidant and anticancer activities; and thus, the plant could serve as a potential source of pharmacological applications.
The investigation entitled “Succes Rate of Different Ornamental Cuttings Based on Different Growing Media” in Allahabad at the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Allahabad durung the year 2018. The experiment was laid out in Factorial complete randomized design (FRBD) with 27treatment and 3 replications. All 27 possible combinations of 9 plants (Ixora, Hibiscus, Crape jasmine, Croton, Java Fig tree, Acalypha, Bougainvillea, Golden shower, Clerodendron) and 3 rooting media (soil, sand, soil + sand). On the basis of the results obtained from the present investigation, it is concluded that most suitable rooting medium for ornamental stem cuttings was M2 (sand), suitable ornamental cutting was P6 (Acalypha) and interaction of rooting media and ornamental cutting was P6M2 (Acalypha + Sand) among all rooting medium combination.
Y. Narukawa, M. Komori, A. Niimura, H. Noguchi, and F. Kiuchi, “Two New Diterpenoids from Leonotis Leonurus R. Br.,” Journal of Natural Medicines, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 130–134, Jan. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s11418-014-0868-2.
Two new diterpenoids, 14α-hydroxy-9α,13α-epoxylabd-5(6)-en-7-on-16,15-olide (1) and 13ξ-hydroxylabd-5(6),8(9)-dien-7-on-16,15-olide (2) along with six known diterpenoids were isolated from the aerial parts of Leonotis leonurus R. Br. These structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. Some of the isolated compounds showed weak to moderate estrogen sulfotransferase inhibitory activity.
M. Nataraj, M. M. Kher, and J. A. Teixeira da Silva, “Micropropagation of Clerodendrum L. Species: A Review,” Rendiconti Lincei, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 169–179, Jun. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s12210-015-0484-4.
Species within the Clerodendrum genus possess well-established pharmacological and medicinal properties. These emanate from the presence of many unique bioactive secondary metabolites. Eight Clerodendrum species (C. anomalum, C. calcicola, C. denticulatum, C. galeatum, C. leucophloeum, C. lutambense, C. eupatorioides, and C. aculeatum) are listed on the International Union of Conservation of Nature Red Data List. Micropropagation offers an opportunity for the conservation and large-scale propagation of elite genotypes and is a widely used technique for the conservation of threatened medicinal plants, including Clerodendrum species. This review highlights the advances that have been made thus far in the in vitro tissue culture of members of the Clerodendrum genus. Most of the efforts made to date have focussed on basic in vitro growth or regeneration, primarily from seeds, nodes, and leaves, either from an ex vitro or an in vitro source. Following a wide range of disinfection procedures that depend on the source and age of the explant, most studies employed Murashige and Skoog basal medium in a 12- to 16-h photoperiod. The most effective cytokinin for the induction of shoots was N6-benzyladenine. Although plantlet acclimatization to field conditions was widely reported, it was often poorly quantified. Based on this base of information, applied aspects such as genetic engineering, mutation breeding, the production of haploid and double-haploid lines, protoplast fusion, embryo rescue, in vitro production of secondary metabolite acquisition through hairy roots or bioreactors, somaclonal variation, and cryopreservation still need to be developed and explored.
Lions Tail is a semi-evergreen upright shrub in the mint family with a woody base and herbaceous stems. It boasts very showy rings of bright orange hairy two-lipped tubular flowers that look great in flower arrangements. Originally from South Africa, this plant is tolerant of extreme heat, drought, and dry soils. While it can freeze to the ground in the winter it will often resprout from hardened wood in the spring which is why it is often considered a perennial. Mulching the crown in the winter will help ensure the plant survives. Prune annually after flowering to maintain a bushy dense shape. Plant as a screen or let it naturalize in the landscape through self-seeding. Pollinators love the nectar in this plant and it is often visited by hummingbirds, bees, and butterflies. Deer leave this plant alone. Propagate by green stem cutting or seeding in the garden before the last frost date.
In almost all cases Salvia divinorum is cultivated from cuttings, because the plant very rarely produces viable seeds. Even in the wild the plant usually propagates by falling over and producing new roots. Cuttings are readily available on the internet. Some sites offer cuttings whose roots are put in agar as a substrate. It is …
“Phytochemical Screening, Proximate Composition, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of American Skullcap (Scutellaria Lateriflora L.) in Response to Mineral Fertilizer Application,” in 35th JOHANNESBURG International Conference on “Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering” (ICCBEE-22) Nov. 28-29, 2022 Johannesburg (South Africa), 2022.
doi: 10.17758/IICBE4.C1122220.
F. G. Norris, “Pollination Ecology of Leonotis Leonurus,” Veld & Flora, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 7–10, 1989.
M. Nozawa, Y. Suka, T. Hoshi, T. Suzuki, and H. Hagiwara, “Total Synthesis of the Hallucinogenic Neoclerodane Diterpenoid Salvinorin A,” Organic Letters, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1365–1368, Apr. 2008.
doi: 10.1021/ol800101v.
Total synthesis of salvinorin A (1), a neoclerodane diterpenoid having the most potent hallucinogenic activity and a selective κ-opioid agonist, was completed in 20 steps starting from enantiomerically pure hydroxy-Wieland−Miescher ketone 5.
B. Nsuala, G. Kamatou, and G. Enslin, “Leonotis Leonurus,” in The South African Herbal Pharmacopoeia, A. Viljoen, M. Sandasi, G. Fouche, S. Combrinck, and I. Vermaak, Eds. Academic Press, 2023, pp. 305–320.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-99794-2.00004-0.
Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br. (Lamiaceae), commonly known as ‘wild dagga’, is a broadleaf evergreen plant indigenous to southern Africa. It is naturally distributed throughout the Eastern and Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa, as well as certain parts of Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The plant is widely known for its medicinal and psychoactive properties. The leaves or flowers are administered in various forms such as decoctions or infusions. It is smoked for its mild euphoric effects, which are believed to be similar to that of cannabis, but with less potency. A decoction is used to relieve coughs, colds, bronchitis, and as a strong purgative and emmenagogue whilst infusions are used to treat chest infections, fever, headache, influenza and delayed menstruation. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the essential oils obtained by hydro-distillation revealed eight major constituents (trans-β-ocimene, cis-β-ocimene, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-humulene, γ-elemene, α-cubebene and germacrene D), which represent about 50% of the total oil composition. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS) and photodiode array detection profiles from dichloromethane:methanol (50:50 v/v) extracts revealed the presence of leoleorin A, leoleorin D, luteolin, 6-methoxyluteolin-4′-methyl ether and 9,13-epoxylabda-6(19),15(14)diol dilactone in samples collected from distinct populations. Using a semi-automated high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) system, the chemical profiles of both the volatile oils and extracts were obtained. The marker compound, marrubiin, was identified in the chemical fingerprints of all the non-volatile samples on HPTLC plates viewed under white reflectance light, whilst the standard caryophyllene oxide appeared in all the volatile oils viewed under 366nm radiation.
B. N. Nsuala, G. P. Kamatou, M. Sandasi, G. Enslin, and A. Viljoen, “Variation in Essential Oil Composition of Leonotis Leonurus, an Important Medicinal Plant in South Africa,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 70, pp. 155–161, Feb. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.11.009.
Leonotis leonurus widely used by traditional healers in southern Africa for treatment of various ailments, is well known for its reported psychoactive properties. The present study was undertaken to investigate the variation in essential oil composition between geographically distinct populations of L. leonurus in South Africa using gas chromatography. Plant material (n = 50) was collected from three provinces of South Africa. Essential oils of the aerial parts were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed using one and two dimensional gas chromatography. Twenty-six compounds accounted for more than 80% of the total composition of the oil. Eight major constituents in the oil, representing about 50% of the total oil composition, were identified by both GC–MS–FID and GCxGC–ToF–MS. These major compounds were trans-β-ocimene (0.1–5.0%), cis-β-ocimene (0.1–31.5%), β-caryophyllene (0.3–15.0%), caryophyllene oxide (0.1–5.0%), α-humulene (0.4–18.2%), γ-elemene (0.4–10.6%), α-cubebene (0.2–12.0%) and germacrene D (0.1–22.1%). Marked similarities exist in the essential oil composition between populations; differences are mostly quantitative when determined by GC–MS–FID, while GCxGC–ToF–MS data reveals both quantitative and qualitative differences. Untargeted multivariate analysis was performed using SIMCA-P + 14.0 PCA and OPLS-DA methods, identifying two distinct clusters, inland and coastal populations.
B. N. Nsuala, G. Enslin, and A. Viljoen, “‘Wild Cannabis’: A Review of the Traditional Use and Phytochemistry of Leonotis Leonurus,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 174, pp. 520–539, Nov. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.013.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Leonotis leonurus, locally commonly known as “wilde dagga” (=wild cannabis), is traditionally used as a decoction, both topically and orally, in the treatment of a wide variety of conditions such as haemorrhoids, eczema, skin rashes, boils, itching, muscular cramps, headache, epilepsy, chest infections, constipation, spider and snake bites. The dried leaves and flowers are also smoked to relieve epilepsy. The leaves and flowers are reported to produce a mild euphoric effect when smoked and have been said to have a similar, although less potent, psychoactive effect to cannabis. Aim of the review To amalgamate the botanical aspects, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activity, toxicity and commercial aspects of the scientific literature available on L. leonurus. Methods An extensive review of the literature from 1900 to 2015 was carried out. Electronic databases including Scopus®, SciFinder®, Pubmed®, Google Scholar® and Google® were used as data sources. All abstracts, full-text articles and books written in English were considered. Results The phytochemistry of particularly the non-volatile constituents of L. leonurus has been comprehensively investigated due to interest generated as a result of the wide variety of biological effects reported for this plant. More than 50 compounds have been isolated and characterised. L. leonurus contains mainly terpenoids, particularly labdane diterpenes, the major diterpene reported is marrubiin. Various other compounds have been reported by some authors to have been isolated from the plant, including, in the popular literature only, the mildly psychoactive alkaloid, leonurine. Leonurine has however, never been reported by any scientific analysis of the extracts of L. leonurus. Conclusion Despite the publication of various papers on L. leonurus, there is still, however, the need for definitive research and clarification of other compounds, including alkaloids and essential oils from L. leonurus, as well as from other plant parts, such as the roots which are extensively used in traditional medicine. The traditional use by smoking also requires further investigation as to how the chemistry and activity are affected by this form of administration. Research has proven the psychoactive effects of the crude extract of L. leonurus, but confirmation of the presence of psychoactive compounds, as well as isolation and characterization, is still required. Deliberate adulteration of L. leonurus with synthetic cannabinoids has been reported recently, in an attempt to facilitate the marketing of these illegal substances, highlighting the necessity for refinement of appropriate quality control processes to ensure safety and quality. Much work is therefore still required on the aspect of quality control to ensure safety, quality and efficacy of the product supplied to patients, as this plant is widely used in South Africa as a traditional medicine. Commercially available plant sources provide a viable option for phytochemical research, particularly with regard to the appropriate validation of the plant material (taxonomy) in order to identify and delimit closely related species such as L. leonurus and L. nepetifolia which are very similar in habit.
Methanol extracts of Lion’s ear, Leonotis nepetifolia L. (LN) and African basil, Ocimum gratissimum L. (OG), were evaluated for their toxic and ovicidal effects against the female adult two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Laboratory bioassays were conducted at Egerton University using five concentrations (0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 12.0 % w/ v) of each plant extract and methanol and Abamectin (0.6 ml/L) as negative and positive controls, respectively, arranged in completely randomized design replicated four times. Data on adult mite mortality and number of eggs laid were collected 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment (HAT) and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated using Tukey’s HSD test (P< 0.05). Preliminary results showed concentration- and exposure time-dependent increase in efficacy of LN and OG extracts against adult mite. At 12% w/ v and 72 HAT, LN and OG extracts produced 93.8 and 96.4% mortality of adult TSSM, respectively. Similarly, both extracts produced 100% reduction in the number of eggs laid by the female adult TSSM. Synthetic acaricide, abamectin had 43.5 and 45.3% mortality, 34.4 and 62.9% reduction in number of eggs laid respectively. These findings demonstrate the potential use of L. nepetifolia and O. gratissimum extracts for the management of twospotted spider mite on French beans.
K. Ogayo, J. Nyaanga, J. Ogweno, and J. Ogendo, “The Effect of Lion’s Ear (Leonotis Nepetifolia) and African Basil (Ocimum Gratissimum) Plant Extracts on Two-Spotted Spider Mites (Tetranychus Urticae) for Improved Yield and Quality of French Beans,” Advances in Entomology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 21–31, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.4236/ae.2019.71003.
An experiment to evaluate the bio-control potential of Leonotis nepetifolia and Ocimum gratissimum plant extracts against two-spotted spider mites on French beans was conducted in the field. Five plant extract concentrations (1.5%, 3.0%, 6.0% and 12.0% w/v) were applied with water and Abamectin 0.6 ml/L as controls. Mite counts were done before and after treatment application and expressed as corrected percent efficacy. The impact of the mites on the French beans was evaluated by recording percent leaf reduction and quality and quantity by number of pods, pod length, diameter and yield. There was a dose dependent response in percent mite and leaf reduction, number of pods and yield. Treatments applied at 12% w/v indicated higher mite reduction (82.75%) for L. nepetifolia and 69.06% for O. gratissimum compared to abamectin (65.76%). The lowest percent leaf reduction of 1.71% for L. nepetifolia 0.39% for O. gratissimum and abamectin (20.46%) was also at 12% w/v. Similarly, the highest number of pod (61.00) for L. nepetifolia, 48.67 for O. gratissimum compared to 28.33 abamectin and yield (0.88 kg) for L. nepetifolia and 0.90 kg for O. gratissimum was also recorded at 12% w/v compared to 0.36 kg for abamectin. There were no significant differences in pod diameter and pod length between the extracts concentrations and abamectin. The study demonstrated the efficacy of L. nepetifolia and O. gratissimum in managing two-spotted spider mite and subsequent increase in French bean yield under field conditions.
A. Ortega, J. F. Blount, and P. S. Manchand, “Salvinorin, a New Trans-Neoclerodane Diterpene from Salvia Divinorum(Labiatae),” Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. INVALID_SCITE_VALUE, pp. 2505–2508, Jan. 1982.
doi: 10.1039/P19820002505.
Salvinorin, isolated from Salvia divinorum, has been shown by spectroscopic and X-ray-crystallographic methods to be a trans-neoclerodane diterpene of structure (1). Crystals of compound (1) are orthorhombic, space group P212121 with a= 6.368(2), b= 11.338(3), c= 30.710(6)Å, and Z= 4. The structure was refined by leastsquares to R 0.052 and R′ 0.056.
O. A. Oyedeji, A. J. Afolayan, and J. N. Eloff, “Comparative Study of the Essential Oil Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Leonotis Leonurus and L. Ocymifolia in the Eastern Cape, South Africa,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 114–116, Mar. 2005.
doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30160-5.
Species of Leonotis are among the frequently-used herbal remedies to treat various bronchial illness and epilepsy. The essential oils of the leaf and flower of L. leonurus and L. ocymifolia growing in the Eastern Cape of South Africa were analysed by GC-MS. Major constituents of the L. leonurus oils were limonene (7.2-15.6%), (Z)-β-ocimene (7.5-10.8%), γ-terpinene (4.0-4.7%), β-caryophyllene (15.2-19.6%), α-humulene (4.6-6.5%) and germacrene D (18.9-20.0%), while the essential oils of L. ocymifolia had (Z)-β-ocimene (13.0–15.2%), nonanal (5.5%) β-caryophyllene (21.4–30.8%), α-humulene (9.1–11.6%), germacrene D (21.5–21.7%) and T-muurolol (4.6%) as the prominent compounds. The oils exhibited a broad spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus kiristinae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei) bacteria with MIC values ranging from 1.25-0.039mg ml−1.
An area- and a point-based technique were used together at each of the same 75 sampling sites (stands), on a Sourish-Mixed Bushveld farm, to collect data for the classification and mapping of the vegetation. Both sets of data were synthesized using the same computer program package and the efficacy of the resulting classifications as well as the efficiency of the two field sampling techniques was compared. Following this, a continuous 7 752 point (1 m apart) transect was carried out, traversing the farm, in order to determine the optimum scales at which to sample Sourish-Mixed Bushveld so as to increase classification efficacy and improve community boundary recognition. The results indicated that (1) the arbitrarily chosen sampling scale of 1:8 000 was too large for "farm-scale" studies; (2) the area-based method proved to be satisfactory in that the classification and vegetation map produced with this method were verified spatially and environmentally; (3) the point-based method was deficient as a classificatory and mapping tool at large scales, since too few species were recorded with this method to make any sense of the classification and mapping of the vegetation was not possible; (4) less time per species was spent using the area-based method but because more species per stand were recorded with this method, the point-based method was quicker per stand; (5) the area-based method was easier to use in dense vegetation and irregular terrain; and (6) the optimum sampling scales for Sourish-Mixed Bushveld, as indicated by the synthesis of the continuous transect data, are about 1:12 000, 1:50 000 and 1:250 000.
I. Parveen et al., “The Low Copy Nuclear Gene Region, Granule Bound Starch Synthase (GBSS1), as a Novel Mini-DNA Barcode for the Identification of Different Sage (Salvia) Species,” Planta Medica, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.1055/a-1618-6496.
Morphological similarity within species makes the identification and authentication of Salvia species challenging, especially in dietary supplements that contain processed root or leaf powder of different sage species. In the present study, the species discriminatory power of 2 potential DNA barcode regions from the nuclear genome was evaluated in 7 medicinally important Salvia species from the family Lamiaceae. The nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 and the exon 9 – 14 region of low copy nuclear gene WAXY coding for granule-bound starch synthase 1 were tested for their species discrimination ability using distance, phylogenetic, and BLAST-based methods. A novel 2-step PCR method with 2 different annealing temperatures was developed to achieve maximum amplification from genomic DNA. The granule-bound starch synthase 1 region showed higher amplification and sequencing success rates, higher interspecific distances, and a perfect barcode gap for the tested species compared to the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2. Hence, these novel mini-barcodes generated from low copy nuclear gene regions (granule-bound starch synthase) that were proven to be effective barcodes for identifying 7 Salvia species have potential for identification and authentication of other Salvia species.
J. J. Patel, S. R. Acharya, and N. S. Acharya, “Clerodendrum Serratum (L.) Moon. – A Review on Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 154, no. 2, pp. 268–285, Jun. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.071.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. (Verbenaceae) is an important medicinal plant growing in the tropical and warm temperate regions like Africa, Southern Asia; Malaysia and distributed throughout in forests of India and Sri Lanka. It is traditionally valued and reported for treating pain, inflammation, rheumatism, respiratory disorders, fever and malarial fever in India with a long history. To provide a comprehensive overview of the traditional and ethno medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of C. serratum with clinical and toxicity data and possibly make recommendations for further research. Materials and methods All relevant worldwide accepted databases were searched for the terms “Clerodendrum”, “Clerodendrum serratum”, “Bharangi” and “Cheruthekku” along with the other literature from Indian classical texts and pharmacopoeias. There was no specific timeline set for the search. The accessible literatures available on C. serratum were collected via electronic search using Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct and traditional books reports on ethnopharmacology and traditional medicines. Results C. serratum has played an important role in Indian system of medicine. In addition to the common local use in respiratory diseases, other ethnomedicinal uses include treatment of pain, inflammation, rheumatism and fever especially malarial fever. Scientific studies on extracts and formulations revealed anti-asthmatic, mast cell stabilization and anti-allergic effects of roots of C. serratum. Reported data on pharmacological activities also includes hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential of the drug. Saponins (terpenoids and steroids), flavonoids and phenolics isolated from roots have been the focus of phytochemical investigations as the biological activity has been ascribed to the saponins, which are known to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. Isolated bioactives from roots like icosahydropicenic acid and ursolic acid have been claimed to offer anti-allergic and hepatoprotective activity. Conclusions Therapeutic potential of roots and leaves of C. serratum has been demonstrated in the conditions like asthma, allergy, fever, inflammation and liver disorders attributed to the presence of various flavonoids, phenolics and saponins present in the drug. Many ethnobotanical claims have been confirmed through modern in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacological studies of different extracts and isolates from plant; however, additional studies on the biomarkers are needed to establish mechanism of action and to validate the traditional use of this drug in clinical practices after proper safety assessment.
K. A. Pelot et al., “Biosynthesis of the Psychotropic Plant Diterpene Salvinorin A: Discovery and Characterization of the Salvia Divinorum Clerodienyl Diphosphate Synthase,” The Plant Journal, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 885–897, 2017.
doi: 10.1111/tpj.13427.
Salvia divinorum commonly known as diviner’s sage, is an ethnomedicinal plant of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Salvia divinorum is rich in clerodane-type diterpenoids, which accumulate predominantly in leaf glandular trichomes. The main bioactive metabolite, salvinorin A, is the first non-nitrogenous natural compound known to function as an opioid-receptor agonist, and is undergoing clinical trials for potential use in treating neuropsychiatric diseases and drug addictions. We report here the discovery and functional characterization of two S. divinorum diterpene synthases (diTPSs), the ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) synthase SdCPS1, and the clerodienyl diphosphate (CLPP) synthase SdCPS2. Mining of leaf- and trichome-specific transcriptomes revealed five diTPSs, two of which are class II diTPSs (SdCPS1-2) and three are class I enzymes (SdKSL1-3). Of the class II diTPSs, transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana identified SdCPS1 as an ent-CPP synthase, which is prevalent in roots and, together with SdKSL1, exhibits a possible dual role in general and specialized metabolism. In vivo co-expression and in vitro assays combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis identified SdCPS2 as a CLPP synthase. A role of SdCPS2 in catalyzing the committed step in salvinorin A biosynthesis is supported by its biochemical function, trichome-specific expression and absence of additional class II diTPSs in S. divinorum. Structure-guided mutagenesis revealed four catalytic residues that enabled the re-programming of SdCPS2 activity to afford four distinct products, thus advancing our understanding of how neo-functionalization events have shaped the array of different class II diTPS functions in plants, and may promote synthetic biology platforms for a broader spectrum of diterpenoid bioproducts.
M. Pentea, M. Butu, I. Samfira, R. Cristina, and M. BUTNARIU, “Extraction and Analytical Study of Salvinorin a from Leaves of Salvia Divinorum,” Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, vol. 10, pp. 291–297, Mar. 2015.
Brain-imaging studies in animals provided evidence that salvinorin A biostructure, in addition to hallucinations and impairment of motor function in humans, could become a popular drug. Salvia divinorum samples were analyzed by gas chromatography, after being dried at 40C. For extraction was used analytical grade purity acetone and recrystallisation was achieved with methanol of chromatographic purity. Preliminary processing of crude extract allowed enriching the final solution composition in salvinorin A. The large number of signals showed that under ionization an advanced fragmentation of the molecule occurred. By the advanced fragmentation of S. divinorum it was obtained a sample image, with the mass spectrometer, which may constitute a specific footprint of the component salvinorin A.
N. S. L. Perry, C. Bollen, E. K. Perry, and C. Ballard, “Salvia for Dementia Therapy: Review of Pharmacological Activity and Pilot Tolerability Clinical Trial,” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 651–659, Jun. 2003.
doi: 10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00108-4.
S. lavandulaefolia Vahl. (Spanish sage) extracts and constituents have demonstrated anticholinesterase, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, oestrogenic and CNS depressant (sedative) effects all of which are currently relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The essential oil inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from human brain tissue and bovine erythrocyte and individual monoterpenoid constituents inhibit AChE with varying degrees of potency. In vivo AChE inhibition of select brain (striatal and hippocampal over cortical) AChE was obtained following oral administration of the essential oil to rats. In a study in healthy volunteers essential oil administration produced significant effects on cognition. In a pilot open-label study involving oral administration of the essential oil to patients with AD, a significant increase in diastolic and systolic blood pressure was observed in two patients, however this may have been due primarily to preexisting hypertension and there were no abnormalities in other vital signs or blood samples during the trial period. Although an open label trial is not free from practice effects or rater–caregiver expectations, statistically significant differences between baseline and 6 weeks treatment were a reduction in neuropsychiatric symptoms and an improvement in attention.
F. T. Peters and M. R. Meyer, “In Vitro Approaches to Studying the Metabolism of New Psychoactive Compounds,” Drug Testing and Analysis, vol. 3, no. 7-8, pp. 483–495, 2011.
doi: 10.1002/dta.295.
P. B. Phillipson and L. Allorge, “A Remarkable New Species of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar,” Candollea, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 117–126, Jun. 2016.
doi: 10.15553/c2016v711a14.
Phillipson, P.B. & L. Allorge (2016). A remarkable new species of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar. Candollea 71 : 117–126. In English, English and French abstracts. DOI : http//dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2016v711a14A species new to science is formally described and named as Clerodendrum kamhyoae Phillipson & Allorge. It is the third species of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) to be described from Madagascar that combines a long slender corolla tube with cauliflory, attributes that are uncommon in the genus. The prolific production of flowers along the trunk of the new species is quite extraordinary. Its possible relationships with other species of the genus are discussed and certain aspects of its reproductive biology are described. We provide line drawings, photographs and a distribution map for the new species, as well as an assessment of its conservation status using IUCN Categories and Criteria.
S. Pichini et al., “Quantification of the Plant-Derived Hallucinogen Salvinorin A in Conventional and Non-Conventional Biological Fluids by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry after Salvia Divinorum Smoking,” Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1649–1656, 2005.
doi: 10.1002/rcm.1970.
E. Piedra-Ibarra, R. De La Torre-Almaráz, G. Zúñiga, B. Xoconostle-Cázares, and R. Ruíz-Medrano, “Leonotis Nepetaefolia: An Important Plant Virus Reservoir in Central Mexico,” Phytoparasitica, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 480–494, Oct. 2005.
doi: 10.1007/BF02981397.
The presence of viruses in the weedLeonotis nepetaefolia in central México is reported from two field surveys.L. nepetaefolia, with viral-like symptoms such as mosaic, leaf deformation and calico, was observed growing next to cultivated fields in the Valley of Atlixco, Puebla, an important agricultural region in Mexico. The viruses harbored by this plant were characterized biologically, serologically and by molecular methods. The viruses detected wereAlfalfa mosaic virus (AMV),Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a satellite RNA of CMV (CMV satRNA) andTobacco mosaic virus (TMV). This last one was detected only during the first survey. CMV was the predominant virus found in both surveys, and was associated mostly to mosaic symptom. Phylogenetic analysis based on the coat protein gene sequence of CMV indicated that this isolate belongs to subgroup IA and confirmed that it is a mosaic-inducing isolate, whereas AMV belongs to subgroup II. Finally, CMV satRNA was found to be a non-necrogenic ameliorative variant, both by symptomatology and by phylogenetic analysis. Our results suggest thatL. nepetaefolia is a reservoir for several viruses in central Mexico, and given its wide distribution in several parts of the world, its role as a virus reservoir could be more general.
M.-L. Popescu, M. Dinu, and O. Toth, “Contributions to the Pharmacognostical and Phytobiological Study on Leonurus Cardiaca L. (Lamiaceae),” vol. 57, 2009.
The paper presents our experimental results regarding a comparative pharmacognostical and phytobiological study of Leonurus cardiaca L., motherwort (Lamiaceae), the vegetal drugs herba-, folium-, flos-, and caulis-type. Microscopically we identified the following specific anatomical elements: unicellular trichomes, with warty cuticle and pluricellular trichomes, with smooth cuticle for Leonuri folium; unicellular trichomes, with thin and smooth cuticle for Leonuri flos respectively. The chemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids (2.04-2.21x10-3 g% in herb, 5.826.74x10-3 g% in leaves, 1.14-1.63x10-3 g% in flowers, and 0.83-1.02x10-3 g% in stems; expressed as rutin), polyphenolcarboxilic acids (62.34-65.12x10-3 g% in herb, 89.9193.43x10-3 g% in leaves, 36.47-40.18x10-3 g% in flowers, and 12.41-15.64x10-3 in stems; expressed as caffeic acid), iridoides, triterpenes, tannins, sterols, carotenoids, monosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Triticum bioassay revealed the up and down (two ways) effect of the tested solutions. The aqueous extracts 5.00-1.66% had concentrationdependent mitoinhibitory effect and the diluted solutions (0.33%) had a stimulating effect on radicular elongation of Triticum vulgare.
Y. Powder-George, “Secondary Metabolites from the Leaves and Stems of Leonotis Nepetifolia (Lamiaceae): Doi.Org/10.26538/Tjnpr/V2i6.7,” Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research (TJNPR), vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 293–296, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.26538/tjnpr/v2i6.7.
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. (Lamiaceae), commonly known as ‘Shandilay’, is well-known and widely used in Trinidadian ethnomedicine as well as in different countries for the treatment of various ailments. Biological activities for the plant and many phytoconstituents have been reported; however, the plant species located in Trinidad is yet to be investigated for its chemical constituents. This study was conducted to investigate the secondary metabolites that may be responsible for the observed traditional medicinal uses of the plant. A phytochemical investigation of the chloroform and 1-butanol fractions of the crude methanol extract of the leaves and stems from L. nepetifolia resulted in the isolation of 7 compounds which were identified as Stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucoside (1), trans-caffeic acid (2), trans-p-coumaric acid (3), Apigenin-7-O-β-D glucoside (4), Uridine (5), Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (6) and Adenosine (7). Isolation of the seven compounds was performed by a combination of silica gel column chromatography and size exclusion column chromatography on Sephadex® LH-20. The chemical structures of these compounds were determined by comprehensive analyses of their 1H and 13C NMR, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC spectroscopic data, and HREIMS mass spectrometric data, as well as comparison of spectral data with that reported in the literature. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of compounds 1–7 from L. nepetifolia, compounds 1-3 and 5 from the genus Leonotis and compound 7 from the Lamiaceae family. These reported bioactive constituents might be responsible for some of the observed biological activities of the plant Leonotis nepetifolia.
G. Prinsloo and C. P. du Plooy, “Influence of Nitrogenous and Phosphatic Fertilizers Types and Rates on the Yield and Chemical Profile of Sutherlandia Frutescens and Leonotis Leonurus.,” International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1107–1112, 2017.
doi: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0391.
Sutherlandia frutescens and Leonotis leonurus are two important medicinal plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and inflammation harvested mainly from natural resources. The shift from subsistence to commercial trade necessitates research into cultivation, and hence information is needed for commercial production of these species. The effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) fertilizers in...
G. Prinsloo, J. C. Viljoen, and C. P. Du Plooy, “Nitrogen Fertiliser Requirements of the South African Medicinal Plant Leonotis Leonurus Used in Traditional Healing Practices,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 925, pp. 221–228, Dec. 2011.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.925.32.
T. E. Prisinzano, “Psychopharmacology of the Hallucinogenic Sage Salvia Divinorum,” Life Sciences, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 527–531, Dec. 2005.
doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.008.
At present, the Mexican mint Salvia divinorum is an unregulated hallucinogen. This has resulted in various on-line botanical companies advertising and selling S. divinorum as a legal alternative to other regulated plant hallucinogens. It is predictable that its misuse will increase rapidly. The active ingredient in S. divinorum is the neoclerodane diterpene, salvinorin A (1a), which has been shown to be a κ agonist both in vitro and in vivo. This review will cover the current state of research into the psychopharmacology of S. divinorum.
T. E. Prisinzano and R. B. Rothman, “Salvinorin A Analogs as Probes in Opioid Pharmacology,” Chemical reviews, vol. 108, no. 5, pp. 1732–1743, May 2008.
doi: 10.1021/cr0782269.
J. Qian et al., “The Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of the Medicinal Plant Salvia Miltiorrhiza,” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 2, p. e57607, Feb. 2013.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057607.
Salvia miltiorrhiza is an important medicinal plant with great economic and medicinal value. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza, the first sequenced member of the Lamiaceae family, is reported here. The genome is 151,328 bp in length and exhibits a typical quadripartite structure of the large (LSC, 82,695 bp) and small (SSC, 17,555 bp) single-copy regions, separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 25,539 bp). It contains 114 unique genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs and four rRNAs. The genome structure, gene order, GC content and codon usage are similar to the typical angiosperm cp genomes. Four forward, three inverted and seven tandem repeats were detected in the Salvia miltiorrhiza cp genome. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis among the 30 asterid cp genomes revealed that most SSRs are AT-rich, which contribute to the overall AT richness of these cp genomes. Additionally, fewer SSRs are distributed in the protein-coding sequences compared to the non-coding regions, indicating an uneven distribution of SSRs within the cp genomes. Entire cp genome comparison of Salvia miltiorrhiza and three other Lamiales cp genomes showed a high degree of sequence similarity and a relatively high divergence of intergenic spacers. Sequence divergence analysis discovered the ten most divergent and ten most conserved genes as well as their length variation, which will be helpful for phylogenetic studies in asterids. Our analysis also supports that both regional and functional constraints affect gene sequence evolution. Further, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a sister relationship between Salvia miltiorrhiza and Sesamum indicum. The complete cp genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza reported in this paper will facilitate population, phylogenetic and cp genetic engineering studies of this medicinal plant.
N. Raaman, S. Divakar, P. Jeyam, L. Hariprasath, M. Baskar, and K. Mathiyazhagan, “Micropropagation, Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Clerodendron Phlomidis Linn.,” Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 119, 2011.
doi: 10.5958/j.0975-4261.3.2.019.
O. Rahmonov, D. E. Zaurov, B. S. Islamov, and S. W. Eisenman, “Resources along the Silk Road in Central Asia: Lagochilus Inebrians Bunge (Turkestan Mint) and Medicago Sativa L. (Alfalfa): Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan,” in Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, CRC Press, 2020, pp. 153–158.
When moving large amounts of trade goods over vast distances, travelers on the Silk Road needed to obtain basic requirements like food, shelter, and medicines. During these journeys, travelers would have sustained injuries, and local medicines would have been sought. Traveling could be arduous and required the use of pack animals to carry goods long distances over sometimes rugged and difficult terrain. These animals required adequate forage to sustain them along the journey. Herein, the distribution, folk use, and medicinal and phytochemical properties of two significant Central Asian plant resources are discussed. Turkestan mint (Lagochilus inebrians Bunge) is a widely used medicinal plant that has historically been used for its hemostatic, sedative, and intoxicating properties. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), known as the “queen of forage crops”, grows wild through much of Central Asia and was, and remains to this day, an important source of animal fodder.
#salvia #salviadivinorum #propagation #plantcutting #howto #gardening #garden #greenhouse We’ll try two methods of propagating Salvia divinorum. This is going to be a two part episode; here, in PART 1, we’ll go step by step what to do first.
M. Ranganathan et al., “Dose-Related Behavioral, Subjective, Endocrine, and Psychophysiological Effects of the κ Opioid Agonist Salvinorin A in Humans,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 72, no. 10, pp. 871–879, Nov. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.012.
M. Ranganathan et al., “Dose-Related Behavioral, Subjective, Endocrine, and Psychophysiological Effects of the κ Opioid Agonist Salvinorin A in Humans,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 72, no. 10, pp. 871–879, Nov. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.012.
Here is a video on how to take live Salvia Divinorum cuttings. Check out my reddit account u/zorg621 for more tips and tricks and advice. Live Salvia Divinorum plants are available here: https://rareshrub.com/product/salvia-... List of Products that I use in my grows: Small Azamax https://amzn.to/3Fkatl7 Large Azamax https://amzn.to/3SG8FGn Predatory Nematodes (For Soil pest treatment of fungus gnats, thrips, spider mites, etc): https://amzn.to/3DdHY5U Mosquito Bits (for soil pest treatment of fungus gnats only): https://amzn.to/3zm2aBz Humidity domes: Mondi Dome https://amzn.to/3swWwbR Trays: Supersprouter quad thick trays https://amzn.to/3TVy8gt Fans: https://amzn.to/3Fh0NrL Repeat cycle timer: https://amzn.to/3DcfDNB Light Timer: https://amzn.to/3N7V61c Lights I use and recommend (although they’re pretty pricey on amazon, you can find comparable ones locally if you’re crafty. I like these because they’re linkable and good lights overall): https://amzn.to/3Fh2ghL Shelving (W/O wheels): https://amzn.to/3gKz5tg Shelving (With wheels): https://amzn.to/3gNvHhf Foxfarm Grow Big Fertilizer: https://amzn.to/3DB2leV Foxfarm Soil (The only soil I use): https://amzn.to/3ziRkwd Reverse Osmosis System I’ve upgraded to and recommend: https://amzn.to/3zj9Y78 6 pack crystal Geyser Mountain spring Water: https://amzn.to/3SznrhW Shop Stool I love: https://amzn.to/3FlWH1s Camera I use: https://amzn.to/3gKPhuz Strap kit for camera: https://amzn.to/3fdE84L Mount for Kit: https://amzn.to/3gKXL4N Air conditioner: https://amzn.to/3SJDdqu Medical Squeeze Bottle for watering: https://amzn.to/3NaALIw
A. A. R. O. N. S. REISFIELD, “The Botany of Salvia Divinorum (Labiatae),” SIDA, Contributions to Botany, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 349–366, 1993.https://www.jstor.org/stable/41967014.
Salvia divinorum, ceremoniously employed by the Mazatec Indians of Oaxaca, is endemic to the sierra inhabited by the Mazatec, its distribution anthropogenic. Plants spread vegetatively, flourishing in shaded, humid sites, flowering sporadically from October until June. Flower nectar and corolla dimensions suggest ornithophily, and the only pollination event observed involved a single hummingbird, but other factors suggest that visits by birds to the flowers in their present range are opportunistic, and not a product of plant-pollinator coevolution. The species is diploid with n= 11, pollen fertility is reduced, there is no active pollen tube inhibition within the style, but some event or process after the pollen tube reaches the ovary is aberrant, as no fully developed nutlet has ever been collected from a Mexican plant, and greenhouse cross-pollinations led to only 3% seed set. Hybridity is suggested, although intermediacy between two known species has not been recognized. Salvia divinorum, que fue usada en las ceremonias por los Indios Mazatecas de Oaxaca, es una planta endémica de la sierra habitada por los Mazatecas y su distribución antropogénica. Se reproduce vegetativamente, prosperando en lugares húmedos y sombríos, y ocasionalmente florece de octubre a junio. Las dimensiones de la corola y la presencia de néctar sugieren ornitofilia y la única polinización observada fue realizada por un colibrí, pero hay otros factores que sugieren que las visitas de los pájaros a las flores son oportunistas y no el producto de una coevolución plantpolinizador. La especie es dipolide, n = 11, la fertilidad del polen reducida, no hay inhibición estilar activa del tubo polínico, pero algunos procesos posteriores a la llegada del tubo polínico al ovario son aberrantes, por lo que nunca se ha recolectado ninguna nuclua perfectamente desarrollada en plantas mexicanas, y las polinizaciones cruzadas realizadas en invernadero producen sólo un 3% de semillas. Se ha sugerido hibridación, aunque no se ha reconocido que sea intermedia entre dos especies concocidas.
A. S. Reisfield, “Systematic Studies in Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) with Special Emphasis on Subgenus Calosphace (Benth.) Benth. Section Dusenostachys Epl.,” Thesis, 1987.https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/11724.
T. J. Riedlinger, “Wasson’s Alternative Candidates for Soma,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 149–156, Apr. 1993.
doi: 10.1080/02791072.1993.10472245.
Citing recently published challenges to R. Gordon Wasson’s identification of Vedic soma as the psychoactive mushroom Amanita muscaria (fly-agaric), this article reviews unpublished letters by Wasson in which he considered and rejected other psychoactive plants as candidates, including the mint Lagochilus inebrians, Convolvulaceae (morning glory) seeds, the fungal parasite Claviceps purpurea (ergot), and especially the psilocybin mushroom Stropharia cubensis, known also as Psilocybe cubensis, Apart from their historical interest, these letters-from the Tina and Gordon Wasson Ethnomycological Collection at the Harvard Botanical Museum—demonstrate that Wasson remained open to refinements of his theory.
S. Ruwanza, M. Gaertner, K. J. Esler, and D. M. Richardson, “The Effectiveness of Active and Passive Restoration on Recovery of Indigenous Vegetation in Riparian Zones in the Western Cape, South Africa: A Preliminary Assessment,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 88, pp. 132–141, Sep. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.022.
Riparian ecosystems in South Africa’s fynbos biome are heavily invaded by alien woody plants. Although large-scale clearing of these species is underway, the assumption that native vegetation will self-repair after clearing has not been thoroughly tested. Understanding the processes that mediate the recruitment of native species following clearing of invasive species is crucial for optimising restoration techniques. This study aimed to determine native species recovery patterns following implementation of different management interventions. We tested the influence of two clearing treatments (“fell & remove” and “fell & stack burn”) on the outcomes of passive restoration (natural recovery of native riparian species) and active restoration (seed sowing and planting of cuttings) along the Berg River in the Western Cape. Under greenhouse conditions we investigated seed viability and germination pre-treatments of selected native species. There was no recruitment of native species in sites that were not seeded (passive restoration sites), possibly because of the dominance of alien herbaceous species and graminoids or the lack of native species in the soil-stored seed bank. Germination of our targeted native species in the field was low in both “fell & remove” and “fell & stack burn” treatments. However, “fell & stack burn” gave better germination for the species Searsia angustifolia, Leonotis leonurus and Melianthus major. Seedling survival in the field was significantly reduced in summer, with drought stress being the main cause for seedling mortality. Germination rates in the greenhouse were high, an indication that harvested seeds were viable. Most seeds germinated without germination pre-treatments. We conclude that failure of native seeds to germinate under field conditions, secondary invasion of alien herbs and graminoids, the lack of native species in the soil-stored seed bank, and dry summer conditions hamper seedling establishment and recovery on sites cleared of dense stands of alien trees. For active restoration to achieve its goals, effective recruitment and propagation strategies need to be established.
M. Sabina, “Under the Spell of the Magic Mint.”
S. Saeidnia, E. Barari, A. Shakeri, and A. R. Gohari, “Isolation and Identification of Main Compounds of Lagochilus Cabulicus,” Asian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 25, no. 3, 2013.
doi: 10.14233/ajchem.2013.13117.
The genus, Lagochilus Bge., belongs to Lamiaceae family and consists of 44 species all over the world, 4 species of which are growing exclusively in Iran. Literature show that there is no report around the isolation and spectral elucidation of the main compounds of the Iranian species, Lagochilus cabulicus Benth. The aim of this study is to determine the main compounds of this species for the first time. Column and thin layer chromatographic methods were used for isolation and purification and spectroscopic data (1H NMR and 13C NMR) were employed for identification of the compounds isolated from ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. From the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of L. cabulicus, four flavonoid, tricetin 3´-methyl ether (1), quercetin (2), quercetin 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1®6) b-D-glucopyranoside (3), quercetin 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (4), two steroids, sitosteryl acetate (5), stigmasteryl acetate (6) and one triterpene, lupeol (7), have been identified. The results show that the main compounds of L. cabulicus are biologically and pharmacologically active flavonol glucosides, sterol acetates and pentacyclic triterpene. There has not found any diterpene (lagochilin), as the main compound, in the aerial parts of L. cabulicus.
R. L. Sakamoto, M. Ito, and N. Kawakubo, “Contribution of Pollinators to Seed Production as Revealed by Differential Pollinator Exclusion in Clerodendrum Trichotomum (Lamiaceae),” PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 3, p. e33803, Mar. 2012.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033803.
A diverse assemblage of pollinators, such as bees, beetles, flies, and butterflies, will often visit a single plant species. However, evaluating the effect of several insects on fruit and seed production is difficult in plants visited by a variety of insects. Here, we analyzed the effect of three types of pollinators, Papilio spp., Macroglossum pyrrhosticta, and Xylocopa appendiculata on fruit and seed production in Clerodendrum trichotomum by using a flower visitor barrier experiment with nets of specific mesh sizes. As a result, fruit/flower and seed/ovule ratios were significantly lower under Papilio exclusion than under natural conditions. On the other hand, ratios were not significantly different between Papilio excluded and both Papilio and M. pyrrhosticta excluded treatments. Therefore, Papilio and X. appendiculata are effective pollinators, whereas M. pyrrhosticta, which was the most frequent visitor, of C. trichotomum, is not. From our observations of visiting behaviors, we believe that because M. pyrrhosticta probably promotes self- pollination, this species is a non-effective pollinator. This is the first study to separate and compare the contribution of various visitors to the reproductive success of a plant.
K. C. Sanderson and W. C. Martin, “CULTURAL CONCEPTS FOR GROWING CLERODENDRUM THOMASONIAE BALF. AS A POT PLANT,” p. 3.
Clerodendrum thomasoniae Balf., a tall, twining, evergreen shrub from tropical Africa, was grown as a compact, floriferous plant. Once propagated (2 one-node, double eye cuttings per 13.5 cm pot), standard greenhouse cultural practices produced adequate growth. Pinching and growth retardant treatments are needed to shape the plants and compact growth. Two manual pinches yielded a desirable plant shape. Ancymidol drenches (0.3 mg per 13.5 cm pot) or sprays (150 ppm, approximately 1.9 to 3.8 mg per plant) were found to be more effective in compacting plant growth than chlormequat drenches (450 mg per 13.5 cm pot).
P. C. Santos-Gomes, R. M. Seabra, P. B. Andrade, and M. Fernandes-Ferreira, “Determination of Phenolic Antioxidant Compounds Produced by Calli and Cell Suspensions of Sage (Salvia officinalisL.),” Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 160, no. 9, pp. 1025–1032, Jan. 2003.
doi: 10.1078/0176-1617-00831.
Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) calli were established by culturing internodal segments, excised from aseptic seedlings, on MS basal medium gellied with agar and supplemented with 0.05 mg/L dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in presence of benzyladenine (BA) or zeatin (ZEA) or kinetin (KIN), at 1.5 mg/L. Suspended cells were established by transferring one callus to 50 mL of liquid MS basal medium devoid of agar and containing the same type of hormonal supplementation used in respective calli growth. The highest growth of calli and suspensions occurred with 1.5 mg/L ZEA. However, with this cytokinin supplementation, as well as with 1.5 mg/L KIN, both in presence of 0.05 mg/L 2,4-D, suspensions differentiated small root shaped structures. Well shaped, majority single cell suspensions were formed under the effect of 0.05 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L KIN. Calli grown with 0.05 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BA and suspended cells grown with 0.05 mg/L 2,4-D and ZEA or KIN at 1.5 mg/L, or KIN at 0.5 mg/L, were searched for phenolics production. Twelve phenolic compounds were identified in calli: gallic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, hesperetin, epirosmanol, hispidulin, genkwanin, carnosol, carnosic acid, and methyl carnosate. With the exception for genkwanin and epirosmanol all of these phenolic compounds were also produced by the sage suspension cultures grown in the presence of 1.5 or 0.5 mg/L KIN. Genkwanin was the only phenolic absent in the suspensions grown with 1.5 ZEA. Suspended cells, grown with 0.5 mg/L KIN, and calli cultures showed the highest specific accumulation of the total phenolics, with rosmarinic acid representing 94-97 percnt;.
Lagochilus Inebrians Growers Guide 1.0 Turkish Mint seems to be one of the most sought after rare Entheogenic herbs. Lagochilus inebrians being in the Labiatae mint family, has strong intoxicating, sedative, and relaxing properties depending on dosage and potency of the strain. The Strong intoxication is said to be cause by the alkaloid lagochiline. Lagochiline …
E. Sezik et al., “Folk Medicine in Uzbekistan: I. Toshkent, Djizzax, and Samarqand Provinces,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 197–207, Jun. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.016.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turcic republics in Central Asia where a desert continental climate mainly prevailes in territories. Nevertheless, this expedition was carried out in the northeast and east higher lands, where flora is richer. The interviews were performed in seven villages of Toshkent and in neighboring provinces of Samarqand, Djizzax and at Urgut Bazaar of Samarqand. Altogether 177 folk remedies were recorded in the surveyed area. Among these folk remedies, 162 remedies were obtained from 79 different kinds of plant species that belong to 31 different families, whereas, 15 animal originated remedies that belong to 8 different animals are listed, which includes their vernacular and scientific names, indications and recipes for preparations.
D. J. Sheffler and B. L. Roth, “Salvinorin A: The ‘Magic Mint’ Hallucinogen Finds a Molecular Target in the Kappa Opioid Receptor,” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 107–109, Mar. 2003.
doi: 10.1016/S0165-6147(03)00027-0.
Salvinorin A, a neoclerodane diterpene, is the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen known and rivals the synthetic hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide in potency. Recently, the molecular target of salvinorin A was identified as the kappa opioid receptor (KOR). Salvinorin A represents the only known non-nitrogenous KOR selective agonist. Based on the selectivity of salvinorin A for the KOR, this receptor represents a potential molecular target for the development of drugs to treat disorders characterized by alterations in perception, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease and bipolar disorder.
O. Shirota, K. Nagamatsu, and S. Sekita, “Neo-Clerodane Diterpenes from the Hallucinogenic Sage Salvia Divinorum,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 1782–1786, Dec. 2006.
doi: 10.1021/np060456f.
Seven new neo-clerodane diterpenes, salvidivins A (2), B, (3), C (4), and D (5), salvinorins H (6) and I (7), and divinorin F (8), along with eight known neo-clerodane diterpenes, salvinorins A (1)−F, divinatorins A and B, and seven other constituents, were isolated from the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum. The structures of 1−7 were elucidated on the basis of 2D NMR spectroscopic studies.
S. Shiwakoti et al., “Harvesting Number and Timing Effects on Shoot Yield and Flavonoid Content in Organically Grown American Skullcap (Scutellaria Lateriflora),” Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 248–261, Jul. 2013.
doi: 10.1080/10496475.2013.790870.
A field experiment was conducted in Alabama to determine the effect of timing and frequency of harvest on shoot yield and flavonoid content of American skullcap. In the first year (2008), harvesting twice gave 36% higher yield than harvesting once. In the second year (2009), plant die-off late in the season prevented a comparison of two and three harvests, so only the effects of early and late harvest were compared. There was no difference in yield between early or late harvesting. Plant height and density, percent dry matter, and shoot yield were higher in the first harvest than the second harvest. In 2008, the yield and concentration of flavonoid baicalein was the highest. In 2009, the yield and concentration of baicalin was the highest, followed by baicalein and apigenin. There were no differences in flavonoid yield between early and late harvest. Flavonoid yield in 2009 was 58% higher in the first harvest than in the second.
S. Shiwakoti, “Management Effects on Yield and Flavonoid Content in American Skullcap (Scutellaria Lateriflora),” Thesis, 2012.https://etd.auburn.edu//handle/10415/2952.
American Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) is a member of the mint family (Labiatae or Lamiaceae), and is a medicinal herb traditionally used for its mild relaxant properties attributed to its content of flavonoids. Field and greenhouse trials were conducted to determine management effects on dry matter yield and flavonoid content in American skullcap. The field experiment was conducted on Marvyn loamy sand (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, Thermic Typic Kanhapludults) with 0-2% slope in central Alabama, to determine the effect of timing and frequency of harvest on shoot yield and flavonoid content. The experimental design was 2X2 split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications of each treatment. The main factors were number of harvests in the first season (2008) - one harvest per season and two harvests per season. The sub factors were timing of harvests in the second season (2009) - early harvest and late harvest. In the first year (2008), harvesting twice gave 36 % higher yield than harvesting once. Baicalein had higher concentration and yield than other flavonoids in 2008. In the second year, there was no difference in yield between early or late harvesting but all the parameters considered in the study were significantly higher in first harvest than in the second harvest. Baicalin was higher in concentration and yield than other flavonoids in 2009.Flavonoid yield was 58% higher in the first harvest than in the second harvest in year 2 (2009). No residual effect from first year treatment was observed on yield in second year. Greenhouse trials were conducted (September 2010 and January 2011) to determine the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer on biomass yield and flavonoid content of American skullcap. Plants were grown in fritted clay in plastic pots in the greenhouse. Separate experiments were carried out for N, P and K. Each experiment was carried out two times and consisted of six levels of each nutrient. The levels of treatment for N experiment were: 0 kg N ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1, 400 kg ha-1 and 800 kg ha-1, for P experiment were: 0 kg ha-1, 20 kg ha-1, 40 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1, 160 kg ha-1 and 320 kg ha-1 and for K experiment were: 0 kg ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1, 300 kg ha-1 and 400 kg ha-1. Each treatment received a standard rate of micronutrient solution as needed as well as the highest level of the other two major elements. The nutrients were supplied as solution. Regression analysis gave maxima for dry matter, baicalein and chrysin yield at 446 kg N ha-1, 412 kg N ha-1 and 351 kg N ha-1 for N fertilizer respectively in greenhouse 2. Dry matter yield exhibited a linear response to P application. The yield of scutellarein, baicalin, baicalein and chrysin increased with addition of P. Regression analysis gave maximum dry matter yield at 208 kg K ha-1 for potassium fertilizer. A linear response to K fertilization was observed for scutellarein concentration. American skullcap may be harvested twice in the first year and at least twice in second year or cultivation. N, P and K increased dry matter and analyzed flavonoids yield in the greenhouse experiment. Field experiments are required to validate the finding of the greenhouse experiment and to determine if three harvests may be carried out in second and subsequent years.
Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer on biomass yield and flavonoid content of American skullcap (Scutellaria...
D. J. Siebert, “Localization of Salvinorin A and Related Compounds in Glandular Trichomes of the Psychoactive Sage, Salvia Divinorum,” Annals of Botany, vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 763–771, Jun. 2004.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mch089.
D. J. Siebert, “Salvia Divinorum and Salvinorin A: New Pharmacologic Findings,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 53–56, Jun. 1994.
doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(94)90116-3.
The diterpene salvinorin A from Salvia divinorum (Epling and Jativa-M), in doses of 200–500 μg produces effects which are subjectively identical to those experienced when the whole herb is ingsted. Salvinorin A is effectively deactivated by the gastrointestinal system, so alternative routes of absorption must be used to maintain its activity. Traditionally the herb is consumed either by chewing the fresh leaves or by drinking the juices of freshly crushed leaves. The effects of the herb when consumed this way depend on absorption of salvinorin A through the oral mucosa before the herb is swallowed.
A. C. Silva, E. F. Araújo, and F. A. Ferreira, “Períodos e temperaturas de pré-resfriamento na germinação de sementes de Leonotis nepetaefolia,” Ciência Rural, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 282–285, Feb. 2006.
doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782006000100044.
The objective of this work was to study beneficial conditions during L. nepetaefolia seeds germination an assay was carried out to study pre-cooling temperatures of 5ºC and 10ºC for periods of 7 and 14 days, during seeds soaking. After these periods, the seeds were submitted to continuous (20ºC) or alternate (20ºC night – 30ºC day) temperatures. Additionally two controls were studied (20ºC e 20ºC – 30ºC) without precooling. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. Seeds submitted to pre-cooling, as well as the controls did not germinate in continuous temperature of 20ºC. The seeds submitted to pre-cooling of 10ºC for 14 days provided greater uniformity, final germination percentages (45%) and germination speed index compared to that the control.
A. Similien, “Effect of Shade, Irrigation and Nutrients on Dry Matter Yield and Flavonoid Content of American Skullcap,” Thesis, 2009.https://etd.auburn.edu//handle/10415/1647.
Growing interest in medicinal herbs results in a need to domesticate medicinal plants traditionally harvested in the wild. American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora), native to moist habitats in eastern North America, has sedative properties associated with the flavonoid, baicalin, and also contains baicalein, chrysin, wogonin and lateriflorin which have multiple uses. Information on how growing conditions affect dry matter yield, concentration and flavonoids yield is lacking. A field experiment was conducted at the EV Smith Research Center near Shorter Alabama in 2007 and 2008 to explore the effect of light, irrigation and nutrient application on dry matter yield and flavonoid concentration and yield of American skullcap. The field experiment was a 2 x 2 x 3 split vi plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with shade as the main factor and irrigation and nutrients as subplots. Treatments were: shade (40% vs. no shade), irrigation (applied at 30 kPa vs. no irrigation and nutrients (no nutrients vs. fertilizer: 100 kg N, 68 kg P and 42 kg K ha-1) vs. (chicken litter: 100 kg N, 50 kg P and 123 kg K ha-1). Four harvests were carried out in 2007 and 2008 to determine dry matter yield and flavonoid content. Extraction of plant material was performed using the Accelerated Solvent Extraction method and extracts were analyzed by the HPLC method to determine flavonoid concentration. All parameters considered in our study, except percent dry matter, performed better under shade than in full sun. Higher density was observed in 2008 due to spreading after removal of mulch fabric, however a decrease in stand was observed in the nonirrigated treatments in full sun. Powdery mildew was a problem encountered mainly under shade. Dry matter yield was 45% higher under shade, 61% higher with irrigation and 22% higher with added nutrients. Dry matter yield was not different according to nutrient source. A significant interaction of irrigation by nutrients was also observed. The highest dry matter yields were obtained with the irrigation + manure and irrigation + fertilizer treatments under shade and the lowest yield with fertilizer and the control treatments in full sun. Shade decreased baicalin concentration but did not affect baicalein, wogonin and chrysin concentration. Irrigation increased baicalin, baicalein and wogonin concentration but had no effect on chrysin concentration. Nutrient application slightly increase baicalin and chrysin but did not affect baicalein and wogonin concentration. Total flavonoid concentration was 26% higher in full sun, 20 % higher with irrigation and 29% lower vii with added nutrients. Significant interactions of shade by irrigation and shade by nutrient were observed for baicalin and baicalein concentrations. The highest concentrations were obtained with the irrigation + manure and irrigation in full sun and the lowest with manure under shade. Shade, irrigation and nutrients increased yield of all four flavonoids. Total flavonoid yield was 26% higher under shade, 97% higher with irrigation and 44% higher with added nutrients. Significant interactions of shade by irrigation, shade by nutrients and irrigation by nutrients were also observed for flavonoid yield. The highest flavonoid yields were observed with the irrigation + manure and irrigation + fertilizer treatments under shade and the lowest with the control and fertilizer treatment in full sun. Higher dry matter and flavonoid yields were obtained with the same treatments, suggesting that increasing dry matter yield had a direct effect on flavonoid yield. Based on our results, we can recommend irrigation and added nutrients for higher dry matter and flavonoid yield and irrigation with added nutrients in full sun for higher flavonoid concentration.
A. Similien, D. A. Shannon, C. W. Wood, E. van Santen, N. Joshee, and W. G. Foshee, “Partial Shade, Irrigation, and Added Nutrients Maximize Dry Matter Yield of American Skullcap (Scutellaria Lateriflora L.),” HortScience, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 1705–1709, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.47.12.1705.
American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.), a medicinal plant species valued for its sedative properties associated with flavonoids, is generally harvested from the wild. Scientific information on how field cultivation practices affect dry matter yield is lacking in this species. A 2 × 2 × 3 split plot factorial experiment within a randomized complete block design was conducted on a Marvyn loamy sand (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, Thermic Typic Kanhapludults) in Central Alabama to explore effects of light, irrigation, and nutrient application on dry matter yield of American skullcap. Treatment factors were shade (40% shade vs. no shade), irrigation (applied at 30 kPa vs. no irrigation), and nutrients [no added nutrients vs. nutrients added as chemical fertilizer (100 kg nitrogen, 68 kg phosphorus, 42 kg potassium/ha) or chicken litter (100 kg nitrogen, 50 kg phosphorus, and 123 kg potassium/ha)]. Shade formed the main plot units, whereas irrigation × nutrient factorial combinations were subplots. Skullcap shoots in experimental plots were harvested four times during the course of the two-year experiment (2007, 2008). All growth variables measured, except percent dry matter, performed better under shade than in full sun. Dry matter yield was increased 45% by shade, 61% by irrigation, and 22% by addition of nutrients. A significant irrigation × nutrients interaction was observed at the first and second harvests. Highest yields were obtained with the irrigation + manure and irrigation + fertilizer treatments under shade and the lowest with fertilizer and the control treatments in full sun.
A. Similien et al., “Shade, Irrigation and Fertility Effects on Biomass Production and Flavonoid Content in American Skullcap,” Planta Medica, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. P-5, Feb. 2008.
doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1075201.
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A. Similien et al., “Shade, Irrigation, and Nutrients Affect Flavonoid Concentration and Yield in American Skullcap,” Crop Science, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1213–1224, 2016.
doi: 10.2135/cropsci2015.03.0186.
American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.) is valued for its sedative properties that are associated with flavonoids. Information on how growing conditions affect flavonoid content is lacking. A 2 by 2 by 3 factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (r = 4) with a split-plot restriction on randomization to explore effects of light, irrigation, and nutrient application on flavonoid concentration and yield in American skullcap. Treatment factors were shade (40% shade vs. no shade), irrigation (applied at 30 kPa vs. no irrigation), and nutrients (no fertilizer vs. fertilizer [100 kg N, 68 kg P, 42 kg K ha−1] or chicken litter [100 kg N, 50 kg P, 123 kg K ha−1]). Shade formed the main plot units; irrigation and nutrients were randomized within subplots. Aboveground biomass was harvested twice in both 2007 and 2008. Dried, finely ground samples were extracted and analyzed for flavonoid concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The flavonoid baicalin was present in highest concentration and yield, followed by baicalein; wogonin and chrysin were present in only small amounts. Flavonoid concentration was 72% higher in full sun, 15% higher with irrigation, while added nutrients decreased baicalin concentration by 6% but increased baicalein by 16%. Significant interactions of shade × irrigation and shade × nutrients were also observed. Flavonoid yield was 25% higher under shade, 92% higher with irrigation, and 43% higher with added nutrients. Significant interactions of shade × irrigation, shade × nutrients, and irrigation × nutrients were also observed. Increasing biomass yield had a greater effect on total flavonoid harvested than did increasing flavonoid concentration.
B. Singh, “Impact of Coal Mining (Dhanpuri Area) on the Growth of Leonotis Nepetifolia L.,” vol. 3, 2016.
Leonotis nepetifolia L., a plant of family lamiaceae grows extensively in coal fields and even in stressful conditions like fire area and O.B. dump area. So the present study was designed with the objective is To study the ecology of Leonotis nepetifolia L. growing in different locations like fire area, subsidence area, OB dump area, road side and control area of Deohara coal mines (Dhanpuri coal field) of Shahdol district, Madhya Pradesh. Present study shows better adaptation of Leonotis nepetifolia in stressful conditions in terms of its morphological characters and biomass. An increase in fresh weight and decrease in dry weight in various disturbed locations clearly indicated that ultimate productivity of plants reduced in adverse conditions of coal mine areas. A high fresh weight of plants in disturbed locations may be because of strategy to overcome the adverse ecological condition by absorbing and accumulating more water. A low BGP may be because of the presence of various toxicological elements and other physical conditions of the soil. An increase in some of the morphometric parameters of Leonotis nepetifolia may be because of stress response of plants which has been reported in various other conditions as well. However possibilities of some evolutionary adaptation of this plant cannot be completely ruled out. A detailed investigation and extensive research work is required to properly infer the results obtained during this study.
P. D. Singh, K. S. Kumar, and V. P. Khanduri, “Pollen Storage, Viability and Effect of Growth Hormones on in Vitro Pollen Germination in Two Medicinal Plants (Clerodendrum Colebrookianum Walp. and Clerodendrum Infortunatum L.) of the Tropical Moist Forest of North-East India,” Journal of Applied and Natural Science, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 999–1008, Sep. 2022.
doi: 10.31018/jans.v14i3.3737.
Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. and Clerodendrum infortunatum L. are well known for their medicinal uses in treating various human ailments traditionally. Pollen biology study was done in both plant species to decipher pollen viability, in vitro pollen germination, and pollen storage in varied temperature conditions. Pollen viability tests was done by 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC test) for which pollen grains were collected at the anthesis stage that ascertained high viability, ranged between 71.97%±4.30 % in C. colebrookianum and 81.63%±3.23 in C. infortunatum. In vitro pollen germination was conducted under different hormones (IBA, IAA, GA3, and Kinetin) with concentrations of 100 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1 and 300 mg L-1. Highest germination percentage of 52.10±5.30% and 61.91±1.76% in GA3 (200 mg L-1) was the most suitable growth hormone concentration for inducing in vitro pollen germination in both Clerodendrum species. Statistically, the response of all the concentrations of treatments, sucrose, and hormones, with their time on in vitro pollen germination of C. colebrookianum and C. infortunatum was found significantly different (p<0.05). In contrast, non-significant differences were recorded for in vitro pollen germination between the medicinal plant species. Pollen storage under temperature gradient conditions exhibited a similar trend in the viability for both C. colebrookianum, and C. infortunatum, i.e., the pollen remained viable up to 28 days at -20°C and 6°C, respectively. This study will be helpful in future breeding, hybridization, and conservation efforts for both the Clerodendrum species.
Z. Song, X. Li, H. Wang, and J. Wang, “Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bge in China Revealed by ISSR and SRAP,” Genetica, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 241–249, Feb. 2010.
doi: 10.1007/s10709-009-9416-5.
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb used as an important drug to cure cardiovascular diseases. In this work, inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, were applied to assess the level and pattern of genetic diversity in five important cultivated populations of S. miltiorrhiza. Among these populations, 120 bands were amplified by 5 ISSR primers, of which all were polymorphic, and 110 polymorphic bands (90.16%) were observed in 122 bands amplified by 6 SRAP primers. A high levels of genetic diversity at the species level was detected with Hs = 0.1951, 0.1927 respectively. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that a greater proportion of total genetic variation existed within populations (86.64 and 84.83% respectively) rather than among populations (13.36 and 15.17% respectively). Cluster analysis divided the five populations into two groups. The genetic relationships among populations have low correlation with their geographical distribution (Mantel test; r = 0.4870 and 0.5740 respectively). The study indicated that both ISSR and SRAP markers were effective and reliable for assessing the degree of genetic variation of S. miltiorrhiza. Our results suggested that random collecting, preserving and planting seeds without deliberate selection might be an efficient way to conserve genetic resources of medicinal plants. Their effective use was also discussed on the further breeding.
G. I. Stafford, A. K. Jäger, and J. van Staden, “Effect of Storage on the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Several Popular South African Medicinal Plants,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 107–115, Feb. 2005.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.10.021.
The in vitro biological activity of nine frequently used medicinal plants in South Africa was assessed and re-assessed after various lengths of storage. The plants investigated were Alepidea amatymbica, Leonotis leonurus, Drimia robusta, Vernonia colorata, Merwilla natalensis, Eucomis autumnalis, Bowiea volubilis, Helichrysum cymosum and Siphonochilus aethiopicus. Water, ethanol and hexane extracts of fresh, 90-day-old and 1-year-old material were assayed for antibacterial activity against four strains of bacteria and for COX-1 inhibition activity. TLC-fingerprints of the fresh and stored extracts were produce to document chemical changes. Alepidea amatymbica, Eucomis autumnalis, Helichrysum cymosum, Leonotis leonurus, Siphonochilus aethiopicus and Vernonia colorata were investigated further as to the effect of 1 year’s storage. Elevated temperature and humidity (55°C and 100% relative humidity) were used to accelerate the ageing process of Alepidea amatymbica, Leonotis leonurus and Vernonia colorata plant material for further investigation. The TLC-fingerprints indicated that there was chemical breakdown during storage in certain species. The degree of changes in biological activity and chemistry due to storage were species-specific. In general, antibacterial activity was retained in most species while COX-1 inhibition activity was lost rapidly.
C. Stan, L. Vlăduțoiu, V. N. Vlăduț, and A. Muscalu, “HARVEST AND QUALITY OF HYSSOP.”
Countries in the elite of European medicinal plants growers, use technologies that involve a high degree of mechanization/automation of operations based on modern machines in order to increase productivity and obtain quality vegetable material. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L., fam. Lamiaceae) is a perennial Mediterranean plant, well acclimatized in Romania. The quality of the hyssop vegetal production obtained is influenced by a series of pedoclimatic factors, the quality of the material used for the establishment of a crop (seedlings, cuttings, etc.), the varieties and the chemical used, etc. In addition, agricultural practices such as spacing and harvesting have a critical effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of this species, resulting in plant growth and development as well as yields.
G. W. Stutte, I. Eraso, and A. M. Rimando, “Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Enhances Growth and Flavonoid Content of Two Scutellaria Species,” Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, vol. 133, no. 5, pp. 631–638, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.21273/JASHS.133.5.631.
Scutellaria L. is a genus of herbaceous perennials of the Lamianaceae that includes several species with medicinal properties. The medicinal species of Scutellaria are rich in physiologically active flavonoids with a range of pharmacological activity. Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of increasing the growth rate and flavonoid content of Scutellaria barbata D. Don and Scutellaria lateriflora L. with CO2 enrichment in a controlled environment. Both species showed an increased growth rate and total biomass in response to CO2 enrichment from 400 to 1200 μmol·mol−1 CO2, and time to flowering was accelerated by 7 to 10 days. The bioactive flavonoids scutellarein, baicalin, apigenin, baicalein, and wogonin were detected in vegetative tissue of S. barbata. Total flavonoid content increased 50% with enrichment of CO2 to 1200 and 81% with 3000 μmol·mol−1. Scutellarein, baicalin, and apigenin concentrations increased with increasing CO2, whereas baicalein and wogonin did not. The flavonoids baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and chrysin were detected in the vegetative tissue of S. lateriflora. The total concentration of the bioactive flavonoids measured in the vegetative tissue of S. lateriflora was much higher than S. barbata under ambient CO2 conditions (1144 vs. 249 μg·g−1 dry weight). The total content of the measured bioactive flavonoids increased 2.4 times with enrichment to 1200 μmol·mol−1 CO2, and 5.9 times with enrichment to 3000 μmol·mol−1 CO2. These results indicate that the yield and pharmaceutical quality of Scutellaria species can be enhanced with controlled environment production and CO2 enrichment.
G. W. Stutte, I. Eraso, and K. B. Downing, “Feasibility of Controlled Environment Production of Scutellaria Species,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 756, pp. 213–220, Nov. 2007.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.756.22.
Leonotis nepetifolia L., a plant of family lamiaceae grows extensively in coal fields and even in stressful conditions like fire area and O.B. dump area. So the present study was designed with the objective is To study the ecology of Leonotis nepetifolia L. growing in different locations like fire area, subsidence area, OB dump area, road side and control area of Lodna coal mines (Jharia coal field) of Dhanbad district, Jharkhand. Present study shows better adaptation of Leonotis nepetifolia in stressful conditions in terms of its morphological characters and biomass. An increase in fresh weight and decrease in dry weight in various disturbed locations clearly indicated that ultimate productivity of plants reduced in adverse conditions of coal mine areas. A high fresh weight of plants in disturbed locations may be because of strategy to overcome the adverse ecological condition by absorbing and accumulating more water. A low BGP may be because of the presence of various toxicological elements and other physical conditions of the soil. An increase in some of the morphometric parameters of Leonotis nepetifolia may be because of stress response of plants which has been reported in various other conditions as well. However possibilities of some evolutionary adaptation of this plant cannot be completely ruled out. A detailed investigation and extensive research work is required to properly infer the results obtained during this study.
Sultonova K. and Kushiev Kh., “Lagochilus Inebrians Bunge Microclonal Propagation Under in Vitro Conditions,” Bulletin of Science and Practice, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 79–85, 2022.
doi: 10.33619/2414-2948/82/11.
The article presents the results of the introduction into culture in vitro and microclonal reproduction of Lagochilus inebrians Bunge growing in the territory of Central Asia. Plants of Lagochilus inebrians grown from seed materials in laboratory conditions were used as research material. To obtain aseptic cultures of Lagochilus inebrians, it is necessary to use multi-stage sterilization protocols using various types of antiseptics. It has been established that the optimal explant for cultivation is the apex of the generative shoot. In the presence of high concentrations of exogenous cytokinins, adventitious shoots are induced.
S. Taban, S. Masoudi, F. Chalabian, B. Delnavaz, and A. Rustaiyan, “Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils from Flower and Leaves of Lagochilus Kotschyanus Boiss. A New Species from Iran,” Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 8, no. 31, pp. 58–63, Sep. 2009.http://jmp.ir/article-1-330-en.html.
Background: The genus lagochilus, family Lamiaceae consists of 44 species, 33 of which grow in central Asia. Only one report on the analysis of essential oil of Lagochilus species has been published. Objective: Aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the hydrodistilled oil ...
M. Tanga, “Morphological Characteristics and Chemical Composition of s Skullcap (Scutellaria Lateriflora L.) and Burdock (Arctium Lappa L.) Cultivated under Different Conditions,” Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2021.https://etd.cput.ac.za/handle/20.500.11838/3566.
Burdock (Arctium lappa L.) and American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.) are medicinal plants that are highly rich in phytochemicals which contribute towards their therapeutic values. They also possess culinary values as herbal tea. The roots of Burdock are consumed as salad in Europe and Asian continents which are the regions of its origin. Currently, the plant materials of these plants are imported for their medicinal purposes by herbal practitioners and pharmaceutical industries in different countries of the world, including South Africa. However, the cultivation of these plants is lacking in South Africa and Africa as a whole. To achieve consistent supply of quality products and eliminate batch-to-batch variability of plant materials to meet up with the demand. A preliminary study on yield and phytochemical constituents of Arctium lappa L. as influenced by potassium and phosphorous fertilizer application and two different factorial experiments were conducted for Burdock on Takinogawa long cultivar with eight treatments (T1=N423P210K315, T2=N423P280k315, T3=N635P210K315, T4=N635P280K315, T5=N846P210K315, T6=N846P280K315, T7=N1058P210K315 and T8=N1058P280K315 Kg/ha) and five collection times laid out in a completely randomized design, replicated five times under 40% shade net in pot and field experiments. Fertilizer treatments were split into two equal doses at seedling stage and four weeks after transplanting. Data on morphological characteristics and yield were collected and analysed using SAS software. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference across fertilizer treatments on morphological characteristics and time of collection for both pot and field experiments. Significant differences (P<0.05) were also recorded on the yield parameters investigated. Treatment (N635P210 K315 Kg/ha) significantly outperformed the other treatments in the pot experiment. While for the field experiment, treatment (N846P280K315Kg/ha) significantly outperformed the other treatments. Furthermore, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and methanol leaf and root extracts of burdock as influenced by fertilizer treatments were assessed. Result of phytochemical screening were fairly rich indicating a positive test for phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and glycosides. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and condense tannins (PAC) on both aqueous and methanol leaf and root extracts in both pot and field studies. The nutritional constituents of the burdock root and leaf samples in both pot and field experiments were significant (P<0.05) except for root lipid content for pot experiment and leaf ash content for field experiment which were not significant (P>0.05). For antioxidant activities, 2,2-diphyl-1-picrythydraxyl, Nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide were significant (p<0.05) for aqueous and methanol leaf and root extracts for pot and field experiments among treatment combinations. Overall, scavenging activity for treatment combinations with a lower level of phosphorous (P210 Kg/ha) recorded a lower IC50 values compared to those with higher level of phosphorous (P280 Kg/ha). Furthermore, anti-inflammatory activity for aqueous and methanol dried root and leaf extracts for pot and field experiments demonstrated significant differences (p<0.05) among treatment combinations. GC-MS analysis of essential oil for burdock root validated a variation in chemical composition among the different treatment combinations. Interestingly, the greatest variation was demonstrated by T7 with a total of 20 compounds identified; followed by T3 with 19 compounds, T4, T5, T6 and T8 with 14compounds while T1 and T2 had 13 compounds. Similarly, a factorial pot experiment was conducted for S. lateriflora with the same procedure and application, but with different treatments (T1=N350P213K213, T2=N350P320K213, T3=N525P213K213, T4=N525P320K213, T5=N700P213K213, T6=N700P320K213, T7=N800P213K213 and T8=N800P230K213 Kg/ha). Fertilizer treatments and time of collection had a significant (p<0.05) effect on the vegetative growth parameters investigated. Significant (p<0.05) effect was also recorded on biomass yield and total flavonoid contents across the different phenological stages. Fertilizer range (N525-N700 with P213-P320 and K213Kg/ha) had the highest influence on growth and yield attributes. Furthermore, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of American skullcap as influenced by fertilizer treatments were assessed. The results of phytochemical screening were quite rich at a varying degree, demonstrating the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids and steroids. The highest concentration of total phenolic content was recorded at the post flowering stage (41.65%) followed by the pre-flowering stage (33.83%) and the least at flowering stage (24.52%). Also, total flavonoid content recorded the highest concentration at post flowering stage (38.2%), followed by pre-flowering stage (34.2%) and the least at flowering stage (27.6%). However, for condense tannins, the highest concentration was recorded at the pre-flowering stage (38.5%) followed by the post flowering stage (31.2%) and the least at the flowering stage (30.3%). Also, the nutritional constituents of the leaves were significant (P<0.05). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities exhibited in aqueous, and methanol dried leaf extracts had significant (p<0.05) scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities demonstrated by the IC50 values. T5 had the lowest IC50 values for all the antioxidant assays. However, T4 recorded the most ideal anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 value (352.8 μg/ml) for aqueous extract and T7 (834.1 μg/ml) for methanol extract. Overall, treatments with lower supplementary phosphorous (P1=213kg/ha) recorded a higher concentration of total phenolic, flavonoids and condense tannins, ash, and lipid contents than those with higher supplementary phosphorous (P2=320kg/ha). For carbohydrate content, treatments with high supplementary phosphorus had a higher yield response than those with lower supplementary phosphorous.
Z. S. Teksin et al., “Evaluation of the Transport, in Vitro Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Salvinorin A, a Potent Hallucinogen,” European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 471–477, Jun. 2009.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.01.002.
Salvinorin A is an unregulated potent hallucinogen isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum. It is the only known non-nitrogenous kappa-opioid selective agonist, and rivals synthetic lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in potency. The objective of this study was to characterize the in vitro transport, in vitro metabolism, and pharmacokinetic properties of Salvinorin A. The transport characteristics of Salvinorin A were assessed using MDCK-MDR1 cell monolayers. The P-glycoprotein (P-gp) affinity status was assessed by the P-gp ATPase assay. In vitro metabolism studies were performed with various specific human CYP450 isoforms and UGT2B7 to assess the metabolic characteristics of Salvinorin A. Cohorts (n=3) of male Sprague Dawley rats were used to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of Salvinorin A (10mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.) over a 240-min period. A validated UV-HPLC and LC/MS/MS method was used to quantify the hallucinogen concentrations obtained from the in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. Salvinorin A displayed a high secretory transport in the MDCK-MDR1 cells (4.07±1.34×10−5cm/s). Salvinorin A also stimulated the P-gp ATPase activity in a concentration (5 and 10μM)-dependent manner, suggesting that it may be a substrate of (P-gp). A significant decrease in Salvinorin A concentration ranging from 14.7±0.80% to 31.1±1.20% was observed after incubation with CYP2D6, CYP1A1, CYP2C18, and CYP2E1, respectively. A significant decrease was also observed after incubation with UGT2B7. These results suggest that Salvinorin A maybe a substrate of UGT2B7, CYP2D6, CYP1A1, CYP2E1, and CYP2C18. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study showed a relatively fast elimination with a half-life (t1/2) of 75min and a clearance (Cl/F) of 26L/h/kg. The distribution was extensive (Vd of 47.1L/kg); however, the brain to plasma ratio was 0.050. Accordingly, the brain half-life was relatively short, 36min. Salvinorin A is rapidly eliminated after i.p. dosing, in accordance with its fast onset and short duration of action. Further, it appears to be a substrate for various oxidative enzymes and multi-drug resistant protein, P-gp.
A. A. Teto, C. P. Laubscher, P. A. Ndakidemi, and I. Matimati, “Paclobutrazol Retards Vegetative Growth in Hydroponically-Cultured Leonotis Leonurus (L.) R.Br. Lamiaceae for a Multipurpose Flowering Potted Plant,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 106, pp. 67–70, Sep. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.05.012.
Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br.; Lamiaceae is an indigenous southern African plant of commercial interest, which grows up to 3m tall and 1.5m wide, thus making it difficult to cultivate for the potted flowering plant industry. We tested different rates of a growth retardant paclobutrazol for retarding vegetative growth of L. leonurus for use as a flowering potted plant. The aim of the study was to determine the ideal rate of paclobutrazol from treatments of 0 (control), 2, 4, 8 and 16mg active ingredient (a.i.) per plant applied to rooted cuttings of 8±0.5cm in height. Plants which received 2mg a.i. were marginally shorter than the untreated control, while those treated with 4, 8, and 16mg a.i of paclobutrazol were greatly dwarfed. Plants treated with 4, 8 and 16mg a.i of paclobutrazol were seriously stunted, rosette, with senescing leaves and low fresh and dry weights. The concentration of 4mg a.i caused the largest dwarfing with plants in this treatment only weighing 32% of the total fresh weight of the control and 31% of the total dry weight of the control plants. We therefore recommend the application of as little as 2mg a.i. of paclobutrazol as an alternative way of chemically inducing dwarfing in L. leonurus, for producing flowering potted plants.
P. C. Tidke, N. Chambhare, M. J. Umekar, and R. T. Lohiya, “Review: Pharmacological Activity, Chemical Composition and Medical Importance of Leonotis Nepetifolia R.Br.,” Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, pp. 29–43, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.9734/jocamr/2021/v15i430275.
India is perhaps the most unique country in the world, with the richest tradition of indigenous and health care medical practices. Most of these practices are unique and known to very few individuals or communities. Leonotis nepetifolia Family (Lamiaceae) commonly known as ‘Klip dagga’ which has a long history of several traditional medicinal uses in many countries in the world. A huge number of phytoconstituents have been reported from the plant are allenic acid, iridoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and many more. This plant exhibited various biological activities and has been attributed to a variety of physiological effects like antifungal, antidiabetic, anxiolytic, arthritic, and many more activities. This literature review presents important species covering phytochemistry and pharmacological activities aspects systematically.
W. I. Toaima, “Production of Hyssop (Hyssopus Officinalis L.) Plant Under Mariout Conditions - Egypt,” Egyptian Journal of Desert Research, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 365–377, Dec. 2022.
doi: 10.21608/ejdr.2023.172741.1118.
Field research was conducted on Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) plants in the Mariout region, North of Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2020 and 2021. The purpose of the study is to determine the optimum space, chemical fertilization, and their interactions on the biomass yield. The research was set compatible to a split-plot design technique. The inter spacing was 30 and 50 cm, while the subplots had chemical fertilization at three levels: full dose NPK, 2/3 NPK, and 1/3 NPK. The used chemical fertilizers (full dose of NPK) were: 450 kg ammonium sulphate (20.5% N) + 300 kg calcium superphosphate (15.5% P2O5) + 150 kg potassium sulphate (48% K2O)/feddan. The results of the two cuts revealed that cultivation at a narrow spacing of 30 cm and adding a full dose of NPK recorded the significant highest production of herb and essential oil yield in the total area. The extracted oil contained pinocamphone (31.61-57.63%) and α-pinene (20.47-49.88%) as principal compounds. Cultivation at 30 cm space and adding the full dose of NPK also improved the pinocamphone concentration in the essential oil better than other treatments.
In this article, Lagochilus inebrians Bge - bozubang (lagochilus) plant was studied in 2 different ways: the first method was to obtain dry extract by water extraction and the second method was to extract lagoxilin diterpenoid by extraction with dichloroethane, its physical and chemical properties were studied, and information about hemostatic activity was presented.
M. A. Tomaz, E. F. Araújo, F. A. Ferreira, and E. Sagrilo, “Germinação de sementes de Leonotis nepetaefolia, em função do estádio de maturação e da posição do glomérulo na planta,” Planta Daninha, vol. 22, pp. 359–364, Sep. 2004.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-83582004000300005.
Leonotis nepetaefolia é uma espécie daninha comum em cultivos de milho no sistema de plantio direto, com intensa produção de sementes na entressafra. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a germinação das sementes desta espécie provenientes de glomérulos coletados em diferentes estádios de maturação e posição na planta, bem como a sua qualidade depois de 15 meses de armazenamento. Foram realizados três ensaios em laboratório, avaliando-se a germinação e o índice de velocidade de emergência. O primeiro e o segundo ensaio foram realizados logo após a coleta das sementes, e o terceiro, 15 meses depois. O tratamento para superação da dormência foi testado apenas no primeiro ensaio. Quando as sementes foram avaliadas logo após a coleta, maior germinação foi obtida com sementes de glomérulos secos na posição lateral. Decorridos 15 meses da coleta das sementes, os glomérulos nas posições apical e lateral apresentaram maiores percentuais de germinação, não ocorrendo diferenças entre os estádios de maturação. Com o armazenamento, houve aumento do potencial germinativo das sementes. A metodologia utilizada na superação de dormência de Leonurus cardiaca - submetendo as sementes ao pré-resfriamento à temperatura na faixa de 7 a 10 ºC, durante sete dias, na ausência de luz não foi adequada para a espécie em questão.
M. A. Tomaz, E. F. Araújo, F. A. Ferreira, and E. Sagrilo, “Germination of Leonotis Nepetaefolia Seeds as a Function of Maturity Stadium and Globe Position in the Plant,” Planta Daninha, vol. 22, pp. 359–364, Sep. 2004.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-83582004000300005.
Leonotis nepetaefolia é uma espécie daninha comum em cultivos de milho no sistema de plantio direto, com intensa produção de sementes na entressafra. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a germinação das sementes desta espécie provenientes de glomérulos coletados em diferentes estádios de maturação e posição na planta, bem como a sua qualidade depois de 15 meses de armazenamento. Foram realizados três ensaios em laboratório, avaliando-se a germinação e o índice de velocidade de emergência. O primeiro e o segundo ensaio foram realizados logo após a coleta das sementes, e o terceiro, 15 meses depois. O tratamento para superação da dormência foi testado apenas no primeiro ensaio. Quando as sementes foram avaliadas logo após a coleta, maior germinação foi obtida com sementes de glomérulos secos na posição lateral. Decorridos 15 meses da coleta das sementes, os glomérulos nas posições apical e lateral apresentaram maiores percentuais de germinação, não ocorrendo diferenças entre os estádios de maturação. Com o armazenamento, houve aumento do potencial germinativo das sementes. A metodologia utilizada na superação de dormência de Leonurus cardiaca - submetendo as sementes ao pré-resfriamento à temperatura na faixa de 7 a 10 ºC, durante sete dias, na ausência de luz não foi adequada para a espécie em questão.
S. Tonisi, K. Okaiyeto, H. Hoppe, L. V. Mabinya, U. U. Nwodo, and A. I. Okoh, “Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Properties of Leonotis Leonurus Used in the Folklore Management of Neurological Disorders in the Eastern Cape, South Africa,” 3 Biotech, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 141, Feb. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s13205-020-2126-5.
In the present study, we evaluated the phytochemical compounds and antioxidant properties of chloroform, ethanol and acetone extracts for leaves and flowers of Leonutus leonurus (L. leonurus) alongside with their cytotoxic effects on human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell lines. The phytochemical compounds present in the leaves and flowers of L. leonurus included; phenolics, flavonoids and alkaloids. Their radicals scavenging effects against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) [ABTS·+], hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide as well as metal chelating activities showed dose-dependent activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analyses revealed the presence of important bioactive compounds, which are associated with antioxidant; and the extracts exhibited toxicity effect against HeLa cells. The findings from this study divulge extracts of L. leonurus as prospective sources of antioxidant and anticancer agents; and hence, further study on their neuroprotective potentials becomes imperative.
K. Tsujikawa et al., “Determination of Salvinorin A and Salvinorin B in Salvia Divinorum-Related Products Circulated in Japan,” Forensic Science International, vol. 180, no. 2, pp. 105–109, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.07.008.
Two major salvinorins, salvinorin A (SalA) and salvinorin B (SalB), in three Salvia divinorum dried leaf products and nine of its “concentrated extract” products circulated in Japan were determined. These ingredients were extracted twice with acetonitrile and decolored with graphite carbon powder. SalA and SalB were confirmed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in product ion scan mode, and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (for SalA) and by mass spectrometry in single ion monitoring mode (for SalB). The SalA/SalB contents (μg/mg) were in the range of 3.2–5.0/0.10–0.17 in the dried leaf products and 4.1–38.9/0.26–2.42 in the “concentrated extract” products. These findings would be useful for analysis of S. divinorum-related products circulated in the drug market.
K. Tsujikawa, K. Kuwayama, H. Miyaguchi, T. Kanamori, Y. T. Iwata, and H. Inoue, “In Vitro Stability and Metabolism of Salvinorin A in Rat Plasma,” Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 391–398, May 2009.
doi: 10.1080/00498250902769967.
Salvinorin A is the main active psychoactive ingredient in Salvia divinorum, a Mexican plant that has been widely available as a hallucinogen in recent years. The aims of this study were to investigate the stability of salvinorin A in rat plasma, esterases responsible for its degradation, and estimation of the degradation products. The apparent first-order rate constants of salvinorin A at 37 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 4 degrees C were 3.8 x 10(-1), 1.1 x 10(-1), and < 6.0 x 10(-3) h(-1), respectively. Salvinorin A degradation was markedly inhibited by the addition of sodium fluoride, an esterase inhibitor. Moreover, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (serine esterase inhibitor) and bis-p-nitrophenylphosphate (carboxylesterase inhibitor) also inhibited salvinorin A degradation. In contrast, little or no suppression of the degradation was seen with 5,5’-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (arylesterase inhibitor),ethopropazine (butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor), and BW284c51 (acetylcholineseterase inhibitor). These findings indicated that carboxylesterase was mainly involved in the salvinorin A hydrolysis in rat plasma.4. The degradation products of salvinorin A estimated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry included the deacetylated form (salvinorin B) and the lactone-ring-open forms of salvinorin A and salvinorin B. This lactone-ring-opening reactions were involved in calcium-dependent lactonase.
This plant is a firm favourite in South African gardens for its colourful flower display coupled with its ability to attract nectar feeding sunbirds by the dozen. It also flowers for many months of the year providing a long and rewarding display.
L. J. I. I. I. Valdes, W. M. Butler, G. M. Hatfield, A. G. Paul, and M. Koreeda, “Divinorin A, a Psychotropic Terpenoid, and Divinorin B from the Hallucinogenic Mexican Mint, Salvia Divinorum,” The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 49, no. 24, pp. 4716–4720, Nov. 1984.
doi: 10.1021/jo00198a026.
Salvia divinorum is a perennial labiate used for curing and divination by the Mazatec Indians of Oaxaca, Mexico. The psych otropic effects the plant produces are compared to those of the other hallucinogens employed by the Mazatecs, the morning glory, Riuea corymbosa L., Hallier f. and the psilocybin-containing mushrooms. A discussion of the role of ska Maria Pastora in the native "pharmacopeia" is based on previous reports and fieldwork by the authors, with a Mazatec shaman.
L. J. I. I. I. Valdes, “Loliolide from Salvia Divinorum,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 171–171, Jan. 1986.
doi: 10.1021/np50043a031.
L. J. Valdés, H.-M. Chang, D. C. Visger, and M. Koreeda, “Salvinorin C, a New Neoclerodane Diterpene from a Bioactive Fraction of the Hallucinogenic Mexican Mint Salvia Divinorum,” Organic Letters, vol. 3, no. 24, pp. 3935–3937, Nov. 2001.
doi: 10.1021/ol016820d.
L. J. ValdÉs, G. M. Hatheld, M. Koreeda, and A. G. Paul, “Studies of Salvia Divinorum (Lamiaceae), an Hallucinogenic Mint from the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca, Central Mexico,” Economic Botany, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 283–291, Apr. 1987.
doi: 10.1007/BF02858975.
Salvia divinorum Epling & Mtiva-M. is one of the vision-inducing plants used in ritual curing by the Mazatec Indians of central Mexico. The present status of research is summarized. Experiments with material collected at different Oaxacan sites confirmed that the mint has white (rather than blue) flowers with a purple calyx and that flowering is induced by short day length.
S. M. Vidya, V. Krishna, B. K. Manjunatha, and M. R. Pradeepa, “Micropropagation of Clerodendrum Serratum L. through Direct and Indirect Organogenesis,” Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 179–185, 2012.
doi: 10.3329/ptcb.v22i2.14208.
In vitro clonal propagation of Clerodendrum serratum L., a rare medicinal plant has been reported by using LM medium supplemented with different growth hormones. The maximum number of shoots with maximum length were obtained from stem derived callus on LM media fortified with 1.5 mg/l BAP and 0.3 mg/l NAA. Nodal explants showed direct organogenesis on LM media containing BAP (0.5 mg/l) alone. The regenerated shoots were successfully rooted with maximum frequency (100%) on half strength LM media supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA. The well rooted microshoots were successfully transferred to hardening and survival rate was 88%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v22i2.14208 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 22(2): 179-185, 2012 (December)
R. Vohra, A. Seefeld, F. L. Cantrell, and R. F. Clark, “Salvia Divinorum: Exposures Reported to a Statewide Poison Control System over 10 Years,” The Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 643–650, Jun. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.05.019.
BACKGROUND: Salvia divinorum, a hallucinogenic herb, has in recent years become popular among teenagers and young adults. Salvia is presently marketed as a "legal" alternative to other drugs of abuse, but little is known about the clinical toxicity of this substance. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical and demographic features of this emerging substance of recreational abuse using data obtained from the records of a poison control center. METHODS: We performed retrospective review of exposures to the herbal hallucinogen Salvia divinorum as reported to the California Poison Control System (CPCS) over the last 10 years. Demographic and clinical data were collected and compiled from the computerized records of the CPCS for the search terms "salvia" and "sage." RESULTS: There were 37 exposures to S. divinorum and 96 exposures to non-hallucinogenic Salvia species. Eighteen (49%) of the exposures were to S. divinorum alone. Intentional Salvia exposures resulted in a variety of neurologic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal effects. Notably, the use of concomitant substances of abuse was associated with a high rate of complications and psychomotor disturbances. CONCLUSIONS: Intentional use of S. divinorum, whether alone or in combination with alcoholic beverages and other drugs, causes neurologic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal effects. This poison-center-based review helps to characterize the clinical toxicity of S. divinorum, but more clinical and pharmacologic research is warranted for this rapidly emerging substance of abuse.
L. G. Vorontsova, O. S. Chizhov, B. L. Tarnopol’skii, and V. I. Andrianov, “X-Ray Diffraction Determination of the Structure of Lagochilin,” Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 274–278, Feb. 1975.
doi: 10.1007/BF00925769.
The precise geometrical parameters of the lagochilin molecule and the steric arrangement of the lagochilin and water molecules in its crystal hydrate were established.
T. A. Vortherms and B. L. Roth, “Salvinorin A: From Natural Product to Human Therapeutics,” Molecular Interventions, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 257–265, Oct. 2006.
doi: 10.1124/mi.6.5.7.
The hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum (i.e., "magic mint") is a member of the Sage family that has been used for divination and shamanism by the Mazatecs. Over the past decade or so, S. divinorum has been increasingly used recreationally. The neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A is the active component of S. divinorum, and recently, the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) has been identified, in vitro and in vivo, as its molecular target. The discovery of KOR as the molecular target of salvinorin A has opened up many opportunities for drug discovery and drug development for a number of psychiatric and non-psychiatric disorders.
W. T. Vos, T. J. Edwards, and J. van Staden, “Pollination Biology of Annual and perennialLeonotis Species (Lamiaceae),” Plant Systematics and Evolution, vol. 192, no. 1, pp. 1–9, Mar. 1994.
doi: 10.1007/BF00985903.
The pollination syndromes ofLeonotis (Pers.)R. Br. are discussed. Ornithophily accounts for most of the nutlets set in perennialLeonotis species but in the annual species [L. nepetifolia (L.)R. Br.] autogamy prevails.Leonotis species are predominantly pollinated by a variety of sunbirds, although bees are also involved. Nectar is sucrose-dominant in perennial species but hexose-dominant in the annual.
S. J. Wagstaff, L. Hickerson, R. Spangler, P. A. Reeves, and R. G. Olmstead, “Phylogeny inLabiatae s. l., Inferred from cpDNA Sequences,” Plant Systematics and Evolution, vol. 209, no. 3, pp. 265–274, Sep. 1998.
doi: 10.1007/BF00985232.
Sequences ofrbcL andndhF were analysed independently and in combination to resolve phylogenetic relationships inLabiatae s. l. Monophyly ofLabiatae s. l was supported by all three analyses.Congea tomentosa (Symphoremataceae) is nested withinLabiatae s. l. in therbcL analysis, but emerges as the sister group ofLabiatae s. l. in thendhF and combined analyses. Four noteworthy clades ofLabiate s. l. also are supported by all analyses corresponding to subfamiliesNepetoideae, Lamioideae, Pogostemonoideae andScutellarioideae. Monophyly of subfamiliesChloanthoideae andViticoideae is not supported. A clade comprisingTeucrioideae plusAjuga is supported byndhF and the combined analysis.
J. B. Walker, K. J. Sytsma, J. Treutlein, and M. Wink, “Salvia (Lamiaceae) Is Not Monophyletic: Implications for the Systematics, Radiation, and Ecological Specializations of Salvia and Tribe Mentheae,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 91, no. 7, pp. 1115–1125, Jul. 2004.
doi: 10.3732/ajb.91.7.1115.
Salvia , with over 900 species from both the Old and New World, is the largest genus in the Lamiaceae. Unlike most members of the subfamily Nepetoideae to which it belongs, only two stamens are expressed in Salvia . Although the structure of these stamens is remarkably variable across the genus, generally each stamen has an elongate connective and divergent anther thecae, which form a lever mechanism important in pollination. In a preliminary investigation of infrageneric relationships within Salvia , the monophyly of the genus and its relationship to other members of the tribe Mentheae were investigated using the chloroplast DNA regions rbcL and trnL‐F. Significant conclusions drawn from the data include: Salvia is not monophyletic, Rosmarinus and Perovskia together are sister to an Old World clade of Salvia , the section Audibertia is sister to subgenus Calosphace or the monotypic Asian genus Dorystaechas , and the New World members of section Heterosphace are sister to section Salviastrum . Owing to the non‐monophyly of Salvia , relationships at the next clearly monophyletic level, tribe Mentheae, were investigated.
J. B. Walker and K. J. Sytsma, “Staminal Evolution in the Genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence for Multiple Origins of the Staminal Lever,” Annals of Botany, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 375–391, Aug. 2007.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcl176.
Background and Aims The genus Salvia has traditionally included any member of the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae) with only two stamens and with each stamen expressing an elongate connective. The recent demonstration of the non-monophyly of the genus presents interesting implications for staminal evolution in the tribe Mentheae. In the context of a molecular phylogeny, the staminal morphology of the various lineages of Salvia and related genera is characterized and an evolutionary interpretation of staminal variation within the tribe Mentheae is presented. Methods Two molecular analyses are presented in order to investigate phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Mentheae and the genus Salvia. The first presents a tribal survey of the Mentheae and the second concentrates on Salvia and related genera. Schematic sketches are presented for the staminal morphology of each major lineage of Salvia and related genera. Key Results These analyses suggest an independent origin of the staminal elongate connective on at least three different occasions within the tribe Mentheae, each time with a distinct morphology. Each independent origin of the lever mechanism shows a similar progression of staminal change from slight elongation of the connective tissue separating two fertile thecae to abortion of the posterior thecae and fusion of adjacent posterior thecae. A monophyletic lineage within the Mentheae is characterized consisting of the genera Lepechinia, Melissa, Salvia, Dorystaechas, Meriandra, Zhumeria, Perovskia and Rosmarinus. Conclusions Based on these results the following are characterized: (1) the independent origin of the staminal lever mechanism on at least three different occasions in Salvia, (2) that Salvia is clearly polyphyletic, with five other genera intercalated within it, and (3) staminal evolution has proceeded in different ways in each of the three lineages of Salvia but has resulted in remarkably similar staminal morphologies.
R. G. Wasson, “A New Mexican Psychotropic Drug from the Mint Family,” Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 77–84, Dec. 1962.
doi: 10.5962/p.168538.
H. F. Werner, “Some South African Herbaceous Perennials and Their Cultivation,” Veld & Flora, vol. 41, no. 1, p. 16, Jan. 1955.
doi: 10.10520/AJA00423203_2045.
P. Wester and R. Claßen-Bockhoff, “Pollination Syndromes of New World Salvia Species with Special Reference to Bird Pollination1,” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 101–155, Apr. 2011.
doi: 10.3417/2007035.
The genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) encompasses about 1000 species, approximately two thirds of which are in the New World. Bees and birds are known as pollinators, but a more detailed analysis of the pollinator groups is lacking. This paper presents a complete list of all currently accepted New World Salvia species and their classification according to their pollination syndromes, focusing particularly on bird-pollinated species. The concept of pollination syndromes is used and complemented by field investigations, morphometric measurements, and experiments to reconstruct the process of pollen transfer and to confirm the fitting or exclusion of a given pollinator group. Within the 602 New World Salvia species, 58% are identified to be melittophilous (bee pollinated) and 31% to be ornithophilous (bird pollinated). Salvia whitehousei Alziar is assumed to be psychophilous (butterfly pollinated/long-tongued fly pollinated). About 11% of the species show characters of two or more syndromes and eight species are not assignable to any group. Bird-pollinated Salvia species occur from North America southward to Chile and Argentina. They usually grow as shrubs or perennial herbs (97%) and have red flowers (at least 49%) of an average size of 34 mm (7–130 mm). With respect to their floral diversity and phylogeny, parallel evolution is evident.
M. A. B. Willard, V. L. McGuffin, and R. W. Smith, “Forensic Analysis of Salvia Divinorum Using Multivariate Statistical Procedures. Part I: Discrimination from Related Salvia Species,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 402, no. 2, pp. 833–842, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5479-0.
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic herb that is internationally regulated. In this study, salvinorin A, the active compound in S. divinorum, was extracted from S. divinorum plant leaves using a 5-min extraction with dichloromethane. Four additional Salvia species (Salvia officinalis, Salvia guaranitica, Salvia splendens, and Salvia nemorosa) were extracted using this procedure, and all extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Differentiation of S. divinorum from other Salvia species was successful based on visual assessment of the resulting chromatograms. To provide a more objective comparison, the total ion chromatograms (TICs) were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA). Prior to PCA, the TICs were subjected to a series of data pretreatment procedures to minimize non-chemical sources of variance in the data set. Successful discrimination of S. divinorum from the other four Salvia species was possible based on visual assessment of the PCA scores plot. To provide a numerical assessment of the discrimination, a series of statistical procedures such as Euclidean distance measurement, hierarchical cluster analysis, Student’s t tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Pearson product moment correlation were also applied to the PCA scores. The statistical procedures were then compared to determine the advantages and disadvantages for forensic applications.
C. B. Willmore-Fordham, D. M. Krall, C. R. McCurdy, and D. H. Kinder, “The Hallucinogen Derived from Salvia Divinorum, Salvinorin A, Has Kappa-Opioid Agonist Discriminative Stimulus Effects in Rats,” Neuropharmacology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 481–486, Sep. 2007.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.06.008.
Data from clinical and preclinical studies converge implicating the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A as an important pharmacologic tool; this psychoactive compound may expand scientific understandings on mammalian kappa-opioid receptor systems. Human salvinorin A effects, consistent with kappa-opioid receptor agonism, include antinociception, sedation, dysphoria and distorted perceptions. The experiments reported here measured salvinorin A (1-3mg/kg, i.p.) discriminative stimulus properties in male Sprague-Dawley rats conditioned to recognize the discriminative stimulus cue generated by the well characterized kappa-opioid agonist U-69593 (0.56 mg/kg, i.p.). At three distinct active doses, salvinorin A fully substituted for U-69593 without altering response rates. The lever choice pattern in U-69593 trained animals reverted to vehicle lever responding when a kappa selective antagonist compound, nor-BNI (4.5 nM, i.c.v.) was administered 1h prior to salvinorin A, yet nor-BNI alone failed to impact the rate or pattern of subject responses. These findings confirm and extend results published after similar drug discrimination tests were performed in rhesus monkeys. The discussion section of this article highlights public concern over salvinorin A misuse and emphasizes several potential pharmacotherapeutic applications for salvinorin A or analogue compounds.
R. B. H. Wills and D. L. Stuart, “High Quality Australian Skullcap Products.”
J. R. I. Wood and R. M. Harley, “The Genus Salvia (Labiatae) in Colombia,” Kew Bulletin, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 211–278, 1989.
doi: 10.2307/4110799.
A revision of the genus Salvia L. in Colombia is presented. A key to the 42 species recognized is given together with short descriptions, distribution notes and maps. Illustrations of new taxa are provided. Four new species, S. chicamochae, S. falcata, S. nubigena and S. uribei are described. In order to account for variation found in many species, subspecies are recognized for S. rubescens, S. melaleuca, S. amethystina, S. pauciserrata, S. sphaceloides, S. bogotensis and S. rufula. S. carnea is shown to be a very variable species distributed throughout much of tropical America and embracing eight names formerly recognized at specific rank. S. moschata is shown to be synonymous with the variable S. tortuosa and it is suggested that its relationships need reevaluation. A number of species hitherto recognized are shown to be synonymous with other taxa.
Lagochilis Inebrians is a deciduous shrub growing to three feet. It comes from the sunny, arid mountainous regions of Uzbekistan where it is traditionally made into a sedating tea. It is little known in this part of the world except by a a handful of exotic herb enthusiasts. Cultivation too, is limited to those who […]
H. Wu et al., “Labdane Diterpenoids from Leonotis Leonurus,” Phytochemistry, vol. 91, pp. 229–235, Jul. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.02.021.
Three known (leoleorins A–C) and eight hitherto unknown (leoleorins D-J and 16-epi-leoleorin F) labdane diterpenoids, were isolated from leaves of Leonotis leonurus. The absolute configurations of leoleorins A and D were established by X-ray crystallographic analyses. In a competitive binding assay, all isolated compounds showed inhibition in excess of 50% at various CNS receptors. Leoleorin C showed moderate binding affinity (Ki=2.9μM) for the Sigma 1 receptor.
This experiment was conducted with Clerodendrum trichotomum Thumb pollen.The effects of the storage mode,storage time and storage temperature,thawing way and precool way on C.trichotomum Thumb pollen germination were explored.In addition,the changes of the protective enzyme activities and osmoregulation substances content were estimated under-80℃and 4℃low temperature storage process.The results indicated that:(1)the effect of two pollen storage ways with anther and powered at low temperature condition was not significant.The different precooling ways have no significant differences on the effect of low temperature storage.37 ℃ bath thawing is significant better than room temperature thawing for pollen germination under-80℃.(2)Germination rate of pollens still maintained at 7.99%after three months under-80℃,having improved the pollen germination more effectively.(3)With the low temperature stress counting,the activities of SOD and POD increased at the beginning then decreased under-80℃and 4 ℃.(4)The content of soluble sugar under-80 ℃ and 4 ℃ and soluble protein under-80℃ increased at the beginning and then decreased;The content of soluble protein under 4℃ decreased continually.The study found that C.trichotomum Thumb pollen was subjected to be storage at-80 ℃.The pollen improved the cold resistance and contain its activity by enhancing the SOD activity,POD activity and solu-ble sugar content,soluble protein content when it was subjected to low temperature stress.
Using the method of fluorescent microscope and paraffin section, this study was conducted on pollen tube growth and double fertilization process in Clerodendrum trichotomum for speeding up process of Clerodendrum trichotomum cross-breading. In addition, 11 geographic provenances of Clerodendrum trichotomum were also used as parents in 21 reciprocal cross combinations, and cross compatibility among these geographic provenances were discussed according to fruits-set rate. The results indicated that there were no pollen grains germinated at 0.5 h after pollination. At 1 h, a small amount of pollens germinated. At 2 h, many pollen tubes had grown to the base of style. At 4 h, a high number of pollens germinated, pollen tubes entered to ovules. At 8 h, a great deal of pollen tubes had grown to style base, but there were some callose accumulation in tubes. Pollen tubes entered embryo sacs mainly occurred at 1 day after pollination, while double fertilization occurred at 2 days after pollinating. Zygote started to the stage of pro-embryo growth after pollination 3 days. The fruits-set rate of cross combinations ranged from 0.00%-73.33%. Female parents fruits-set rate accounted 0.00%-52.94%, while male parents fruits-set rate accounted 0.00%-46.08%. The fruits-set rate could reach 0.00%-363.00%, when Clerodendrum trichotomum parents were used in reciprocal cross combinations.
F. Yan et al., “Identification of the Molecular Mechanisms by Which the Diterpenoid Salvinorin A Binds to κ-Opioid Receptors,” Biochemistry, vol. 44, no. 24, pp. 8643–8651, Jun. 2005.
doi: 10.1021/bi050490d.
Salvinorin A is a naturally occurring hallucinogenic diterpenoid from the plant Salvia divinorum that selectively and potently activates κ-opioid receptors (KORs). Salvinorin A is unique in that it is the only known lipid-like molecule that selectively and potently activates a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), which has as its endogenous agonist a peptide; salvinorin A is also the only known non-nitrogenous opioid receptor agonist. In this paper, we identify key residues in KORs responsible for the high binding affinity and agonist efficacy of salvinorin A. Surprisingly, we discovered that salvinorin A was stabilized in the binding pocket by interactions with tyrosine residues in helix 7 (Tyr313 and Tyr320) and helix 2 (Tyr119). Intriguingly, activation of KORs by salvinorin A required interactions with the helix 7 tyrosines Tyr312, Tyr313, and Tyr320 and with Tyr139 in helix 3. In contrast, the prototypical nitrogenous KOR agonist U69593 and the endogenous peptidergic agonist dynorphin A (1−13) showed differential requirements for these three residues for binding and activation. We also employed a novel approach, whereby we examined the effects of cysteine-substitution mutagenesis on the binding of salvinorin A and an analogue with a free sulfhydryl group, 2-thiosalvinorin B. We discovered that residues predicted to be in close proximity, especially Tyr313, to the free thiol of 2-thiosalvinorin B when mutated to Cys showed enhanced affinity for 2-thiosalvinorin B. When these findings are taken together, they imply that the diterpenoid salvinorin A utilizes unique residues within a commonly shared binding pocket to selectively activate KORs.
Salvinorin A, the most potent naturally-occurring hallucinogen, has gained great attention since the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) was identified as its principal molecular target (1). However, the molecular mechanisms by which salvinorin A, a small-molecule agonist, binds to and activates KOR was unclear. To understand these mechanisms, three aims were proposed for my dissertation research; correspondingly, I will report our findings in three parts (Chapter 3, Chapter 4 and Chapter 5) in this dissertation. The primary goal (Chapter 3) is to identify the binding site of salvinorin A in KOR. A combination of site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling was applied to determine the structural features of KOR essential for the binding of Salvinorin A (2). Meanwhile, a series of naturally-occurring and synthetic salvinorin A derivatives was designed and assayed to compare their binding and functional properties (3-6). The subsequent goal (Chapter 4) is to investigate KOR’s conformational change during the activation process. In this part of the dissertation research, over-expression of Gα16 and Gαi2 were used to increase the coupling ratio between KOR and the Gα subunits (7). The substituted cysteine accessibility method (SCAM), utilizing the specific reaction between the thiolate groups (-S-) and 2-aminoethylmethanethiosulfonate (MTSEA), was applied to detect the conformational changes of the receptor (7). Intriguingly, these G protein-dependent conformational changes significantly increased the binding affinity of salvinorin A. In PART III (Chapter 5), our goal is to further verify ligand-receptor interactions by designing a series of ligands capable of covalently binding to KOR. From our earlier work using the SCAM approach, we demonstrated that C3157.38 was both water accessible and highly reactive to methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents (7). Thus far, two compounds RB-48 and RB-64 (both with pM potency and extraordinary selectivity for KOR) have emerged as being suitable for affinity-labeling KOR. Our preliminary mass spectrometry data was consistent with C3157.38 as the labeling site. Collectively, this research project has revealed the molecular mechanisms by which a small-molecule agonist selectively binds to and activates a Class A GPCR.
N. K. Yuldasheva, N. T. Ul′chenko, F. Abdukhomidova, A. I. Glushenkova, and U. N. Zainutdinov, “Lipids from Seeds of Lagochilus Inebrians,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1154–1156, Nov. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s10600-015-1515-1.
M. S. Zaghloul, J. L. Hamrick, A. A. Moustafa, W. M. Kamel, and R. El-Ghareeb, “Genetic Diversity Within and Among Sinai Populations of Three Ballota Species (Lamiaceae),” Journal of Heredity, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 45–54, Jan. 2006.
doi: 10.1093/jhered/esj008.
Data on a comparative study of the content of the diterpenoid lagochiline in cultivated and wild plants Lagochilus inebrians are presented. The plant Lagochilus inebrians is standardized according to several indicators according to the State Pharmacopoeia (GF). It is shown that the content of lagochilin cultivated in the foothill areas of the Navoi region of the Republic of Uzbekistan is 17–20% higher than that of wild plants.
U. N. Zainutdinov, \relax K. KhaiTboev, A. R. Khafizov, and \relax K. A. Aslanov, “Method of Isolating Lagochilin from Plants of the Genus Lagochilus,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 129–129, Jan. 1994.
doi: 10.1007/BF00638440.
Lagochilin – the main component of the total extractive substances of many species of plants of the genus Lagochilus- possesses a hemostatic action [1]. Methods hve been described for obtaining lagochilin from Lagochilus inebrians with a yield of 1% [2, 3]. Our aim was to develop the best method of isolating lagochilin from raw material. In order to choose a rational extractant permitting the maximum yield of lagochilin, we performed a series of model experiments using organic solvents and aqueous solutions of them: chloroform, dichloroethane, isopropanol, 80% isopropanol, ethanol, and 70 and 80% ethanols. Except for chloroform and dichloroethane, these solvents extract a large amount of accompanying substances, and it is therfore difficult to isolate pure lagochilin.
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is an oil plant, acts antiseptically and stimulates digestion. It is applied both for curative and culinary purposes. Studies conducted inthe years 2006–2008 were aimed at the effect of plant harvest term (mid June – plants in vegetative phase, mid July – beginning of flowering, mid August – full blooming, mid September – after flowering) and plant spacing (30 × 30, 40 × 40, 50 × 50 cm) upon yielding and quantity of hyssop herb. Studies were conducted at one-year plantation established from seedlings. Yield of fresh, dry herb and yield of herb without stems was significantly dependent upon the examined factors. Significantly greater fresh herb yield was obtained from plants after flowering (on average: 2.32 kg.m-2), just like the dry yield and yield of herb without stems. In the analysis of the effect of plant spacing upon hyssop yielding, it was revealed that the highest fresh herb yield (on average 1.47 kg.m-2) was from plants grown in the spacing of 40 × 40 cm, similarly to yield of the dry herb and yield of herb without stems. No significant effect of plant spacing was found on the contentsof dry matter, L-ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, carotenoids, oil, tannins and flavonoids. It was demonstrated, however, that the harvest term significantly effects the contents of L-ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, carotenoids and essential oil in hyssop herb.
M.-L. Zhang, X.-Q. Zeng, S. C. Sanderson, V. V. Byalt, and A. P. Sukhorukov, “Insight into Central Asian Flora from the Cenozoic Tianshan Montane Origin and Radiation of Lagochilus (Lamiaceae),” PloS One, vol. 12, no. 9, p. e0178389, 2017.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178389.
The Tianshan Mountains play a significant role in the Central Asian flora and vegetation. Lagochilus has a distribution concentration in Tianshan Mountains and Central Asia. To investigate generic spatiotemporal evolution, we sampled most Lagochilus species and sequenced six cpDNA locations (rps16, psbA-trnH, matK, trnL-trnF, psbB-psbH, psbK-psbI). We employed BEAST Bayesian inference for dating, and S-DIVA, DEC, and BBM for ancestral area/biome reconstruction. Our results clearly show that the Tianshan Mountains, especially the western Ili-Kirghizia Tianshan, as well as Sunggar and Kaschgar, was the ancestral area. Ancestral biome was mainly in the montane steppe zone of valley and slope at altitudes of 1700-2700 m, and the montane desert zone of foothill and front-hill at 1000-1700 m. Here two sections Inermes and Lagochilus of the genus displayed "uphill" and "downhill" speciation process during middle and later Miocene. The origin and diversification of the genus were explained as coupled with the rapid uplift of the Tianshan Mountains starting in late Oligocene and early Miocene ca. 23.66~19.33 Ma, as well as with uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and Central Asian aridification.
A. Ziaková and E. Brandšteterová, “Validation of HPLC Determination of Phenolic Acids Present in Some Lamiaceae Family Plants,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 443–453, Mar. 2003.
doi: 10.1081/JLC-120017181.
HPLC columns with different length, particle size, and chemical properties of sorbent were tested and compared for the application in the development of the universal HPLC assay for determination of phenolic compounds, which could be present in some medicinal plants from the Lamiaceae family (Melissa officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Thymus serpyllum, and Origanum vulgare). More RP‐18 columns have been chosen for the simultaneous separation of all phenolic compounds in the study. The basic chromatographic characteristics were evaluated and the HPLC method using one of the suitable columns was validated for all determined analytes. The recommended separation conditions were applied for phenolic compound monitoring in extracts of plant material. Yields of analytes present in all plant samples were evaluated.
E. V. Zvezdina et al., “Members of the Family Lamiaceae Lindl. as Sources of Medicinal Plant Raw Materials to Obtain Neurotropic Drugs,” Pharmacy & Pharmacology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 4–28, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.19163/2307-9266-2020-8-1-4-28.
The aim of this work is to review and analyze the data published in the modern scientific literature obtained in pharmacological, pharmacognostic and pharmacotechnological studies of various types of raw materials obtained from members of the family Lamiaceae L., which were sources of biologically active substances, pharmaceutical substances, total extracts and the drugs – with a neurotropic activity.Materials and methods. For the review, we used the information of scientific literature from open and accessible sources of the last twenty years, located in the scientific and technical libraries of institutions, as well as in electronic databases: Elibrary, PubMed, Scopus, Cyberleninka, GoogleAcademy, J-Stage. The search inquiries were: the species of the family Lamiaceae (Russian and Latin), the samples of medicinal plant materials based on them as well as the names of the drugs and biologically active substances obtained from these raw materials.Results. When working with the sources of scientific information, the main attention was paid to pharmacologic tests performed during the studies on laboratory animals and proving the presence of neurotropic activity in the studied objects – essential oils and extracts from plant raw materials: aqueous, aqueous alcoholic, and methanol ones. It has been established that the potential of the therapeutic and preventive application of pharmaceutical substances and drugs based on the medicinal plant materials obtained from 30 genera members of the Lamiaceae family, remains unrealized despite the close attention of various researchers.Conclusion. This review comprised 71 species from 30 genera. Despite the significant level of the previous study presented in the analysis of this publication, an enormous potential of this family’s species remains unexplored. In the future, they can be of both – pharmacognostic and practical interest, in particular, in creation of new medicinal preparations of the neurotropic action based on them.
