D. A. Abdullaeva and K. S. Safarov, “Features of Reproduction Rare and Endangered Species of Lagochilus Proskorjakovii Ikramov in Culture in Vitro,” vol. 5, no. 9, 2013.
The features of micro propagation herb Lagohilus proskorjakovii Ikramov - rare endemic of Nuratau mountain. The conditions for the introduction of rare and endangered plant species L. proskorjakovii sterile in vitro culture: the method of sterilization, type of primary explants, saline environments and hormonal preparations. We investigated a number of culture media for culturing to determine the most optimal to maintain the culture. It is shown that only when the sterilization of seeds L. proskorjakovii in solutions of AgNO3 0.1% (15 min.) And 70% ethanol (1 min.) Remained viable in culture conditions. The optimal concentration of auxin in combination with cytokines in the multiplication phase. The conditions for rooting induction in culture in vitro.
P. H. Addy, “Chapter 68 - Behavioral and Psychological Effects of Salvia Divinorum: A Focus on Self-Reported Subjective Acute Behavioral Effects and Laboratory Studies,” in Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, V. R. Preedy, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 2016, pp. 733–738.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800212-4.00068-6.
Salvia divinorum is a plant used as a recreational hallucinogen that is legally available in many states and countries. Salvia divinorum is not a popular substance of abuse, is rarely used frequently or regularly, and is used primarily out of curiosity, for interest in altered states of consciousness and for spiritual purposes. Smoking commercially available Salvia divinorum produces rapid onset and short duration of intense subjective effects (5–15min), with few effects lasting more than 24h after use. Preliminary evidence suggests that acute inhalation may lead to transient and reversible verbal learning memory deficits, but does not affect verbal working memory. Research subjects do not report euphoria or craving to use, and do not seek out Salvia divinorum, subsequent to experimental exposure. Large surveys have found little or no associations between Salvia divinorum use and adverse events, although Salvia divinorum use is correlated with use of other recreational substances, particularly hallucinogens and cannabis.
P. H. Addy, A. Garcia-Romeu, M. Metzger, and J. Wade, “The Subjective Experience of Acute, Experimentally-Induced Salvia Divinorum Inebriation,” Journal of Psychopharmacology, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 426–435, Apr. 2015.
doi: 10.1177/0269881115570081.
This study examined the overall psychological effects of inebriation facilitated by the naturally-occurring plant hallucinogen Salvia divinorum using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Thirty healthy individuals self-administered Salvia divinorum via combustion and inhalation in a quiet, comfortable research setting. Experimental sessions, post-session interviews, and 8-week follow-up meetings were audio recorded and transcribed to provide the primary qualitative material analyzed here. Additionally, post-session responses to the Hallucinogen Rating Scale provided a quantitative groundwork for mixed-methods discussion. Qualitative data underwent thematic content analysis, being coded independently by three researchers before being collaboratively integrated to provide the final results. Three main themes and 10 subthemes of acute intoxication emerged, encompassing the qualities of the experience, perceptual alterations, and cognitive-affective shifts. The experience was described as having rapid onset and being intense and unique. Participants reported marked changes in auditory, visual, and interoceptive sensory input; losing normal awareness of themselves and their surroundings; and an assortment of delusional phenomena. Additionally, the abuse potential of Salvia divinorum was examined post hoc. These findings are discussed in light of previous research, and provide an initial framework for greater understanding of the subjective effects of Salvia divinorum, an emerging drug of abuse.
K. Aghaei, A. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. Mousavi, H. N. Badi, and A. Mehnatkesh, “Effects of Foliar Spraying of L-Phenylalanine and Application of Bio-Fertilizers on Growth, Yield, and Essential Oil of Hyssop [Hyssopus Officinalis l. Subsp. Angustifolius (Bieb.)],” Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, vol. 21, p. 101318, Sep. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101318.
In order to improve growth and yield of medicinal and aromatic plants, the application of natural substances has been increased in recent years. In this study, the effects of different fertilizers under the foliar spray of l-phenylalanine on growth and physiological characteristics and essential oil content of hyssop [Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. Angustifolius (Bieb.)], as one important medicinal and aromatic plants, at field condition in southwestern Iran were investigated in a 2-year study (2016 and 2017). Experimental treatments were including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, chemical (N.P.K), manure, and vermicompost fertilizers with the control in the main plots and as well as three levels of the foliar application of l-phenylalanine in sub plots. Results indicated that the application of organic/biological fertilizers along with l-phenylalanine spraying have beneficial and effective role in improving the growth characteristics, shoot performance, photosynthetic pigments, and active substances of hyssop. Hence, l-phenylalanine spraying effects on improving arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis and the application of manure and vermicompost can be a promising strategy in achieving organic production of medicinal plants such as hyssop.
A. K. .Islamov, A. S. Turaev, I. R. Askarov, M. M. Mominjonov, and D. S. Tojiboeva, “Preparation of Supramolecular Complexes of Monoizopropyliden Lagoxyline with Gk, Gkmat and Gkmkt.,” MODELS AND METHODS FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH, vol. 2, no. 17, pp. 181–185, Nov. 2022.http://interonconf.org/index.php/ger/article/view/198.
In this thesis, diterpenoid lagochilin (LG) was isolated from Lagochilus inebrians plant according to the method known in the literature, and its monoizopropylidene (MIPL) derivative was synthesized on the basis of lagochilin. It is reported that supramolecular complexes of monoizopropylidene lagoxylin were obtained for the first time with glycyrrhizic acid (GK) and glycyrrhizic acid monoammonium (GKMAT), glycyrrhizic acid monopotassium (GKMKT) salts isolated from the dark extract of the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and their physicochemical properties and spectral properties were studied. .
A. Akhmedov, I. Rog, A. Bachar, H. Shomurodov, M. Nasirov, and T. Klein, “Higher Risk for Six Endemic and Endangered Lagochilus Species in Central Asia under Drying Climate,” Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, vol. 48, p. 125586, Feb. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2020.125586.
The high-mountain ecosystems of Central Asia are a biodiversity hotspot with unique plant communities and many endemic species. Intense human pressure and global warming have caused habitat destruction in these areas and a parallel increase in the number of endangered species. Lagochilus species are key medicinal herbaceous plants native to Central Asia, many of which have been recently added to the endangered of species in Uzbekistan. To assess the climate sensitivity of Lagochilus species, we (1) located populations of six species in their native sites across Uzbekistan, and assessed their health by partitioning to ontogenetic stages along five consecutive years; (2) collected plant materials from these species, as well as from old herbarium samples (1918–1964); and (3) analyzed the carbon-13 composition in those samples, as an indicator for drouht stress. Over the course of five years (2014–2018) of continuous monitoring, fluctuations in annual precipitation in the region indicated a decrease by ∼20 %, and the fraction of young plants in each population decreased from 20–50% to 0–5 %, depending on the species. Comparing the carbon-13 composition in current and historical leaf samples showed an increase of 1.5–3.5‰ associated with a decrease in precipitation of 2–30 %, depending on the site and species. Our results show the high sensitivity of Lagochilus populations’ regeneration to drying, among six species and in sites across Uzbekistan. On a multi-decadal temporal scale, the dramatic changes in carbon-13 indicate that the response to precipitation reduction is related with drought stress. Considering the expectation for drier and hotter climate in Uzbekistan in the coming decades, conservation of Lagochilus populations should become a priority in Central Asia.
A study of the ontogeny of L. inebrians of a semi-shrub life form showed that under the conditions of Uzbekistan, the life expectancy of L. inebrians individuals is at least 25 years. As a rule, the ontogeny of individuals is incomplete; they often do not survive to the post-generative period. In the old generative state, complete particulation of individuals occurs, and a compact clone is formed. Self-maintenance of cenopopulations occurs only by seed. Comparison of the ontogenetic structure of cenopopulations of L. inebrians in different ecological and phytocenotic habitat conditions showed that the spectrum of all cenopopulations is centered with a peak at middle-aged generative individuals. The density ranged from 0.7 to 2.6 individuals per square meter. Assessment of age (ÿ) and efficiency (ÿ) of cenopopulations showed that most cenopopulations are mature. The cenopopulation, located along the sides of the river, the bank of which is annually washed away by spring mudflows, approaches the aging one, the ripening one was found in the eremuros wormwood community, where favorable conditions are created for seed renewal and survival of undergrowth. An assessment of cenopopulations by a complex of organismal (and population traits) showed that the organismal and population optimums do not coincide: individuals are most developed in anthropogenically disturbed habitats, however, population indicators in such cenopopulations are low. The most stable existence of coenotic populations was noted with average values of population and organismal traits.
D. \relax K. Akramov et al., “Chemical Composition and Anticholinesterase Activity of Lagochilus Inebrians,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 575–577, May 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s10600-019-02748-x.
D. K. Akramov et al., “Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Lagochilus Species from Uzbekistan,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 154, p. 112715, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112715.
The species of the genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae) are widespread in Central, South-Central, and Eastern Asia. Some of these species are used for their medicinal and therapeutic effects, in particular as hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and anti-epileptic agents. A new iridoid, glucoside 7- cinnamoyllamalbide, along with known compounds lagochilin, 5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone, daucosterol, β-sitosterol, 8-acetylharpagide were isolated from L. gypsaceus. The high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was used to determine the chemical fingerprints of 7 different Lagochilus species (L. acutilobus, L. gypsaceus, L. inebrians, L. olgae, L. proskorjakovii, L. setulosus, L. vvedenskyi). Among the tested species, lagochilin content was highest in the endemic species L. inebrians collected from the Djizzakh region of Uzbekistan. In free radical scavenging and reducing power assays, L. inebrans and L. vvedenskyi exhibited the strongest abilities. Regarding cholinesterases, amylase and glucosidase inhibition abilities of the tested samples, 5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone was the most active compound.
J. R. G. da S. Almeida, J. de M. Barbosa, N. B. Cavalcante, and D. M. Delange, “A Review of the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Leonotis Nepetifolia (Linn.) R. Br. (Lion’s Ear),” Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales, vol. 23, no. 4, Jul. 2018.http://www.revplantasmedicinales.sld.cu/index.php/pla/article/view/687.
Introduction: For centuries, medicinal plants have been used to treat a variety of diseases. Leonotis nepetifolia (Linn.) R. Br. is a species native to tropical regions of Africa and southern India which is widely used for medicinal purposes. Objective: Review the main publications about L. nepetifolia with a chemical and pharmacological approach, and describe the most relevant papers found in the databases. Methods: Specialized databases were reviewed (LiLacs, PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect and Scopus) using the search terms Leonotis nepetifolia, phytochemistry, biological activity and Lamiaceae. Papers were selected whose titles and abstracts were related to the phytochemical characteristics and biological activity of the species, and their full text was analyzed. Results: Several studies have been conducted of the species L. nepetifolia, verifying its potential use for the treatment of various diseases. In the review, 32 papers were selected which evaluated the biological activity of extracts from the species, and 11 which dealt with the isolation of compounds produced by the secondary metabolism of the plant, showing the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of some of them. Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, anticarcinogenic, analgesic, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, antiplasmodial and anthelmintic activities were the most carefully evaluated, whereas the diterpenes labdane and bis-spirolabdane, flavonoids, fatty acids and esters, iridoids, and phenylethanoid glycosides and coumarins were the most common chemical compounds. Conclusions: The presence of certain chemical substances accounts for the various potential biological applications of the extracts and compounds isolated from L. nepetifolia for the production of new drugs and phytomedicines. Key words: Leonotis nepetifolia, medicinal plant, phytochemical, biological activity.
U. Amico Roxas, G. Iapichino, S. Accardo Palombo, and M. Bertolino, “Suitability of a Native South African Shrub as Pot Plant,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 723, pp. 437–440, Nov. 2006.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.723.62.
N. Apana, T. Amom, L. Tikendra, A. M. Potshangbam, A. Dey, and P. Nongdam, “Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Clerodendrum Serratum (L.) Moon Using CBDP, iPBS and SCoT Markers,” Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 25, p. 100349, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2021.100349.
An investigation into the level of genetic diversity and population structure of medicinally important endangered Clerodendrum serratum was conducted for the first time in Manipur, a North-Eastern state of India, using CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP), inter primer binding site (iPBS), and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. The comparative analysis of the three marker systems revealed SCoT to be the most effective among other markers in detecting polymorphism and genotype differentiation. Mantel test revealed a positive correlation between CBDP and iPBS (r = 0.22), SCoT and CBDP (r = 0.48), and iPBS and SCoT (r = 0.62), indicating the effectiveness of each marker system and reliability of using them in conjunction with one another to generate accurate and consistent results. Marker analysis disclosed a moderately high estimate of moderately high gene flow (Nm = 1.133) between the populations which resulted in low genetic differentiation (Gst = 0.310) among populations. Mantel test disclosed a non-significant correlation between the geographic and genetic distances between the 8 different populations of C. serratum. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed the existence of genetic variation (66 %) within the population and the remaining variation (34 %) among the populations. Unweighted pair group arithmetic mean method (UPGMA) dendrograms constructed based on pooled CBDP, iPBS, SCoT marker data produced clusters similar to the pattern generated by the two-dimensional principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Bayesian model STRUCTURE analysis of C. serratum populations based on CBDP, iPBS, and SCoT markers gave three genetic clusters (K = 3), but the pooled marker data generated 5 different genetic groups with high admixture. GENELAND further assigned the 8 populations comprising 97 individual genotypes into two main genetic pools. The genetic information obtained from the present investigation will contribute to offering proper recommendations for the effective management and conservation of endangered C. serratum plants in the region.
E. Araque, D. Urbina, M. Morillo, L. Rojas-Fermín, and J. Carmona, “Estudio de la composición química de los aceites esenciales de las hojas y flores de Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. (Lamiaceae).,” Sep. 2018.http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/654321/3822.
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br., es una especie perteneciente a la familia Lamiaceae. Los aceites esenciales de las hojas y flores frescas, fueron aislados por hidrodestilación empleando la trampa de Clevenger con un rendimiento de 0,01 y 0,012 % respectivamente. Su composición química fue determinada por cromatografía de gases–espectrometría de masas (CG-EM). Los componentes mayoritarios en el aceite de las hojas fueron germacreno-D (36,2 %), β-cariofileno (13,8 %) y α-humuleno (9,9 %), mientras que, germacreno-A (16,9 %), germacreno-D (13,7 %) y β-elemeno (13,7 %) son los componentes mayoritarios en las flores. Este sería el primer reporte de la composición del aceite esencial de las flores de esta especie.
A. J. Aubin and M. Waite, “U P Lc Ms /Ms Ana Lysis O F Sa Lv Ino Rin a F Rom Salvia Divino Rum.”
K. Avani, P. Harish, and S. Neeta, “Ex Situ Conservation Method for Clerodendrum Inerme: A Medicinal Plant of India,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 415–418, 2006.
doi: 10.4314/ajb.v5i5.
Clerodendrum inerme L. (Verbenaceae), commonly known as vanajai or garden quinine is a perennial shrub. Leaves and roots of the plant are used in rheumatism and skin diseases. In Indian classical literature the plant is also reported as a substitute of quinine. Since root of the plant is used as drug, whole plant has to be destroyed; this has resulted in the depletion of the plant population. Present investigation was taken up to establish a protocol for mass production of better quality plant material, using axillary bud multiplication. The protocol will help in ex situ conservation of the plant. Maximum number of multiplied axillary bud was observed in 16 M 6-benzyladenine (BA) with 3% sucrose. After elongation, regenerated micro-shoots were rooted in MS medium in absence of plant growth regulators (PGR). The rooted plantlets showed 100% field survival. The regenerated plants showed similar phytochemical profile as mother plant when compared.Keywords: Clerodendrum inerme, finger print profile, micropropogation
D. Banisetti and J. S. R. Aluri, “Reproductive Biology of the Hill Glory Bower, Clerodendrum Infortunatum L. (Lamiaceae),” Sep. 2018.
Clerodendrum infortunatum L. is a gregarious woody shrub that flowers during dry season. The flowers are strongly protandrous, herkogamous and dichogamous displaying temporal dioecy. The flowers prevent autonomous autogamy but facilitate geitonogamy and xenogamy which together constitute the facultative xenogamous breeding system. The flowers are visited by diurnal insects, bees, ants, thrips and butterflies of which only papilionid and pierid butterflies are pollinators. The fruit is an indehiscent drupe with fleshy mericarps and each mericarp consists of one seed only. The reddish fruiting calyx exposes the ripe fleshy fruit. The birds such as Acridotheres tristis, Corvus splendens, Corvus macrorhynchos and Turdoides caudatus, and humans feed on the fleshy part of the fruit and disperse seeds. The seeds soon dry up and also disperse by wind easily due to dry conditions during summer season. Therefore, the plant is ornithochorous, anthropochorous and anemochorous. The seeds germinate and produce new plants during wet season. Further, the perennial root stock also re-sprouts at the same time and produces new growth to carry out new reproductive cycle
\relax K. M. Bobokulov, M. G. Levkovich, A. \relax K. Islamov, U. N. Zainutdinov, and N. D. Abdullaev, “Quantitative Determination by PMR Spectroscopy of Lagochilin in the Substance and Tablets of the Medicinal Preparation Inebrin,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 149–152, Mar. 2007.
doi: 10.1007/s10600-007-0066-5.
A modified method of additions in PMR spectroscopy was described for quantitative determination of the main active principle in preparations. The effectiveness and reliability of the method was approved for quantitative analysis of the active principle lagochilin in the substance (2.0%) and tablets (0.85%) of the commercial medicinal preparation inebrin.
M. A. Bodnar, V. L. McGuffin, E. Lansing, R. W. Smith, B. Hall, and E. Lansing, “Criminalistics Section – 2010.”
A. von Bunge, Beitrag zur kenntniss der flor Russlands und der steppen Central-Asiens. St. Petersburg : Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1851.http://archive.org/details/mobot31753000517331.
E. R. Butelman and M. J. Kreek, “Salvinorin A, a Kappa-Opioid Receptor Agonist Hallucinogen: Pharmacology and Potential Template for Novel Pharmacotherapeutic Agents in Neuropsychiatric Disorders,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 6, p. 190, Sep. 2015.
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00190.
Salvinorin A is a potent hallucinogen, isolated from the ethnomedical plant Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A is a selective high efficacy kappa-opioid receptor (KOPr) agonist, and thus implicates the KOPr system and its endogenous agonist ligands (the dynorphins) in higher functions, including cognition and perceptual effects. Salvinorin A is the only selective KOPr ligand to be widely available outside research or medical settings, and salvinorin A-containing products have undergone frequent non-medical use. KOPr/dynorphin systems in the brain are known to be powerful counter-modulatory mechanisms to dopaminergic function, which is important in mood and reward engendered by natural and chemical reinforcers (including drugs of abuse). KOPr activation (including by salvinorin A) can thus cause aversion and anhedonia in preclinical models. Salvinorin A is also a completely new scaffold for medicinal chemistry approaches, since it is a non-nitrogenous neoclerodane, unlike other known opioid ligands. Ongoing efforts have the goal of discovering novel semi-synthetic salvinorin analogs with potential KOPr-mediated pharmacotherapeutic effects (including partial agonist or biased agonist effects), with a reduced burden of undesirable effects associated with salvinorin A.
Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva (S. divinorum) is endemic to the Sierra Mazateca cloud forests of Oaxaca, Mexico. It has been used as a traditional medicine and in ceremonies by the Mazatec, the indigenous people of Oaxaca, for many centuries. In more recent times Salvia divinorum has become globally recognized, both for its potent psychoactive effects, as well as its potential use as a phyto-medicine. Previous research by the author demonstrated that S. divinorum use is a growing, global phenomenon, particularly for recreational use. Despite this, published, peer reviewed research on this plant species is limited in comparison to other medicinal plants. The purpose of this research was to explore the genetic and phytochemical variation of S. divinorum. One study has examined intraspecifc variation of this species but only in a small number of Oaxacan samples. Since its global dispersal from Mexico, propagation has been primarily by clonal methods, therefore, genetic variation of this species outside Mexico may be limited. Before to commencing investigation of intraspecifc variation, it was necessary to assess the quality of DNA which could be extracted from fortifed Saliva divinorum material. It was confrmed that DNA of suffcient quality could be obtained from fortifed extracts for further intraspecifc analysis. Regions of the chloroplast genome shown to be variable within other plant species were amplifed with universal primers to assess genetic variation in S. divinorum. In particular, regions containing chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSR’s) were targeted as these have been widely used for the detection of intraspecifc variation and phylogeography in plants. Chloroplast sequence data, approximately 2.4 kilobases in length, including the intergenetic spacers trnS-trnG, rps16-trnK, trnL-trnF and the trnL intron, were examined for variation among S. divinorum samples from Europe, North America and Australia. Sequenced alignments contained cpSSR repeat regions, however, no genetic variation was detected in more than 40 globally-distributed plant samples and fortifed commercial products used in the study. The majority of phytochemical research, to date, has focused on salvinorin A, the main psychoactive diterpene in S. divinorum, and little is known of other chemical compounds or chemical variation in S. divinorum. Numerous compounds have been identifed across the Salvia genus and many of these may also be present but not identifed in S. divinorum. HPLC and LC/MS data generated from the collected samples was used to perform two principal component analyses (PCA) to elucidate patterning in the chemical make up of S. divinorum. This analysis revealed two similar sets of groupings in both PCAs. HPLC and LC/MS analysis confrmed the presence of rosmarinic acid in S. divinorum. This compound is commonly identifed in the Salvia genus and it is surprising that it has not been confrmed in S. divinorum previously, as the UV peak is very prominent on the chromatogram. A high variation in the concentration of rosmarinic acid was also observed across the 37 samples tested. Not all salvinorin A fortifed products had higher salvinorin A concentrations than unfortifed samples. The variation in the phytochemical make up and the lack of genetic variation in S. divinorum are interesting results and the combined genetic phytochemical approach offers novel insights. The lack of genetic variation found, adds evidence to the proposition that all plants outside Mexico have a common source. While there are several other factors which may affect phytochemical variation it may be that chemical variation in S. divinorum is determined phenotypically. Growing conditions may be the primary consideration to achieve optimal levels of active constituents as this species is further developed as a phyto-medicine.
I. Casselman, C. J. Nock, H. Wohlmuth, R. P. Weatherby, and M. Heinrich, “From Local to Global—Fifty Years of Research on Salvia Divinorum,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 768–783, Feb. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.032.
Ethnopharmacological relevance In 1962 ethnopharmacologists, Hofmann and Wasson, undertook an expedition to Oaxaca, Mexico. These two researchers were the first scientists to collect a flowering specimen of Salvia divinorum allowing the identification of this species. While the species’ traditional use is confined to a very small region of Mexico, since Hofmann and Wasson’s expedition 50 years ago, Salvia divinorum has become globally recognized for its main active constituent, the diterpene salvinorin A, which has a unique effect on human physiology. Salvinorin A is a kappa-opioid agonist and the first reported psychoactive diterpene. Methods This review concentrates on the investigation of Salvia divinorum over the last 50 years including ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, taxonomy, systematics, genetics, chemistry and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic research. For the purpose of this review, online search engines were used to find relevant research. Searches were conducted between October 2011 and September 2013 using the search term “Salvia divinorum”. Papers were excluded if they described synthetic chemical synthesis of salvinorin A or analogues. Results Ethnobotanically there is a comprehensive body of research describing the traditional Mazatec use of the plant, however, the modern ethnobotanical use of this plant is not well documented. There are a limited number of botanical investigations into this plant and there are still several aspects of the botany of Salvia divinorum which need further investigation. One study has investigated the phylogenetic relationship of Salvia divinorum to other species in the genus. To date the main focus of chemistry research on Salvia divinorum has been salvinorin A, the main active compound in Salvia divinorum, and other related diterpenoids. Finally, the effects of salvinorin A, a KOR agonist, have primarily been investigated using animal models. Conclusions As Salvia divinorum use increases worldwide, the emerging cultural use patterns will warrant more research. More botanical information is also needed to better understand this species, including germination, pollination vector and a better understanding of the endemic environment of Salvia divinorum. As well there is a gap in the genetic knowledge of this species and very little is known about its intra-species genetics. The terpenes in Salvia divinorum are very well documented, however, other classes of constituents in this species warrant further investigation and identification. To date, the majority of the pharmacology research on Salvia divinorum has focused on the effects of salvinorin A using animal models. Published human studies have not reported any harmful effects when salvinorin A is administered within the dose range of 0.375–21µg/kg but what are the implications when applied to a larger population? More data on the toxicology and safety of Salvia divinorum are needed before larger scale clinical trials of the potential therapeutic effects of Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A are undertaken.
S. Chakraborty and S. Majumdar, “Natural Products for the Treatment of Pain: Chemistry and Pharmacology of Salvinorin A, Mitragynine, and Collybolide,” Biochemistry, vol. 60, no. 18, pp. 1381–1400, May 2021.
doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00629.
Pain remains a very pervasive problem throughout medicine. Classical pain management is achieved through the use of opiates belonging to the mu opioid receptor (MOR) class, which have significant side effects that hinder their utility. Pharmacologists have been trying to develop opioids devoid of side effects since the isolation of morphine from papaver somniferum, more commonly known as opium by Sertürner in 1804. The natural products salvinorin A, mitragynine, and collybolide represent three nonmorphinan natural product-based targets, which are potent selective agonists of opioid receptors, and emerging next-generation analgesics. In this work, we review the phytochemistry and medicinal chemistry efforts on these templates and their effects on affinity, selectivity, analgesic actions, and a myriad of other opioid-receptor-related behavioral effects.,
M. I. Chambers, J. E. Giffen-Lemieux, and R. A. Musah, “Rapid Detection and Quantification of Hallucinogenic Salvinorin A in Commercial Salvia Divinorum Products by DART-HRMS,” ACS Omega, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 761–770, Dec. 2022.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06106.
, In recent years, national laboratories have identified several plant-derived materials as concerns to public health because of their psychoactive effects, potential for abuse, and the lack of federal regulation of their use. One of these is Salvia divinorum (aka Salvia), which has received focused attention due to its increasing recreational use and the ease by which it can be acquired. Traditional chromatographic approaches for the detection of the major psychoactive component of Salvia (i.e., salvinorin A) typically require time-consuming sample pretreatment prior to identifying the presence of salvinorin A in plant material unknowns. In this study, direct analysis in real time–high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) was used to rapidly screen for Salvia plant material. This approach facilitated the analysis of bulk material in its native form, thereby bypassing sample pretreatment steps. In addition, a validated DART-HRMS method was developed for the quantification of salvinorin A in commercial Salvia products (e.g., raw plant materials, enhanced leaf extracts). In this regard, cholesterol was found to be a suitable internal standard. The average salvinorin A content in raw Salvia leaves was determined to be 1.54 mg/g, while the salvinorin A quantified in enhanced Salvia leaf extracts was between 13.0 and 53.2 mg/g.
X. Chen, A. Berim, F. E. Dayan, and D. R. Gang, “A (–)-Kolavenyl Diphosphate Synthase Catalyzes the First Step of Salvinorin A Biosynthesis in Salvia Divinorum,” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 1109–1122, Feb. 2017.
doi: 10.1093/jxb/erw493.
Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae) is an annual herb used by indigenous cultures of Mexico for medicinal and ritual purposes. The biosynthesis of salvinorin A, its major bioactive neo-clerodane diterpenoid, remains virtually unknown. This investigation aimed to identify the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of salvinorin A biosynthesis, the formation of (–)-kolavenyl diphosphate [(–)-KPP], which is subsequently dephosphorylated to afford (–)-kolavenol. Peltate glandular trichomes were identified as the major and perhaps exclusive site of salvinorin accumulation in S. divinorum. The trichome-specific transcriptome was used to identify candidate diterpene synthases (diTPSs). In vitro and in planta characterization of a class II diTPS designated as SdKPS confirmed its activity as (–)-KPP synthase and its involvement in salvinorin A biosynthesis. Mutation of a phenylalanine into histidine in the active site of SdKPS completely converts the product from (–)-KPP into ent-copalyl diphosphate. Structural elements were identified that mediate the natural formation of the neo-clerodane backbone by this enzyme and suggest how SdKPS and other diTPSs may have evolved from ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase.
O. S. Chizhov, \relax Y. S. Ryabokobylko, and A. V. Kessenikh, “NMR Spectra of Lagochilin,” Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1482–1484, Jul. 1979.
doi: 10.1007/BF00947325.
1.An assignment was made of the lines in the13C and1H NMR spectra of the diterpene alcohol lagochilin.2.The spectral parameters were compared with the characteristic structural traits of lagochilin, which can be used to establish the structure, configuration, and conformation of diterpenes of the labdane series.
O. S. Chizhov, A. V. Kessenikh, I. P. Yakovlev, B. M. Zolotarev, V. A. Petukhov, and N. D. Zelinsky, “Structure of Lagochilin,” Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 10, no. 17, pp. 1361–1364, Jan. 1969.
doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)87886-2.
This paper presents the preliminary results of introduction of five therapeutically important plants (Leonotis nepetifolia, Leonurus sibiricus, Basella alba, Basella rubra, Lycium chinense) in the Botanical Garden (Istitute) of ASM. The studied taxa were obtained from seeds received by international exchange. The study was preceded by an extensive literature survey of studied plants according to their therapeutic importance and utilization in popular and modern medicine. Investigations included propagation aspects and research into cultivation techniques in order to observe their reproductive behavior in our conditions and accumulate experience on their agro-technical peculiarities. Seasonal rhythm of development of these taxa was studied.
J. R. Clarkson, C. Grice, and C. Dollery, “Chasing the Lion’s Tail. The Value of Program Review: A Case Study from the Management of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. in Rinyirru (Lakefield) National Park,” p. 4.
The annual herb Leonotis nepetifolia (lion’s tail) has been present in Rinyirru (Lakefield) National Park on Cape York Peninsula since at least the early- to mid-1980s and has been the target of control action for at least 17 years. A review of the program was conducted in 2010. The program is notable for the sustained effort that has been made but the review concluded that eradication was unlikely without some modification of the approach. There was a need for improved delimitation and a shift in where efforts were concentrated. A five-year plan was devised with the aim of eliminating three small outlying infestations whilst containing two larger infestations in the short term. Subsequently, capacity and approach to eliminate the main infestations could be determined.
U. Coffeen and F. Pellicer, “Salvia Divinorum: From Recreational Hallucinogenic Use to Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Action,” Journal of Pain Research, vol. 12, p. 1069, 2019.
doi: 10.2147/JPR.S188619.
Salvia divinorum is a herbal plant native to the southwest region of Mexico. Traditional preparations of this plant have been used in illness treatments that converge with inflammatory conditions and pain. Currently, S. divinorum extracts have become ...
F. Y. Daramola, M. Tanga, A. O. Oyedeji, O. O. Oyedeji, and F. B. Lewu, “Composition of Bioactive Compounds in American Skullcap (Scutellaria Lateriflora L.) Leaves as Influenced by Mineral Fertilization,” no. 4377508. Rochester, NY, Mar-2023.
doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4377508.
American skullcap is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds and possesses excellent therapeutic values. There is limited information on the cultivation of plant materials with mineral fertilization, as supply is mostly dependent on natural habitats. In this study, leaf extracts obtained from plants that were cultivated with different mineral fertilizer rates were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), condensed tannins (PAC), and antioxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydarazy (DPPH), Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen peroxide were evaluated for aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of different fertilizer treatments. The effect of the fertilizer treatments was significant (P<0.05) among treatment combinations. The post-flowering stage had the highest concentration of TPC (41.65%), pre-flowering (33.83%), and the least at the flowering stage (24.52%). A higher concentration of tannins was recorded at the pre-flowering stage (38.5%), post-flowering stage (31.2%), and the least at the flowering stage (30.3%). However, for the TFC, a higher concentration was recorded at the post-flowering stage (38.2%), followed by the pre-flowering stage (34.2%) while the least TFC was recorded at the flowering stage (27.6%). Also, treatments with lower amounts of supplementary phosphorous (P1=213kg/ha) produced higher concentrations of bioactive compounds across all the phenological stages, with methanol extract producing a higher concentration than aqueous extract.
Having trouble getting my Lagochilus inebrians to grow. Possibly its not just the air moisture content. One thing Im considering is the substrate composition. In the past Ive used a balanced mix based on IVS ( In Vitro Soil )- appox 33% large perlite, 33% large vermiculite and 33% good quality pe...
M. T. Darzi and B. Sadeghi Nekoo, “Effects of Organic Amendments and Biofertilizer Application on Some Morphological Traits and Yield of Hyssop (Hyssopus Officinalis L.),” Journal Of Horticultural Science, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 491–500, Nov. 2016.
doi: 10.22067/jhorts4.v30i3.46003.
Introduction: Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) is a perennial herb which is cultivated in temperate regions of Asia, Europe and America. The essential oil of hyssop is widely used as traditional drug in some of the parts of Asia and Europe to treat respiratory diseases. Hyssop is also used in food, pharmaceutical, flavor and cosmetic industries throughout the world. It is mainly used for antispasmodic, stomachic, antifungal, relax spasm and cough treatment. Applying organic fertilizers and biofertilizers such as compost, vermicompost and nitrogen fixing bacteria contain Azotobacter and Azospirillum has led to a decrease in chemical fertilizers consumption and has provided high quality agricultural products. Several studies have shown that organic and bio-fertilizers application such as vermicompost and nitrogen fixing bacteria can increase essential oil content of medicinal plants of dill, basil and fennel.The main object of this work was to record the best suitable treatment of organic and biological fertilizer to obtain highest yield of Hyssop. Materials and Methods: A field experiment, arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with eight treatments and three replications at research field of the Agriculture Company of Ran, Firouzkuh, Iran during the growing season of 2012. The treatments were (1) 20 t/ha compost, (2) 12 t/ha vermicompost, (3) biofertilizer [inoculated seeds with Azotobacter and Azospirillum], (4) 10 t/ha compost + 6 t/ha vermicompost, (5) 20 t/ha compost + biofertilizer, (6) 12 t/ha vermicompost + biofertilizer, (7) 10 t/ha compost + 6 t/ha vermicompost + biofertilizer and (8) control [without fertilizer application]. Inoculation was carried out by immersing the hyssop seeds in the cells suspension of 108 CFU/ml for 15 min. The required quantities of compost and vermicompost were applied and incorporated to the top 5 cm layer of soil in the experimental beds before planting of hyssop seeds. Each experimental plot was 3 m long by 2.28 m wide with the spacing of 15 cm between the plants and 38 cm between the rows. There was a space of one meter between the plots and 2 meters between replications. Hyssop seeds were directly sown by hand. There was no incidence of pest or disease on hyssop during the experiment. Weeding was done manually and the plots were irrigated weekly (as trickle irrigation system). All necessary cultural practices and plant protection measures were followed uniformly for all the plots during the entire period of experiment. In this study, some morphological traits and yield hyssop including plant height, branch no./plant, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant, herb fresh yield, herb dried yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield were evaluated. In order to determine herb fresh yield and herb dry yield, 1 m-2 plants were used at the harvest time (full blooming). For determine the essential oil content (%), About 100 g dried herb of hyssop (dried in shadow) as sample from the each plot were selected and then were subjected to hydro-distillation (Clevenger type apparatus) for 3 hours. Essential oil yield also was calculated by using essential oil content and herb dried yield. Analysis of variance by using SAS software and mean comparisons by Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) (at the 5% probability level) was done. Results and Discussion: The present results have shown that the highest plant height and branch no/plant in treatment of integrated application of 20 t/ha compost,biofertilizer,the maximum fresh weight of plant and herb fresh yield in treatment of application of 20 t/ha compost were obtained. Also, the highest dry weight of plant in treatment of integrated application of 10 t/ha compost, 6 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer and the highest herb dried yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield in treatment of integrated application of 12 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer were obtained. Vermicompost application through high ability for absorption of mineral nutrients like N, P and K by plants and then increase of biomass amount has a positive effect on secondary metabolites concentration such as essential oil and subsequently the enhanced essential oil content. Increased essential oil yield in treatment of 12 tonnes vermicompost per hectare and biofertilizer can be owing to the improvement of yield attributes such as herb dry yield and essential oil content. Conclusion:Integrated application of organic manures and biofertilizer positively influenced morphological traits and yield of hyssop, as the highest herb dry yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield were obtained in treatment of integrated application of 12 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer and treatment of integrated application of 10 t/ha compost, 6 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer. On the base of research results, organic amendments and biofertilizer application can be caused in improvement of morphological characters and yield of hyssop.
D. P. de Oliveira et al., “Exploring the Bioactivity Potential of Leonotis Nepetifolia: Phytochemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antileishmanial Activities of Extracts from Different Anatomical Parts,” Natural Product Research, vol. 35, no. 18, pp. 3120–3125, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1686367.
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) Br. (Lamiaceae) is an African shrub popularly known as ‘cordão-de-frade’ in Brazil, traditionally used to treat infectious diseases, among other uses. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition of hydroethanolic extracts from L. nepetifolia prepared from stems, leaves, roots and glomerulus, as well as their cytotoxicity, antileishmanial and antimicrobial activities. The chemical composition of the extracts was assessed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, whereas the antileishmanial activity was evaluated against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Cytotoxicity was tested on murine macrophages and the antimicrobial activity was investigated by a microdilution assay against several strains of fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The flavonoids apigenin, cirsiliol apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin, luteolin-4′-O-glucoside, luteolin-4′-O- glucuronide and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were identified in all tested extracts. Extracts from leaves and roots showed more potent antileishmanial activity (IC50 32.90 µg mL−1 and 57.70 µg mL−1, respectively) against amastigotes forms in comparison to the other extracts. The leaf extract inhibited Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus growth (125 µg mL−1 and 100 µg mL−1, respectively), and also showed anti-Candida activity (10–125 µg mL−1). The biological effect can be related to the identified flavonoids. Our findings disclose the potential of L. nepetifolia as a source of bioactive compounds for the development of new therapeutic options for treating infectious diseases, especially flavonoids.
A. P. de Oliveira et al., “Influence of Light Intensity, Fertilizing and Season on the Cirsiliol Content, a Chemical Marker of Leonotis Nepetifolia (Lamiaceae),” PeerJ, vol. 7, p. e6187, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.6187.
Background Leonotis nepetifolia (Family Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant from which the flavonoid cirsiliol with sedative, hypnotic, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity has been extracted. Methods Seedlings were cultivated under different levels of shade in native or fertilized modes. The content of cirsiliol was measured monthly by high-performance liquid chromatography and the total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Monitoring of growth was carried out with the weekly measurement of height until the stabilization of growth. Results The application of fertilizing and/or shading does not alter significantly the cirsiliol content. However, this content varies throughout the year, reaching the peak production in the summer, independently of the treatment applied. This same profile, with production in the summer, was also verified for phenolic compounds, reaching 58.15 ± 9.35 mg of equivalents of gallic acid per g of extract in the summer, content 1.84 times greater than the content verified in winter (31.56 ± 4.09 mg of gallic acid/g of extract). Although shading and fertilizing had no effect on cirsiliol content, the results also showed a positive influence on the height and biomass of the plant, which can causes a higher yield of extractable material. Discussion Biotic and abiotic stresses are able to increase or decrease the production of secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds in medicinal plants and, as the stress response is peculiar to each species, cultivation studies become necessary. The present study reports by the first time the influence of shading, fertilizing and seasons in cirsiliol content in L. nepetifolia. Among analyzed variables, the seasons showed a larger influence in expression of cirsiliol and among seasons, our results showed that the summer is the ideal season for collections. In summer, the photoperiod is larger than in other seasons of the year and due to that, the plants need greater protection against the long photoperiod. For this, the plants increase the production of phenolic compounds as observed in this study. Although they do not influence the production of cirsiliol, the shading and nutrients in soil favor growth and leaf area of several plants, explaining, thus, the higher height and biomass obtained.
A. Delaune, “Aspects of Production for Clerodendrum as Potted Flowering Plants,” LSU Master’s Theses, Jan. 2005.
doi: 10.31390/gradschool_theses.174.
A. Delaune* and J. Kuehny, “Clerodendrum as Flowering Potted Plants,” HortScience, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 877C–877, Jul. 2004.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.39.4.877C.
The genus Clerodendrum is of interest to the floriculture industry as a woody, flowering pot plant because of its variation in type of foliage and flowers, production of many inflorescences on one plant, continuous bloom, fast growing and short production cycle. Plant height, however, needs to be successfully controlled to produce a marketable plant. Paclobutrazol (Bonzi) and ancymidol (A-Rest) have been shown to reduce plant growth and increase the number of flowers of C. thomsoniae. The remaining species are relatively new to the floriculture industry and very little information is available on use of growth retardants. Determination of the proper timing, number of applications and rates of growth retardants were studied. Paclobutrazol and ancymidol were applied either as a spray at 0, 100 or 200 ppm, or as a drench at 0, 0.5 or 1.0 a.i./pot to C. thomsoniae, C. ugandense, and C. bungii. Applications began three weeks after rooted cuttings were potted for three consecutive weeks, with randomized plants treated either in week one, two or three with all treatment rates. As in previous studies, C. thomsoniae responded to paclobutrazol and ancymidol by producing a marketable plant, while plant height of C. ugandense and C. bungii was not affected by treatments.
N. G. Dhawan, A. S. Khan, and P. Srivastava, “A General Appraisal of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L) R. Br: An Essential Medicinal Plant,” vol. 2, p. 4, 2013.
The total plant species which India harbors includes many important medicinal plants some of whose potential is yet to be explored. As the demand of medicinal plants has increased globally due to insurgence of interest in and acceptance of herbal medicines, there is an urgent need to develop and implement cultivation of important medicinal plants on commercial scale. But, the most limiting factor for the plant production on commercial scale is the insufficient knowledge of agrotechniques including the balanced fertilizer management. The cultivation of medicinal plants is the key to meet the raw material needs of the industry based on the medicinal plant products. The review of literature reveals that Leonotis nepetifolia which belongs to family Lamiaceae needs special attention for its promotion of cultivation on a large scale. The present review scrutinizes the important medicinal properties of the plant.
(Full-text PDF) Reproductive systems are life attributes important in defining the demography and genetic constitution of invasive alien species populations. We describe the phenology, floral behavior and floral visitors in Mexican populations of
M. K. Doss et al., “The Acute Effects of the Atypical Dissociative Hallucinogen Salvinorin A on Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain,” Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 16392, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73216-8.
Salvinorin A (SA) is a κ-opioid receptor agonist and atypical dissociative hallucinogen found in Salvia divinorum. Despite the resurgence of hallucinogen studies, the effects of κ-opioid agonists on human brain function are not well-understood. This placebo-controlled, within-subject study used functional magnetic resonance imaging for the first time to explore the effects of inhaled SA on strength, variability, and entropy of functional connectivity (static, dynamic, and entropic functional connectivity, respectively, or sFC, dFC, and eFC). SA tended to decrease within-network sFC but increase between-network sFC, with the most prominent effect being attenuation of the default mode network (DMN) during the first half of a 20-min scan (i.e., during peak effects). SA reduced brainwide dFC but increased brainwide eFC, though only the former effect survived multiple comparison corrections. Finally, using connectome-based classification, most models trained on dFC network interactions could accurately classify the first half of SA scans. In contrast, few models trained on within- or between-network sFC and eFC performed above chance. Notably, models trained on within-DMN sFC and eFC performed better than models trained on other network interactions. This pattern of SA effects on human brain function is strikingly similar to that of other hallucinogens, necessitating studies of direct comparisons.
A.-C. Druțu et al., “Research on the Influence of Nutrition on the Production of Space and Quality Herba Hyssopus Officinalis l. (Hyssop) Cultivated Ecological Conditions in A.R.D.S. Secuieni,” 2014.https://repository.uaiasi.ro/xmlui/handle/20.500.12811/2140.
Hyssopus officinalis L. (hyssop) has been known as a medicinal plant since ancient times. Grown for herba contains volatile oil (0.5 and 1.3 % in dry herba between 0.10 and 0.15 % in fresh herba ), flavonoids, ursolic and oleanolic acids, carbohydrates, hisopina, tannins, resins, gums, sugars and a substance with antiviral marubiina, which gives a bitter taste. Due to the volatile oil constituents, the plant has antiseptic expectorant action and is bitter tonic (because marubiinei) and slightly astringent (due to tannins). Climatic conditions during the experiment were good, the average temperature in the two years was 9,150 C, the difference from the annual average (8.7ºC) being 0.45ºC. The amount of rainfall was 488.5 mm by 59.4 mm less than the annual average (552.1mm). The average for the two years of experimentation average number of branches per plant ranged from 14.27 branches/plant variant sown at 50 cm between rows and incineration (Mt.) and 23 branches/plant variant sown at 70 cm between rows and incineration. The average length of inflorescence was higher (12.25 cm) in variant sown distance of 70 cm between rows and 20 cm between plants in the row. Regarding the production of dry herba it was influenced by both the distance between rows (average factor A) and the distance between plants in the row (average factor B). The average for the two years of experimentation, production highest (2510 kg/ha) was obtained in the variant sown at a distance of 70 cm between rows and 20 cm between plants in the row. An average production close of 2368 kg/ha was obtained in variant sown at a distance of 70 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants in the row. Highest production of essential oil (80.88 l/ha) was obtained in the variant sown at a distance of 70 cm between rows and 20 cm between plants in the row.
A. Eshibaev, Z. Aimenova, L. Akynova, L. Nurseitova, and A. Kopabaeva, “The Population Status of Lagochilus Setulosus Vved. and Its Biochemical Composition,” Ecological Questions, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 111–118, Apr. 2021.
doi: 10.12775/EQ.2021.018.
This article describes endemic species of the genus Lagochilus growing in the territory of South Kazakhstan – Lagochilus setulosus Vved. Its biochemical composition, namely qualitative and quantitative composition of biologically active compounds was investigated. The established composition of substances indicates that this plant species can be used in pharmaceutical biotechnology to create a biological preparation with a hemostatic effect based on Lagochilus setulosus.
А. А. Eshibaev, Z. Е. Aimenova, А. D. Matchanov, and A. H. Islamov, “Results of a comparative study of the macro- and microelement composition of Lagochilus inebrians and Lagochilus setulosus,” Вестник КазНУ. Серия биологическая, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 12–19, 2015.https://bb.kaznu.kz/index.php/biology/article/view/1058.
By method of optical-emissive spectrometry with inductive-connected argonplasma 15 elements in Lagochilus inebrians and 13 elements in Lagochilus setulosus are revealed. In plant Lagochilus inebrians are found out Se and Ag which were are absent at plant Lagochilus setulosus. But the quantitative content of iron, magnesium, lithium, aluminium in 2-3 times is more at plant Lagochilus setulosus. While the content of potassium, calcium, zinc surpasses at plant Lagochilus Inebrians. At both plants from chemical elements calcium is most of all presented, and the plasma hemostasis in combination with Lagochilin and calcium is realized.
F.A. Sobirova, A.Kh. Islamov, F.N. Tashpulatov, A.D. Matchanov, and U.N. Zainutdinov, “Study of the Accumulation Dynamics and Localization of 9,13-Epoxylabdanes in the Vege-Tative Organs of Introduced Plants of the Genus Lagochilus,” Altai State University, 2021.http://journal.asu.ru/cw/article/view/7331.
Extracts of the plant Lagochilus inebrians Bunge (Lamiaceae) are used as sedatives, antihypertensive and anti-allergic agents, and to stop bleeding. The main active ingredients of this plant are diterpenoids of the 9-13-epoxylabdanes series, as well as some alkalides.Not rational use of stocks of wild Lagohilus has led to the fact that this plant is currently included in the Red Book. Currently, work is underway to introduce this plant species.Therefore, the study of the dynamics of accumulation and localization of 9,13-epoxylabdans in the vegetative organs of introduced and wild plants of the genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae) is of interest in terms of collecting the plant for use as a medicinal raw material, for the systematics of data on the accumulation of diterpenoids in the vegetative organs of the plant, for their use. in practical terms, the preparation of diterepenoids and their modification is an urgent task.Some systematic chemical studies of plants of the genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae) were carried out by the school of Academician A.S. Sadykov. As a result of studying 10 plants of the species Lagochilus (Lamiaceae), more than 20 new diterpenoids of the labdan series were isolated. All of them are natural derivatives of the diterpene alcohol lagochilin. Their structure and configuration were established using IR, PMR and mass spectroscopy, as well as by synthesis from lagochilin or transformation into lagochilin.By studying the composition of diterpenoids of an introduced and wild plant of the genus Lagochilus, it was shown that the main diterpenoids of the 9-13-epoxylabdans series, exhibiting the main biological activity: lagochiline and its acetyl derivatives, accumulate mainly in the leaves and calyx of the plant in August, which is also consistent with some literature data. data.For isolation, extraction methods were used with various solvents. The methods of thin layer chromatography and spectroscopic research methods such as IR, PMR and mass spectrometry were used for identification.
B. Galambosi, K. P. Svoboda, S. G. Deans, and E. Hethelyi, “Agronomical and Phytochemical Investigation of Hyssopus Officinalis,” Agricultural and Food Science, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 293–302, Jul. 1993.
doi: 10.23986/afsci.72652.
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) obtained from various commercial sources was grown for three years (1990-1992) in Finland. Yield characteristics, flower colour, volatile oil content/composition and its antimicrobial quality were studied. For comparison, Scottish-grown hyssop was included in oil and quality determinations. The description of the flower colour given by the seed firms was not a reliable indicator of the true colour in many cases. Oil yield was satisfactory and oil composition was rather uniform. Only one different chemotype was identified, this was derived from a Romanian seed source. There was considerable variation in herb yield between plants from different sources. The total fresh herb yield was 0.5-3.2 kg/m2, the dry leaf yield was 67-326 g/m2. Seed germination was satisfactory (76-99%), offering opportunities for seed production of varieties with different characteristics.
R. Gang and Y. Kang, “Botanical Features and Ethnopharmacological Potential of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L.) R. Br: A Review,” Journal of Plant Biotechnology, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 3–14, Mar. 2022.
doi: 10.5010/JPB.2022.49.1.003.
V. Georgiev and A. Pavlov, “Genetic Engineering and Manipulation of Metabolite Pathways in Salvia Spp.,” in Salvia Biotechnology, V. Georgiev and A. Pavlov, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017, pp. 399–414.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-73900-7_10.
Plants from the genus Salvia have been recognized as medicinal herbs all over the world since earliest times. They are known to accumulate diverse range of bioactive phytochemicals, including polyphenols (rosmarinic and salvianolic acids), triterpenes (ursolic and oleanolic acids), diterpenes (tanshinones, carnosic acid), flavonoids and sterols, etc. Nowadays, the powerful methods of genetic and metabolic engineering, synthetic biology and combinatorial biosynthesis have been widely applied for improvement of commercial crops yields and for increasing their medicinal value by modulating the accumulation of biologically active phytochemicals. Over the past few years, these techniques have been applied in Salvia plants and in vitro systems, but the research still remains limited to few species. In this chapter, we summarized the recent achievements in genetic engineering of Salvia species, with special attention on metabolite engineering of phenolic biosynthesis and terpenoids biosynthesis pathways. Some aspects of the applications of functional genes, cloned by Salvia species, for the needs of synthetic biology and combinatorial biosynthesis are reviewed as well.
N. Gholamreza, H. Madani, and E. Farahani, “The Assessment Effects of Bio and Chemical Fertilizers on Vegetative Growth and Essential Oil of Hyssop (Hyssopus Officinalis L.).”
In this study the effect of bio and chemical fertilizer on Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) plant characteristics, biomass yield and essential oil was investigated during 2009 -2011. Treatments were Control, without using any fertilizes (F1), Chemical fertilizers application (F2), PSB: Phosphate solublizing Bacteria application (F3) and Nitroxin: Nitrogen fixation Bacteria (F4). The experimental design for both years was complete randomized block design with three replications. The results have shown a significant increase in some plant characteristics and properties of hyssop compare to control. Chemical fertilizers application with by 2824 kgha-1 had highest Biomass but the most essential oil yield were obtain in Chemical fertilizers application plus Nitroxin that were significantly increased yield of essential oil by 4.1 kg/ha and biomass yield by 2530 kg/ha.
N. T. H. Giang, P. V. Ngot, D. T. N. Thanh, N. T. H. Giang, P. V. Ngot, and D. T. N. Thanh, “Morphological, Anatomical and Antibacterial Characteristics of Leonotis Nepetifolia Plants Growing in Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam,” GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 053–063, 2021.
doi: 10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.2.0041.
Lion’s ear [Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br.] is a Vietnamese medicinal plant that has been described in basic morphology and isolated for a number of chemical compounds. This study aims to supplement a database of morphology, micro-anatomy and antibacterial abilities of this species. Micro-anatomical analysis was based on a double staining method microscopic dimensional measurement of plant. The antibacterial capacity was based on the diameter of the inhibitory zone. The results showed that the plant had the characteristics of adapting to the dry and light conditions of the region. Leaf extract at the content of 4.8 to 8.0 mg had the best inhibitory ability on 5 strains of bacteria B. cereus, S. aureus, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The inhibition zone diameters were 0.27, 10.33, 5.00, 3.80 and 2.23 mm, respectively.
F. B. Gill and C. A. Conway, “Floral Biology of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. (Labiatae),” Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 131, pp. 244–256, 1979.https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064790.
We describe characteristics of the flowers of the African weed Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. from the viewpoint of ornithologists interested in the ecology of nectar feeding sunbirds, and summarize information on flower age, structure, density, and nectar characteristics. Although flowers of Leonotis nepetifolia are clearly adapted for pollination by sunbirds, they do not appear to be closely coevolved with any one of the large sunbird species that often visit them to obtain nectar.
A. Gohari, E. Barari, S. Saeidnia, A. Shakeri, and E. Motaghedi, “Phytochemical Study of Lagochilus Cabulicus Benth,” Planta Medica, vol. 77, no. 12, p. PG83, Aug. 2011.
doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1282567.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
N. Golubkina et al., “Yield, Essential Oil and Quality Performances of Artemisia Dracunculus, Hyssopus Officinalis and Lavandula Angustifolia as Affected by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi under Organic Management,” Plants, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 375, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/plants9030375.
Utilization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for enhancing growth and development as well as production of essential oil in aromatic plants has been increasingly drawing research interest. In order to assess the AMF effects on different aromatic species, an open-field experiment was carried out using Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon), Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) and Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop). AMF stimulated the growth of tarragon and lavender plants, whereas hyssop showed a slight developmental slowing; nonetheless, a significant increase in essential oil content in the three species was seen. AMF application increased the biomass of A. dracunculus and H. officinalis by 20–35%. No differences in antioxidant activity and phenolics content were recorded at harvest between the control and AMF-inoculated plants, but the latter showed a significant increase in antioxidant status upon storage at high temperature and humidity compared to the untreated control. The enhancement of abiotic stress resistance during storage in plants inoculated with AMF was the highest in A. dracunculus, and the lowest in H. officinalis, while the untreated control plants showed a significant decrease in phenolics, ascorbic acid and chlorophyll content, as well as antioxidant activity, upon the abiotic stress. AMF inoculation differentially affected the mineral composition, increasing the accumulation of Se, I and Zn in A. dracunculus, and decreasing the levels of heavy metals and Co, Fe, Li, Mn in H. officinalis. Based on the outcome of the present research, AMF inoculation resulted in a significant enhancement of the overall performances of A. dracunculus, L. angustifolia and H. officinalis, and also in the improvement of plant antioxidant status upon storage in stress conditions.
The present invention relates to a chewing gum formulation which serves as a means for awakening human consciousness and mindfulness to the sensorial subtleties, which in turn strengthens sovereignty such that overall psycho-spirituality is enhanced. More particularly, this invention relates to a dietary supplement consisting of the botanical plant Salvia divinorum as the source substance, including Salvinorin Alpha (A) as its primary active constituent, which is precisely extracted from S. divinorum to achieve a consistent dosing regimen predetermined for standardized efficacies.
J. G. González-Gallegos, J. H. Vega-Mares, and J. A. Fernández, “Salvia Reginae and S. Spellenbergii (Lamiaceae), Two New Species from Chihuahua, Mexico,” Willdenowia, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 319–328, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.3372/wi.49.49303.
During botanical explorations in the highlands of NW Mexico, two new Salvia L. species were discovered in the state of Chihuahua: S. reginae J. G. González & J. H. Vega and S. spellenbergii J. G. González. The first one is morphologically similar to S. concolor Lamb. ex Benth., from which it differs by having smaller floral bracts, a longer upper corolla lip, stamens parallel to the dorsal corolla line, longer filament and connective, the latter ornate with an antrorse tiny acute tooth, longer thecae, longer and exserted styles, and bigger mericarps. Salvia spellenbergii resembles S. fruticulosa Benth., S. goldmanii Fernald and S. pruinosa Fernald; however, it can be distinguished from these because of its shorter petioles, smaller leaf blades, usually fewer floral nodes, fewer flowers per floral node, and regularly shorter calyces. Both species are described and illustrated. Tables with morphological comparisons, illustrations, conservation assessment, and a distribution map are also presented.Citation: González-Gallegos J. G., Vega-Mares J. H. & Fernández J. A. 2019: Salvia reginae and S. spellenbergii (Lamiaceae), two new species from Chihuahua, Mexico. – Willdenowia 49: 319 – 328. doi: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.49.49303Version of record first published online on 26 November 2019 ahead of inclusion in December 2019 issue.
J. W. Gruber, D. J. Siebert, A. H. D. Marderosian, and R. S. Hock, “High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Quantification of Salvinorin a from Tissues of Salvia Divinorum Epling & Játiva-m,” Phytochemical Analysis, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 22–25, 1999.
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199901/02)10:1<22::AID-PCA428>3.0.CO;2-0.
I.-S. Han, Y.-M. Ha, D.-Y. Kim, and B.-H. Lee, “Basic Studies of Korean Native Clerodendron trichotomum Thunberg for Landscape Uses,” Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 130–138, 2011.
doi: 10.14700/KITLA.2011.29.2.130.
본 연구는 전통식물 누리장나무를 조경 소재로 개발하기 위한 기초연구로서 자생지 환경특성 및 생육특성과 번식방법을 규명하고자 실시하였다. 우리나라 전역에 자생하고 있는 누리장나무는 예로부터 어린 잎을 식용하거나 줄기, 뿌리 등을 약용으로 이용한 토종식물로서 전통 조경식물로 구분할 수 있다. 누리장나무가 기록된 최초의 문헌은 1937년 정태현 등이 저술한 <조선식물향명집> 에서 개똥나무라 칭하였으며, 황해도 이남 산야지, 산기슭, 하천변, 둑 등에서 자라고, 식용 및 약용으로 이용된다. 누리장나무는 우리 역사와 함께 하였으며, 여름에 피는 흰 꽃과 가을에 익는 비취색의 열매는 관상가치가 높아 조경용 소재로 개발할 가치가 높다. 누리장나무는 낙엽활엽관목으로 한 화방내 꽃의 크기는 1.2cm로 작은 편이며 수술의 수는 4개, 암술의 수는 1개였다. 화방의 총 길이는 15cm, 화방폭은 20cm였으며, 화방당 꽃수는 84개로 한 화방당 꽃이 많은 것을 알 수 있었다. 열매색은 흑청색으로 과폭은 0.72~0.75cm, 과고는 0.71~0.73cm로서 거의 원형에 가까웠으며, 6월 11일 착과되어 이듬해 봄까지 열매가 달려있어 열매 감상기간이 총 175일로 길었다. 자생지의 토양산도는 안양 수리산이 4.58로 강원도의 정선 아우라지의 5.52보다 낮았다. 누리장나무의 종자발아율은 자생지별로 다양하였으며, 플러그(plug) 상자에서 발아율이 80% 이상으로 높게 나타났으며, 생장 역시 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 녹지삽목 시기를 6월과 7월에 걸쳐 실시한 결과 7월 7일 처리구에서 공히 발근율이 가장 높게 나타난 반면 6월 23일과 7월 21일 처리구는 발근율이 오히려 낮아졌다. IBA 농도에 따른 발근율을 조사한 결과, 7월 7일 IBA 1,000 ppm과 2,000 ppm 처리구에서 발근율이 94%, 97%의 높은 발근율을 보여 누리장나무의 녹지삽목은 7월 상순 IBA 1,000~2,000 ppm의 저농도에서 실시하는 것이 가장 적합하다고 판단되었다. This study was carried out to investigate growth characteristics and propagation methods of Clerodendron trichotomum for landscape uses. The results are obtained as follows: In the first place, Korean native C. trichotomum was printed in the "Enumeration of plants in Chosun" in 1937 by Tae Hyun Chung. C. trichotomum is a shrub with round shape. This is noted for its late summer flowers, showy fruit and malodorous foliage. White flowers in long-peduncled cymes bloom in the upper leaf axils from late summer into fall. Flowers are followed by small bright blue fruits, each subtended by a fleshy red calyx. C. trichotomum showed high seed germination rate and greater shoot length in plug box than in normal seeding bed. The rooting rate of C. trichotomum according to cutting date was highest on July 7. The optimum date for cutting was on July 7~10 when the shoots were more hardened. Soil acidity ranged from pH 4.58 to 5.52. The most effective method for rooting of C. trichotomum was treatment with 1,000 ppm IBA on July 7 cuttings, which showed rooting rate of over 90%. Korean native C. trichotomum was successfully propagated through soft cutting and seed.
D. C. Hao, X.-J. Gu, and P. G. Xiao, “14 - Phytochemical and Biological Research of Salvia Medicinal Resources,” in Medicinal Plants, D. C. Hao, X.-J. Gu, and P. G. Xiao, Eds. Woodhead Publishing, 2015, pp. 587–639.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100085-4.00014-1.
Sage (Salvia) species have been used in traditional medicine for the relief of pain, protecting the body against oxidative stress, free radical damages, angiogenesis, inflammation, bacterial and virus infection, etc. Various terpenoids and phenolic compounds of Salvia plants are found to be useful in industry and health care. Many studies suggest that sage species can be considered for drug development because of their reported pharmacology and therapeutic activities in many countries of Asia and Middle East. Transcriptome data provide useful information on transcript profiles, gene discovery, transcriptional regulation, tissue biogenesis, and marker-assisted selections. Omics platform will greatly contribute to the improvement of Salvia medicinal plants, for the purpose of ensuring adequate drug resources. This chapter covers the latest advances in phytochemical, pharmacological, phylogenetic, and omics studies of Salvia plants. More Salvia plants, besides the well-known S. miltiorrhiza, S. sclarea, and S. officinalis, have application potential in pharmaceutical industry and clinical therapy.
S. D. Hatipoglu, B. Yalcinkaya, M. Akgoz, T. Ozturk, A. C. Goren, and G. Topcu, “Screening of Hallucinogenic Compounds and Genomic Characterisation of 40 Anatolian Salvia Species,” Phytochemical Analysis, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 541–549, 2017.
doi: 10.1002/pca.2703.
A. L. Hayden, “Aeroponic and Hydroponic Systems for Medicinal Herb, Rhizome, and Root Crops,” HortScience, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 536–538, Jun. 2006.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.536.
Hydroponic and aeroponic production of medicinal crops in controlled environments provides opportunities for improving quality, purity, consistency, bioactivity, and biomass production on a commercial scale. Ideally, the goal is to optimize the environment and systems to maximize all five characteristics. Examples of crop production systems using perlite hydroponics, nutrient film technique (NFT), ebb and flow, and aeroponics were studied for various root, rhizome, and herb leaf crops. Biomass data comparing aeroponic vs. soilless culture or field grown production of burdock root (Arctium lappa), stinging nettles herb and rhizome (Urtica dioica), and yerba mansa root and rhizome (Anemopsis californica) are presented, as well as smaller scale projects observing ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) and skullcap herb (Scutellaria lateriflora). Phytochemical concentration of marker compounds for burdock and yerba mansa in different growing systems are presented.
C. Hebert*, J. Kuehny, C. Johnson, and A. Delaune, “Pollen Viability of Clerodendrum,” HortScience, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 808A–808, Jul. 2004.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.39.4.808A.
The genus Clerodendrum belongs to the family Verbenaceae of which there are over 400 tree, shrub, and vine species. Species of Clerodendrum vary in leaf size, shape and texture; inflorescence shape; and flower shape, size and color. There is commercial interest in developing hybrids with desirable floricultural attributes. Interspecific hybridization could be used to increase variability in flower color, inflorescence shape, plant vigor, leaf color and shape for selection. Pollen viability among species is in question because of absence of seed set on many selected plants. The need for assessing viability of pollen used is important in determining the strategies to be used in hybridization. Clerodendrum floribundum, C. speciosissimum, C. splendens, C. × speciosum (C. thompsonia × C. splendens) and C. quadriloculare grown in a greenhouse under natural daylight were used as pollen sources. Pollen was collected from recently opened anther, placed in a scintillation vial on ice, and brought into the laboratory. A peroxidase test, dehydrogenase test, and the fluorescein diacetate procedure were used to determine percent viability of pollen before, during and after anthesis for each Clerodendrum species.
A. Ibragimov, D. Dolimov, S. Talipov, L. Izotova, and U. Zainutdinov, “Redetermnation of Lagochiline Monohydrate,” Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online, vol. 66, no. Pt 6, p. o1392, May 2010.
doi: 10.1107/S1600536810017800.
In the title compound, C20H36O5·H2O, previously studied by film methods [Vorontsova et al. (1975). Izvest. USSR Ser. Chem. 2, 338–343], the H atoms have been located and the absolute structure (seven stereogenic centres) established. An intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.
S. Imran, S. S. Suradkar, and D. K. Koche, “Phytochemical Analysis of Leonotis Nepetifolia (l.) R. Br., a Wild Medicinal Plant of Lamiaceae.”
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br., is one of the wild members of family Lamiaceae. The plant is known for its anti-cold, anti- cough, anti-inflamatory and anti-diarrheal properties since ages and being used by local tribal communities as ethnomedicine. The present study is an attempt to investigate the preliminary phytochemical composition of this plant. The result reveals the presence of bioactive constituents comprising alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, glycosides, steroids and saponins in different solvents. The presence of these phytochemicals can be correlated with the medicinal potential of this plant.
B. Islamov, M. Hasanov, G. Turakulova, and A. Akhmedov, “Estimate of the Current Condition of Populations of the Lagochilus Olgae R.KAM. (Lamiaceae Lindl.) in Uzbekistan,” American Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 307–315, Mar. 2022.
doi: 10.4236/ajps.2022.133019.
Intense human pressure and global warming have caused habitat destruction in these areas and increased the number of endangered species. These species are endemic to the Nuratau ridge and are under high human pressure. We found four populations of both species in the Nuratau ridge. For each population we measured plant density and determined population maturity and ontogenetic spectrum. We also described the plant community where each population grew. At all sites population density was low, with most populations being classified as mature with centred ontogenetic structure.
R. Islamov, U. N. Zainutdinov, and \relax K. A. Aslanov, “Lagochilin 3-Monoacetate from Lagochilus Inebrians,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 342–343, May 1978.
doi: 10.1007/BF00713342.
\relax A. K. Islamov, I. R. Askarov, and D. S. Tojiboeva, “Study of Extraction Conditions of Lagochilus Inebrians Bge. Plant,” IJODKOR O‘QITUVCHI JURNALI, pp. 129–134, Nov. 2022.
The species Lagochilus has long been known for its healing properties, i.e. as a hemostatic agent, and it is one of the most popular, effective hemostatic medicinal plants of the East. Decoctions and tinctures based on the Lagochilus plant have been used in practice to stop various bleedings. The pharmacology of Lagochilus plant species was studied at the pharmacology departments of the Kuban, Samarkand, Andijan medical universities. Of these, aqueous and alcoholic decoctions of Lagochilus inebrians have been identified as having physiologically active properties such as sedative, hypotensive, sedative, anti-shock, anti-radiation and anti-allergic (anti-allergic) in addition to hemostatic properties[1-2]. The Lagochilus inebrians plant grows in the Nurota district of the Navoi region of Uzbekistan and in the village of Navandak, Mirdosh Langar, Akmal Ikromov collective farm of the Khatirchi district, on the banks of the river and in the rocky areas. It is also found in Bukhara and Kashkadarya regions. It was grown in the village of Darmana in the former Frunze state farm of Shymkent province. It grows wild in the villages of Ko’shrabot, Gujumsoy, Bozorjoy, Jush, Samarkand region.
A. X. Islomov, I. R. Asqarov, A. S. Turayev, and M. M. o’g’li Mo’minjonov, “Obtaining the Oil Extract of Lagochilus Inebrians Plant and Using it in Folk Medicine,” Журнал химии товаров и народной медицины, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 313–325, Oct. 2022.
doi: 10.55475/jcgtm/vol1.iss4.2022.99.
This article describes the properties, chemical composition, methods for obtaining oil extracts of the plant Lagochilus inebrians Bunge, the results of the separation and physico-chemical properties of these vegetable oils by high performance liquid chromatography, as well as their use in traditional medicine.
This paper presents data on the effect of Gibberellin A3 (GA3) and Auxinindolyl-3-acetic acid (heteroauxin) stimulants on seed germination and growth for the culture of Lagochilus inebrians plant.
M. Iwarsson and Y. Harvey, “Monograph of the Genus Leonotis (Pers.) R. Br. (Lamiaceae),” Kew Bulletin, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 597–645, 2003.
doi: 10.2307/4111146.
In this revision of the genus Leonotis four new taxa are described and illustrated: L. grandis Iwarsson & Y. B. Harv. from the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, N Malawi and NE Zambia; L. decadonta Gürke var. porotoensis Iwarsson & Y. B. Harv. from the Southern Highlands of Tanzania; L. myricifolia Iwarsson & Y. B. Harv. from the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, E Zambia and N Malawi; and L. myrothamnifolia Iwarsson & Y. B. Harv. from the Mafinga Hills bordering Malawi and Zambia. The new combination L. decadonta Gürke var. vestita (Briq.) Iwarsson &: Y. B. Harv. is made and differences between the varieties of L. decadonta are described. A lectotype is selected for L. decadonta. This work accepts both varieties of L. nepetifolia (L.) R. Br., var. nepetifolia and the recently much-ignored var. africana (P. Beauv.) J. K. Morton.
K. J, S. Singh, and M. Khan, “Clerodendrum Colebrookianum Walp.: A Potential Folk Medicinal Plant of North East India,” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research, vol. 2, pp. 256–261, Jan. 2013.
In view of extensive ethno-medicinal importance and utilization in various forms of ethnomedicinal applications of Clerodendrum colebrookianum in the north eastern region, the present paper is an effort to compile the existing information on folklore medicine uses by different communities of north eastern India. The paper also encompasses to analyze the potential aspects in scientific identification of principle compounds and formulation of drug-like leads based on basic and applied research activities and for development of sustainable exploitation and conservation strategies in the near future. The present work is an extensive review and analysis of published literature supplemented by actual field surveys conducted and consultation with local healers and peoples familiar with ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal uses of Clerodendrum colebrookianum in different parts of the north eastern India. C. colebrookianum is known by more than thirty vernacular names among 20 different tribes and communities of north eastern region. The plant is used for treatment and cure of more than 16 different diseases and ailments. The use of young and tender leaves as decoction for antihypertensive purpose was the most common form of ethnomedicinal application for the species of C .colebrookianum among all ethnic tribes and communities in the region. A detailed investigation on the phytochemical, pharmacological properties of C. colebrookianum may lead to discover the potential lead compounds or molecules against life threatening diseases of human life such as hypertension, diabetes, etc.
A. Jamal, G. Ayub, A. Rahman, A. Rashid, J. Ali, and M. Shahab, “08. Effect of IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) Levels on the Growth and Rooting of Different Cutting Types of Clerodendrum Splendens,” Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 64–71, Oct. 2021.https://www.thepab.org/index.php/journal/article/view/2105.
An experiment to evaluate different IBA levels and cutting types for achieving growth and rooting of Clerodendrum splendens was studied at Ornamental Horticulture Nursery, Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan during the year 2012. In the experiment two types of cuttings were used i.e. stem cuttings and root cuttings and were treated with 0, 10, 20 and 30% IBA. Cuttings were then planted in polythene bags crammed with the mixture of clay, FYM and sand with the ratio of 1:1:1. IBA with the level of 20% showed best results regarding number of leaves per plant (14.0), number of roots per plant (9.8), root diameter (2.4mm) and survival percentage (60.0%). A significant increase in sprout length (29.1cm) and root length (24.8cm) were observed in cuttings treated with 10% IBA level over the control. Among cuttings, stem cuttings gave good results in all parameters as compared to the root cuttings. Interaction revealed that stem cuttings proved superior when treated with 20% IBA followed by 10% IBA, while root cuttings did not need IBA for rooting and resultant growth as these cuttings rooted and grew well without IBA. Hence it is recommended that stem cuttings need IBA at the rate of 20%, while root cuttings should be used without treating with IBA. Keywords: IBA; Cuttings; Clerodendrum splendens http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2016.50009
A. A. Jenks, J. B. Walker, and S.-C. Kim, “Evolution and Origins of the Mazatec Hallucinogenic Sage, Salvia Divinorum (Lamiaceae): A Molecular Phylogenetic Approach,” Journal of Plant Research, vol. 124, no. 5, pp. 593–600, Sep. 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s10265-010-0394-6.
Salvia divinorum Epl. & Játiva-M. (Lamiaceae) is a potent hallucinogenic plant that is classified within Salvia subgenus Calosphace, section Dusenostachys, and hypothesized to be an interspecific hybrid. It is of ethnobotanical significance due to its employment in traditional healing ceremonies by the Mazatecs of Oaxaca, Mexico, and due to its unique pharmacology—a highly selective, non-nitrogenous, κ-opioid receptor agonist. In order to test its phylogenetic position and putative hybridity, we sequenced multiple DNA regions (ITS, trnL-trnF, and psbA-trnH) of 52 species—representing the major lineages of subgenus Calosphace—and six accessions of S. divinorum. Our molecular phylogenetic results suggest that S. divinorum should not be classified within Dusenostachys and that it is not a hybrid. Additionally, we determine that the closest known relative of this psychoactive Mexican sage is S. venulosa, a rare endemic of Colombia.
A. A. Jenks and S.-C. Kim, “Medicinal Plant Complexes of Salvia Subgenus Calosphace: An Ethnobotanical Study of New World Sages,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 214–224, Mar. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.035.
Ethnopharmacological relevance The species of Salvia subgenus Calosphace are used medicinally and ritually in numerous traditions of folk healing among indigenous cultures of North and South America with more than 500 species. These species contain numerous bioactive terpenes and terpenoids, some active at human opioid and GABA receptors, which may contribute to their effectiveness as folk medicines. Medicinal plant complexes contain species which share common names, morphological and/or aromatic properties, and medicinal uses; these complexes are found in traditional systems of medicine. Our research looks for complexes within Calosphace and the secondary metabolites they contain. Materials and methods Several studies have combined molecular phylogenetics and ethnopharmacology to successfully target active medicinal species. In this paper, we have selected a monophyletic clade, Salvia subgenus Calosphace, and performed a literature search to identify medicinal plant complexes within it. We created a database from over 200 references, found using keywords, and herbarium sheets. To identify medicinal plant complexes within the database, all species with shared vernacular names were first grouped. If the species sharing common names had similar medicinal uses and morphological similarity, they were concluded to be a complex. In order to determine the accuracy and validity of this approach, the chia complex was used as control, and we more species than reported by all of the published references combined. After identifying complexes and species within each, we searched the phytochemical literature to identify all reported secondary metabolites for each. Results We identify four previously unidentified complexes. Mirto (5 species) is used extensively in the treatment of the folk illness susto and other illnesses in Mexico, and is characterized by red flowers. Ñucchu (7 species) used as a symbolic element in religious processions and in the treatment of respiratory ailments in Peru and characterized by red flowers. Cantueso (2 species), with blue flowers, is used for respiratory ailments in Mexico, and Manga-paqui (3 species) is used for kidney and liver diseases in Ecuador. For the species of each complex we report all traditional preparations, other vernacular names, and known secondary metabolites. Among these complexes, Mirto and Ñucchu appear to have exceptional levels of cultural significance. Conclusions Our results support our hypothesis that species within Salvia subgenus Calosphace will assort into complexes of medicinal plants that share common names, appearances, and medicinal uses. We have identified four new complexes within this monophyletic lineage, mirto, ñucchu, cantueso, and manga-paqui.
A. A. Jenks, “Systematics and Ethnobotany of Salvia Subgenus Calosphace and Origins of the Hallucinogenic Sage, Salvia Divinorum,” PhD thesis, UC Riverside, 2008.https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3f24n5mp.
Salvia subgenus Calosphace (Lamiaceae), the largest of 5 subgenera with some 500 species and strongly supported as monophyletic, has received no comprehensive systematic research since the initial establishment of 91 taxonomic sections. Representative taxa of 73 sections of Calosphace were sampled to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and identify major lineages using chloroplast (intergenic spacer, psbA-trnH) and nuclear DNA (ribosomal spacer region, ITS). Phylogenetic analysis of the combined data set established the monophyly of nine sections (Blakea, Corrugatae, Dusenostachys, Erythrostachys, Hastatae, Incarnatae, Microsphace, Nobiles, and Sigmoideae) and four major lineages (S. axillaris, “Hastatae clade”, “Uliginosae clade”, and “Core Calosphace”) corresponding with the four major stamen types identified within the subgenus. Disjunct sections spanning two or more centers of diversity are not supported by the results; no more than seven dispersal events to South America are required to account for the current disjunct distributions. One member of the subgenus, Salvia divinorum is hallucinogenic and used in traditional healing ceremonies by the Mazatec of Mexico. It was classified within section Dusenostachys and hypothesized to be an interspecific hybrid. Multiple DNA regions (ITS, trnL-trnF, and psbA-trnH) of 52 species representing the major lineages of subgenus Calosphace and six accessions of S. divinorum were sequenced to test its phylogenetic position and putative hybridity. Salvia divinorum should not be classified within Dusenostachys nor is it a hybrid according to the results; its closest relative is S. venulosa, a Colombian endemic. In addition to S. divinorum, there are many other Calosphace species that are used medicinally in North and South America. Ethnobotanical data was gathered for 150 species; those sharing the common names, medicinal uses, appearances, and similar compounds associated into medicinal plant complexes. Five new, previously undocumented complexes were identified: Mirto (5 spp. used extensively in the treatment of susto and other illnesses in Mexico), Ñucchu (7 spp. used as a symbolic element in religious prossessions and in the treatment of respiratory ailments in Peru), Lí’l++ (3 spp. used for food and medicine by the Chianantec), Cantueso (2 spp. used for respiratory ailments in Mexico), and Manga-paqui (3 spp. used for kidney and liver problems in Ecuador).
N. Joshee et al., “Scutellaria: Biotechnology, Phytochemistry and Its Potential as a Commercial Medicinal Crop,” in Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants: Micropropagation and Improvement, S. Chandra, \relax H. E. M. A. N. T. LATA, and A. Varma, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013, pp. 69–99.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-29974-2_3.
Plants of the genus Scutellaria (family Lamiaceae) are distributed globally and they are integral part of Eastern as well as American traditional medicine. The genus Scutellaria, commonly referred to as skullcap, is considered as a North American perennial plant. At present this genus is represented by 350–360 species. Many species are rare, threatened, or endangered. Habitat destruction, urbanization, and poor seed set are a few reasons behind the diminishing population of many skullcaps. Many skullcap species have showy, beautiful blooms with great potential as ornamental plants. Skullcaps are used in alternative medicine as antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, nervine, sedative, and strong tonic. More than 295 compounds have been isolated from Scutellaria species and the majority of the compounds are flavonoids and diterpenes. We present a review of research carried out by various groups, covering aspects of phytochemical screening, biomedical studies, conservation, plant biotechnology, and development of Scutellaria as a premium crop. We have developed a germplasm collection at Fort Valley State University that includes 19 species. These species are maintained in the greenhouse and through micropropagation in the lab. Biotechnology presents significant advances for the use of Scutellaria. We will review progress in micropropagation, transformation for desired gene transfer, and hairy root induction, extraction, and HPLC analysis of targeted flavonoids, and preclinical and clinical studies on select extracts and isolated flavonoids using various cancer models.
S. K and K. H. H, “Obtaining Pathogen-Free Seedlings Based on Microclonal Propagation of Lagochilus Inebriance Bunge Using in Vitro Methods,” International Journal of Genetic Engineering, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 10–15, /26/2022.
doi: 10.5923/j.ijge.20221001.03.
In recent years, possibilities have been achieved based on the widespread use of in vitro methods in the preservation and development of biodiversity. The specificity of the morphogen response to the effects of growth regulators of the studied samples of Lagochilus inebriance in in vitro condition was determined using mineral nutrient media with different composition. The optimal medium was selected for the micropropagation of the studied L.inebriance samples; The addition of 0.1 μM BAP to the nutrient medium according to recipe B5 was noted to be effective; BDS medium containing 5.0 µM BAP and 2.0 µM NAA was used for samples of L. inebriance growing in laboratory conditions, and 0.4 µM BAP, 3.2 µM NAA for samples growing in greenhouse conditions and B5 nutrient medium supplemented with 2.3 μM IAA was noted to be the most effective. In the proliferative phase, the most effective cytokinin was BAP compared to TDZ and Kinetin.
D. Kh. Akramov et al., “Comparative Study on the Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oils of Three Lagochilus Species Collected from Uzbekistan,” Natural Product Research, vol. 35, no. 16, pp. 2734–2738, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1655417.
Lagochilus species are mainly distributed in Central Asia and widely used in folk medicine as a sedative and haemostatic. The present investigation reports on the extraction by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition of three Lagochilus species (L. gypsaceus, L. inebrians and L. setulosus) essential oils from Uzbekistan. The chemical composition of these essential oils was determined by GC-MS. The results showed that the studied essential oils are made up mainly of linalool (11.97%), β-ionone (11.75%), trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (7.15%), α-terpineol (7.40%) for L. gypsaceus; trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (9.40%), eugenol (7.01%), trans-verbenol (3.85%), bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one (3.76%), pinocarvone (3.43%) for L. inebrians; and finally 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol (19.78%), bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-4-ol (5.43%), hexadecanoic acid (5.39%), limonene (5.19%), 2-hexenal (5.03%) for L. setulosus. The best antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity was observed for the essential oil of L. inebrians. However, L. setulosus essential oil exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against amylase.
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. is a herbaceous plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae and grows across India by the roadsides or on the barren land field. This plant is medicinally very important. Various parts of the plant are used as depurative,
H. Kitagaki, N. Seno, H. Yamaguchi, and I. Matsumoto, “Isolation and Characterization of a Lectin from the Fruit of Clerodendron Trichotomum,” The Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 791–799, 1985.
An agglutinin of Clerodendron trichotomum fruit (CTA), found to be specific for N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and D-galactose, was isolated and characterized. The fruit extract was decolorized first by passage through a Toyopearl column and a phenyl-Sepharose column. Then the lectin activity was adsorbed on p-aminophenyl N-acetyl-α-D-galactosaminide- or p-aminophenyl β-D-galactoside-Sepharose, and eluted as a sharp peak with 0.2M lactose. The purified CTA was found to be homogeneous by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel chromatography and ultracentrifugal analysis, and was determined to be a glycoprotein homodimer with a molecular weight of 56, 000 daltons. Hemagglutination-inhibition assay indicated that CTA is most specific for N-acetyl-D-galactosaminide with a hydro-phobic aglycon.
S. K. R. Kizi, K. K. Hadjibabayevich, and K. B. Esanovich, “Root System Formation and Adaptation to Ex Vitro Conditions in Regenerant Lagochilus Inebrians Bunge Samples,” E Conference Zone, pp. 43–48, Aug. 2022.http://www.econferencezone.org/index.php/ecz/article/view/1491.
When leaf axillary buds and leaf fragments were used as primary explants during experiments a combination of BAP (5 mg / l) + NAA (0.4 mg / l) in the MS culture medium was found to be the optimal indicator for formation of callus tissue. It was also found that the intensity of callus tissue formation in the combination of BAP (3-4 mg / l) + NAA (0.4 mg / l) in the MS medium was high when using buds and leaf fragments located in the tip of stem .
S. Kizil, O. Toncer, A. Ipek, N. Arslan, S. Saglam, and K. Mahmood Khawar, “Blooming Stages of Turkish Hyssop (Hyssopus Officinalis L.) Affect Essential Oil Composition,” Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 273–279, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.1080/09064710701647297.
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), native to the Caucasus, North Western Iran, Turkish North Eastern Black Sea region, and Southern Anatolia, is a highly valued medicinal plant. The experiment was conducted to find the effect of harvesting at different blooming stages of the plant on fresh and dry herbage yield, dry leaf yield, essential oil content, and essential oil components. In total, twenty-nine components were identified in hyssop essential oil by GC/MS. Isopinocamphone was the dominating component (47.9–51.4%) in the all analysed oil samples. The results clearly demonstrated that oil contents are seriously affected by the environmental conditions and stage of blooming, with the highest oil yield and oil contents at the post-blooming stage.
T. Kowalczyk et al., “Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of the Biological Activity of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L.) R. Br Transformed Roots Extracts Obtained through Rhizobium Rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation,” Cells, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 1242, May 2021.
doi: 10.3390/cells10051242.
According to the present knowledge, this is the first report on establishing transformed root cultures of Leonotis nepetifolia after Rhizobium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed differences in the content of phenols and flavonoids in transformed and nontransformed roots. The dominant compounds in the analyzed extracts were (+)-catechin (5464 and 6808 µg/g DW), p-coumaric acid (2549 and 4907 µg/g DW), m-coumaric acid (1508 and 2048 µg/g DW) and rosmarinic acid (1844 and 2643 µg/g DW) for nontransformed (LNNR) and transformed (LNTR4) roots, respectively. Initial biological studies carried out on LNNR, and LNTR4 extracts showed a cytotoxic effect on the A549 lung, HCC1937 breast and leukemia NALM-6 cell lines, antioxidants, as well as repair and protection against DNA damage induced by H2O2 in HUVEC cells. Due to the stronger effect of the LNTR4 root extract, which can be a relatively efficient and cheap source of bioactive secondary metabolites, further biological analyses are needed to discover in detail their potentially valuable biological properties.
K. Kuchta, J. Ortwein, A. Savtschenko, D. Briel, R. B. Volk, and H. W. Rauwald, “Leonurus Cardiaca, L. Japonicus, Leonotis Leonurus: Quantitative HPLC and Instrumental HPTLC Determination of Fourteen Phenolics,” Planta Medica, vol. 78, no. 11, p. PJ50, Jul. 2012.
doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1321210.
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B. Lal and R. S. Ambasht, “Ecological Studies on Seed Germination of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L) Ait. f. in Relation to Environmental Factors, with Emphasis on Fluoride Polluted Soils.,” Geo-Eco-Trop, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 229–237, 1982.http://www.geoecotrop.be/uploads/publications/pub_063_06.pdf.
Leonotis nepetifolia, a tall herb of the Labiatae, presents a pantropical distribution, growing on uneven landscape. In the Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh (India) the plant is characteristic of and dominant in fluoride-polluted areas. Ecological studies were conducted on seeds from this provenance. Fresh seeds were dormant due to the presence of a water soluble inhibitor in the seed coat....
P.-X. Lin, J.-H. Li, S.-H. Chen, H.-C. Chang, and R. McKetin, “Quantitative Determination of Salvinorin A, a Natural Hallucinogen with Abuse Liability, in Internet-Available Salvia Divinorum and Endemic Species of Salvia in Taiwan,” Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 370, 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.017.
In recent years, recreational use of Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae), a herbal drug that contains a hallucinogenic ingredient, salvinorin A, has become a new phenomenon among young drug users. In Taiwan, as in many other countries, dry leaves of S. divinorum ...
L. M. O. Damasceno et al., “Cytotoxic Activity of Chemical Constituents and Essential Oil from the Leaves of Leonotis Nepetifolia (Lamiaceae),” Revista Virtual de Química, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 517–528, 2019.
doi: 10.21577/1984-6835.20190039.
Cancer is a health problem affecting a large part of the world population. In this context, several research groups have investigated molecules with higher efficiency and lower side effects. The species Leonotis nepetifolia is a shrub belonging to the Lamiaceae family with cytotoxicity activity reported in literature. This paper describes the isolation of compounds hentriacontane, phytyl palmitate, stigmasteryl glucoside, 6,7dimethoxy-5,3’,4’trihidroxyflavone, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside from extracts and the chemical composition of essential oil from the leaves of Brazilian L. nepetifolia species in addition to its in vitro cytotoxic activities. All compounds were identified by a series of spectrometric and spectroscopic methods, mainly NMR (1D and 2D) and GC-MS, as well as by comparison with literature data. The cytotoxic activity of isolated compounds and essential oil was performed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, against tumor cell lines HCT-116 (human colon) and SF-295 (glioblastoma). The alcohol 1-octen-3-ol was the majoritary compound of the essential oil and the compounds hentriacontane, phytyl palmitate, stigmasteryl glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were describes for the first time in this species. All compounds tested and essential oil showed low cytotoxic activity for the cell lines tested, suggesting that other phytochemical studies should be conducted for the discovery of compounds responsible by cytotoxic activity of the species.
R. Mahendran, H. A. Lim, J. Y. S. Tan, S. M. Chua, and M. Winslow, “Salvia Divinorum: An Overview of the Usage, Misuse, and Addiction Processes,” Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 23–31, 2016.
doi: 10.1111/appy.12225.
Salvia divinorum, a sage plant with leaves that can produce a psychoactive high, has been used for hundreds of years for its psycho-mimetic effects in religious rituals in South America. Salvia has now become popular mainly with adolescents and young adults for the short-lived relatively pleasant experiences many consider a “legal high” and its ready availability through Internet purchases. The main (psycho)active compound in salvia is Salvinorin A, a potent κ-opioid agonist and although the short and long-term effects have not been examined in sufficient detail, it is widely believed to have low addictive potential and low toxicity. Recent findings, however, seem to suggest that Salvinorin A can precipitate psychiatric symptoms and negatively affect cognition. Its ready availability and increasingly widespread use requires clinicians to have knowledge and awareness of its effects.
N. Z. Mamadalieva et al., “The Genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae): A Review of Its Diversity, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology,” Plants, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 132, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.3390/plants10010132.
The genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae) is native to Central, South-Central, and Eastern Asia. It comprises 44 species, which have been commonly used as herbal medicines for the treatments of various ailments for thousands of years, especially in Asian countries. This review aims to summarize the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of species from the genus Lagochilus to unveil opportunities for future research. In addition, we provide some information about their traditional uses, botany, and diversity. More than 150 secondary metabolites have been reported from Lagochilus, including diterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, iridoid glycosides, lignans, steroids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, volatile, non-volatile and aromatic compounds, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and other secondary metabolites. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on the crude extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds from Lagochilus species showed hemostatic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, cytotoxic, enzyme inhibitory, antispasmodic, hypotensive, sedative, psychoactive, and other activities.
N. Mamedov, Z. Gardner, and L. E. Craker, “Medicinal Plants Used in Russia and Central Asia for the Treatment of Selected Skin Conditions,” Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, vol. 11, no. 1-2, pp. 191–222, Apr. 2005.
doi: 10.1300/J044v11n01_07.
Russia and Central Asia are geographically located in the heart of the Eurasian continent. The Russian landscape is generally composed of hardwood and softwood forests, while in the Central Asian countries of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Tadjikstan, and parts of Mongolia and China, mountains, steppes, and deserts are the primary landforms. The flora of Russia and Central Asia contains approximately 300 species of plants that have been used in prescription and non-prescription pharmaceutical preparations, while nearly 2500 plants are known to have been used in traditional medicine. This paper reviews the plants used in both traditional and non-prescription pharmaceutical remedies for the treatment of allergic rashes, skin irritations, boils, wounds, dermatitis, and pyoderma.
A. K. Mangal, A. G. Mhase, A. M. Gurav, R. Kolhe, P. P. Goli, and R. R. Nirawane, “Multiplication of Bharangi—Clerodendrum Serratum (L.) Moon: An Ayurvedic Important Plant,” Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 126–131, Sep. 2019.
doi: 10.5005/jdras-10059-0078.
Aim: To develop effective in vitro multiplication protocol for rare and endangered medicinal plants of Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. Materials and methods: Trials were carried out using nodal segments as explants, which were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) plain medium and different concentrations of phytohormones viz., benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (Kn), indol-3-butyric acid (IBA), indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and incubated for 8 hours of photoperiod using cool- white fluorescent tubes with a light intensity of 3,000 lux at 22°C +2°C. Results: The maximum (7.0 ± 0.045) numbers of shoots were developed from the nodal segment inoculated on MS fortified with BAP (4 mg/L) ± 0.1 % polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with shoots of 1.72 ± 0.018 cm height. Auxin BAP at 4 mg/L proved to be effective for bud proliferation and production of multiple shoots. The best and early root induction was achieved on MS + IBA (1–4 mg/L). Conclusion: The developed in vitro protocol would be beneficial for the fast multiplication of bharangi plants and help to minimize the burden on supply and demand, so that the huge demand for the drug is fulfilled and also helpful to protect the plant.
A. E. Maqueda, “The Use of Salvia Divinorum from a Mazatec Perspective,” in Plant Medicines, Healing and Psychedelic Science: Cultural Perspectives, B. C. Labate and C. Cavnar, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 55–70.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_4.
Salvia divinorum is a medicinal and psychoactive plant endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental of Oaxaca, Mexico. The Mazatec people have been using the leaves for centuries in ceremonies for its psychoactive properties and as a treatment for arthritis and inflammation, gastrointestinal problems, headaches, and addictions, among other uses. The active principle of Salvia divinorum, the terpene salvinorin A, is a uniquely potent and highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist and, as such, has enormous potential for the development of valuable medications. Among them, the most promising include safe and nonaddictive analgesics, neuroprotectors, short-acting anesthetics that do not depress respiration, antidepressants, anti-inflammatories, medications for the treatment of addiction to stimulants and alcohol, and drugs to treat disorders characterized by alterations in perception. The Mazatec consider Salvia divinorum to be a very powerful plant spirit that should be treated with utmost respect, and the preparation for the ceremony requires a strict regimen. They chew the fresh leaves at night while chanting and praying. In the Western use, the dry leaves are potentiated in extracts to be smoked. A lack of information about the appropriate doses and other considerations while smoking the extracts could result in overwhelming experiences due to the high potency and fast onset of the substance. For the Mazatec, smoking the plant is not the preferred mode. How could we create a bridge between the two perspectives? In this chapter, I will try to clarify the best ways to use Salvia divinorum for medicinal, psychotherapeutic, and inner exploration purposes.
M. P. F. Marsden and I. W. Bailey, “A Fourth Type of Nodal Anatomy in Dicotyledons, Illustrated by Clerodendron Trichotomum Thunb,” Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1–51, 1955.https://www.jstor.org/stable/43790809.
R. Marushia, “The Botany, Ethnobotany, Biochemistry and Future of a Mexican Mint.”
Salvia divinorum (Labiatae) is an entheogen used by the Mazatec Indians of the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca, Mexico. S. divinorum was introduced to the scientific community in the 1950’s, and has since become the subject of ethnobotanical, botanical, and biochemical research. Plant biologists are interested in S. divinorum due to its anthropogenic distribution and limited sexual reproduction, while biochemists have found that S. divinorum contains one of the most potent natural hallucinogens known: salvinorin A. Ethnobotanically, the Mazatec shamans used the plant for healing, divination, and shamanic training, and the spiritual qualities of S. divinorum may now contribute to its growing popularity among the general public, as experimental users seeking to “expand consciousness” order S. divinorum over the internet. The many applications and mysteries of Salvia divinorum have led to numerous research opportunities, and the plant may become more important both pharmacologically and socially worldwide.
Matchanov A.D., Sultonova K., Islamov A.Kh., Khodzhaeva N.D., and Kushiev Kh.Kh., “Micropropagation of Lagochilus Inebrians Under In Vitro Conditions,” ВЕСТНИК ВЕТЕРИНАРИИ И ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВА, vol. 1, no. 1, May 2021.
doi: 10.26739/2181-1008.
The article contains the results of the introduction into the culture in vitro and the microclonal dispersion of Lagochilus inebrians, which grows in the territory of Central Asia. In the quality of the material of the research, we used plants of Lagochilus inebrians, grown from seed materials in laboratory conditions. To obtain the acetic cultures of Lagochilus inebrians, it is necessary to use multi-stage sterilization protocols with the use of different types of anticeptics. It has been established that the optimal exploration for cultivation is the apex of the generative run. In the presence of high concentrations of exogenous cytokinins, the induction of adventive runs occurs.
R. Mead, E. Chom, and J. G. Rankin, “Development of a Field Method for the Identification of the Hallucinogenic Herb Salvia Divinorum Using ATR-FTIR,” p. 1.
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic plant that is increasing in popularity as a ‘legal’ alternative to marijuana. In response, however, thirty states have legislation concerning either S. divinorum or its psychoactive component, salvinorin A. Salvinorin A is unique to S. divinorum. Current analytical methods, including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and thin layer chromatography, require the extraction of salvinorin A, and use it’s presence to identify S. divinorum rather than identifying the plant. No presumptive or field tests exist to analyze S. divinorum. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) has been shown to be able to distinguish between species of plant genera, and so is being explored as a possible field test for S. divinorum that would not require sample preparation.
S. Meir, S. Salim, and S. Philosoph-Hadas, “Leonotis Leonurus as a Potential New Crop for Cut Flower Production: A Postharvest Perspective,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 813, pp. 233–240, Mar. 2009.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.813.30.
J. E. Mendelson et al., “Lack of Effect of Sublingual Salvinorin A, a Naturally Occurring Kappa Opioid, in Humans: A Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 214, no. 4, pp. 933–939, 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-2103-5.
Rationale Salvinorin A (SA) is a highly selective kappa opioid receptor agonist and the putative psychoactive compound in Salvia divinorum (SD), an increasingly abused hallucinogenic plant. Objectives The objectives of this study were to characterize the physiological and subjective effects of SA versus placebo and measure drug and metabolite levels. Methods Sublingual SA doses up to 4 mg were administered in dimethyl sulfoxide/polyethylene glycol 400 solution to eight SD-experienced subjects using a placebo-controlled ascending-dose design. Results No dose of SA produced significantly greater physiological or subjective effects than placebo. Furthermore, effects did not resemble reported “typical” effects of smoked SD. SA was detectable in plasma and urine, but was, in most cases, below the reliable limit of quantification (0.5 ng/mL). Conclusions Our results suggest that the sublingual bioavailability of SA is low. Higher doses, alternate formulations, or alternate routes of administration will be necessary to study the effects of SA in humans.
P. K. Mitra, R. Adhikary, P. Mandal, A. Kundu, and V. Mandal, “Assessment of Mycorrhizal Association of a Threatened Medicinal Plant Clerodendrum Indicum (L.) O. Kuntze (Verbenaceae) in Different Ecological Variations,” Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, Jul. 2022.
doi: 10.1007/s42770-022-00805-2.
Mycorrhizae association is reported to enhance the survivability of the host plant under adverse environmental conditions. The present study aims to explore the mycorrhizal association in the roots of different ecotypes of a threatened medicinal plant, Clerodendrum indicum (L.) O. Kuntze (Verbenaceae), collected from W.B., India, which correlates the degree of root colonization to the nutritional status of the native soil. Ten ecotypes of C. indicum having diverse morphological variations were collected. The mycorrhizae were characterized by both morphological and molecular methods. The nutritional status of the native soils was estimated. The study revealed that all the ecotypes have an association with mycorrhizal forms like hyphae, arbuscules, and vesicles. The molecular analysis showed Glomus intraradices and Rhizophagus irregularis as the associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). A significant variation in arbuscule and vesicle formation was found growing in the varied nutritional statuses concerning soil parameters. The arbuscule was found negatively correlated with pH, conductivity, and potassium and positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The vesicle was found positively correlated with pH, organic carbon, and potassium and negatively correlated with conductivity, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The interaction between conductivity: nitrogen, conductivity: phosphorus, organic-carbon: nitrogen, and pH: conductivity was significant in influencing vesicle formation. However, none of the interactions between parameters was found significant in influencing arbuscule formation. Thus, the study concludes that G. intraradices and R. irregularis are the principle mycorrhizae forming the symbiotic association with the threatened medicinal plant, C. indicum. They form vesicles and arbuscules based on their soil nutritive factors. Therefore, a large-scale propagation through a selective AMF association would help in the conservation of this threatened species from extinction.
T. Miyake and K. Inoue, “Character Displacement in Style Length between Pollinator-Sharing Clerodendrum Trichotomum and C. Izuinsulare (Verbenaceae),” Plant Systematics and Evolution, vol. 243, no. 1, pp. 31–38, Nov. 2003.
doi: 10.1007/s00606-003-0059-1.
Competition for pollination may occur between pollinator-sharing sympatric plants and this may cause character displacement of their floral traits. We examined this possibility by comparing flower morphology of the sympatric population of Clerodendrum trichotomum and its co-flowering congener, C. izuinsulare, with that of the allopatric populations. The two species were visited in common by such insects as diurnal hawkmoths, bees, swallowtails and nocturnal hawkmoths, and were pollinated nocturnally as well as diurnally. Interspecific pollen transfer can occur by sharing pollinators; however, they did not hybridize when artificially pollinated. Flower size, including stamen and style lengths, is larger in C. trichotomum with an overlap in range. The style of C. izuinsulare in the sympatric population was significantly shorter than that in the allopatric population, while there was no significant difference in style length between the allopatric and the sympatric C. trichotomum. This seems to facilitate avoidance of interspecific pollen transfer in the sympatric population.
T. Miyake, N. Aihara, and H. Yokoi, “Relationship between Interspecific Pollen Transfer and Pistil Length in Sympatric Congeners, Clerodendrum Trichotomum and C. Izuinsulare,” Plant Species Biology, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 315–321, 2020.
doi: 10.1111/1442-1984.12287.
Interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) often leads to reproductive interference. Although character displacement of reproductive traits in plants is often considered a consequence of reproductive interference, few studies have tested whether intraspecific variation in floral morphology changes the intensity of reproductive interference among pollinator-sharing plants. We investigated whether intraspecific variation in pistil length changes the proportion of IPT (interspecific pollen transfer) in sympatric populations of Clerodendrum trichotomum and C. izuinsulare on the two islands. On Toshima Island, C. izuinsulare flowers with shorter pistils were significantly less likely to receive C. trichotomum pollen, and there was a slight tendency for longer pistiles of C. trichotomum flowers to receive less C. izuinsulare pollen, suggesting that IPT has caused character displacement in pistil length in these congeneric plants. In contrast, we did not detect any relationship between pistil length and the proportion of IPT for the two species on Niijima Island. The discrepancy between the islands may reflect differences in pollinator assemblages.
A. Morgan, B. J. Pearson, G. S. Ali, K. Moore, and L. Osborne, “Effects of Volumetric Soil Water Content and Fertilizer Rate on Growth and Baicalin Accumulation in Two Species of Scutellaria,” Journal of Horticulture and Forestry, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 97–105, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.5897/JHF2018.0529.
Scutellaria or skullcap is a genus containing approximately 350 species of flowering plants, many of which are sold and marketed for their medicinal value. Flavonoids found in Scutellaria spp. have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antiviral, sedative, antithrombotic and antioxidant affects. Baicalin, a flavonoid produced by Scutellaria spp., is an important compound used to treat anxiety. Scutellaria spp. have potential as commercially valuable specialty crops based on their visual and medicinal properties; however, a lack of commercial production techniques for successful cultivation of this genus precludes adoption by most growers. The influence of plant production techniques on flowering and baicalin synthesis is undocumented; thus, empirical research is needed for development of commercial production protocol. Objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of nutrient application rate and plant available water on growth and baicalin synthesis in Scutellaria arenicola and Scutellaria integrifolia, two common species of Scutellaria found in eastern United States. To accomplish these objectives, S. arenicola and S. integrifolia were cultivated in a greenhouse and subjected to one out of four nutrient application rates and one out of two volumetric water content rates. Results demonstrated that synthesis of baicalin, the main flavonoid of the Scutellaria genus that contributes to its reported medicinal benefits, occurred in both species. Fertilization rate and volumetric water content were found to influence both plant growth and baicalin concentration in S. integrifolia. In contrast to results observed for S. integrifolia, volumetric soil water and nutrient application rate did not influence plant growth in S. arenicola. Scutellaria spp. cultivated in the greenhouse had similar concentrations of baicalin to those harvested from the wild, undisturbed natural habitats. Results from this investigation will assist in development of commercial production protocol for these species and provides the first foundational research that has reported the presence of baicalin, a high value medicinal compound in S. arenicola. Key words: Skullcap, medicinal, flavonoid, cultivation, production.
A. Moro, A. Zalacain, J. Hurtado de Mendoza, and M. Carmona, “Effects of Agronomic Practices on Volatile Composition of Hyssopus Officinalis L. Essential Oils,” Molecules, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 4131–4139, May 2011.
doi: 10.3390/molecules16054131.
The chemical composition of Hyssopus officinalis (Lamiaceae) essential oil grown in southeastern Spain was analyzed by GC-MS. Due to the high relevance of this species in the world market, the study is focused on chemical heterogeneity of different oil batches and their extraction yield, cultivated under irrigation and non-irrigation conditions and with different harvesting dates. All essential oil samples have two main terpene compounds which are pinocamphone and iso-pinocamphone, accounting for approximately 35–40% of the total oil content. Other relevant compounds were identified, with β-pinene, which accounted for 10–17% contribution to the total composition, standing out. Significant differences between their volatile composition have been observed between treatments, being limonene, (E)-β-ocimene, pinocarveol, α-pinene and β-phellandrene the compounds that contributed most to the discrimination. It was also observed that the irrigation period is the most favourable for the cultivation of hyssop in this region, specially for batch 7 which gives the highest extraction yield and the best EO quality.
Y. Motoda, Y. Nakamura, F. Tamai, and T. Tanabe, “Effects of three major nutrients on the growth and yield of baical skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi),” Journal of Agricultural Science - Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku (Japan), 2002.https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/647242c253aa8c896303c2cc.
"The fertilization test of three major nutrients of potassium chloride, super phosphate and ammonium sulfate was carried out for the establishment of the method of fertilizer application in baical skullcap cultivation, and the effect on the growth and yield was investigated. Results obtained are as follows. 1. Though the top growth was suppressed by the lack of ammonium sulfate and super phosphate, there was little effect to growth control by the lack of the potassium chloride. In addition the photosynthetic rate was lowered by nitrogen deficiency. 2. The application of super phosphate and potassium chloride was effective for early growth in the emergence of seedling, and the establishment of seedling also showed good result. 3. The effect of ammonium sulfate application in early growth seemed to be small, because it might slow the early growth of baical skullcap. 4. The application of ammonium sulfate and super phosphate seemed to be effective for subterranean part yield."
D. B. Muhammadjonova, F. A. Sobirova, M. S. Toshmuhammedov, and A. D. Matchanov, “Lagochilus Species and Diterpenes Isolated from Them. ( Chiqarishga Berilgan),” Texas Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, vol. 6, pp. 55–63, Jul. 2022.https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjabs/article/view/2217.
Lagohilus is a very common and promising medicinal plant. All over the world, extracting substances with high biological activity from the composition of plants and creating new medicines based on them is developing rapidly. Natural compounds isolated from the composition of plants have high biological activity, and their use in medical practice and folk economy occupies a special place. The main active ingredient of the Lagoxilus plant is the diterpenoid lagoxilin, which is a four-atom alcohol. Therefore, most plants belonging to the genus Lagochilus have hemostatic properties.
A. Mukherjee and A. Bandyopadhyay, “Inducing Somatic Embryogenesis by Polyamines in Medicinally Important Clerodendrum Indicum L.,” p. 15, 2014.
A. Mukherjee, S. Dutta, and A. Bandyopadhyay, “Micropropagation of Clerodendrum Indicum (L.)Kuntze: An Unexplored Medicinal Plant,” p. 10, 2012.
A. Mukherjee, A. Bandyopadhyay, S. Dutta, and S. Basu, “Phytoaccumulation of Iron by Callus Tissue of Clerodendrum Indicum (L),” Chemistry and Ecology, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 564–571, Aug. 2013.
doi: 10.1080/02757540.2013.779681.
Clerodendrum indicum (L.) is one of the important medicinal plants, originating in India. The plant is used as medicine for bronchitis, asthma and different immunological disease. Micro-propagation is a quick method, producing a huge number of plants. Apical leaf of Clerodendrum indicum (L.) was used as an explant for callogenesis. The combinations of different plant growth regulators (2,4-D, NAA, KN) in MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium produced two types of calli: one was friable and loose and the other was green, embryogenic and compact. Heavy metals cause pollution and health hazards. The plant absorbs heavy metals, which is very useful for controlling environmental pollution. Iron is a major nutrient for both plants and animals, but hyper accumulation of iron is injurious to health. Calli were used to study the optimum conditions of iron uptake in presence of different chemical environments. The different environments were created by using different chemical reagents such as (HCL, HNO3, H3PO4 and KNO3). Iron (III) was spiked with radioactive Fe-59 and dynamics of uptake was followed by measuring radioactivity by gamma-ray spectrometer. The best condition of iron uptake corresponded to 1 mol L−1 KNO3 after 4 hour of equilibration.
T. M. Murphy and G. Bola, “DNA Identification of Salvia Divinorum Samples,” Forensic Science International: Genetics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 189–193, Jan. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.04.004.
Salvia divinorum (diviner’s sage) is a plant in the mint family that produces an hallucinogenic compound, salvinorin A. The plant is used, often by chewing or smoking, as a “recreational” drug source and is regulated or banned in several states and countries. We describe a simple DNA technique, polymerase chain reaction of the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit (rbcL) gene, that can distinguish S. divinorum leaf pieces from pieces of tobacco or cannabis. We have also found DNA sequences adjacent to the chloroplast leucine transfer RNA (trnL) gene that are specific to S. divinorum and distinguish it from other horticulturally popular Salvia species. We report some significant differences between the S. divinorum trnL sequences we determined and those now published in GenBank.
D. A. kizi Mustafoeva, M. P. Pulatova, B. N. Babayev, A. K. Islamov, and M. A. Davlatboevich, “Culture of Lagoxilus Plant in Laboratory,” Academicia, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 737–744, Oct. 2021.
doi: 10.5958/2249-7137.2021.02158.3.
This paper provides information on the effects of Gibberellin A3 (GA3) and Auxin-indolyl-3acetic acid (heteroauxin) stimulants on seed germination and growth for the culture of Lagochilus inebrians and the determination of lagoxilin diterpenoid by a known method in the literature.
In this paper, lagoxilin diterpenoid was isolated from a Lagochilus inebrians plant by a known method in the literature. physicochemical properties and spectral properties were studied and information on hemostatic activity was provided
S. K. Nagaraja, S. Nayaka, and R. S. Kumar, “Phytochemical Analysis, GC–MS Profiling, and In Vitro Evaluation of Biological Applications of Different Solvent Extracts of Leonotis Nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. Flower Buds,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nov. 2022.
doi: 10.1007/s12010-022-04201-2.
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. is a medicinally important herb belonging to the family Lamiaceae. The plant is typically found in tropical regions, and its leaf and root extracts are renowned for their ethno-botanical and therapeutic applications. This study was designed to determine the presence of various bioactive components, and to evaluate antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative activities. The preliminary phytochemical screening and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of different solvent extracts revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, of which methanol extract showed 24 compounds, petroleum ether extract revealed 26 compounds, and 24 compounds in hexane extracts. The major bioactive components including λ-sitosterol (16.20 %) in methanol extract, 1-nonadecanol (15.48 %) in petroleum extract, and eicosane (13.22 %) in hexane extract have been reported with various bio-therapeutic applications. In addition, the flower bud methanolic extract of L. nepetifolia exhibited inhibitory potential against all tested bacterial and fungal pathogens. The DPPH radical scavenging assay revealed that methanolic extract possessed the highest antioxidant activity. The scavenging activity increased in a concentration-dependent manner, as indicated by a 74 % inhibition rate at 1000 µg/ml. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxic effects of the methanolic extract on the HepG2 cell line were evaluated. The IC50 value of methanolic extract against HepG2 cells was determined to be 83.28 µg/ml. The findings reveal that different solvent extracts of L. nepetifolia flower buds contain a significant amount of various bioactive phytochemicals with antioxidant and anticancer activities; and thus, the plant could serve as a potential source of pharmacological applications.
The investigation entitled “Succes Rate of Different Ornamental Cuttings Based on Different Growing Media” in Allahabad at the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Allahabad durung the year 2018. The experiment was laid out in Factorial complete randomized design (FRBD) with 27treatment and 3 replications. All 27 possible combinations of 9 plants (Ixora, Hibiscus, Crape jasmine, Croton, Java Fig tree, Acalypha, Bougainvillea, Golden shower, Clerodendron) and 3 rooting media (soil, sand, soil + sand). On the basis of the results obtained from the present investigation, it is concluded that most suitable rooting medium for ornamental stem cuttings was M2 (sand), suitable ornamental cutting was P6 (Acalypha) and interaction of rooting media and ornamental cutting was P6M2 (Acalypha + Sand) among all rooting medium combination.
M. Nataraj, M. M. Kher, and J. A. Teixeira da Silva, “Micropropagation of Clerodendrum L. Species: A Review,” Rendiconti Lincei, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 169–179, Jun. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s12210-015-0484-4.
Species within the Clerodendrum genus possess well-established pharmacological and medicinal properties. These emanate from the presence of many unique bioactive secondary metabolites. Eight Clerodendrum species (C. anomalum, C. calcicola, C. denticulatum, C. galeatum, C. leucophloeum, C. lutambense, C. eupatorioides, and C. aculeatum) are listed on the International Union of Conservation of Nature Red Data List. Micropropagation offers an opportunity for the conservation and large-scale propagation of elite genotypes and is a widely used technique for the conservation of threatened medicinal plants, including Clerodendrum species. This review highlights the advances that have been made thus far in the in vitro tissue culture of members of the Clerodendrum genus. Most of the efforts made to date have focussed on basic in vitro growth or regeneration, primarily from seeds, nodes, and leaves, either from an ex vitro or an in vitro source. Following a wide range of disinfection procedures that depend on the source and age of the explant, most studies employed Murashige and Skoog basal medium in a 12- to 16-h photoperiod. The most effective cytokinin for the induction of shoots was N6-benzyladenine. Although plantlet acclimatization to field conditions was widely reported, it was often poorly quantified. Based on this base of information, applied aspects such as genetic engineering, mutation breeding, the production of haploid and double-haploid lines, protoplast fusion, embryo rescue, in vitro production of secondary metabolite acquisition through hairy roots or bioreactors, somaclonal variation, and cryopreservation still need to be developed and explored.
“Murugan Vannithurai et al., IJRPS 2020, 9(3), 15-25,” 2020.
The plant of Leonotis nepetifolia Linn in India, belongs to family Lamiaceae. Leonotis nepetifolia is commonly called „kilp dagga‟ or „lion ear‟, „shandilay‟ and „bradi-bita‟. It is native to tropical Africa and southern India. It grows to a height of 3 metres and striking lipped flowers that are most commonly orange but can vary to red, white, and purple. It has drooping dark green, very soft serrated leaves that can grow up to 10 centimetres wide. The plant stems emanates from a thick wood base. Sunbirds and ants are attracted to the flowers. It has been found growing on road sides, rubbish heaps or waste land. The cultivation of medicinal plants is the key to meet the raw material needs of the industry based on the medicinal plant products. Phytochemical investigation shows the presence of alkaloids, protein & amino acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, glycosides, carbohydrate, saponins, steroids, tannins and fixed oil. Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectoscopy analysis of showed several active components. A review lowed formed on various parts of this plant are anti-inflammatory activity, anti-bacterial, antidiarrheal, Healing, antiviral, antifungal, anti-giardial, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-thelmintic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity.
“Phytochemical Screening, Proximate Composition, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of American Skullcap (Scutellaria Lateriflora L.) in Response to Mineral Fertilizer Application,” in 35th JOHANNESBURG International Conference on “Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering” (ICCBEE-22) Nov. 28-29, 2022 Johannesburg (South Africa), 2022.
doi: 10.17758/IICBE4.C1122220.
F. G. Norris, “Pollination Ecology of Leonotis Leonurus,” Veld & Flora, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 7–10, 1989.
B. N. Nsuala, G. Enslin, and A. Viljoen, “‘Wild Cannabis’: A Review of the Traditional Use and Phytochemistry of Leonotis Leonurus,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 174, pp. 520–539, Nov. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.013.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Leonotis leonurus, locally commonly known as “wilde dagga” (=wild cannabis), is traditionally used as a decoction, both topically and orally, in the treatment of a wide variety of conditions such as haemorrhoids, eczema, skin rashes, boils, itching, muscular cramps, headache, epilepsy, chest infections, constipation, spider and snake bites. The dried leaves and flowers are also smoked to relieve epilepsy. The leaves and flowers are reported to produce a mild euphoric effect when smoked and have been said to have a similar, although less potent, psychoactive effect to cannabis. Aim of the review To amalgamate the botanical aspects, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activity, toxicity and commercial aspects of the scientific literature available on L. leonurus. Methods An extensive review of the literature from 1900 to 2015 was carried out. Electronic databases including Scopus®, SciFinder®, Pubmed®, Google Scholar® and Google® were used as data sources. All abstracts, full-text articles and books written in English were considered. Results The phytochemistry of particularly the non-volatile constituents of L. leonurus has been comprehensively investigated due to interest generated as a result of the wide variety of biological effects reported for this plant. More than 50 compounds have been isolated and characterised. L. leonurus contains mainly terpenoids, particularly labdane diterpenes, the major diterpene reported is marrubiin. Various other compounds have been reported by some authors to have been isolated from the plant, including, in the popular literature only, the mildly psychoactive alkaloid, leonurine. Leonurine has however, never been reported by any scientific analysis of the extracts of L. leonurus. Conclusion Despite the publication of various papers on L. leonurus, there is still, however, the need for definitive research and clarification of other compounds, including alkaloids and essential oils from L. leonurus, as well as from other plant parts, such as the roots which are extensively used in traditional medicine. The traditional use by smoking also requires further investigation as to how the chemistry and activity are affected by this form of administration. Research has proven the psychoactive effects of the crude extract of L. leonurus, but confirmation of the presence of psychoactive compounds, as well as isolation and characterization, is still required. Deliberate adulteration of L. leonurus with synthetic cannabinoids has been reported recently, in an attempt to facilitate the marketing of these illegal substances, highlighting the necessity for refinement of appropriate quality control processes to ensure safety and quality. Much work is therefore still required on the aspect of quality control to ensure safety, quality and efficacy of the product supplied to patients, as this plant is widely used in South Africa as a traditional medicine. Commercially available plant sources provide a viable option for phytochemical research, particularly with regard to the appropriate validation of the plant material (taxonomy) in order to identify and delimit closely related species such as L. leonurus and L. nepetifolia which are very similar in habit.
K. Ogayo, J. Nyaanga, J. Ogweno, and J. Ogendo, “The Effect of Lion’s Ear (Leonotis Nepetifolia) and African Basil (Ocimum Gratissimum) Plant Extracts on Two-Spotted Spider Mites (Tetranychus Urticae) for Improved Yield and Quality of French Beans,” Advances in Entomology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 21–31, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.4236/ae.2019.71003.
An experiment to evaluate the bio-control potential of Leonotis nepetifolia and Ocimum gratissimum plant extracts against two-spotted spider mites on French beans was conducted in the field. Five plant extract concentrations (1.5%, 3.0%, 6.0% and 12.0% w/v) were applied with water and Abamectin 0.6 ml/L as controls. Mite counts were done before and after treatment application and expressed as corrected percent efficacy. The impact of the mites on the French beans was evaluated by recording percent leaf reduction and quality and quantity by number of pods, pod length, diameter and yield. There was a dose dependent response in percent mite and leaf reduction, number of pods and yield. Treatments applied at 12% w/v indicated higher mite reduction (82.75%) for L. nepetifolia and 69.06% for O. gratissimum compared to abamectin (65.76%). The lowest percent leaf reduction of 1.71% for L. nepetifolia 0.39% for O. gratissimum and abamectin (20.46%) was also at 12% w/v. Similarly, the highest number of pod (61.00) for L. nepetifolia, 48.67 for O. gratissimum compared to 28.33 abamectin and yield (0.88 kg) for L. nepetifolia and 0.90 kg for O. gratissimum was also recorded at 12% w/v compared to 0.36 kg for abamectin. There were no significant differences in pod diameter and pod length between the extracts concentrations and abamectin. The study demonstrated the efficacy of L. nepetifolia and O. gratissimum in managing two-spotted spider mite and subsequent increase in French bean yield under field conditions.
I. Parveen et al., “The Low Copy Nuclear Gene Region, Granule Bound Starch Synthase (GBSS1), as a Novel Mini-DNA Barcode for the Identification of Different Sage (Salvia) Species,” Planta Medica, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.1055/a-1618-6496.
Morphological similarity within species makes the identification and authentication of Salvia species challenging, especially in dietary supplements that contain processed root or leaf powder of different sage species. In the present study, the species discriminatory power of 2 potential DNA barcode regions from the nuclear genome was evaluated in 7 medicinally important Salvia species from the family Lamiaceae. The nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 and the exon 9 – 14 region of low copy nuclear gene WAXY coding for granule-bound starch synthase 1 were tested for their species discrimination ability using distance, phylogenetic, and BLAST-based methods. A novel 2-step PCR method with 2 different annealing temperatures was developed to achieve maximum amplification from genomic DNA. The granule-bound starch synthase 1 region showed higher amplification and sequencing success rates, higher interspecific distances, and a perfect barcode gap for the tested species compared to the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2. Hence, these novel mini-barcodes generated from low copy nuclear gene regions (granule-bound starch synthase) that were proven to be effective barcodes for identifying 7 Salvia species have potential for identification and authentication of other Salvia species.
J. J. Patel, S. R. Acharya, and N. S. Acharya, “Clerodendrum Serratum (L.) Moon. – A Review on Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 154, no. 2, pp. 268–285, Jun. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.071.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. (Verbenaceae) is an important medicinal plant growing in the tropical and warm temperate regions like Africa, Southern Asia; Malaysia and distributed throughout in forests of India and Sri Lanka. It is traditionally valued and reported for treating pain, inflammation, rheumatism, respiratory disorders, fever and malarial fever in India with a long history. To provide a comprehensive overview of the traditional and ethno medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of C. serratum with clinical and toxicity data and possibly make recommendations for further research. Materials and methods All relevant worldwide accepted databases were searched for the terms “Clerodendrum”, “Clerodendrum serratum”, “Bharangi” and “Cheruthekku” along with the other literature from Indian classical texts and pharmacopoeias. There was no specific timeline set for the search. The accessible literatures available on C. serratum were collected via electronic search using Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct and traditional books reports on ethnopharmacology and traditional medicines. Results C. serratum has played an important role in Indian system of medicine. In addition to the common local use in respiratory diseases, other ethnomedicinal uses include treatment of pain, inflammation, rheumatism and fever especially malarial fever. Scientific studies on extracts and formulations revealed anti-asthmatic, mast cell stabilization and anti-allergic effects of roots of C. serratum. Reported data on pharmacological activities also includes hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential of the drug. Saponins (terpenoids and steroids), flavonoids and phenolics isolated from roots have been the focus of phytochemical investigations as the biological activity has been ascribed to the saponins, which are known to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. Isolated bioactives from roots like icosahydropicenic acid and ursolic acid have been claimed to offer anti-allergic and hepatoprotective activity. Conclusions Therapeutic potential of roots and leaves of C. serratum has been demonstrated in the conditions like asthma, allergy, fever, inflammation and liver disorders attributed to the presence of various flavonoids, phenolics and saponins present in the drug. Many ethnobotanical claims have been confirmed through modern in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacological studies of different extracts and isolates from plant; however, additional studies on the biomarkers are needed to establish mechanism of action and to validate the traditional use of this drug in clinical practices after proper safety assessment.
K. A. Pelot et al., “Biosynthesis of the Psychotropic Plant Diterpene Salvinorin A: Discovery and Characterization of the Salvia Divinorum Clerodienyl Diphosphate Synthase,” The Plant Journal, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 885–897, 2017.
doi: 10.1111/tpj.13427.
Salvia divinorum commonly known as diviner’s sage, is an ethnomedicinal plant of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Salvia divinorum is rich in clerodane-type diterpenoids, which accumulate predominantly in leaf glandular trichomes. The main bioactive metabolite, salvinorin A, is the first non-nitrogenous natural compound known to function as an opioid-receptor agonist, and is undergoing clinical trials for potential use in treating neuropsychiatric diseases and drug addictions. We report here the discovery and functional characterization of two S. divinorum diterpene synthases (diTPSs), the ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) synthase SdCPS1, and the clerodienyl diphosphate (CLPP) synthase SdCPS2. Mining of leaf- and trichome-specific transcriptomes revealed five diTPSs, two of which are class II diTPSs (SdCPS1-2) and three are class I enzymes (SdKSL1-3). Of the class II diTPSs, transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana identified SdCPS1 as an ent-CPP synthase, which is prevalent in roots and, together with SdKSL1, exhibits a possible dual role in general and specialized metabolism. In vivo co-expression and in vitro assays combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis identified SdCPS2 as a CLPP synthase. A role of SdCPS2 in catalyzing the committed step in salvinorin A biosynthesis is supported by its biochemical function, trichome-specific expression and absence of additional class II diTPSs in S. divinorum. Structure-guided mutagenesis revealed four catalytic residues that enabled the re-programming of SdCPS2 activity to afford four distinct products, thus advancing our understanding of how neo-functionalization events have shaped the array of different class II diTPS functions in plants, and may promote synthetic biology platforms for a broader spectrum of diterpenoid bioproducts.
M. Pentea, M. Butu, I. Samfira, R. Cristina, and M. BUTNARIU, “Extraction and Analytical Study of Salvinorin a from Leaves of Salvia Divinorum,” Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, vol. 10, pp. 291–297, Mar. 2015.
Brain-imaging studies in animals provided evidence that salvinorin A biostructure, in addition to hallucinations and impairment of motor function in humans, could become a popular drug. Salvia divinorum samples were analyzed by gas chromatography, after being dried at 40C. For extraction was used analytical grade purity acetone and recrystallisation was achieved with methanol of chromatographic purity. Preliminary processing of crude extract allowed enriching the final solution composition in salvinorin A. The large number of signals showed that under ionization an advanced fragmentation of the molecule occurred. By the advanced fragmentation of S. divinorum it was obtained a sample image, with the mass spectrometer, which may constitute a specific footprint of the component salvinorin A.
F. T. Peters and M. R. Meyer, “In Vitro Approaches to Studying the Metabolism of New Psychoactive Compounds,” Drug Testing and Analysis, vol. 3, no. 7-8, pp. 483–495, 2011.
doi: 10.1002/dta.295.
P. B. Phillipson and L. Allorge, “A Remarkable New Species of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar,” Candollea, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 117–126, Jun. 2016.
doi: 10.15553/c2016v711a14.
Phillipson, P.B. & L. Allorge (2016). A remarkable new species of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar. Candollea 71 : 117–126. In English, English and French abstracts. DOI : http//dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2016v711a14A species new to science is formally described and named as Clerodendrum kamhyoae Phillipson & Allorge. It is the third species of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) to be described from Madagascar that combines a long slender corolla tube with cauliflory, attributes that are uncommon in the genus. The prolific production of flowers along the trunk of the new species is quite extraordinary. Its possible relationships with other species of the genus are discussed and certain aspects of its reproductive biology are described. We provide line drawings, photographs and a distribution map for the new species, as well as an assessment of its conservation status using IUCN Categories and Criteria.
E. Piedra-Ibarra, R. De La Torre-Almaráz, G. Zúñiga, B. Xoconostle-Cázares, and R. Ruíz-Medrano, “Leonotis Nepetaefolia: An Important Plant Virus Reservoir in Central Mexico,” Phytoparasitica, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 480–494, Oct. 2005.
doi: 10.1007/BF02981397.
The presence of viruses in the weedLeonotis nepetaefolia in central México is reported from two field surveys.L. nepetaefolia, with viral-like symptoms such as mosaic, leaf deformation and calico, was observed growing next to cultivated fields in the Valley of Atlixco, Puebla, an important agricultural region in Mexico. The viruses harbored by this plant were characterized biologically, serologically and by molecular methods. The viruses detected wereAlfalfa mosaic virus (AMV),Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a satellite RNA of CMV (CMV satRNA) andTobacco mosaic virus (TMV). This last one was detected only during the first survey. CMV was the predominant virus found in both surveys, and was associated mostly to mosaic symptom. Phylogenetic analysis based on the coat protein gene sequence of CMV indicated that this isolate belongs to subgroup IA and confirmed that it is a mosaic-inducing isolate, whereas AMV belongs to subgroup II. Finally, CMV satRNA was found to be a non-necrogenic ameliorative variant, both by symptomatology and by phylogenetic analysis. Our results suggest thatL. nepetaefolia is a reservoir for several viruses in central Mexico, and given its wide distribution in several parts of the world, its role as a virus reservoir could be more general.
M.-L. Popescu, M. Dinu, and O. Toth, “Contributions to the Pharmacognostical and Phytobiological Study on Leonurus Cardiaca L. (Lamiaceae),” vol. 57, 2009.
The paper presents our experimental results regarding a comparative pharmacognostical and phytobiological study of Leonurus cardiaca L., motherwort (Lamiaceae), the vegetal drugs herba-, folium-, flos-, and caulis-type. Microscopically we identified the following specific anatomical elements: unicellular trichomes, with warty cuticle and pluricellular trichomes, with smooth cuticle for Leonuri folium; unicellular trichomes, with thin and smooth cuticle for Leonuri flos respectively. The chemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids (2.04-2.21x10-3 g% in herb, 5.826.74x10-3 g% in leaves, 1.14-1.63x10-3 g% in flowers, and 0.83-1.02x10-3 g% in stems; expressed as rutin), polyphenolcarboxilic acids (62.34-65.12x10-3 g% in herb, 89.9193.43x10-3 g% in leaves, 36.47-40.18x10-3 g% in flowers, and 12.41-15.64x10-3 in stems; expressed as caffeic acid), iridoides, triterpenes, tannins, sterols, carotenoids, monosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Triticum bioassay revealed the up and down (two ways) effect of the tested solutions. The aqueous extracts 5.00-1.66% had concentrationdependent mitoinhibitory effect and the diluted solutions (0.33%) had a stimulating effect on radicular elongation of Triticum vulgare.
Y. Powder-George, “Secondary Metabolites from the Leaves and Stems of Leonotis Nepetifolia (Lamiaceae): Doi.Org/10.26538/Tjnpr/V2i6.7,” Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research (TJNPR), vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 293–296, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.26538/tjnpr/v2i6.7.
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. (Lamiaceae), commonly known as ‘Shandilay’, is well-known and widely used in Trinidadian ethnomedicine as well as in different countries for the treatment of various ailments. Biological activities for the plant and many phytoconstituents have been reported; however, the plant species located in Trinidad is yet to be investigated for its chemical constituents. This study was conducted to investigate the secondary metabolites that may be responsible for the observed traditional medicinal uses of the plant. A phytochemical investigation of the chloroform and 1-butanol fractions of the crude methanol extract of the leaves and stems from L. nepetifolia resulted in the isolation of 7 compounds which were identified as Stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucoside (1), trans-caffeic acid (2), trans-p-coumaric acid (3), Apigenin-7-O-β-D glucoside (4), Uridine (5), Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (6) and Adenosine (7). Isolation of the seven compounds was performed by a combination of silica gel column chromatography and size exclusion column chromatography on Sephadex® LH-20. The chemical structures of these compounds were determined by comprehensive analyses of their 1H and 13C NMR, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC spectroscopic data, and HREIMS mass spectrometric data, as well as comparison of spectral data with that reported in the literature. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of compounds 1–7 from L. nepetifolia, compounds 1-3 and 5 from the genus Leonotis and compound 7 from the Lamiaceae family. These reported bioactive constituents might be responsible for some of the observed biological activities of the plant Leonotis nepetifolia.
G. Prinsloo and C. P. du Plooy, “Influence of Nitrogenous and Phosphatic Fertilizers Types and Rates on the Yield and Chemical Profile of Sutherlandia Frutescens and Leonotis Leonurus.,” International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1107–1112, 2017.
doi: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0391.
Sutherlandia frutescens and Leonotis leonurus are two important medicinal plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and inflammation harvested mainly from natural resources. The shift from subsistence to commercial trade necessitates research into cultivation, and hence information is needed for commercial production of these species. The effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) fertilizers in...
N. Raaman, S. Divakar, P. Jeyam, L. Hariprasath, M. Baskar, and K. Mathiyazhagan, “Micropropagation, Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Clerodendron Phlomidis Linn.,” Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 119, 2011.
doi: 10.5958/j.0975-4261.3.2.019.
O. Rahmonov, D. E. Zaurov, B. S. Islamov, and S. W. Eisenman, “Resources along the Silk Road in Central Asia: Lagochilus Inebrians Bunge (Turkestan Mint) and Medicago Sativa L. (Alfalfa): Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan,” in Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, CRC Press, 2020, pp. 153–158.
When moving large amounts of trade goods over vast distances, travelers on the Silk Road needed to obtain basic requirements like food, shelter, and medicines. During these journeys, travelers would have sustained injuries, and local medicines would have been sought. Traveling could be arduous and required the use of pack animals to carry goods long distances over sometimes rugged and difficult terrain. These animals required adequate forage to sustain them along the journey. Herein, the distribution, folk use, and medicinal and phytochemical properties of two significant Central Asian plant resources are discussed. Turkestan mint (Lagochilus inebrians Bunge) is a widely used medicinal plant that has historically been used for its hemostatic, sedative, and intoxicating properties. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), known as the “queen of forage crops”, grows wild through much of Central Asia and was, and remains to this day, an important source of animal fodder.
A. A. R. O. N. S. REISFIELD, “The Botany of Salvia Divinorum (Labiatae),” SIDA, Contributions to Botany, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 349–366, 1993.https://www.jstor.org/stable/41967014.
Salvia divinorum, ceremoniously employed by the Mazatec Indians of Oaxaca, is endemic to the sierra inhabited by the Mazatec, its distribution anthropogenic. Plants spread vegetatively, flourishing in shaded, humid sites, flowering sporadically from October until June. Flower nectar and corolla dimensions suggest ornithophily, and the only pollination event observed involved a single hummingbird, but other factors suggest that visits by birds to the flowers in their present range are opportunistic, and not a product of plant-pollinator coevolution. The species is diploid with n= 11, pollen fertility is reduced, there is no active pollen tube inhibition within the style, but some event or process after the pollen tube reaches the ovary is aberrant, as no fully developed nutlet has ever been collected from a Mexican plant, and greenhouse cross-pollinations led to only 3% seed set. Hybridity is suggested, although intermediacy between two known species has not been recognized. Salvia divinorum, que fue usada en las ceremonias por los Indios Mazatecas de Oaxaca, es una planta endémica de la sierra habitada por los Mazatecas y su distribución antropogénica. Se reproduce vegetativamente, prosperando en lugares húmedos y sombríos, y ocasionalmente florece de octubre a junio. Las dimensiones de la corola y la presencia de néctar sugieren ornitofilia y la única polinización observada fue realizada por un colibrí, pero hay otros factores que sugieren que las visitas de los pájaros a las flores son oportunistas y no el producto de una coevolución plantpolinizador. La especie es dipolide, n = 11, la fertilidad del polen reducida, no hay inhibición estilar activa del tubo polínico, pero algunos procesos posteriores a la llegada del tubo polínico al ovario son aberrantes, por lo que nunca se ha recolectado ninguna nuclua perfectamente desarrollada en plantas mexicanas, y las polinizaciones cruzadas realizadas en invernadero producen sólo un 3% de semillas. Se ha sugerido hibridación, aunque no se ha reconocido que sea intermedia entre dos especies concocidas.
T. J. Riedlinger, “Wasson’s Alternative Candidates for Soma,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 149–156, Apr. 1993.
doi: 10.1080/02791072.1993.10472245.
Citing recently published challenges to R. Gordon Wasson’s identification of Vedic soma as the psychoactive mushroom Amanita muscaria (fly-agaric), this article reviews unpublished letters by Wasson in which he considered and rejected other psychoactive plants as candidates, including the mint Lagochilus inebrians, Convolvulaceae (morning glory) seeds, the fungal parasite Claviceps purpurea (ergot), and especially the psilocybin mushroom Stropharia cubensis, known also as Psilocybe cubensis, Apart from their historical interest, these letters-from the Tina and Gordon Wasson Ethnomycological Collection at the Harvard Botanical Museum—demonstrate that Wasson remained open to refinements of his theory.
S. Saeidnia, E. Barari, A. Shakeri, and A. R. Gohari, “Isolation and Identification of Main Compounds of Lagochilus Cabulicus,” Asian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 25, no. 3, 2013.
doi: 10.14233/ajchem.2013.13117.
The genus, Lagochilus Bge., belongs to Lamiaceae family and consists of 44 species all over the world, 4 species of which are growing exclusively in Iran. Literature show that there is no report around the isolation and spectral elucidation of the main compounds of the Iranian species, Lagochilus cabulicus Benth. The aim of this study is to determine the main compounds of this species for the first time. Column and thin layer chromatographic methods were used for isolation and purification and spectroscopic data (1H NMR and 13C NMR) were employed for identification of the compounds isolated from ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. From the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of L. cabulicus, four flavonoid, tricetin 3´-methyl ether (1), quercetin (2), quercetin 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1®6) b-D-glucopyranoside (3), quercetin 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (4), two steroids, sitosteryl acetate (5), stigmasteryl acetate (6) and one triterpene, lupeol (7), have been identified. The results show that the main compounds of L. cabulicus are biologically and pharmacologically active flavonol glucosides, sterol acetates and pentacyclic triterpene. There has not found any diterpene (lagochilin), as the main compound, in the aerial parts of L. cabulicus.
R. L. Sakamoto, M. Ito, and N. Kawakubo, “Contribution of Pollinators to Seed Production as Revealed by Differential Pollinator Exclusion in Clerodendrum Trichotomum (Lamiaceae),” PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 3, p. e33803, Mar. 2012.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033803.
A diverse assemblage of pollinators, such as bees, beetles, flies, and butterflies, will often visit a single plant species. However, evaluating the effect of several insects on fruit and seed production is difficult in plants visited by a variety of insects. Here, we analyzed the effect of three types of pollinators, Papilio spp., Macroglossum pyrrhosticta, and Xylocopa appendiculata on fruit and seed production in Clerodendrum trichotomum by using a flower visitor barrier experiment with nets of specific mesh sizes. As a result, fruit/flower and seed/ovule ratios were significantly lower under Papilio exclusion than under natural conditions. On the other hand, ratios were not significantly different between Papilio excluded and both Papilio and M. pyrrhosticta excluded treatments. Therefore, Papilio and X. appendiculata are effective pollinators, whereas M. pyrrhosticta, which was the most frequent visitor, of C. trichotomum, is not. From our observations of visiting behaviors, we believe that because M. pyrrhosticta probably promotes self- pollination, this species is a non-effective pollinator. This is the first study to separate and compare the contribution of various visitors to the reproductive success of a plant.
K. C. Sanderson and W. C. Martin, “CULTURAL CONCEPTS FOR GROWING CLERODENDRUM THOMASONIAE BALF. AS A POT PLANT,” p. 3.
Clerodendrum thomasoniae Balf., a tall, twining, evergreen shrub from tropical Africa, was grown as a compact, floriferous plant. Once propagated (2 one-node, double eye cuttings per 13.5 cm pot), standard greenhouse cultural practices produced adequate growth. Pinching and growth retardant treatments are needed to shape the plants and compact growth. Two manual pinches yielded a desirable plant shape. Ancymidol drenches (0.3 mg per 13.5 cm pot) or sprays (150 ppm, approximately 1.9 to 3.8 mg per plant) were found to be more effective in compacting plant growth than chlormequat drenches (450 mg per 13.5 cm pot).
Lagochilus Inebrians Growers Guide 1.0 Turkish Mint seems to be one of the most sought after rare Entheogenic herbs. Lagochilus inebrians being in the Labiatae mint family, has strong intoxicating, sedative, and relaxing properties depending on dosage and potency of the strain. The Strong intoxication is said to be cause by the alkaloid lagochiline. Lagochiline …
E. Sezik et al., “Folk Medicine in Uzbekistan: I. Toshkent, Djizzax, and Samarqand Provinces,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 197–207, Jun. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.016.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turcic republics in Central Asia where a desert continental climate mainly prevailes in territories. Nevertheless, this expedition was carried out in the northeast and east higher lands, where flora is richer. The interviews were performed in seven villages of Toshkent and in neighboring provinces of Samarqand, Djizzax and at Urgut Bazaar of Samarqand. Altogether 177 folk remedies were recorded in the surveyed area. Among these folk remedies, 162 remedies were obtained from 79 different kinds of plant species that belong to 31 different families, whereas, 15 animal originated remedies that belong to 8 different animals are listed, which includes their vernacular and scientific names, indications and recipes for preparations.
S. Shiwakoti et al., “Harvesting Number and Timing Effects on Shoot Yield and Flavonoid Content in Organically Grown American Skullcap (Scutellaria Lateriflora),” Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 248–261, Jul. 2013.
doi: 10.1080/10496475.2013.790870.
A field experiment was conducted in Alabama to determine the effect of timing and frequency of harvest on shoot yield and flavonoid content of American skullcap. In the first year (2008), harvesting twice gave 36% higher yield than harvesting once. In the second year (2009), plant die-off late in the season prevented a comparison of two and three harvests, so only the effects of early and late harvest were compared. There was no difference in yield between early or late harvesting. Plant height and density, percent dry matter, and shoot yield were higher in the first harvest than the second harvest. In 2008, the yield and concentration of flavonoid baicalein was the highest. In 2009, the yield and concentration of baicalin was the highest, followed by baicalein and apigenin. There were no differences in flavonoid yield between early and late harvest. Flavonoid yield in 2009 was 58% higher in the first harvest than in the second.
S. Shiwakoti, “Management Effects on Yield and Flavonoid Content in American Skullcap (Scutellaria Lateriflora),” Thesis, 2012.https://etd.auburn.edu//handle/10415/2952.
American Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) is a member of the mint family (Labiatae or Lamiaceae), and is a medicinal herb traditionally used for its mild relaxant properties attributed to its content of flavonoids. Field and greenhouse trials were conducted to determine management effects on dry matter yield and flavonoid content in American skullcap. The field experiment was conducted on Marvyn loamy sand (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, Thermic Typic Kanhapludults) with 0-2% slope in central Alabama, to determine the effect of timing and frequency of harvest on shoot yield and flavonoid content. The experimental design was 2X2 split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications of each treatment. The main factors were number of harvests in the first season (2008) - one harvest per season and two harvests per season. The sub factors were timing of harvests in the second season (2009) - early harvest and late harvest. In the first year (2008), harvesting twice gave 36 % higher yield than harvesting once. Baicalein had higher concentration and yield than other flavonoids in 2008. In the second year, there was no difference in yield between early or late harvesting but all the parameters considered in the study were significantly higher in first harvest than in the second harvest. Baicalin was higher in concentration and yield than other flavonoids in 2009.Flavonoid yield was 58% higher in the first harvest than in the second harvest in year 2 (2009). No residual effect from first year treatment was observed on yield in second year. Greenhouse trials were conducted (September 2010 and January 2011) to determine the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer on biomass yield and flavonoid content of American skullcap. Plants were grown in fritted clay in plastic pots in the greenhouse. Separate experiments were carried out for N, P and K. Each experiment was carried out two times and consisted of six levels of each nutrient. The levels of treatment for N experiment were: 0 kg N ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1, 400 kg ha-1 and 800 kg ha-1, for P experiment were: 0 kg ha-1, 20 kg ha-1, 40 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1, 160 kg ha-1 and 320 kg ha-1 and for K experiment were: 0 kg ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1, 300 kg ha-1 and 400 kg ha-1. Each treatment received a standard rate of micronutrient solution as needed as well as the highest level of the other two major elements. The nutrients were supplied as solution. Regression analysis gave maxima for dry matter, baicalein and chrysin yield at 446 kg N ha-1, 412 kg N ha-1 and 351 kg N ha-1 for N fertilizer respectively in greenhouse 2. Dry matter yield exhibited a linear response to P application. The yield of scutellarein, baicalin, baicalein and chrysin increased with addition of P. Regression analysis gave maximum dry matter yield at 208 kg K ha-1 for potassium fertilizer. A linear response to K fertilization was observed for scutellarein concentration. American skullcap may be harvested twice in the first year and at least twice in second year or cultivation. N, P and K increased dry matter and analyzed flavonoids yield in the greenhouse experiment. Field experiments are required to validate the finding of the greenhouse experiment and to determine if three harvests may be carried out in second and subsequent years.
Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer on biomass yield and flavonoid content of American skullcap (Scutellaria...
D. J. Siebert, “Localization of Salvinorin A and Related Compounds in Glandular Trichomes of the Psychoactive Sage, Salvia Divinorum,” Annals of Botany, vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 763–771, Jun. 2004.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mch089.
A. C. Silva, E. F. Araújo, and F. A. Ferreira, “Períodos e temperaturas de pré-resfriamento na germinação de sementes de Leonotis nepetaefolia,” Ciência Rural, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 282–285, Feb. 2006.
doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782006000100044.
The objective of this work was to study beneficial conditions during L. nepetaefolia seeds germination an assay was carried out to study pre-cooling temperatures of 5ºC and 10ºC for periods of 7 and 14 days, during seeds soaking. After these periods, the seeds were submitted to continuous (20ºC) or alternate (20ºC night – 30ºC day) temperatures. Additionally two controls were studied (20ºC e 20ºC – 30ºC) without precooling. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. Seeds submitted to pre-cooling, as well as the controls did not germinate in continuous temperature of 20ºC. The seeds submitted to pre-cooling of 10ºC for 14 days provided greater uniformity, final germination percentages (45%) and germination speed index compared to that the control.
A. Similien, “Effect of Shade, Irrigation and Nutrients on Dry Matter Yield and Flavonoid Content of American Skullcap,” Thesis, 2009.https://etd.auburn.edu//handle/10415/1647.
Growing interest in medicinal herbs results in a need to domesticate medicinal plants traditionally harvested in the wild. American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora), native to moist habitats in eastern North America, has sedative properties associated with the flavonoid, baicalin, and also contains baicalein, chrysin, wogonin and lateriflorin which have multiple uses. Information on how growing conditions affect dry matter yield, concentration and flavonoids yield is lacking. A field experiment was conducted at the EV Smith Research Center near Shorter Alabama in 2007 and 2008 to explore the effect of light, irrigation and nutrient application on dry matter yield and flavonoid concentration and yield of American skullcap. The field experiment was a 2 x 2 x 3 split vi plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with shade as the main factor and irrigation and nutrients as subplots. Treatments were: shade (40% vs. no shade), irrigation (applied at 30 kPa vs. no irrigation and nutrients (no nutrients vs. fertilizer: 100 kg N, 68 kg P and 42 kg K ha-1) vs. (chicken litter: 100 kg N, 50 kg P and 123 kg K ha-1). Four harvests were carried out in 2007 and 2008 to determine dry matter yield and flavonoid content. Extraction of plant material was performed using the Accelerated Solvent Extraction method and extracts were analyzed by the HPLC method to determine flavonoid concentration. All parameters considered in our study, except percent dry matter, performed better under shade than in full sun. Higher density was observed in 2008 due to spreading after removal of mulch fabric, however a decrease in stand was observed in the nonirrigated treatments in full sun. Powdery mildew was a problem encountered mainly under shade. Dry matter yield was 45% higher under shade, 61% higher with irrigation and 22% higher with added nutrients. Dry matter yield was not different according to nutrient source. A significant interaction of irrigation by nutrients was also observed. The highest dry matter yields were obtained with the irrigation + manure and irrigation + fertilizer treatments under shade and the lowest yield with fertilizer and the control treatments in full sun. Shade decreased baicalin concentration but did not affect baicalein, wogonin and chrysin concentration. Irrigation increased baicalin, baicalein and wogonin concentration but had no effect on chrysin concentration. Nutrient application slightly increase baicalin and chrysin but did not affect baicalein and wogonin concentration. Total flavonoid concentration was 26% higher in full sun, 20 % higher with irrigation and 29% lower vii with added nutrients. Significant interactions of shade by irrigation and shade by nutrient were observed for baicalin and baicalein concentrations. The highest concentrations were obtained with the irrigation + manure and irrigation in full sun and the lowest with manure under shade. Shade, irrigation and nutrients increased yield of all four flavonoids. Total flavonoid yield was 26% higher under shade, 97% higher with irrigation and 44% higher with added nutrients. Significant interactions of shade by irrigation, shade by nutrients and irrigation by nutrients were also observed for flavonoid yield. The highest flavonoid yields were observed with the irrigation + manure and irrigation + fertilizer treatments under shade and the lowest with the control and fertilizer treatment in full sun. Higher dry matter and flavonoid yields were obtained with the same treatments, suggesting that increasing dry matter yield had a direct effect on flavonoid yield. Based on our results, we can recommend irrigation and added nutrients for higher dry matter and flavonoid yield and irrigation with added nutrients in full sun for higher flavonoid concentration.
A. Similien, D. A. Shannon, C. W. Wood, E. van Santen, N. Joshee, and W. G. Foshee, “Partial Shade, Irrigation, and Added Nutrients Maximize Dry Matter Yield of American Skullcap (Scutellaria Lateriflora L.),” HortScience, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 1705–1709, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.47.12.1705.
American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.), a medicinal plant species valued for its sedative properties associated with flavonoids, is generally harvested from the wild. Scientific information on how field cultivation practices affect dry matter yield is lacking in this species. A 2 × 2 × 3 split plot factorial experiment within a randomized complete block design was conducted on a Marvyn loamy sand (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, Thermic Typic Kanhapludults) in Central Alabama to explore effects of light, irrigation, and nutrient application on dry matter yield of American skullcap. Treatment factors were shade (40% shade vs. no shade), irrigation (applied at 30 kPa vs. no irrigation), and nutrients [no added nutrients vs. nutrients added as chemical fertilizer (100 kg nitrogen, 68 kg phosphorus, 42 kg potassium/ha) or chicken litter (100 kg nitrogen, 50 kg phosphorus, and 123 kg potassium/ha)]. Shade formed the main plot units, whereas irrigation × nutrient factorial combinations were subplots. Skullcap shoots in experimental plots were harvested four times during the course of the two-year experiment (2007, 2008). All growth variables measured, except percent dry matter, performed better under shade than in full sun. Dry matter yield was increased 45% by shade, 61% by irrigation, and 22% by addition of nutrients. A significant irrigation × nutrients interaction was observed at the first and second harvests. Highest yields were obtained with the irrigation + manure and irrigation + fertilizer treatments under shade and the lowest with fertilizer and the control treatments in full sun.
A. Similien et al., “Shade, Irrigation and Fertility Effects on Biomass Production and Flavonoid Content in American Skullcap,” Planta Medica, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. P-5, Feb. 2008.
doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1075201.
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A. Similien et al., “Shade, Irrigation, and Nutrients Affect Flavonoid Concentration and Yield in American Skullcap,” Crop Science, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1213–1224, 2016.
doi: 10.2135/cropsci2015.03.0186.
American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.) is valued for its sedative properties that are associated with flavonoids. Information on how growing conditions affect flavonoid content is lacking. A 2 by 2 by 3 factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (r = 4) with a split-plot restriction on randomization to explore effects of light, irrigation, and nutrient application on flavonoid concentration and yield in American skullcap. Treatment factors were shade (40% shade vs. no shade), irrigation (applied at 30 kPa vs. no irrigation), and nutrients (no fertilizer vs. fertilizer [100 kg N, 68 kg P, 42 kg K ha−1] or chicken litter [100 kg N, 50 kg P, 123 kg K ha−1]). Shade formed the main plot units; irrigation and nutrients were randomized within subplots. Aboveground biomass was harvested twice in both 2007 and 2008. Dried, finely ground samples were extracted and analyzed for flavonoid concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The flavonoid baicalin was present in highest concentration and yield, followed by baicalein; wogonin and chrysin were present in only small amounts. Flavonoid concentration was 72% higher in full sun, 15% higher with irrigation, while added nutrients decreased baicalin concentration by 6% but increased baicalein by 16%. Significant interactions of shade × irrigation and shade × nutrients were also observed. Flavonoid yield was 25% higher under shade, 92% higher with irrigation, and 43% higher with added nutrients. Significant interactions of shade × irrigation, shade × nutrients, and irrigation × nutrients were also observed. Increasing biomass yield had a greater effect on total flavonoid harvested than did increasing flavonoid concentration.
B. Singh, “IMPACT OF COAL MINING (DHANPURI AREA) ON THE GROWTH OF LEONOTIS NEPETIFOLIA L.,” vol. 3, 2016.
Leonotis nepetifolia L., a plant of family lamiaceae grows extensively in coal fields and even in stressful conditions like fire area and O.B. dump area. So the present study was designed with the objective is To study the ecology of Leonotis nepetifolia L. growing in different locations like fire area, subsidence area, OB dump area, road side and control area of Deohara coal mines (Dhanpuri coal field) of Shahdol district, Madhya Pradesh. Present study shows better adaptation of Leonotis nepetifolia in stressful conditions in terms of its morphological characters and biomass. An increase in fresh weight and decrease in dry weight in various disturbed locations clearly indicated that ultimate productivity of plants reduced in adverse conditions of coal mine areas. A high fresh weight of plants in disturbed locations may be because of strategy to overcome the adverse ecological condition by absorbing and accumulating more water. A low BGP may be because of the presence of various toxicological elements and other physical conditions of the soil. An increase in some of the morphometric parameters of Leonotis nepetifolia may be because of stress response of plants which has been reported in various other conditions as well. However possibilities of some evolutionary adaptation of this plant cannot be completely ruled out. A detailed investigation and extensive research work is required to properly infer the results obtained during this study.
P. D. Singh, K. S. Kumar, and V. P. Khanduri, “Pollen Storage, Viability and Effect of Growth Hormones on in Vitro Pollen Germination in Two Medicinal Plants (Clerodendrum Colebrookianum Walp. and Clerodendrum Infortunatum L.) of the Tropical Moist Forest of North-East India,” Journal of Applied and Natural Science, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 999–1008, Sep. 2022.
doi: 10.31018/jans.v14i3.3737.
Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. and Clerodendrum infortunatum L. are well known for their medicinal uses in treating various human ailments traditionally. Pollen biology study was done in both plant species to decipher pollen viability, in vitro pollen germination, and pollen storage in varied temperature conditions. Pollen viability tests was done by 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC test) for which pollen grains were collected at the anthesis stage that ascertained high viability, ranged between 71.97%±4.30 % in C. colebrookianum and 81.63%±3.23 in C. infortunatum. In vitro pollen germination was conducted under different hormones (IBA, IAA, GA3, and Kinetin) with concentrations of 100 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1 and 300 mg L-1. Highest germination percentage of 52.10±5.30% and 61.91±1.76% in GA3 (200 mg L-1) was the most suitable growth hormone concentration for inducing in vitro pollen germination in both Clerodendrum species. Statistically, the response of all the concentrations of treatments, sucrose, and hormones, with their time on in vitro pollen germination of C. colebrookianum and C. infortunatum was found significantly different (p<0.05). In contrast, non-significant differences were recorded for in vitro pollen germination between the medicinal plant species. Pollen storage under temperature gradient conditions exhibited a similar trend in the viability for both C. colebrookianum, and C. infortunatum, i.e., the pollen remained viable up to 28 days at -20°C and 6°C, respectively. This study will be helpful in future breeding, hybridization, and conservation efforts for both the Clerodendrum species.
C. Stan, L. Vlăduțoiu, V. N. Vlăduț, and A. Muscalu, “HARVEST AND QUALITY OF HYSSOP.”
Countries in the elite of European medicinal plants growers, use technologies that involve a high degree of mechanization/automation of operations based on modern machines in order to increase productivity and obtain quality vegetable material. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L., fam. Lamiaceae) is a perennial Mediterranean plant, well acclimatized in Romania. The quality of the hyssop vegetal production obtained is influenced by a series of pedoclimatic factors, the quality of the material used for the establishment of a crop (seedlings, cuttings, etc.), the varieties and the chemical used, etc. In addition, agricultural practices such as spacing and harvesting have a critical effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of this species, resulting in plant growth and development as well as yields.
G. W. Stutte, I. Eraso, and A. M. Rimando, “Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Enhances Growth and Flavonoid Content of Two Scutellaria Species,” Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, vol. 133, no. 5, pp. 631–638, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.21273/JASHS.133.5.631.
Scutellaria L. is a genus of herbaceous perennials of the Lamianaceae that includes several species with medicinal properties. The medicinal species of Scutellaria are rich in physiologically active flavonoids with a range of pharmacological activity. Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of increasing the growth rate and flavonoid content of Scutellaria barbata D. Don and Scutellaria lateriflora L. with CO2 enrichment in a controlled environment. Both species showed an increased growth rate and total biomass in response to CO2 enrichment from 400 to 1200 μmol·mol−1 CO2, and time to flowering was accelerated by 7 to 10 days. The bioactive flavonoids scutellarein, baicalin, apigenin, baicalein, and wogonin were detected in vegetative tissue of S. barbata. Total flavonoid content increased 50% with enrichment of CO2 to 1200 and 81% with 3000 μmol·mol−1. Scutellarein, baicalin, and apigenin concentrations increased with increasing CO2, whereas baicalein and wogonin did not. The flavonoids baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and chrysin were detected in the vegetative tissue of S. lateriflora. The total concentration of the bioactive flavonoids measured in the vegetative tissue of S. lateriflora was much higher than S. barbata under ambient CO2 conditions (1144 vs. 249 μg·g−1 dry weight). The total content of the measured bioactive flavonoids increased 2.4 times with enrichment to 1200 μmol·mol−1 CO2, and 5.9 times with enrichment to 3000 μmol·mol−1 CO2. These results indicate that the yield and pharmaceutical quality of Scutellaria species can be enhanced with controlled environment production and CO2 enrichment.
G. W. Stutte, I. Eraso, and K. B. Downing, “Feasibility of Controlled Environment Production of Scutellaria Species,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 756, pp. 213–220, Nov. 2007.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.756.22.
Sultonova K. and Kushiev Kh., “Lagochilus Inebrians Bunge Microclonal Propagation Under in Vitro Conditions,” Bulletin of Science and Practice, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 79–85, 2022.
doi: 10.33619/2414-2948/82/11.
The article presents the results of the introduction into culture in vitro and microclonal reproduction of Lagochilus inebrians Bunge growing in the territory of Central Asia. Plants of Lagochilus inebrians grown from seed materials in laboratory conditions were used as research material. To obtain aseptic cultures of Lagochilus inebrians, it is necessary to use multi-stage sterilization protocols using various types of antiseptics. It has been established that the optimal explant for cultivation is the apex of the generative shoot. In the presence of high concentrations of exogenous cytokinins, adventitious shoots are induced.
S. Taban, S. Masoudi, F. Chalabian, B. Delnavaz, and A. Rustaiyan, “Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils from Flower and Leaves of Lagochilus Kotschyanus Boiss. A New Species from Iran,” Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 8, no. 31, pp. 58–63, Sep. 2009.http://jmp.ir/article-1-330-en.html.
Background: The genus lagochilus, family Lamiaceae consists of 44 species, 33 of which grow in central Asia. Only one report on the analysis of essential oil of Lagochilus species has been published. Objective: Aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the hydrodistilled oil ...
M. Tanga, “Morphological Characteristics and Chemical Composition of s Skullcap (Scutellaria Lateriflora L.) and Burdock (Arctium Lappa L.) Cultivated under Different Conditions,” Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2021.https://etd.cput.ac.za/handle/20.500.11838/3566.
Burdock (Arctium lappa L.) and American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.) are medicinal plants that are highly rich in phytochemicals which contribute towards their therapeutic values. They also possess culinary values as herbal tea. The roots of Burdock are consumed as salad in Europe and Asian continents which are the regions of its origin. Currently, the plant materials of these plants are imported for their medicinal purposes by herbal practitioners and pharmaceutical industries in different countries of the world, including South Africa. However, the cultivation of these plants is lacking in South Africa and Africa as a whole. To achieve consistent supply of quality products and eliminate batch-to-batch variability of plant materials to meet up with the demand. A preliminary study on yield and phytochemical constituents of Arctium lappa L. as influenced by potassium and phosphorous fertilizer application and two different factorial experiments were conducted for Burdock on Takinogawa long cultivar with eight treatments (T1=N423P210K315, T2=N423P280k315, T3=N635P210K315, T4=N635P280K315, T5=N846P210K315, T6=N846P280K315, T7=N1058P210K315 and T8=N1058P280K315 Kg/ha) and five collection times laid out in a completely randomized design, replicated five times under 40% shade net in pot and field experiments. Fertilizer treatments were split into two equal doses at seedling stage and four weeks after transplanting. Data on morphological characteristics and yield were collected and analysed using SAS software. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference across fertilizer treatments on morphological characteristics and time of collection for both pot and field experiments. Significant differences (P<0.05) were also recorded on the yield parameters investigated. Treatment (N635P210 K315 Kg/ha) significantly outperformed the other treatments in the pot experiment. While for the field experiment, treatment (N846P280K315Kg/ha) significantly outperformed the other treatments. Furthermore, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and methanol leaf and root extracts of burdock as influenced by fertilizer treatments were assessed. Result of phytochemical screening were fairly rich indicating a positive test for phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and glycosides. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and condense tannins (PAC) on both aqueous and methanol leaf and root extracts in both pot and field studies. The nutritional constituents of the burdock root and leaf samples in both pot and field experiments were significant (P<0.05) except for root lipid content for pot experiment and leaf ash content for field experiment which were not significant (P>0.05). For antioxidant activities, 2,2-diphyl-1-picrythydraxyl, Nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide were significant (p<0.05) for aqueous and methanol leaf and root extracts for pot and field experiments among treatment combinations. Overall, scavenging activity for treatment combinations with a lower level of phosphorous (P210 Kg/ha) recorded a lower IC50 values compared to those with higher level of phosphorous (P280 Kg/ha). Furthermore, anti-inflammatory activity for aqueous and methanol dried root and leaf extracts for pot and field experiments demonstrated significant differences (p<0.05) among treatment combinations. GC-MS analysis of essential oil for burdock root validated a variation in chemical composition among the different treatment combinations. Interestingly, the greatest variation was demonstrated by T7 with a total of 20 compounds identified; followed by T3 with 19 compounds, T4, T5, T6 and T8 with 14compounds while T1 and T2 had 13 compounds. Similarly, a factorial pot experiment was conducted for S. lateriflora with the same procedure and application, but with different treatments (T1=N350P213K213, T2=N350P320K213, T3=N525P213K213, T4=N525P320K213, T5=N700P213K213, T6=N700P320K213, T7=N800P213K213 and T8=N800P230K213 Kg/ha). Fertilizer treatments and time of collection had a significant (p<0.05) effect on the vegetative growth parameters investigated. Significant (p<0.05) effect was also recorded on biomass yield and total flavonoid contents across the different phenological stages. Fertilizer range (N525-N700 with P213-P320 and K213Kg/ha) had the highest influence on growth and yield attributes. Furthermore, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of American skullcap as influenced by fertilizer treatments were assessed. The results of phytochemical screening were quite rich at a varying degree, demonstrating the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids and steroids. The highest concentration of total phenolic content was recorded at the post flowering stage (41.65%) followed by the pre-flowering stage (33.83%) and the least at flowering stage (24.52%). Also, total flavonoid content recorded the highest concentration at post flowering stage (38.2%), followed by pre-flowering stage (34.2%) and the least at flowering stage (27.6%). However, for condense tannins, the highest concentration was recorded at the pre-flowering stage (38.5%) followed by the post flowering stage (31.2%) and the least at the flowering stage (30.3%). Also, the nutritional constituents of the leaves were significant (P<0.05). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities exhibited in aqueous, and methanol dried leaf extracts had significant (p<0.05) scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities demonstrated by the IC50 values. T5 had the lowest IC50 values for all the antioxidant assays. However, T4 recorded the most ideal anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 value (352.8 μg/ml) for aqueous extract and T7 (834.1 μg/ml) for methanol extract. Overall, treatments with lower supplementary phosphorous (P1=213kg/ha) recorded a higher concentration of total phenolic, flavonoids and condense tannins, ash, and lipid contents than those with higher supplementary phosphorous (P2=320kg/ha). For carbohydrate content, treatments with high supplementary phosphorus had a higher yield response than those with lower supplementary phosphorous.
A. A. Teto, C. P. Laubscher, P. A. Ndakidemi, and I. Matimati, “Paclobutrazol Retards Vegetative Growth in Hydroponically-Cultured Leonotis Leonurus (L.) R.Br. Lamiaceae for a Multipurpose Flowering Potted Plant,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 106, pp. 67–70, Sep. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.05.012.
Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br.; Lamiaceae is an indigenous southern African plant of commercial interest, which grows up to 3m tall and 1.5m wide, thus making it difficult to cultivate for the potted flowering plant industry. We tested different rates of a growth retardant paclobutrazol for retarding vegetative growth of L. leonurus for use as a flowering potted plant. The aim of the study was to determine the ideal rate of paclobutrazol from treatments of 0 (control), 2, 4, 8 and 16mg active ingredient (a.i.) per plant applied to rooted cuttings of 8±0.5cm in height. Plants which received 2mg a.i. were marginally shorter than the untreated control, while those treated with 4, 8, and 16mg a.i of paclobutrazol were greatly dwarfed. Plants treated with 4, 8 and 16mg a.i of paclobutrazol were seriously stunted, rosette, with senescing leaves and low fresh and dry weights. The concentration of 4mg a.i caused the largest dwarfing with plants in this treatment only weighing 32% of the total fresh weight of the control and 31% of the total dry weight of the control plants. We therefore recommend the application of as little as 2mg a.i. of paclobutrazol as an alternative way of chemically inducing dwarfing in L. leonurus, for producing flowering potted plants.
P. C. Tidke, N. Chambhare, M. J. Umekar, and R. T. Lohiya, “Review: Pharmacological Activity, Chemical Composition and Medical Importance of Leonotis Nepetifolia R.Br.,” Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, pp. 29–43, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.9734/jocamr/2021/v15i430275.
India is perhaps the most unique country in the world, with the richest tradition of indigenous and health care medical practices. Most of these practices are unique and known to very few individuals or communities. Leonotis nepetifolia Family (Lamiaceae) commonly known as ‘Klip dagga’ which has a long history of several traditional medicinal uses in many countries in the world. A huge number of phytoconstituents have been reported from the plant are allenic acid, iridoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and many more. This plant exhibited various biological activities and has been attributed to a variety of physiological effects like antifungal, antidiabetic, anxiolytic, arthritic, and many more activities. This literature review presents important species covering phytochemistry and pharmacological activities aspects systematically.
W. I. Toaima, “Production of Hyssop (Hyssopus Officinalis L.) Plant Under Mariout Conditions - Egypt,” Egyptian Journal of Desert Research, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 365–377, Dec. 2022.
doi: 10.21608/ejdr.2023.172741.1118.
Field research was conducted on Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) plants in the Mariout region, North of Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2020 and 2021. The purpose of the study is to determine the optimum space, chemical fertilization, and their interactions on the biomass yield. The research was set compatible to a split-plot design technique. The inter spacing was 30 and 50 cm, while the subplots had chemical fertilization at three levels: full dose NPK, 2/3 NPK, and 1/3 NPK. The used chemical fertilizers (full dose of NPK) were: 450 kg ammonium sulphate (20.5% N) + 300 kg calcium superphosphate (15.5% P2O5) + 150 kg potassium sulphate (48% K2O)/feddan. The results of the two cuts revealed that cultivation at a narrow spacing of 30 cm and adding a full dose of NPK recorded the significant highest production of herb and essential oil yield in the total area. The extracted oil contained pinocamphone (31.61-57.63%) and α-pinene (20.47-49.88%) as principal compounds. Cultivation at 30 cm space and adding the full dose of NPK also improved the pinocamphone concentration in the essential oil better than other treatments.
In this article, Lagochilus inebrians Bge - bozubang (lagochilus) plant was studied in 2 different ways: the first method was to obtain dry extract by water extraction and the second method was to extract lagoxilin diterpenoid by extraction with dichloroethane, its physical and chemical properties were studied, and information about hemostatic activity was presented.
M. A. Tomaz, E. F. Araújo, F. A. Ferreira, and E. Sagrilo, “Germinação de sementes de Leonotis nepetaefolia, em função do estádio de maturação e da posição do glomérulo na planta,” Planta Daninha, vol. 22, pp. 359–364, Sep. 2004.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-83582004000300005.
Leonotis nepetaefolia é uma espécie daninha comum em cultivos de milho no sistema de plantio direto, com intensa produção de sementes na entressafra. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a germinação das sementes desta espécie provenientes de glomérulos coletados em diferentes estádios de maturação e posição na planta, bem como a sua qualidade depois de 15 meses de armazenamento. Foram realizados três ensaios em laboratório, avaliando-se a germinação e o índice de velocidade de emergência. O primeiro e o segundo ensaio foram realizados logo após a coleta das sementes, e o terceiro, 15 meses depois. O tratamento para superação da dormência foi testado apenas no primeiro ensaio. Quando as sementes foram avaliadas logo após a coleta, maior germinação foi obtida com sementes de glomérulos secos na posição lateral. Decorridos 15 meses da coleta das sementes, os glomérulos nas posições apical e lateral apresentaram maiores percentuais de germinação, não ocorrendo diferenças entre os estádios de maturação. Com o armazenamento, houve aumento do potencial germinativo das sementes. A metodologia utilizada na superação de dormência de Leonurus cardiaca - submetendo as sementes ao pré-resfriamento à temperatura na faixa de 7 a 10 ºC, durante sete dias, na ausência de luz não foi adequada para a espécie em questão.
K. Tsujikawa et al., “Determination of Salvinorin A and Salvinorin B in Salvia Divinorum-Related Products Circulated in Japan,” Forensic Science International, vol. 180, no. 2, pp. 105–109, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.07.008.
Two major salvinorins, salvinorin A (SalA) and salvinorin B (SalB), in three Salvia divinorum dried leaf products and nine of its “concentrated extract” products circulated in Japan were determined. These ingredients were extracted twice with acetonitrile and decolored with graphite carbon powder. SalA and SalB were confirmed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in product ion scan mode, and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (for SalA) and by mass spectrometry in single ion monitoring mode (for SalB). The SalA/SalB contents (μg/mg) were in the range of 3.2–5.0/0.10–0.17 in the dried leaf products and 4.1–38.9/0.26–2.42 in the “concentrated extract” products. These findings would be useful for analysis of S. divinorum-related products circulated in the drug market.
L. J. ValdÉs, G. M. Hatheld, M. Koreeda, and A. G. Paul, “Studies of Salvia Divinorum (Lamiaceae), an Hallucinogenic Mint from the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca, Central Mexico,” Economic Botany, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 283–291, Apr. 1987.
doi: 10.1007/BF02858975.
Salvia divinorum Epling & Mtiva-M. is one of the vision-inducing plants used in ritual curing by the Mazatec Indians of central Mexico. The present status of research is summarized. Experiments with material collected at different Oaxacan sites confirmed that the mint has white (rather than blue) flowers with a purple calyx and that flowering is induced by short day length.
S. M. Vidya, V. Krishna, B. K. Manjunatha, and M. R. Pradeepa, “Micropropagation of Clerodendrum Serratum L. through Direct and Indirect Organogenesis,” Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 179–185, 2012.
doi: 10.3329/ptcb.v22i2.14208.
In vitro clonal propagation of Clerodendrum serratum L., a rare medicinal plant has been reported by using LM medium supplemented with different growth hormones. The maximum number of shoots with maximum length were obtained from stem derived callus on LM media fortified with 1.5 mg/l BAP and 0.3 mg/l NAA. Nodal explants showed direct organogenesis on LM media containing BAP (0.5 mg/l) alone. The regenerated shoots were successfully rooted with maximum frequency (100%) on half strength LM media supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA. The well rooted microshoots were successfully transferred to hardening and survival rate was 88%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v22i2.14208 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 22(2): 179-185, 2012 (December)
L. G. Vorontsova, O. S. Chizhov, B. L. Tarnopol’skii, and V. I. Andrianov, “X-Ray Diffraction Determination of the Structure of Lagochilin,” Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 274–278, Feb. 1975.
doi: 10.1007/BF00925769.
The precise geometrical parameters of the lagochilin molecule and the steric arrangement of the lagochilin and water molecules in its crystal hydrate were established.
T. A. Vortherms and B. L. Roth, “Salvinorin A: From Natural Product to Human Therapeutics,” Molecular Interventions, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 257–265, Oct. 2006.
doi: 10.1124/mi.6.5.7.
The hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum (i.e., "magic mint") is a member of the Sage family that has been used for divination and shamanism by the Mazatecs. Over the past decade or so, S. divinorum has been increasingly used recreationally. The neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A is the active component of S. divinorum, and recently, the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) has been identified, in vitro and in vivo, as its molecular target. The discovery of KOR as the molecular target of salvinorin A has opened up many opportunities for drug discovery and drug development for a number of psychiatric and non-psychiatric disorders.
W. T. Vos, T. J. Edwards, and J. van Staden, “Pollination Biology of Annual and perennialLeonotis Species (Lamiaceae),” Plant Systematics and Evolution, vol. 192, no. 1, pp. 1–9, Mar. 1994.
doi: 10.1007/BF00985903.
The pollination syndromes ofLeonotis (Pers.)R. Br. are discussed. Ornithophily accounts for most of the nutlets set in perennialLeonotis species but in the annual species [L. nepetifolia (L.)R. Br.] autogamy prevails.Leonotis species are predominantly pollinated by a variety of sunbirds, although bees are also involved. Nectar is sucrose-dominant in perennial species but hexose-dominant in the annual.
P. Wester and R. Claßen-Bockhoff, “Pollination Syndromes of New World Salvia Species with Special Reference to Bird Pollination1,” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 101–155, Apr. 2011.
doi: 10.3417/2007035.
The genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) encompasses about 1000 species, approximately two thirds of which are in the New World. Bees and birds are known as pollinators, but a more detailed analysis of the pollinator groups is lacking. This paper presents a complete list of all currently accepted New World Salvia species and their classification according to their pollination syndromes, focusing particularly on bird-pollinated species. The concept of pollination syndromes is used and complemented by field investigations, morphometric measurements, and experiments to reconstruct the process of pollen transfer and to confirm the fitting or exclusion of a given pollinator group. Within the 602 New World Salvia species, 58% are identified to be melittophilous (bee pollinated) and 31% to be ornithophilous (bird pollinated). Salvia whitehousei Alziar is assumed to be psychophilous (butterfly pollinated/long-tongued fly pollinated). About 11% of the species show characters of two or more syndromes and eight species are not assignable to any group. Bird-pollinated Salvia species occur from North America southward to Chile and Argentina. They usually grow as shrubs or perennial herbs (97%) and have red flowers (at least 49%) of an average size of 34 mm (7–130 mm). With respect to their floral diversity and phylogeny, parallel evolution is evident.
M. A. B. Willard, V. L. McGuffin, and R. W. Smith, “Forensic Analysis of Salvia Divinorum Using Multivariate Statistical Procedures. Part I: Discrimination from Related Salvia Species,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 402, no. 2, pp. 833–842, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5479-0.
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic herb that is internationally regulated. In this study, salvinorin A, the active compound in S. divinorum, was extracted from S. divinorum plant leaves using a 5-min extraction with dichloromethane. Four additional Salvia species (Salvia officinalis, Salvia guaranitica, Salvia splendens, and Salvia nemorosa) were extracted using this procedure, and all extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Differentiation of S. divinorum from other Salvia species was successful based on visual assessment of the resulting chromatograms. To provide a more objective comparison, the total ion chromatograms (TICs) were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA). Prior to PCA, the TICs were subjected to a series of data pretreatment procedures to minimize non-chemical sources of variance in the data set. Successful discrimination of S. divinorum from the other four Salvia species was possible based on visual assessment of the PCA scores plot. To provide a numerical assessment of the discrimination, a series of statistical procedures such as Euclidean distance measurement, hierarchical cluster analysis, Student’s t tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Pearson product moment correlation were also applied to the PCA scores. The statistical procedures were then compared to determine the advantages and disadvantages for forensic applications.
R. B. H. Wills and D. L. Stuart, “High Quality Australian Skullcap Products.”
Lagochilis Inebrians is a deciduous shrub growing to three feet. It comes from the sunny, arid mountainous regions of Uzbekistan where it is traditionally made into a sedating tea. It is little known in this part of the world except by a a handful of exotic herb enthusiasts. Cultivation too, is limited to those who […]
This experiment was conducted with Clerodendrum trichotomum Thumb pollen.The effects of the storage mode,storage time and storage temperature,thawing way and precool way on C.trichotomum Thumb pollen germination were explored.In addition,the changes of the protective enzyme activities and osmoregulation substances content were estimated under-80℃and 4℃low temperature storage process.The results indicated that:(1)the effect of two pollen storage ways with anther and powered at low temperature condition was not significant.The different precooling ways have no significant differences on the effect of low temperature storage.37 ℃ bath thawing is significant better than room temperature thawing for pollen germination under-80℃.(2)Germination rate of pollens still maintained at 7.99%after three months under-80℃,having improved the pollen germination more effectively.(3)With the low temperature stress counting,the activities of SOD and POD increased at the beginning then decreased under-80℃and 4 ℃.(4)The content of soluble sugar under-80 ℃ and 4 ℃ and soluble protein under-80℃ increased at the beginning and then decreased;The content of soluble protein under 4℃ decreased continually.The study found that C.trichotomum Thumb pollen was subjected to be storage at-80 ℃.The pollen improved the cold resistance and contain its activity by enhancing the SOD activity,POD activity and solu-ble sugar content,soluble protein content when it was subjected to low temperature stress.
Using the method of fluorescent microscope and paraffin section, this study was conducted on pollen tube growth and double fertilization process in Clerodendrum trichotomum for speeding up process of Clerodendrum trichotomum cross-breading. In addition, 11 geographic provenances of Clerodendrum trichotomum were also used as parents in 21 reciprocal cross combinations, and cross compatibility among these geographic provenances were discussed according to fruits-set rate. The results indicated that there were no pollen grains germinated at 0.5 h after pollination. At 1 h, a small amount of pollens germinated. At 2 h, many pollen tubes had grown to the base of style. At 4 h, a high number of pollens germinated, pollen tubes entered to ovules. At 8 h, a great deal of pollen tubes had grown to style base, but there were some callose accumulation in tubes. Pollen tubes entered embryo sacs mainly occurred at 1 day after pollination, while double fertilization occurred at 2 days after pollinating. Zygote started to the stage of pro-embryo growth after pollination 3 days. The fruits-set rate of cross combinations ranged from 0.00%-73.33%. Female parents fruits-set rate accounted 0.00%-52.94%, while male parents fruits-set rate accounted 0.00%-46.08%. The fruits-set rate could reach 0.00%-363.00%, when Clerodendrum trichotomum parents were used in reciprocal cross combinations.
Salvinorin A, the most potent naturally-occurring hallucinogen, has gained great attention since the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) was identified as its principal molecular target (1). However, the molecular mechanisms by which salvinorin A, a small-molecule agonist, binds to and activates KOR was unclear. To understand these mechanisms, three aims were proposed for my dissertation research; correspondingly, I will report our findings in three parts (Chapter 3, Chapter 4 and Chapter 5) in this dissertation. The primary goal (Chapter 3) is to identify the binding site of salvinorin A in KOR. A combination of site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling was applied to determine the structural features of KOR essential for the binding of Salvinorin A (2). Meanwhile, a series of naturally-occurring and synthetic salvinorin A derivatives was designed and assayed to compare their binding and functional properties (3-6). The subsequent goal (Chapter 4) is to investigate KOR’s conformational change during the activation process. In this part of the dissertation research, over-expression of Gα16 and Gαi2 were used to increase the coupling ratio between KOR and the Gα subunits (7). The substituted cysteine accessibility method (SCAM), utilizing the specific reaction between the thiolate groups (-S-) and 2-aminoethylmethanethiosulfonate (MTSEA), was applied to detect the conformational changes of the receptor (7). Intriguingly, these G protein-dependent conformational changes significantly increased the binding affinity of salvinorin A. In PART III (Chapter 5), our goal is to further verify ligand-receptor interactions by designing a series of ligands capable of covalently binding to KOR. From our earlier work using the SCAM approach, we demonstrated that C3157.38 was both water accessible and highly reactive to methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents (7). Thus far, two compounds RB-48 and RB-64 (both with pM potency and extraordinary selectivity for KOR) have emerged as being suitable for affinity-labeling KOR. Our preliminary mass spectrometry data was consistent with C3157.38 as the labeling site. Collectively, this research project has revealed the molecular mechanisms by which a small-molecule agonist selectively binds to and activates a Class A GPCR.
K. S. You and Y. Hatefi, “Purification and Properties of a Low Molecular Weight Protein Factor of Mitochondrial Energy-Linked Functions,” Biochimica et biophysica acta, vol. 423, no. 3, pp. 398–412, Mar. 1976.
doi: 10.1016/0005-2728(76)90196-1.
1. A soluble protein with a molecular weight of 11-12-10(3) has been isolated from bovine-heart mitochondria, which stimulates the following ATP-dependent reactions of submitochondrial particles treated with 0.6 mM EDTA and 1 M NH4OH: reverse electron transfer from succinate to NAD, transhydrogenation from NADH to NADP, and ATP-Pi exchange. The factor has no effect on the NADH oxidase, succinate oxidase and ATPase activities of the particles. 2. The stimulatory effect of the factor in the ATP-dependent reduction of NAD by succinate is 12 mumol-min-1-mg-1 of the factor protein. However, the NH4OH-EDTA treated particles are saturated for maximal activation of the above reaction by very small amounts of the factor (about 20-40 mug factor per mg particle). 3. Electrophoresis of the factor preparation on polyacrylamide gels showed a single protein band plus a nonprotein material which moved at the dye front and was weakly stained with Coomassie Blue. The protein was shown to be required for activation of the particles; whether the fast-moving, nonprotein material is also required is not known. 4. The factor is inhibited by mercurials and N-ethylmaleimide. The former, but not the latter, inhibition is completely reversed by 1,4-dithiothreitol. 5. The NH4OH-EDTA treated particles are also stimulated by rutamycin up to about 0.1 nmol of rutamycin per mg particle; higher rutamycin concentrations inhibit. Depending on the particle preparation, the factor stimulates up to about 3 nmol per mg particle, but does not inhibit at higher concentrations. In addition, under certain conditions in which appropriate concentrations of rutamycin fail to stimulate the particles, the factor still does.
N. K. Yuldasheva, N. T. Ul′chenko, F. Abdukhomidova, A. I. Glushenkova, and U. N. Zainutdinov, “Lipids from Seeds of Lagochilus Inebrians,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1154–1156, Nov. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s10600-015-1515-1.
Data on a comparative study of the content of the diterpenoid lagochiline in cultivated and wild plants Lagochilus inebrians are presented. The plant Lagochilus inebrians is standardized according to several indicators according to the State Pharmacopoeia (GF). It is shown that the content of lagochilin cultivated in the foothill areas of the Navoi region of the Republic of Uzbekistan is 17–20% higher than that of wild plants.
U. N. Zainutdinov, \relax K. KhaiTboev, A. R. Khafizov, and \relax K. A. Aslanov, “Method of Isolating Lagochilin from Plants of the Genus Lagochilus,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 129–129, Jan. 1994.
doi: 10.1007/BF00638440.
Lagochilin – the main component of the total extractive substances of many species of plants of the genus Lagochilus- possesses a hemostatic action [1]. Methods hve been described for obtaining lagochilin from Lagochilus inebrians with a yield of 1% [2, 3]. Our aim was to develop the best method of isolating lagochilin from raw material. In order to choose a rational extractant permitting the maximum yield of lagochilin, we performed a series of model experiments using organic solvents and aqueous solutions of them: chloroform, dichloroethane, isopropanol, 80% isopropanol, ethanol, and 70 and 80% ethanols. Except for chloroform and dichloroethane, these solvents extract a large amount of accompanying substances, and it is therfore difficult to isolate pure lagochilin.
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is an oil plant, acts antiseptically and stimulates digestion. It is applied both for curative and culinary purposes. Studies conducted inthe years 2006–2008 were aimed at the effect of plant harvest term (mid June – plants in vegetative phase, mid July – beginning of flowering, mid August – full blooming, mid September – after flowering) and plant spacing (30 × 30, 40 × 40, 50 × 50 cm) upon yielding and quantity of hyssop herb. Studies were conducted at one-year plantation established from seedlings. Yield of fresh, dry herb and yield of herb without stems was significantly dependent upon the examined factors. Significantly greater fresh herb yield was obtained from plants after flowering (on average: 2.32 kg.m-2), just like the dry yield and yield of herb without stems. In the analysis of the effect of plant spacing upon hyssop yielding, it was revealed that the highest fresh herb yield (on average 1.47 kg.m-2) was from plants grown in the spacing of 40 × 40 cm, similarly to yield of the dry herb and yield of herb without stems. No significant effect of plant spacing was found on the contentsof dry matter, L-ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, carotenoids, oil, tannins and flavonoids. It was demonstrated, however, that the harvest term significantly effects the contents of L-ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, carotenoids and essential oil in hyssop herb.
M.-L. Zhang, X.-Q. Zeng, S. C. Sanderson, V. V. Byalt, and A. P. Sukhorukov, “Insight into Central Asian Flora from the Cenozoic Tianshan Montane Origin and Radiation of Lagochilus (Lamiaceae),” PloS One, vol. 12, no. 9, p. e0178389, 2017.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178389.
The Tianshan Mountains play a significant role in the Central Asian flora and vegetation. Lagochilus has a distribution concentration in Tianshan Mountains and Central Asia. To investigate generic spatiotemporal evolution, we sampled most Lagochilus species and sequenced six cpDNA locations (rps16, psbA-trnH, matK, trnL-trnF, psbB-psbH, psbK-psbI). We employed BEAST Bayesian inference for dating, and S-DIVA, DEC, and BBM for ancestral area/biome reconstruction. Our results clearly show that the Tianshan Mountains, especially the western Ili-Kirghizia Tianshan, as well as Sunggar and Kaschgar, was the ancestral area. Ancestral biome was mainly in the montane steppe zone of valley and slope at altitudes of 1700-2700 m, and the montane desert zone of foothill and front-hill at 1000-1700 m. Here two sections Inermes and Lagochilus of the genus displayed "uphill" and "downhill" speciation process during middle and later Miocene. The origin and diversification of the genus were explained as coupled with the rapid uplift of the Tianshan Mountains starting in late Oligocene and early Miocene ca. 23.66~19.33 Ma, as well as with uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and Central Asian aridification.
E. V. Zvezdina et al., “Members of the Family Lamiaceae Lindl. as Sources of Medicinal Plant Raw Materials to Obtain Neurotropic Drugs,” Pharmacy & Pharmacology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 4–28, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.19163/2307-9266-2020-8-1-4-28.
The aim of this work is to review and analyze the data published in the modern scientific literature obtained in pharmacological, pharmacognostic and pharmacotechnological studies of various types of raw materials obtained from members of the family Lamiaceae L., which were sources of biologically active substances, pharmaceutical substances, total extracts and the drugs – with a neurotropic activity.Materials and methods. For the review, we used the information of scientific literature from open and accessible sources of the last twenty years, located in the scientific and technical libraries of institutions, as well as in electronic databases: Elibrary, PubMed, Scopus, Cyberleninka, GoogleAcademy, J-Stage. The search inquiries were: the species of the family Lamiaceae (Russian and Latin), the samples of medicinal plant materials based on them as well as the names of the drugs and biologically active substances obtained from these raw materials.Results. When working with the sources of scientific information, the main attention was paid to pharmacologic tests performed during the studies on laboratory animals and proving the presence of neurotropic activity in the studied objects – essential oils and extracts from plant raw materials: aqueous, aqueous alcoholic, and methanol ones. It has been established that the potential of the therapeutic and preventive application of pharmaceutical substances and drugs based on the medicinal plant materials obtained from 30 genera members of the Lamiaceae family, remains unrealized despite the close attention of various researchers.Conclusion. This review comprised 71 species from 30 genera. Despite the significant level of the previous study presented in the analysis of this publication, an enormous potential of this family’s species remains unexplored. In the future, they can be of both – pharmacognostic and practical interest, in particular, in creation of new medicinal preparations of the neurotropic action based on them.
