سماوات سمانه, صالحی وژده نظری مهدیه, یحیی زاده بلالمی مهدی, and رحیمی فرد مهشید, “اثر باکتری‌های حل‌کننده فسفات بر میزان آلکالوییدهای مورفین، پاپاورین، و نوسکاپین خشخاش .Papaver Somniferum L.),” علوم باغبانی, no. Online First, Feb. 2024.
doi: 10.22067/jhs.2024.85697.1306.
It can be concluded that there is no need to apply genetic engineering to increase the production of valuable secondary metabolites by medicinal plants. Rather, this goal can be achieved much cheaper by using bacterial elicitors. Accordingly, by selecting compatible and efficient bacterial strains with phosphate solubilizing activity, the amounts of morphine, papaverine, and noscapine alkaloids in the aerial parts of P. somniferum as a valuable medicinal plant can be noticeably increased.
امیری منفرد وحید, هاشمی عباس, مامدی آرش, and توکل افشاری رضا, “Investigating the characteristics of germination and determining the cardinal temperature of poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum),” علوم و فناوری بذر ایران, vol. 6, no. 2, Oct. 2017.
doi: 10.22034/ijsst.2018.116771.
The aim of this study was to quantify the response of germination rate to temperature and to find cardinal temperatures required for different germination percentiles in Papaver somniferum. Four models of non-linear regression [Quadratic, Segmented, Beta and Dent-like] were evaluated to describe the relationships between germination rate and temperature of P. somniferum over 7 constant temperatures (3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ˚C). Different statistical indices [Root Mean Squares of Error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2)] were used to compare models performance. The Dentlike was found to be the best model to predict germination rate (RMSE=000.35, R2=0.87). The base, sub optimum, supra optimum and the ceiling temperatures for P. somniferum seed germination were estimated 3, 7, 20 and 31˚C, respectively. The cardinal temperatures depended on the model used for their estimation. Overall, Dent-like was better suited than the other models to estimate the cardinal temperatures for germination of P. somniferum seed. The highest germination percentage (72) and germination rate (0.86) was observed in 10 and 15 ˚C, respectively.
Л. И. Мотыгуллина and Р. Г. Тухбатуллина, “Glaucium flavum (Papaveraceae) - компонентный состав и биологическая активность (обзор),” 2021.https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=49356649.
S. Aalinezhad, F. Dabaghian, A. Namdari, M. Akaberi, and S. A. Emami, “Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Alkaloids from Papaver Spp.: A Structure–Activity Based Study,” Phytochemistry Reviews, May 2024.
doi: 10.1007/s11101-024-09943-x.
The genus Papaver L. includes 159 annual, biennial, and perennial species divided into 11 sections. Several studies on a few species in this genus have revealed that they have beneficial anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-depressant properties. In addition, they have analgesic and sedative effects to alleviate signs of various disorders such as pain, cough, and neurological problems. These beneficial properties have been shown to be primarily related to their alkaloids content. The majority of the alkaloids in the Papaver genus are aporphines, morphinanes, protoberberines, protopines, and simple benzylisoquinolines. Interestingly, studies on the pharmacological effects of their alkaloids, with focus on the structure–activity relationship, have revealed a number of biological activities, including effects on metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. However, findings of literature on the toxic effects and low bioavailability of these bioactivitie alkaloids persuaded researchers to focus on the exact mechanisms of these alkaloids and improve their benefits by alleviating their side effects. In the current study, we aimed to review the chemistry and pharmacology of the Papaver alkaloids in order to assist researchers in their future studies on the genus Papaver to address research gaps. Additionally, we had a complete investigation on the taxonomy of Papaver spp. based on research references.
J. Acevska, A. Dimitrovska, G. Stefkov, K. Brezovska, M. Karapandzova, and S. Kulevanova, “Development and Validation of a Reversed-Phase HPLC Method for Determination of Alkaloids from Papaver Somniferum L. (Papaveraceae),” Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 399–405, Mar. 2012.
doi: 10.5740/jaoacint.11-102.
An HPLC method for the separation of six target alkaloids from Papaver somniferum L. (morphine, codeine, oripavine, thebaine, papaverine, and noscapine) was developed, optimized, and validated. The chromatographic behavior of these alkaloids was investigated using a reversed-phase chromatography at acidic and alkaline pH. The effects of ion-pairing agents, pH value of the mobile phase, concentration of the buffer components, mobile phase organic modifier, and column temperature were studied. Regardless of the large differences in their pKa values, all alkaloids were separated within a close retention window, and good peak shape was achieved for each of the six alkaloids. The proposed method has adequate selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and reproducibility and is applicable for poppy straw.
D. S. Adamovic, B. Pekic, M. Gorunovic, and Z. Lepojevic, “Accumulation of Active Substances and Biogenous Elements in Medicinal Plants - Glaucium Flavum Crantz,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 306, pp. 194–199, May 1992.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.306.20.
T. Akaberi, K. Shourgashti, S. A. Emami, and M. Akaberi, “Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Alkaloids from Glaucium Spp.,” Phytochemistry, vol. 191, p. 112923, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112923.
Glaucium Mill. comprising 28 species with 78 synonyms, 3 subspecies, and 3 varieties worldwide belongs to the Papaveraceae family. The plants are well known for their different types of alkaloids. In the present study, we attempted to review the chemistry and pharmacology of the alkaloids from the genus Glaucium. For this purpose, the relevant data were collected from different scientific databases including, “Google Scholar”, “ISI Web of Knowledge”, “PubMed”, “Scopus”, and available books and e-books. Our results showed that aporphine alkaloids are dominated in the species; however, other types of alkaloids including protopines, benzophenanthridines, benzylisoquinolines, protoberberines, and morphinanes have also been reported from the genus. The pharmacological studies have shown that the alkaloids from Glaucium species have several biological activities of which anti-cancer and anti-cholinesterase effects have been highly reported. Besides, the data indicated that most of the species have been investigated neither phytochemically nor pharmacologically. Glaucium flavum, known as yellow horn poppy, is the most studied species. According to the reports, the plants from this genus have anti-cancer and anti-cholinesterase potentials and can be used as a source for aporphine alkaloids.
L. Aksoy, “Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Oil for Preparation of Biodiesel: Optimization of Conditions,” Applied Energy, vol. 88, no. 12, pp. 4713–4718, Dec. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.06.012.
Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L., is one of the ancient herbal medicines. In addition to this medical use of latex, opium that is extracted from the immature seed capsule, it is also used illegally for pleasure. It is being produced in great quantities in Turkey especially in Afyonkarahisar city. The seeds of opium poppy plant have high ratio oil content. The opium poppy seeds and oil of these seeds are purely used as an ingredient in production of bakery products. In this study, biodiesel evaluation of the opium poppy seeds that have a high oil ratio is aimed. Alkali catalyzed (NaOH) single-phase reaction was preferred to produce biodiesel from opium poppy oil. The parameters like catalyst concentration, methanol ratio, reaction temperature were optimized and biodiesel production was obtained with high yield in reaction time of 75min. The methyl ester content in the opium poppy oil biodiesel was determined with Gas Chromatography–Frame Ionized Detector (GC–FID). In optimum conditions, methanol ratio and catalyst concentration was determined as 20wt% and 0.5wt%, respectively. The reaction temperature was optimized as 60°C. Biodiesel was obtained from the opium poppy oil under optimum conditions. Some basic features of the produced methyl esters were determined.
H. E. Annett, “Factors Influencing Alkaloidal Content and Yield of Latex in the Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum),” Biochemical Journal, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 618–636, Oct. 1920.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1258926/.
M. Anwar, D. D. Patra, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, and D. V. Singh, “Relationship of Manganese with Iron and Zinc with Respect to Latex Yield and Composition in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum Linn) under Two Fertility Conditions,” Fertilizer research, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 55–58, Jan. 1993.
doi: 10.1007/BF00749960.
Two different field experiments were conducted for two years during 1985–86 and 1986–87 to study the relationship of Mn (0, 15 and 30 kg ha−1) with Fe (0, 15 and 30 kg ha−1) and Zn (0, 10 and 20 kg ha−1) under two fertility (NPK) conditions on yield and quality of opium poppy. The main effect of these micronutrients with respect to latex yield was highest at 15 kg ha−1 of Mn or Fe and 10 kg ha−1 Zn. Increasing the level beyond that resulted in reduction in latex yield. Highest response was observed when 15 kg ha−1 Mn was applied with either 15 kg ha−1 Fe or 10 kg ha−1 Zn. Morphine, codeine, narcotine and thebaine content of the latex was highest with 15 kg Mn, 15 kg Fe or 10 kg ha−1 Zn or the combined application of 15 kg Mn with 15 kg Fe or 10 kg Zn ha−1.
A. M. Arafa, M. E.-S. Mohamed, and S. I. Eldahmy, “The Aerial Parts of Yellow Horn Poppy (Glaucium Flavum Cr.) Growing in Egypt:Isoquinoline Alkaloids and Biological Activities,” J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 8, 2016.
Glaucium flavum Cr. (Family: Papaveraceae), known as the yellow horn poppy, is a medicinal herb found in the Mediterranean region, including Egypt and southern Europe. The plant is well known for its pharmacologically active aporphine-type isoquinoline alkaloids. The plant also exhibits various medicinal properties including antitussive, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and bronchodilator activities. G. flavum is now considered rare and endangered in the Egyptian flora due to urban sprawl and climate changes. The ethanol extract of the aerial part of the plant was subjected to acid–base extraction; the acidic methylene chloride fraction was further chromatographed to yield four isoquinoline alkaloids; glaucine, pontevedrine, oxoglaucine, and catalane. The ethanol extract of aerial parts of was investigated for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal activities. The extract reduced writhing in the acetic acid-injected rats by 84.62% compared to untreated animals (control), indicating good analgesic activity. The extract showed biological activity equivalent to diclofenac sodium as an anti-inflammatory agent using the rat hind paw edema method. The extract showed good cytotoxic activity on HepG2 and HCT cells with an IC50 of 28.3 μg and 33.2 µg, respectively. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the aerial parts ethanolic extract were significant, especially among Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli.
C. Avijeet, S. Shukla, A. Rastogi, B. K. Mishra, D. Ohri, and S. P. Singh, “Impact of Mutagenesis on Cytological Behavior in Relation to Specific Alkaloids in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Caryologia, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 14–24, Jan. 2011.
doi: 10.1080/00087114.2011.10589760.
The present study was an effort to identify appropriate dose of mutagens for the elevation of specific alkaloids especially thebaine through induced mutagenesis in opium poppy (P. somniferum L.) using two stable high yielding varieties NBRI-1 and NBRI-5. Simultaneously, the study also deals correlation between cytological aberrations and their effects on alkaloid quantity. Among the two varieties NBRI-1 was more sensitive than NBRI-5. The EMS was reported most potent mutagen for creation of chromosomal abnormalities. The treatment kR 10+0.2% EMS and kR10+0.4% EMS possessed high chiasms frequency. The dose 0.2% EMS in combinations with all doses of gamma accelerates the total alkaloid as well as individual alkaloid content.
A. E. Ayhan and M. U. Yildirim, “Sonbahar ve ilkbahar ekimlerinin haşhaşın (Papaver somniferum L.) verim ve morfin içeriği üzerine etkisi,” Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 412–420, Aug. 2021.
doi: 10.37908/mkutbd.931221.
Aims: This study was carried out in a farmer’s field at Koyunbeyli village of Uşak province during 2017-18 and 2018-19 in to determine the effect of alternative autumn and spring sowing times on yield and yield components of poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.). Methods and Results: Cv. Ofis 3 of poppy was used as experimental material. The experiment was conducted with three replications according to the randomized blocks design. Plant height, number of capsules per plant, capsule size, capsule width, capsule yield, seed yield and percentage of morphine were examined in the study. The highest values for all growth parameters except for the morphine percentage (%) were obtained in the autumn sowing. Morphine percentage were high in the sowing made in early and mid-February, which is considered as an alternative to autumn sowing, but it was found that the other growth parameters showed significantly negative effects. In the early and mid-March sowings, no yield could be obtained. Morphine content varied between 1.07 and1.17% in autumn sowing and 1.29-1.46% in spring sowing poppy capsules. Capsule and seed yield obtained in autumn sowing ranged 105.28-107.11 and 112.61-116.78 kg da -1 , and 17.55-21.67 and 15.10-15.77 kg da -1 in spring sowing, respectively. Conclusions: It was determined that the summer sowing period, could be an alternative to autumn sowing and could be between 1 February and 15 February, but the yield and yield components on the specified dates were significantly lower than autumn sowing. Significance and Impact of the Study: The deviation of meteorological parameters from the average climatic values seriously affected poppy yield during both years. Considering that we will see the effects of global warming more in the coming years, it is considered that poppy cultivation can be recommended only for winter.
B. A. Bailey et al., “Evaluation of Infection Processes and Resulting Disease Caused by Dendryphion Penicillatum and Pleospora Papaveracea on Papaver Somniferum,” Phytopathology®, vol. 90, no. 7, pp. 699–709, Jul. 2000.
doi: 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.7.699.
Two pathogenic fungi of opium poppy, Pleospora papaveracea and Dendryphion penicillatum, were isolated from field material in Beltsville, MD. The processes of infection by these two fungi were studied to determine the optimal environmental conditions for infection. Both fungi formed appressoria capable of penetrating directly through the plant epidermal layer. Of the two fungi, P. papaveracea was more aggressive, causing more rapid necrosis. Appressorial formation by P. papaveracea occurred as early as 4 h after application of a conidial suspension to poppy leaves. P. papaveracea formed more appressoria than did D. penicillatum, especially at cool temperatures (7 to 13°C). In greenhouse studies, P. papaveracea caused more damage to opium poppy than did D. penicillatum when applied in 10% unrefined corn oil. In the field, P. papaveracea was more consistent in its effects on opium poppy from a local seed source designated Indian Grocery. P. papaveracea caused higher disease ratings, more stem lesions, and equal or greater yield losses than did D. penicillatum on Indian Grocery. The late-maturing opium poppy variety White Cloud was severely damaged by disease, regardless of formulation or fungal treatment. P. papaveracea was the predominant fungus isolated from poppy seed capsules and the only fungus reisolated from the field the following year. These studies provide a better understanding of the infection process and the differences between these two pathogenic fungi and will be beneficial for the development of the fungi as biological control agents.
S. Bajpai, M. M. Gupta, and S. Kumar, “Identification of Indian Landraces of Opium Poppy Papaver Somniferum Resistant to Damping-off and Downy Mildew Fungal Diseases,” Journal of Phytopathology, vol. 147, no. 9, pp. 535–538, 1999.
doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0434.1999.147009535.x.
A set of 32 landraces (traditional local cultivars) of poppy Papaver somniferum originating in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu, and four Indian commercial varieties were screened over four cropping seasons for their reaction to downy mildew disease caused by Peronospora arborescens and damping-off disease caused by Pythium dissotocum under both field and artificial inoculation conditions. The landrace 1018 was found to be resistant to damping-off disease and the landraces 1014 and N3 were resistant to downy mildew disease. A yield trial conducted over two seasons showed that the damping-off disease-resistant landrace 1018 was superior to all the commercial varieties in seed, morphine and/or codeine yield. The experiments provided further evidence that there is considerable genetic variability between the landraces.
S. Bajpai, A. P. Gupta, M. M. Gupta, S. Sharma, C. M. Govil, and S. Kumar, “Inter-Relation between Descriptors and Morphine Yield in Asian Germplasm of Opium Poppy Papaver Somniferum,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 315–322, Jun. 2000.
doi: 10.1023/A:1008752805362.
A set of 208 Indian and two Thai germplasm accessions of opium poppy Papaver somniferum were assessed for variation in 17 morphological characters, seed yield and content and yield of morphine from capsules and peduncles. The germplasm was found to be highly variable for all the characters evaluated. In the harvested peduncles and capsules, 13% was peduncle straw, 61% seeds and the rest capsule husk. The peduncle and capsule straw yields ranged between 0.6–2.2 and 1.4–5.3 g plant-1, respectively. Morphine content in the peduncle varied between about 0.001–0.24% and that in the capsule from 0.02 to 1.05%. On average basis morphine content in the capsule husk was more than 9-fold higher than the peduncle straw. The plant morphine yields from peduncles and capsules ranged between 1.2 and 28.6 mg plant-1. Four accessions yielded more than 20 mg of morphine plant-1. Among these, in one of the accessions about 13% of the morphine was contributed by the peduncle. The plants of high morphine yielding accessions were generally small in height, and bore white flowers and large sized ungrooved capsules with a small number of seeds, on a large peduncle.
B. J. Baldwin, “Chemical Weed Control in Oil-Seed Poppy (Papaver Somniferum),” Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, vol. 17, no. 88, pp. 837–841, 1977.
doi: 10.1071/ea9770837.
Field experiments were conducted in north-west Tasmania to assess the herbicides diquat and nitrofen, used singly and in combination, for selective post-emergence weed control in oil-seed poppies (Papaver somniferum). The species of weeds infesting the crop influenced yield responses to the herbicides. In the absence of fat hen (Chenopodium album) and fumitory (Fumaria muralis), crop production increased linearly with rate of diquat. The highest rate of diquat (280 g ha-1) produced a yield that was not significantly different (P = 0.05) from the hand-weeded control. In the presence of these two weeds, linear yield responses to rates of both diquat and nitrofen were obtained. There was no significant interaction effect on crop yields between these two herbicides, but a mixture of both chemicals was required for effective weed control. The tolerance of the crop to the herbicides was measured in the absence of weed competition. No effects on crop yields were obtained, although some treatments retarded the growth of the crop and caused a significant (P = 0.05) reduction in the height of the crop at flowering.
A. R. Baneshi, A. Nowroozi Asl, G. H. Darya, F. Hashemi, and S. M. Musavi, “Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Glaucium Flavum Crantz on Thyroid Hormones in Alloxan Diabetic Rats,” Iranian South Medical Journal, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 141–149, Aug. 2019.
doi: 10.29252/ismj.22.3.141.
Background: Thyroid dysfunction is one of the controversial complications of diabetes. Given the hypoglycemic properties of Yellow Horne Poppy (YHP), this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of oral administration of aqua-ethanolic extract of YHP and glibenclamide on serum level of T3 and T4 hormones in alloxan diabetic rats compared ...
I. I. Bǎrǎ and E. Welimann, “Papaver Somniferum - Achievements, Incertitudes, Expectations,” Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 179–187, 1985.
doi: 10.5586/asbp.1985.017.
The poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) has had in the past, has now and will have in the future a special position among medicinal plants. It is of increasing scientific interest due to its utility, aesthetic, alimentary and pharmaceutical values. At present we possess much information on this plant from the fields of biochemistry, morphology, genetics and pharmacy.
C. E. Bare, V. K. Toole, and W. A. Gentner, “Temperature and Light Effects on Germination of Papaver Bracteatum Lindl., P. Orientale L., and P. Somniferum L.,” Planta Medica, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 135–143, Sep. 1978.
doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1097425.
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D. Barnawal et al., “ACC Deaminase-Containing Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Protect Papaver Somniferum from Downy Mildew,” Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol. 122, no. 5, pp. 1286–1298, May 2017.
doi: 10.1111/jam.13417.
K. H. C. Baser and N. Arslan, “Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum),” in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Middle-East, Z. Yaniv and N. Dudai, Eds. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014, pp. 305–332.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9276-9_17.
Opium poppy which is an indispensible source of opium (dried exudate of fresh fruits of opium poppy after lancing) and poppy seeds is a cultivated species of Papaver somniferum. Due to narcotic properties of morphine, the major alkaloid in opium, Opium poppy cultivation is controlled by the States where it is cultivated and the UN worldwide. Major opium poppy cultivating countries are Turkey, India, Australia, France, Spain, Hungary, Czech Republic and China. However, illicit opium poppy cultivation is widespead in Afghanistan, Burma, Mexico, Laos, Pakistan and Columbia for opium production. Illicit opium is used to isolate mophine which is then converted to heroine in makeshift production plants.
T. A. Baughman, T. F. Peeper, T. K. Baker, and D. L. Weeks, “Phenology and Distribution of Red Horned Poppy (Glaucium Corniculatum) in Oklahoma,” Weed Technology, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1004–1009, Dec. 1992.
doi: 10.1017/S0890037X00036629.
A survey conducted to determine the distribution of red horned poppy in western Oklahoma identified infestations in 14 Oklahoma and 3 Texas counties. Soil pH from infested fields ranged from 7.0 to 8.5. Red horned poppy grew as an annual, germinating in fall, spring, or summer. Plants that emerged in the fall survived −25 C, flowered in April and produced mature seed in June. Plants that emerged in April, flowered in June and produced mature seed in July. Corolla color varied from red to yellow with time of anthesis.
Ing. Michaela Benková, PhD., Slovak Agricultural Research Centre – Research Institute of Plant Production, 921 68 Piešťany, Bratislavská 122. E-mail:benkova@vurv.sk RNDr. Mária Žáková, CSc., Slovak Agricultural Research Centre – Research Institute of Plant Production, 921 68 Piešťany, Bratislavská 122. E-mail:zakova@vurv.sk Nine species (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Zea mays L., Lycopersicon esculentum MILL., Pisum sativum L., Papaver somniferum L., Vicia sativa L., Linum usitatissimum L., Capsicum annum L. and Beta vulgaris L.) representing 262 accessions mostly of Slovak and former Czechoslovakia origin were monitored after ten years of storage. Genetic resources were stored in the genebank (GB) in Piešťany in the base collection at –17°C in a glass container with silica gel. Viability was monitored by conducting a germination test on a fixed sample, one hundred seeds were tested in two replications. A variety of results was obtained, using the paired T-test. Some species showed a significant increase in percentage germination (Pisum sativum L., Papaver somniferum L. and Vicia sativa L.) and some showed a decrease or no change in percentage germination (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Zea mays L., Lycopersicon esculentum MILL., Linum usitatissimum L., Capsicum annum L. and Beta vulgaris L.) Within the different species, consistent results were not always obtained, with individual accessions sometimes showing varied germination results.
S. Benvenuti and D. Bacci, “Initial Agronomic Performances of Mediterranean Xerophytes in Simulated Dry Green Roofs,” Urban Ecosystems, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 349–363, Sep. 2010.
doi: 10.1007/s11252-010-0124-9.
The growing desire to make the urban environment more sustainable from an ecological point of view has stimulated research on the architectural and agronomic aspects of green roofs. The practical realisation of green roofs, is however limited by economic and ecological issues. More specifically, water availability is the most limiting factor, and is likely to be ever more so in the future in the light of climate change. For this reason, we evaluated the agronomic performance of several xerophytes in a simulated dry green roof. Seeds of 20 species were collected in typically dry habitats (abandoned quarries, rocky soils, dunes, etc.) and studied in the laboratory for germination ecology. In cases of strong dormancy, methods were tested to stimulate germination and their germination ecology was studied. The resulting seedlings were transplanted in spring 2008 in two green roof types that differ in substrate depth (150 and 200 mm) made up of lapil, pumice, zeolites and peat, resting on a drainage layer of hydroperlite. Temperature and humidity in the substrate and drainage layer were measured during the whole test period. Survival of the seedlings in both substrate depths was almost 100%, favoured by a rainy spring. Most of the tested species showed an excellent performance during the hot and dry summer months in terms of survival rates, growth, and vegetation cover dynamics, notwithstanding the difficult ecological conditions (temperatures around 50°C; hydric potential Ψ -15 bars). Furthermore, most of the species had a long flowering stage in the first year of growth. Plants in the green roof with the deeper substrate depth produced, for most of the tested taxa, a significantly higher vegetation cover and growth compared to when they were placed in the 150 mm substrate. The results of this study show that some Mediterranean xerophytes have biological characteristics suitable for their use in dry green roofs, although an irrigation system for emergency use seems advisable. To conclude, further research should focus on long term evaluation of green roof vegetation in terms of plant survival and flowering dynamics.
S. Benvenuti, “Seed Ecology of Mediterranean Hind Dune Wildflowers,” Ecological Engineering, vol. 91, pp. 282–293, Jun. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.01.087.
There is an increasing need for the landscape conservation of the threatened biodiversity of coastal ecosystems. This work studies the seed ecology (germination, dormancy, self-burial, seedlings emergence and seed bank disposition) of various Mediterranean hind dune wildflowers in a perspective of landscape protection and restoration. The deep dormancy of most species (overall Fabaceae, Brassicaceae and Calystegia soldanella) was eliminated or reduced after some seed treatments selected to simulate some natural events (washing, cold stratification, scarification, etc). “In situ” seed bank analysis was carried out by collecting sand samples in different dune ecosystems of Tuscany and Sardinia. Indeed the seed vertical distribution plays a crucial role in the germination dynamics on buried seeds. The vertical distribution of the seed bank of 20 selected species was confined to the upper 0–12cm layer of sand dune. Their burial depth was found to be inversely related to the 1000 seed weight of the different species ranging by 0.01g of Centaurium maritimum to 47.58 of C. soldanella. Roughly 80% of the seed bank is accumulated in the shallowest sand layer (0–3cm) and the only very little seeds of C. maritimum and Silene colorata were capable to reach the deeper layer of 9–12cm. Seedling emergence from increasing burial depth has been studied in pots “ex situ”. In spite of the respective seed dormancy-breaking treatments, their germination was progressively inhibited by burial depth increasing in the sand matrix. Calculation of the depth able to halve emergence established an inverse relationship between seed weight and depth-mediated inhibition. In addition, the ex situ capacity for self-burial (mediated by winter rains), ranging between 1 and 3.5cm, showed a similar, but inverse, relationship between seed weight and self-burial performance. Seed bank of herbaceous perennial species appears to be a good indicator of an ecosystem’s health and the perspective of environmental restoration, by using native wildflowers, should be carried out by sowing treated seeds, with a light burial, behind the natural or artificial foredunes.
R. Bercu, M. Fãgãraş, and L. D. Jianu, “Anatomy of the Endangered Plant Glaucium Flavum Cr., Occurring on the Romanian Black Sea Littoral,” in Nature Conservation: Concepts and Practice, D. Gafta and J. Akeroyd, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2006, pp. 273–280.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-47229-2_28.
The paper deals with the anatomy of Glaucium flavum Cr., an endangered species growing in Romania on the shores of the Black Sea. The anatomical features of the root, stem, leaf and fruit pericarp have been described and illustrated in detail using a light microscope. The root possesses a typical secondary structure due to its perennial character. The stem exhibits a primary structure (eustele organization with open collateral vascular bundles). The midrib of both types of leaves is closed and collateral. The strengthening of the blades is given by collenchyma cells. Of particular note are the stem, petiole of the basal leaf and pericarp vascular bundles which are collateral, as in the stem vascular bundles; also the presence of non-articulated laticifers in the stem, pinnatipartite blade and pericarp. The xeromorphic features of this plant are due to its occurrence in dry sandy habitats.
S. Berkov, J. Bastida, M. Nikolova, F. Viladomat, and C. Codina, “Rapid TLC/GC-MS Identification of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in Alkaloid Extracts,” Phytochemical Analysis, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 411–419, 2008.
doi: 10.1002/pca.1066.
J. Bernáth, É. Németh, F. Petheõ, and W. Friedt, “Alkaloid Accumulation in Capsules of the Selfed and Cross-Pollinated Poppy,” Plant Breeding, vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 263–267, 2003.
doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00811.x.
In harmony with international regulations the creation of poppy cultivars with high alkaloid content as well as free of alkaloids is in progress. In the course of selection procedures, five poppy cultivars of high chemical diversity, ‘Kheops’, ‘AT, ‘Tebona’, ‘Kék Gemona’ and ‘Przemko’, were selfed and crossed in two successive years (2000-01). After full ripening, both the biomass production and the alkaloid content of capsules of selfed and crossed plants were determined. When the castrated alkaloid-free cultivar ‘Przemko’ (accumulating only 0.01 mg/100 g morphine in capsules) was pollinated with cultivars rich in alkaloids, the morphine content of its capsules increased to 0.9-7.5 mg/100 g-values. Based on the well-known biosynthetic background of poppy alkaloids, this can be explained by promotion of (S)-norcoclaurine synthesis, which seems to be suppressed in alkaloid-free plants; but tissues of the developing hybrid seeds, which contain a combined gene pool of both alkaloid-free cultivar and that of the pollen donor plants, release this suppression. The chemical metaxenia also manifested itself in other combinations. In particular, the appearance of narcotine (0.1-1.1 mg/100 g) in the narcotine-free cultivars ‘Kheops’, ‘A1’ and ‘Przemko’ can be explained biochemically. If the narcotine-type plants ‘Kék Gemona’ (accumulating 11.3 mg/g narcotine) were used for pollination, the developing seed tissue, which contains the gene pool of narcotine biosynthesis, might contribute to the suppression of the activity of 1,2-dehydroreticuline reductase, which leads to the accumulation of narcotine at the cost of morphinanes.
J. Bernáth, B. Dános, T. Veres, J. Szantó, and P. Tétényi, “Variation in Alkaloid Production in Poppy Ecotypes: Responses to Different Environments,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 171–178, Jan. 1988.
doi: 10.1016/0305-1978(88)90092-0.
Papaver somniferum cultivars of European and Asiatic origin have been grown under controlled condition in growth chambers simulating Hungarian long-day (14 h) and tropical climatic conditions (10 h + high light intensity). The changes in plant development and the alteration in primary and secondary metabolites were determined. Long-day conditions accelerated the development of all cultivars. European cultivars started fiowering on day 68–70, Afghan and Thai on day 58–60, while Indian plants flowered on day 55 after sowing. However, under short-day conditions retardation was obvious (5–15 days) dependent on plant origin. The amount of total alkaloids accumulated in capsules was usually higher under tropical conditions characterized by higher temperature and illumination. To interpret the relative importance of genetical and ecological interactions a new evaluation method was introduced. This has shown that (a) the European cultivars ‘Kék Duna’ and ‘Reading’ differ from all others in any ecological circumstances: (b) the Indian ecotype also shows marked separation and (c) Thai and Afghan ecotypes are closely related.
O. Besseboua, M. Nait-Mouloud, A. Ayad, and R. Kebbi, “In-Vitro Acaricidal Activity of Peganum Harmala and Glaucium Flavum Alkaloid against Rhipicephalus Sp. of Dog,” Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 28–35, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.2020.256.
Amaç: Kene kontrolü için amaçlanan temel ilaç sorunu konakçılar üzerinde uygulama dozuna gelişen dirençtir. Glaucium flavum ve Peganum harmala’dan alkaloitlerin akarisit etkileri doğal ortamda enfekte olan köpeklerden toplanan invitro olarak yetişkin dişi Rhipicephalus sp türünde değerlendirildi.
M. M. Bhandari, G. S. Gupta, and R. Gupta, “Genetic Divergence in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” INDIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING, vol. 57, no. 01, pp. 11–13, Feb. 1997.https://www.isgpb.org/journal/index.php/IJGPB/article/view/2521.
Eighteen advanced selections and varieties were grouped into five clusters using D2 statistic. Clusters comprised 9, 4, 2, 2 and 1 genotypes. Latex yield, capsule husk yield, seed yield, capsule volume, capsule number and capsule breadth were the major contributors to D2 values. On the basis of wide diversity and highest contributing characters, the crosses IC 88 X IC 85, IC 88 X IC 30, IC 88 X IC 42, IC 128 X IC 85, IC 128 X Ie 30 and IC 128 X IC 42 are identified for high level of manifestation of heterosis and production of desired recombinants.
M. M. Bhandari, “Out-Crossing in Opium Poppy Papaver Somniferum L.,” Euphytica, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 167–169, Jul. 1990.
doi: 10.1007/BF00037196.
A quantitative assessment of out-crossing in opium poppy was attempted using two strains (UO 221 C and NBPGR 1) possessing non-waxy stigmas and five strains (UO 177-2, UO 285, D 5-B, D 14 and UO 185) possessing waxy stigmas. The degree of out-crossing, measured over four years, was 15.3 per cent in non-waxy types and 45.8 per cent in waxy types. The overall mean worked out to 33 per cent.
M. G. Bogdanov, I. Svinyarov, R. Keremedchieva, and A. Sidjimov, “Ionic Liquid-Supported Solid–Liquid Extraction of Bioactive Alkaloids. I. New HPLC Method for Quantitative Determination of Glaucine in Glaucium Flavum Cr. (Papaveraceae),” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 97, pp. 221–227, Sep. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.02.001.
A series of hydrophilic 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids were used as extractants for the effective extraction of S-(+)-glaucine from plant material of Glaucium flavum Crantz (Papaveraceae). The extractions were carried out both under ultrasonic and conventional heating conditions and the extraction efficiency was monitored by HPLC. The influence of the anion (chloride, bromide, acesulfamate and saccharinate), alkyl chain length in the imidazolium ion, concentration, extraction time, and plant material/extractant ratio was investigated. A comparative study between conventional Soxhlet extraction with methanol as a solvent (total extraction) and water solutions of ILs shows the same extraction ability of ILs, but with significantly reduced extraction time. Moreover, the extraction efficiency was shown to be strongly anion dependent. The results obtained provide a fast and safe method for determination of glaucine in G. flavum Cr.
M. G. Bogdanov, R. Keremedchieva, and I. Svinyarov, “Ionic Liquid-Supported Solid–Liquid Extraction of Bioactive Alkaloids. III. Ionic Liquid Regeneration and Glaucine Recovery from Ionic Liquid-Aqueous Crude Extract of Glaucium Flavum Cr. (Papaveraceae),” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 155, pp. 13–19, Nov. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.02.003.
In continuation of a research project aiming at introducing ionic liquids (ILs) as an alternative to the widely applied for the recovery of natural products of industrial interest conventional molecular solvents, we developed a concise procedure for isolation of the biologically active alkaloid S-(+)-glaucine from IL-based aqueous crude extract. To this end, a comparative study of the behavior of 1M [C4C1im][Ace]-aqueous solution and methanol in a series of consecutive extractions with the same extractant was conducted. The results obtained proved the better performance of the IL-based system in the solid–liquid extraction step, since the latter showed constantly higher extraction efficiency (ca. 35% enhanced) compared to methanol. The above procedure allows glaucine accumulation from at least ten successive extractions, while simultaneously reduces the total solid–liquid ratio from 1:40 to 1:7.2, without loss of efficiency. Furthermore, the loss of IL into the matrix pores after extraction was also considered, suggesting the need for IL recycling by posttreatment of the residual biomass. To recover glaucine from the crude IL-based aqueous extract, a series of non-miscible with water molecular solvents were tested. As a result, optimal conditions for quantitative extraction into chloroform were found, from which, after solvent removal and subsequent crystallization from ethanol, the target compound was isolated as a hydrobromide salt, the latter being the marketed form of glaucine.
A. Bonilla et al., “Microbe Associated Molecular Patterns from Rhizosphere Bacteria Trigger Germination and Papaver Somniferum Metabolism under Greenhouse Conditions,” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 74, pp. 133–140, Jan. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.11.012.
Ten PGPR from different backgrounds were assayed on Papaver somniferum var. Madrigal to evaluate their potential as biotic elicitors to increase alkaloid content under the rationale that some microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are able to trigger plant metabolism. First, the 10 strains and their culture media at two different concentrations were tested for their ability to trigger seed germination. Then, the best three strains were tested for their ability to increase seedling growth and alkaloid levels under greenhouse conditions. Only three strains and their culture media enhanced germination. Then, germination enhancing capacity of these best three strains, N5.18 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Aur9 Chryseobacterium balustinum and N21.4 Pseudomonas fluorescens was evaluated in soil. Finally, the three strains were applied on seedlings at two time points, by soil drench or by foliar spray. Photosynthesis was measured, plant height was recorded, capsules were weighted and alkaloids analyzed by HPLC. Only N5.18 delivered by foliar spray significantly increased plant height coupled to an increase in total alkaloids and a significant increase in opium poppy straw dry weight; these increases were supported by a better photosynthetic efficiency. The relative contents of morphine, thebaine, codeine and oripavine were affected by this treatment causing a significant increase in morphine coupled to a decrease in thebaine, demonstrating the effectivity of MAMPs from N5.18 in this plant species. Considering the increase in capsule biomass and alkaloids together with the acceleration of germination, strain N5.18 appears as a good candidate to elicit plant metabolism and consequently, to increase productivity of Papaver somniferum.
M. Boulaaba et al., “Antioxidant, Antiproliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Glaucium Flavum Fractions Enriched in Phenolic Compounds,” Medicinal Chemistry Research, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1995–2001, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s00044-019-02429-y.
Glaucium flavum (Papaveraceae) is a halophyte which is known for its high importance in phytomedicine and ecology. In this work, phytochemical analysis, as well as antioxidant, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects were investigated for EOH, EA and PE fractions of G. flavum shoots. Results showed that total polyphenol amounts were highest in EOH fraction (158.3 mg GAE/g DR) followed by EA and PE. This latter fraction was rich in flavonoids (128.43 mg CE/g DR), however EA produced more condensed tannins (19.83 mg CE/g DR) than other fractions. In addition, seven molecules (phenolics) have been identified: kaempferol, caffeic acid, catechin hydrate, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, and trans-hydroxycinnamic acid. Concerning antioxidant effects, ethanol fraction was distinguished by a high total antioxidant activity (432.58 mg GAE/g DR), a lower iron reducing power (EC50\,= 800 µg/ml), a capacity to inhibit the β-carotene bleaching (IC50\,= 48.78 µg/ml), and an important antiradical activity (IC50\,= 140 µg/ml). In addition, PE, EA and EOH fractions have strong antiproliferative effect against MCF-7 cells but with superiority of EA fraction (IC50\,= 135 µg/ml). EA showed also a high anti-inflammatory effect with an amount of NO which is equal to around 29 and 20 µM/ml NO at 50 and 100 µg/ml, respectively.
L. Bournine et al., “Identification and Quantification of the Main Active Anticancer Alkaloids from the Root of Glaucium Flavum,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 23533–23544, Dec. 2013.
doi: 10.3390/ijms141223533.
Glaucium flavum is used in Algerian folk medicine to remove warts (benign tumors). Its local appellations are Cheqiq el-asfar and Qarn el-djedyane. We have recently reported the anti-tumoral activity of Glaucium flavum root alkaloid extract against human cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo. The principal identified alkaloid in the extract was protopine. This study aims to determine which component(s) of Glaucium flavum root extract might possess potent antitumor activity on human cancer cells. Quantitative estimation of Glaucium flavum alkaloids was realized by HPLC-DAD. Glaucium flavum effect on human normal and cancer cell viability was determined using WST-1 assay. Quantification of alkaloids in Glaucium flavum revealed that the dried root part contained 0.84% of protopine and 0.07% of bocconoline (w/w), while the dried aerial part contained only 0.08% of protopine, glaucine as the main alkaloid, and no bocconoline. In vitro evaluation of the growth inhibitory activity on breast cancer and normal cells demonstrated that purified protopine did not reproduce the full cytotoxic activity of the alkaloid root extract on cancer cell lines. On the other hand, bocconoline inhibited strongly the viability of cancer cells with an IC50 of 7.8 µM and only a low cytotoxic effect was observed against normal human cells. Our results showed for the first time that protopine is the major root alkaloid of Glaucium flavum. Finally, we are the first to demonstrate a specific anticancer effect of Glaucium flavum root extract against breast cancer cells, which can be attributed, at least in part, to bocconoline.
B. Bozkurt, D. Ulkar, N. Nurlu, G. I. Kaya, and N. Unver-Somer, “Chemical Profile, Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase, and Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitory Activity of Glaucium Corniculatum Subsp. Refractum,” Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 58, p. e20464, Dec. 2022.
doi: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20464.
Abstract Papaveraceae is one of the prominent alkaloid-containing families, and plants of the genus Glaucium (Papaveraceae) are known for their bioactive alkaloids. Glaucium species have been used in traditional medicine in Turkey as an analgesic, narcotic, sedative, and antitussive. In this study, it was planned to evaluate the inhibitory activity of an alkaloidal extract of Glaucium corniculatum subsp. refractum on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), as well as exploring the chemical profile of the plant by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The AChE, BuChE and POP inhibition activities of the alkaloidal extract of G. corniculatum subsp. refractum were determined spectrophotometrically. A rapid GC-MS method was used to identify alkaloids that could be responsible for these inhibition activities. In total, eleven alkaloids were identified in the alkaloid extract of the plant by GC-MS. Allocyptopine (52.92%) and protopine (25.38%) were found as the major constituents. The alkaloidal extract of G. corniculatum subsp. refractum showed potent AChE inhibitory activity (IC50:1.25 µg/mL) and BuChE inhibitory activity (IC50: 7.02 µg/mL). The extract also showed a remarkable inhibitory effect on POP with an IC50 value of 123.69 µg/mL. This study presents the first GC-MS investigation and POP inhibitory activity of G. corniculatum subsp. refractum.
BREZINOVÁ, MACÁK, and EFTIMOVÁ, “The Morphological Diversity of Selected Traits of World Collection of Poppy Genotypes (Genus Papaver),” Journal of Central European Agriculture, Aug. 2009.
doi: 10.5513/jcea.v10i2.766.
In the fi rst stage of research the 404 genotypes of poppy (Papaver) from World collection were evaluated during 1999. The fi eld trial was established on research base of SAU in Nitra. The aim of the study was to assess morphological characteristic and diversity of selected traits of poppy plants and create a digitalized visual documentation of studied traits of collection. 50-60 individuals for each accession were cultivated. During vegetation period 22 morphological traits have been assess and visual documentation of main fl ower, lower leaf, capsules and seed was made. During the phase of mature, 20 randomly selected plants were analyzed for 24 qualitative and quantitative traits. On the base of screening follow-up assessment of 94 genotypes was broadening of 8 morphometric analysis of plant during 2003. In present work variability of evaluated traits and morphometric analysis of 24 selected genotypes of poppy is discussed. On the base of morphometric analysis, the important diversity of observed traits have been recognized in agro-climatic conditions of Slovakia, documented by statistical characteristics and by digitalized documentation of accessions.
E. Buisson et al., “Plant Communities of a Coastal Lagoon Foredune: Definition of the Reference and Restoration after Compaction,” Acta Botanica Gallica, vol. 161, no. 3, pp. 277–286, Jul. 2014.
doi: 10.1080/12538078.2014.919875.
Throughout the world, dunes are being altered by human activities. Dunes can be restored to naturally functioning systems to protect human settlements and coastal strips and preserve biotopes. This study took place on the Jaï dunes, on the shore of a coastal lagoon in southeastern France, which were mainly degraded by vehicles. The objectives of this work were (1) to define the reference ecosystem by gathering historical information and exploring other regional sand dunes; (2) to find out about the restoration potential of the site by studying the degraded seed bank; (3) to test the efficacy of a few basic restoration actions. Historical information was of little help in defining the reference ecosystem. The description of EU Habitat Directive habitat types and the selection of regionally less degraded sites allowed us to compile the following list of plant species that we could expect to find in the restored area: Anthemis maritima, Elytrigia juncea, Glaucium flavum and Sporobolus pungens. The seed bank of the road was mainly composed of Juncus acutus, which is not a typical dune species and therefore did not have much potential for restoration. Ploughing can therefore be used to decompact the sand road without hampering colonization from the seed bank. Ploughing was only efficient when the following other conditions were met: environmental conditions adequate for the establishment of dune vegetation, and a sufficient connection between the beach, the foredune and the restored area.
R. Büyükgöçmen, “Farklı yörelerden temin edilen yerli ve yabancı haşhaş (Papaver somniferum L.) populasyonlarının bazı bitkisel özellikleri,” Master's thesis, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1994.https://dspace.ankara.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12575/79699.
This study was carried out in the experimental field of Agronomy Department, Ankara University in 1991. Morphological characteristics of 193 poppy populations collected from different regions were determined. In addition, seed and capsule yield, oil content (percentage) of seeds and morphine content in capsule of these poulations was looked at. According to the results of this study; Flowering period 75-85 days, maturity period 106-119 days, plant height 60-98 cm, number of capsules 1.3-3.9, main capsule width 2.43-3.98 cm, main capsule length 2.76- 4.29 cm, capsule index 0.670-1.110, number rays on stigma 8.1-11.8, seed yield per plant 2.41-5.99 g, capsule yield per plant 2.06-5.41 g, oil content in seed 39.92%-56.07% and morphine rate in capsule 0.21%-0.74% were found. Aim of this study is to help poppy variety breeding programmes in Turkey and direct the poppy studies on better populations.Key Words : Poppy, Plant height, Number of capsules, Capsule index, Seed colour, Morphine rate, Oil rate, Number of rays on stigma, Vegetation period, Haziness, Flowering period.
J. Cambrollé, S. Muñoz-Vallés, J. M. Mancilla-Leytón, L. Andrades-Moreno, T. Luque, and M. E. Figueroa, “Effects of Soil Physicochemical Properties on Plant Performance of Glaucium Flavum Crantz,” Plant and Soil, vol. 386, no. 1, pp. 185–193, Jan. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-014-2258-7.
Glaucium flavum is an endangered coastal herb capable of growth in a wide variety of ecosystems. We explore plant-soil relationships in this species by evaluating plant performance and soil physicochemical properties in the different types of ecosystems where it grows.
J. Cambrollé, J. M. Mancilla-Leytón, S. Muñoz-Vallés, B. Morenza-Barrera, and M. E. Figueroa, “Exploring the Conservation Status of an Endangered Coastal Plant over the Last Nine Years: A Case Study in Andalusia, Spain,” Journal of Coastal Conservation, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 1201–1207, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s11852-018-0629-6.
Human pressure has been exponentially growing during recent decades in coastal areas, which have led to drastic losses of biodiversity in coastal ecosystems. The current conservation status of many coastal plant species is directly related to a lack of environmental criteria in the urban planning of coastal areas over recent decades. This study aimed to evaluate the evolution, over the last 9 years, of the conservation status of various populations of the endangered plant Glaucium flavum, exploring the extent to which human pressure and different management strategies practiced in the coastal areas where the populations are established have affected the conservation status of the species. The populations analysed have evolved in a different manner over the last 9 years, as have their threat factors, and a relationship was evident between their conservation status and the evolution of these different threat factors. Our results indicate that an appropriate planning of local management actions, such as the installation of walkways or the successful eradication of invasive species, may be determinant factors for successful conservation of the coastal vegetation. The presence of species that are sensitive to slight changes in the ecosystem, and the main factors that govern the plant performance of these species, must be given full consideration in decision-making processes of coastal planning and management.
J. Cambrollé, E. Mateos-Naranjo, S. Redondo-Gómez, T. Luque, and M. E. Figueroa, “Growth, Reproductive and Photosynthetic Responses to Copper in the Yellow-Horned Poppy, Glaucium Flavum Crantz.,” Environmental and Experimental Botany, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 57–64, Apr. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.10.017.
Glaucium flavum Crantz. is found in an anthropized coastal grassland at the joint estuary of the Tinto and Odiel rivers (SW Spain), growing under the influence of high levels of copper contamination derived from nearby petrochemical industries, with no obvious adverse affects on the performance of the plant. In addition, this species exhibits a series of ecological characteristics which may render it appropriate for use in the phytoremediation of contaminated areas. Nonetheless, the response of G. flavum to elevated copper concentrations has not been studied. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a range of Cu concentrations (0 to 47mmoll−1) on the growth, reproduction and photosynthetic performance of G. flavum, by measuring relative growth rate, fruit and seed production, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, gas exchange and photosynthetic pigment concentrations. We also determined total copper, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, calcium and magnesium concentrations. G. flavum survived with concentrations of up to 730mgCukg−1 DW in the leaves, when treated with 30mmolCul−1 (2000mgl−1). Quantum efficiency of PSII, net photosynthesis rate, as well as leaf Ca and Mg concentrations were all negatively affected by Cu concentrations greater than 9mmoll−1 in the nutrient solution. Our results indicate that the reduction in photosynthetic performance may be attributed to the adverse effect of excess Cu on the photosynthetic apparatus of the plant, both directly, via a decrease in pigment concentrations, and indirectly, via interference of Cu with Ca ions of PSII. Growth and seed production were only slightly affected by leaf tissue concentrations as high as 230mgCukg−1 dry mass, which suggests that this species could play an important role in phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated soils.
J. Cambrollé, S. Redondo-Gómez, E. Mateos-Naranjo, T. Luque, and M. E. Figueroa, “Physiological Responses to Salinity in the Yellow-Horned Poppy, Glaucium Flavum,” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 186–194, Feb. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.11.008.
Glaucium flavum Crantz. is a short-lived perennial herb found in coastal habitats in southern Spain growing under a wide range of interstitial soil salinity levels, from that of fresh water up to the high concentration typical of sea water. An experiment was designed to investigate the effect of exposure to this range of salinity on the photosynthetic apparatus, growth and reproduction of G. flavum, by measuring relative growth rate, percentage of dead leaves, seed production, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, gas exchange and photosynthetic pigment concentrations. We also determined total sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen concentrations. G. flavum survived at NaCl concentrations as high as 300 mM, although the excess of NaCl resulted in a biomass reduction of between 26 and 76% (in 60 and 300 mM NaCl treatments, respectively). The long-term effects of salinity on the growth and reproduction of G. flavum were mainly linked to an overall reduction in carbon gain as a result of stomatal conductance regulation. Also, the excess of salt caused a reduction in pigment concentrations, as well as Ca-, Mg- and N-uptake. The results indicate that, in the presence of excess soil-water salinity, G. flavum sustains little overall effects on the photochemical (PSII) apparatus, and is capable of tolerating a very high and continued exposure to salinity by maintaining low levels of net photosynthesis.
J. Cambrollé, S. Redondo-Gómez, E. Mateos-Naranjo, T. Luque, and M. E. Figueroa, “Seasonal Ecophysiology of an Endangered Coastal Species, the Yellow-Horned Poppy (Glaucium Flavum Crantz),” Russian Journal of Ecology, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 215–222, May 2014.
doi: 10.1134/S1067413614030023.
Glaucium flavum Crantz. is a short-lived perennial herb distributed in coastal zones from the Black Sea to southern, western and north-western Europe. Despite its diminishing area of distribution and potential pharmacological value, little is known about the ecophysiological features of this coastal species. We investigated the photosynthetic performance of G. flavum by measuring gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic pigment concentration and leaf water content over the space of a year in a coastal habitat of SW Spain. We also measured the variation in total concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium, calcium and magnesium, in the leaves and soil, throughout the study period. G. flavum showed a high resistance to summer drought conditions which appeared to be due to the high degree of stomatal control. The potential photochemical efficiency of photosystem II showed minimum values during the winter, indicating that low temperatures can produce negative effects within the photosynthetic apparatus. However, the marked decline in net photosynthesis during the winter seems to be mainly related to a loss of metabolic activity. Although leaf nutrient concentrations were, in general, within the normal ranges, phosphorus availability seems to be limited by the high calcium concentrations detected in the soil of the study site. Our study points out the efficiency of the different physiological adaptations of this rare and endangered coastal species in coping with the strong seasonal variability of the Mediterranean climate.
A. Camprubi, M. Abril, V. Estaun, and C. Calvet, “Contribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis to the Survival of Psammophilic Plants after Sea Water Flooding,” Plant and Soil, vol. 351, no. 1, pp. 97–105, Feb. 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-011-0933-5.
Plants on coastal sand dunes are subjected to strong environmental fluctuations which affect their growth and survival. Sea water invasion of the dunar zone caused by storms is an important factor that determines the persistence of a plant community. In the present study, the benefits of arbuscular mycorrhiza on psammophilic plant species subjected to sea water flooding episodes were evaluated under controlled conditions and the effect of sea water on in vitro spore production was determined.
A. Camprubi, V. Estaun, and C. Calvet, “Greenhouse Inoculation of Psammophilic Plant Species with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Improve Survival and Early Growth,” European Journal of Soil Biology, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 194–197, May 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2011.02.001.
Psammophilic plants are characterized for their adaptability to the hard environmental conditions of the coastal sand dune habitats that limit the survival of most vegetation. Considering that mycorrhizal plants are known to be effective colonizers of degraded habitats, the influence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in plant growth was studied in fifteen psammophilic plant species: Lotus creticus, Dorycnium pentaphyllum, Otanthus maritimus, Thymbra capitata, Armeria maritima, Halimium halimifolium, Ononis natrix, Medicago marina, Genista umbellata, Crucinella maritima, Elymus farctus, Ammophila arenaria, Pancratium maritimum, Glaucium flavum and Limoniastrum monopetalum. Wild seeds were used in this study to compare the effect of plant inoculation with a consortium of native AM fungi isolated from a coastal sand dune and with the selected isolate Glomus intraradices BEG 72 versus non mycorrhizal plants. After six months growth, we found that eleven of the fifteen psammophilic species responded positively to AM fungi inoculation and both root and shoot development benefited considerably from the presence of the AM fungi. We can conclude that many of the psammophilic species produced after the germination of the wild seeds collected in their natural habitats show limited growth due in part to the lack of adequate AM fungal inoculum in the plants growing substrate. AM inoculation seems to be critical for their survival.
J. C. Carolan, I. L. I. Hook, J. J. Walsh, and T. R. Hodkinson, “Using AFLP Markers for Species Differentiation and Assessment of Genetic Variability of in Vitro-Cultured Papaver Bracteatum (Section Oxytona),” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 300–307, May 2002.
doi: 10.1079/IVP2001287.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were employed to deteet genetic variation among species of Papever (section Oxytona) and assess genetic fidelity between in vitro cell lines of Papaver bracteatum and mature plants derived from the propagation of their callus cultures. Regenerated plants exhibited morphological and phytochemical characteristics dissimilar to those of their source material. Thebaine, the dominant alkaloid produced by Papaver bracteatum, was not detected in capsules from mature regenerated accessions, indicating that there may have been a loss of genetic uniformity. Instead, the dominant alkaloid produced by the regenerated plant was shown to be isothebaine (by TLC and GC/MS), a metabolic characteristic of P. pseudo-orientale. A Neighbor-Joining tree constructed from AFLP fingerprints distinetly separates the three species of Oxytona while firmly grouping the in vitro-cultured plants with P. pseudo-orientale. Additionally phytochemical data and chromosome counts indicate that the seed used to initiate cultures was of hybrid origin and ihat the loss in genetic uniformity was not due to somaclonal variation occurring during the in vitro culture process. AFLP fingerprinting was therefore able to differentiate Oxytona species and invesgigate allopolyploidy in closely related papaver species.
R. Casalini, F. Bartoli, and G. Caneva, “Investigation of Seed Germination of Twelve Mediterranean Wildflowers for Evaluating Their Potential Use on Extensive Green Roofs,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1189, pp. 263–266, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1189.50.
I. Celik, H. Camci, A. Kose, F. C. Kosar, S. Doganlar, and A. Frary, “Molecular Genetic Diversity and Association Mapping of Morphine Content and Agronomic Traits in Turkish Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum) Germplasm,” Molecular Breeding, vol. 36, no. 4, p. 46, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s11032-016-0469-8.
As the sole plant source of many potent alkaloids, opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important medicinal crop. Nevertheless, few studies have characterized opium poppy germplasm with crop-specific molecular markers. Because Turkey is a diversity center for opium poppy, Turkish germplasm is a valuable genetic resource for association mapping studies aimed at identifying QTLs controlling morphine content and agronomic traits. In this study, the morphological diversity and molecular diversity of 103 Turkish opium poppy landraces and 15 cultivars were analyzed. Potentially useful morphological variation was observed for morphine content, plant height, and capsule index. However, the landraces exhibited limited breeding potential for stigma number, and seed and straw yields. Both morphological and molecular analyses showed distinct clustering of cultivars and landraces. In addition, a total of 164 SSR and 367 AFLP polymorphic loci were applied to an opium poppy association mapping panel composed of 95 opium poppy landraces which were grown for two seasons. One SSR and three AFLP loci were found to be significantly associated with morphine content (P < 0.01 and LD value (r2) = 0.10–0.32), and six SSR and 14 AFLP loci were significantly associated with five agronomic traits (plant height, stigma number, capsule index, and seed and straw yields) (P < 0.01 and LD value (r2) = 0.08–0.35). This is the first report of association mapping in this crop. The identified markers provide initial information for marker-assisted selection of important traits in opium poppy breeding.
E. Čermáková, P. Svoboda, J. Ovesná, J. Vašek, K. Demnerová, and K. Zdeňková, “Cor1 Gene: A Suitable Marker for Identification of Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Foods, vol. 13, no. 10, p. 1432, Jan. 2024.
doi: 10.3390/foods13101432.
This paper discusses the development of rapid, reliable, and accurate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for detecting opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) in food. Endpoint, quantitative, and digital PCRs were compared based on the amplification of a newly developed DNA marker targeting the NADPH-dependent codeinone reductase (COR) gene. Designed assays were shown to be highly specific and sensitive in discriminating opium poppy from other plant species, even in heat-treated and food samples. Digital PCR was the most sensitive, with a detection limit of up to 5 copies, i.e., approximately 14 pg of target DNA per reaction. Quantitative and digital PCR further allowed the quantification of opium poppy in up to 1.5 ng and 42 pg (15 copies) of target DNA in a sample, respectively. In addition, two duplex PCRs have been developed for the simultaneous detection of opium poppy DNA and representatives of (i) the Papaveraceae family or (ii) the Plantae kingdom. Finally, all designed assays were successfully applied for analysis of 15 commercial foodstuffs; two were suspected of being adulterated. The study results have an important impact on addressing food fraud and ensuring the safety and authenticity of food products. Beyond food adulteration, the study may also have significant implications for forensics and law enforcement.
L. Chang, J. M. Hagel, and P. J. Facchini, “Isolation and Characterization of O -Methyltransferases Involved in the Biosynthesis of Glaucine in Glaucium Flavum,” Plant Physiology, vol. 169, no. 2, pp. 1127–1140, Sep. 2015.
doi: 10.1104/pp.15.01240.
Abstract Transcriptome resources for the medicinal plant Glaucium flavum were searched for orthologs showing identity with characterized O-methyltransferases (OMTs) involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. Seven recombinant proteins were functionally tested using the signature alkaloid substrates for six OMTs: norlaudanosoline 6-OMT, 6-O-methyllaudanosoline 4′-OMT, reticuline 7-OMT, norreticuline 7-OMT, scoulerine 9-OMT, and tetrahydrocolumbamine OMT. A notable alkaloid in yellow horned poppy (G. flavum [GFL]) is the aporphine alkaloid glaucine, which displays C8-C6′ coupling and four O-methyl groups at C6, C7, C3′, and C4′ as numbered on the 1-benzylisoquinoline scaffold. Three recombinant enzymes accepted 1-benzylisoquinolines with differential substrate and regiospecificity. GFLOMT2 displayed the highest amino acid sequence identity with norlaudanosoline 6-OMT, showed a preference for the 6-O-methylation of norlaudanosoline, and O-methylated the 3′ and 4′ hydroxyl groups of certain alkaloids. GFLOMT1 showed the highest sequence identity with 6-O-methyllaudanosoline 4′OMT and catalyzed the 6-O-methylation of norlaudanosoline, but more efficiently 4′-O-methylated the GFLOMT2 reaction product 6-O-methylnorlaudanosoline and its N-methylated derivative 6-O-methyllaudanosoline. GFLOMT1 also effectively 3′-O-methylated both reticuline and norreticuline. GFLOMT6 was most similar to scoulerine 9-OMT and efficiently catalyzed both 3′- and 7′-O-methylations of several 1-benzylisoquinolines, with a preference for N-methylated substrates. All active enzymes accepted scoulerine and tetrahydrocolumbamine. Exogenous norlaudanosoline was converted to tetra-O-methylated laudanosine using combinations of Escherichia coli producing (1) GFLOMT1, (2) either GFLOMT2 or GFLOMT6, and (3) coclaurine N-methyltransferase from Coptis japonica. Expression profiles of GFLOMT1, GFLOMT2, and GFLOMT6 in different plant organs were in agreement with the O-methylation patterns of alkaloids in G. flavum determined by high-resolution, Fourier-transform mass spectrometry.
A. Chatterjee, S. Shukla, and S. P. Singh, “Genetic Variability for Different Quantitative Traits in M2 Generations of Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L),” Journal of Genetics and Breeding, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 319–322, 2004.
An experiment on induced mutation in two varieties of opium poppy was laid out to create new genetic variability for isolation of high yielding genotypes Varieties NBRI-1 and NBRI-5 were subjected to irradiation for five doses of gamma rays and NBRI-5 was also treated with four doses of EMS and 20 mixed doses of EMS plus gamma rays The data were recorded on 15 plants/treatment for 10 polygenic characters as pooled in M1 and M2 generations separately as well as in each dose-wise in M2 population The results indicated that GCV, heritability and genetic advance were higher in M1 than M2 in both the varieties for all the traits except for opium and seed yield The genetic advance was consistently high for opium yield, seed yield and capsule weight in all the doses for both the varieties with some exception The dose level of kR10 and kR30 in NBRI-1 revealed high GCV, heritability and genetic advance for seed weight These treatment levels also had high values of all these three genetic parameters for capsules per plant, capsule size and capsule weight The values of these three parameters were also high for all the doses in M2 generations of both the varieties for opium yield, seed weight, capsule weight and capsule size in comparison to control The GCV, heritability and genetic advance were consistently high for all the mixed doses in NBRI-5 for opium yield, seed weight and capsule weight, with some exception
N. Chaturvedi et al., “Comparative Analysis of Papaver Somniferum Genotypes Having Contrasting Latex and Alkaloid Profiles,” Protoplasma, vol. 251, no. 4, pp. 857–867, Jul. 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s00709-013-0587-7.
Papaver somniferum produces therapeutically useful benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) like papaverine, thebaine, codeine, and morphine that accumulate in its capsular latex. Morphine is a potent analgesic but is also abused as a narcotic, which has increased the demand for non-narcotic thebaine that can be converted into various analgesics. To curtail the narcotic menace, many distinct genotypes of the plant have been developed that are deficient in morphine and/or latex. Sujata is one such latex-less low alkaloid-producing variety developed from the alkaloid-rich gum harvest variety Sampada. Its utility for gene prospecting and studying differential gene regulation responsible for its low alkaloid, nutritive seed oil, and latex-less phenotype has been exploited in this study. BIA profiling of Sujata and Sampada capsules at the early and late stages indicated that except for thebaine, Sujata had a depressed alkaloid phenotype as compared to Sampada. Comparative transcript-based analysis of the two genotypes was carried out in the early stage capsule (higher thebaine) using subtractive hybridization and microarray. Interrogation of a P. somniferum array yielded many differentially expressing transcripts. Their homology-based annotation classified them into categories—latex related, oil/lipid related, alkaloid related, cell wall related, and others. These leads will be useful to characterize the highly sought after Sujata phenotype.
T. Chaturvedi, A. K. Gupta, R. K. Lal, N. Singh, and G. Tiwari, “Exploring the Efficacy of Targeted Fingerprinting Marker Techniques in Genetic Studies of the Indian Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.): A Comparative Analysis,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 208, p. 117890, Feb. 2024.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117890.
Targeted fingerprinting marker techniques have emerged as promising tools in plant sciences, particularly in plant breeding. To initiate an effective breeding program for a licit but industrially potential plant, the opium poppy, a comparative assessment of these markers was conducted. In this study, we compared the Start Codon Targeted polymorphism (SCoT), CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP), and Expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) markers for their competence and informativeness in revealing genetic identity, relatedness, and diversity among ten released varieties of the Indian opium poppy. Among the markers studied, EST-SSR markers demonstrated higher discriminating power, attributed to their ability to unveil comparatively higher polymorphic information content, marker index, and effective marker index. While all three marker systems effectively discriminated the poppy varieties, EST-SSR markers showed greater genetic diversity and a more informative ancestral history-based dendrogram topology. Significant correlation coefficients were observed between EST-SSR and CBDP markers, particularly in the combined marker dataset. Furthermore, the co-phenetic correlation was significant for three marker systems, with EST-SSR markers showing maximum correlation. Notably, the dendrograms constructed using EST-SSR markers and combined marker data displayed a significant and positive correlation with phenotypic traits assessed for the ten poppy varieties. Overall, the findings highlight the superiority of EST-SSR markers in deciphering genetic relationships among Indian opium poppy varieties and suggest their potential as valuable tools in breeding and genetic diversity studies.
V. B. Chervenkova, N. M. Mollov, and S. Paszyc, “Source of Some Minor Alkaloids in Glaucium Flavum,” Phytochemistry, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 2285–2287, Jan. 1981.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(81)80131-8.
Air oxidation of glaucine leads to 7,6′-dehydroglaucine and 1,2,9,10-tetramethoxyoxoaporphine, and UV irradiation gives dihydropontevedrine, pontevedrine, glaucine-N-oxide and corunine. These results support the view that glaucine, the main alkaloid in Glaucium flavum, may produce all the more oxidized minor alkaloids present in the plant.
S. Choe et al., “Genetic and Chemical Components Analysis of Papaver Setigerum Naturalized in Korea,” Forensic Science International, vol. 222, no. 1, pp. 387–393, Oct. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.002.
Of the 110 species of genus Papaver, only Papaver somniferum and P. setigerum are controlled poppies in Korea. All poppy samples share similar morphology therefore it is important to check if they contain controlled substances such as morphine and codeine for forensic purpose. Since the alkaloid content of Papaver plants varies according to their growing stage, chemical components analysis alone is not enough to identify exact species. In 2010, hundreds of poppy plants suspected to be P. somniferum were found in Jeju Island, South Korea. They had a slightly different but overall similar appearance to P. somniferum. Using GC–MS analysis, codeine, rhoeadine, papaverine, protopine, noscapine, setigeridine and trace amounts of morphine were detected in these samples. Although their chemical components were different from what has been described in literatures for P. setigerum, they could be assumed to be P. setigerum based on their morphological features and GC–MS results. Also, chromosome numbers using their seeds showed 2n=44 and the numbers were in accordance with those of P. setigerum. Nucleotide substitution or insertion/deletion of ITS (internal transcribed spacer), 18S rRNA (ribosomal RNA), rbcL (large subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase), trnL-trnF IGS (intergenic spacer), trnL intron and psbA-trnH were assessed as universal genetic markers for P. setigerum. Also, genetic analysis using six target genes involved in the biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, including TYDC (tyrosine/dopa decarboxylase), SAT (salutaridinol-7-O-acetyltransferase), BBE (berberine bridge enzyme), COR (codeinone reductase), CYP80B1 ((S)-N-methylcoclaurine 3′-hydroxylase) and NCS (norcoclaurine synthase) were tested as Papaver-specific genetic markers by the existence of their PCR products. From the results, the sequences of the 6 universal genetic markers and 6 Papaver-specific genetic markers for P. setigerum were identified and then Genbank accession numbers of them were registered in NCBI. Also, the trnL intron and psbA-trnH nucleic acid sequences of the 7 Papaver species were identified and registered.
S. Choe et al., “Species Identification of Papaver by Metabolite Profiling,” Forensic Science International, vol. 211, no. 1, pp. 51–60, Sep. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.015.
Papaver somniferum L. and Papaver setigerum D.C. are controlled as opium poppy in Korea because they contain narcotic substances such as morphine and codeine. It is one of the critical issues whether the plants similar to opium poppy in shape are controlled plants or not. There are more than 110 species in the genus Papaver worldwide and about 10 species in Korea. As the morphological features of some species are very similar and the alkaloid contents and the ratios among the major alkaloids vary even within the same species, it is often difficult to identify the exact species by the morphological features and/or major alkaloids analysis. To develop a new method that uses metabolite profiling for species discrimination between P. somniferum, Papaver rhoeas and P. setigerum, the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) data of the alkaline extract were processed with in-house Microsoft Visual Basic® modules and the chemical information was analyzed through multivariate statistical analyses such as Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA). The GC–MS results combined with multivariate analysis demonstrated that the metabolite profiling was an efficient technique for the classification and this method will provide a powerful tool for the identification of Korean Papaver species.
B. Chung, “The Effect of Irrigation on the Growth and Yield Components of Poppies (Papaver Somniferum L.),” The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 108, no. 2, pp. 389–394, Apr. 1987.
doi: 10.1017/S0021859600079417.
The effects of four irrigation treatments on the growth and yield of poppies were studied in two ‘drought’ seasons in Tasmania. Irrigation increased total dry-matter production, leaf area index and delayed leaf senescence in both seasons. Irrigation, which continued until leaf senescence, increased total morphine yield by 5–20 kg/ha compared with no irrigation. This yield increase was attributed to the increase in the number and yield of lateral heads, the yield of terminal heads and capsule morphine concentration.As the effects of irrigation on head yield reflect the effects on total dry-matter production, irrigation guidelines for poppies were developed from an analysis of plant growth during theseason. For maximum yield, one irrigation of 50 mm should be applied at the 50% hook stage, at 50% flowering, at the end of flowering and 2 weeks after the end of flowering. Growers who currently cease irrigation at 50% flowering can expect yield increases of 4–13 kg/ha ifthey apply two further irrigations thereafter.
B. Chung, “Effects of Plant Population Density and Rectangularity on the Growth and Yield of Poppies (Papaver Somniferum),” The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 115, no. 2, pp. 239–245, Oct. 1990.
doi: 10.1017/S0021859600075183.
Growth, yield and incidence of lodging of poppies were studied in Tasmania at 10–200 plants/m2 and at nominal rectangularities (within-row: between-row spacing) ranging from 1:1 to 10:1. In 1983/84 and 1988/89, there were asymptotic relationships between plant population density and both total dry-matter production and total head (capsule plus seed) yield at maturity. In 1983/84, a season with above-average wind, the incidence of lodging increased as density increased to > 50 plants/m2; morphine concentration decreased as density increased to > 100 plants/m2. This resulted in parabolic relationships between yield of erect (machine-harvestable) heads and yield of morphine from erect heads with plant density, the maximum morphine yield from erect heads being achieved at 70 plants/m2. In 1988/89, a season with below-average wind, the effects of lodging were less severe at high densities and the components of ‘erect’ yield were adequately fitted by an asymptotic function. Rectangularity of 1:1 gave higher total dry matter production, total head yield, yield of erect heads and morphine yield from erect heads than 4:1 and 10:1. Since calm conditions similar to those of 1988/89 occur only once in every 4 years, growers should be encouraged to establish c. 70 plants/m2. As most commercial crops in Tasmania are drilled in 150–175 mm rows, growing at 70 plants/m2 to maximize the effect of plant density would also approximate to the ideal rectangularity (2:1 in this case).
B. Chung, “The Effects of Plant Density and Irrigation on the Lodging, Yield and Yield Components of Poppies (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 306, pp. 458–465, May 1992.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.306.62.
B. Chung, “Growth Analysis of Poppies (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 233–242, 1982.
doi: 10.1071/ar9820233.
A growth analysis study of the effects of two contrasting environments on the yield of field grown poppies (Papaver somnifevum L.) was undertaken using regression techniques. The change in total plant yield during the 1977-78 season was found to be adequately fitted by a cubic polynomial equation. In contrast, the change in total plant yield during the 1976-77 season and the development of leaf area index in both seasons were found to be adequately fitted by quartic polynomial equations. The total plant yield in the 1977-78 season was considerably higher than that in the 1976-77 season from the beginning of December to dry maturity with a maximum difference of 2 200 kg/ha on 15 January. This yield difference can be attributed to the higher crop growth rate in the 1977-78 season from 30 November to 18 January with a maximum difference of 12 g/m2/day on 30 December. Leaf area index was considered to be more important than net assimilation rate in influencing the crop growth rate up to 20 December. The differences in leaf area between the two seasons could be attributed to the climatic conditions. Under Tasmanian conditions, poppy yields could be expected to be reasonably stable from year to year, provided that the crop is encouraged to grow at its optimum during the whole season.
E. Coyago-Cruz, M. Coronel, M. Baldeón, and E. Vera, “Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Capacity of Yellow and Orange Andean Floral Species,” in Communication, Smart Technologies and Innovation for Society, Singapore, 2022, pp. 175–186.
doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-4126-8_17.
Flowers are used for ornamental purposes and to enhance the appearance, taste, and value of foods. Ecuador is a country with great biodiversity including flowers. There is limited information on the physicochemical characteristics of these plants, particularly those related with human health. In this context, thirteen floral species in the Andean region of the Province of Pichincha, Ecuador were characterized. The following parameters were evaluated: pH, soluble solids, ash, moisture, and color; the content of carotenoids and total phenolic compounds by spectrophotometry; and the antioxidant capacity, which was determined by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity. These results demonstrated that the Cassia fistula and Tecoma stans flowers had high pH; Pyrostegia venusta showed high soluble solids content; Tecoma stans had high total titratable acidity; Abutilon pictum had high ash; Gazaniax hybrida had high moisture. The highest contents of total carotenoids and total phenolics were presented by Gazania x hybrida (69.28 ug/g) and Glaucium flavum (355.46 mg eq. Gallic acid/g), respectively. The highest values of antioxidant capacity were presented by Oxalis tetraphylla and Glaucium flavum (166.90 and 164.00 µMeq trolox/g, respectively). These results indicated that Andean floral species could have potential beneficial properties that can be applied for human health.
M. Dachler, “Varieties and Nitrogen Requirements of Some Medicinal and Spice Plants Grown for Seed (Papaver Somniferum L., Linum Usitatissimum L., Carum Carvi L. and Sinapis Alba L.),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 306, pp. 88–99, May 1992.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.306.7.
G. H. Darya et al., “Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of yellow horned poppy (Glaucium flavum) on serum concentration of glucose and lipid profile and weight changes in alloxan induced diabetic rats,” Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 45–55, Apr. 2019.
doi: 10.29252/sjku.24.1.45.
Background & Aim: Yellow horned poppy is known as an antidiabetic drug in Iran folk medicine. This study was conducted to compare the effect of yellow horned poppy and glibenclamide on blood glucose concentration, blood lipid profile and weight of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Materials & Methods: 40 male rats were randomly divided into five groups of eight: 1)healthy control 2)healthy treated with 500 mg/kg of body weight (BW)/day of the extract 3)diabetic control 4)diabetic treated with 500 mg/kg of BW/day of the extract 5)diabetic treated with 5µg/kg of BW/day of glibenclamide. Diabetes induced in the 3rd,4th and 5th groups by intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg/kg BW of alloxan. The weight of rats was measured after 1, 14 and 28 days. After a month, animals were euthanized and blood samples collected to measure serum levels of fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and lipoproteins including: HLD-C and LDL-C by an auto-analyzer. Data analysis was performed by repeated measure Anova, one way Anova and Tukey test. Results: We found a significant decrease in glucose concentration in the diabetic+extract group compared to the diabetic control (P<0.001), this decrease was significantly lower than that in the diabetic+drug group (P=0.03). Triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL concentrations in the diabetic+extract group showed a significant decrease compared to those in the diabetic control group (P<0.001). Significant increase in HDL concentration was observed in the diabetic+extract group compared to that in the diabetic control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: The present study showed antidiabetic effect of yellow horned poppy in the rats which is comparable to the effect of glibenclamide.
E. Daskalova, E. Iskrenova, H. G. Kiryakov, and L. Evstatieva, “Minor Alkaloids of Glaucium Flavum,” Phytochemistry, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 953–955, Jan. 1988.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(88)84134-7.
The new aporphine base, dihydropontevedrine, has been found in an ethanol extract of Glaucium flavum along with a number of known alkaloids, some of which were isolated for the first time from this plant material.
R. Di Lecce et al., “Biochemical Analyses of Bioactive Extracts from Plants Native to Lampedusa, Sicily Minor Island,” Plants, vol. 11, no. 24, p. 3447, Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.3390/plants11243447.
Major threats to the human lifespan include cancer, infectious diseases, diabetes, mental degenerative conditions and also reduced agricultural productivity due to climate changes, together with new and more devastating plant diseases. From all of this, the need arises to find new biopesticides and new medicines. Plants and microorganisms are the most important sources for isolating new metabolites. Lampedusa Island host a rich contingent of endemic species and subspecies. Seven plant species spontaneously growing in Lampedusa, i.e., Atriplex halimus L. (Ap), Daucus lopadusanus Tineo (Dl), Echinops spinosus Fiori (Es) Glaucium flavum Crantz (Gf) Hypericum aegypticum L: (Ha), Periploca angustifolia Labill (Pa), and Prasium majus L. (Pm) were collected, assessed for their metabolite content, and evaluated for potential applications in agriculture and medicine. The HPLC-MS analysis of n-hexane (HE) and CH2Cl2 (MC) extracts and the residual aqueous phases (WR) showed the presence of several metabolites in both organic extracts. Crude HE and MC extracts from Dl and He significantly inhibited butyrylcholinesterase, as did WR from the extraction of Dl and Pa. HE and MC extracts showed a significant toxicity towards hepatocarcinoma Huh7, while Dl, Ha and Er HE extracts were the most potently cytotoxic to ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma HCT-8 cell lines. Most extracts showed antiviral activity. At the lowest concentration tested (1.56 μg/mL), Dl, Gf and Ap MC extracts inhibited betacoronavirus HCoV-OC43 infection by> 2 fold, while the n-hexane extract of Pm was the most potent. In addition, at 1.56 μg/mL, potent inhibition (>10 fold) of dengue virus was detected for Dl, Er, and Pm HE extracts, while Pa and Ap MC extracts dampened infections to undetectable levels. Regarding to phytotoxicity, MC extracts from Er, Ap and Pm were more effective in inhibiting tomato rootlet elongation; the same first two extracts also inhibited seed cress germination while its radicle elongation, due to high sensitivity, was affected by all the extracts. Es and Gf MC extracts also inhibited seed germination of Phelipanche ramosa. Thus, we have uncovered that many of these Lampedusa plants displayed promising biopesticide, antiviral, and biological properties.
J. Dickson, “Studies in Floral Anatomy.-II. The Floral Anatomy of Glaucium Flavum with Reference to Other Members of the Papaveraceae.,” Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany, vol. 50, no. 333, pp. 175–224, Sep. 1935.
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1935.tb01505.x.
A. Dittbrenner, U. Lohwasser, H.-P. Mock, and A. Börner, “Molecular and Phytochemical Studies of Papaver Somniferum in the Context of Infraspecific Classification,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 799, pp. 81–88, Sep. 2008.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.799.9.
S. Dogramaci and N. Arslan, “The Effect of Heterosis on Yield Components of Opium (Papaver Somniferum L.) Cultivars and Their Reciprocal Crosses,” Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 84–91, Aug. 2019.https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ekinjournal/issue/48293/611473.
Seven varieties of poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.) registered in the National Cultivar List. By using their reciprocal crosses, heterosis on capsule yield, seed yield, morphine content and morphine yield was investigated. Experiments were conducted in the experimental fields of Opium Alkaloids Factory during the years 2009 and 2010. Heterosis effect of poppy varieties; capsule yield in terms of -56.76 to 95.81% , seed yield in terms of -57.40 to 89.29%, morphine content in terms of -13.21 to 15.70%, morphine yield in terms of -58.21 - 95.53% showed variation between. Higher heterosis ratios were observed in capsule-seed yields of the hybrids of parents TMO 3 and Kocatepe 96 and in morphine content yields of the hybrids of the parents Ofis 96, Afyonkalesi 95 and Kemerkaya 95.
T. Doncheva, I. Doycheva, and S. Philipov, “Alkaloid Chemotypes of Glaucium Flavum (Papaveraceae) from Bulgaria,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 68, pp. 1–5, Oct. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.06.014.
The alkaloid pattern of Glaucium flavum Crantz. from four natural populations in Bulgaria were investigated and six aporphine, two protopine and one morphinane alkaloids were determined. In accordance with the particular content and composition of alkaloids and the different localities of the species three alkaloid chemotypes were suggested. The first one contains aporphines and protopines with a main alkaloid glaucine. The second chemotype contains again aporphine and protopine alkaloids but the main alkaloid is isocorydine and the third chemotype contains besides these two types of alkaloids and the morphinane alkaloid salutaridine.
T. Doncheva et al., “Comparison of Alkaloid Profile from Glaucium Corniculatum (Papaveraceae) of Algerian and Bulgarian Origin.,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 56, pp. 278–280, 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.07.007.
Seventeen isoquinoline alkaloids were identified in G. corniculatum from either Bulgaria or Algeria. The alkaloids cryptopine, norglaucine, isoboldine, corunnine, berbitine and corydaine are reported for the first time for this species. The plant of Bulgarian origin contains a large number of alkaloids (16 alkaloids) in comparison with the plant from Algeria that contained 9 alkaloids. Eight...
The aim of the study was callus induction of two species of Papaveraceae family (Chelidonium majus L. and Glaucium flavum Crantz) using various types of explants on in vitro media supplemented with different combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs). Their indirect morphogenetic capacity has been subsequently investigated, too. Entire in vitro seedlings or organs excised from them were used as explants for callus induction. High percentage of seedlings and root explants from G. flavum formed calli in almost all tested combinations of PGRs. In C. majus, the roots were the most appropriate among all tested explant types, followed by seedlings and hypocotyls, regardless of the PGRs used for stimulation of callogenesis. For both studied species, only in the combination with N-(2Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N’-phenylurea (4-CPPU) no callogenesis was observed. The combination of α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) stimulated morphogenetic processes in the seedlings – shoot organogenesis in C. majus and somatic embryogenesis in G. flavum.
I. Doycheva, S. Philipov, and M. Stanilova, “Evaluation of Glaucine Content in Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Localities of Glaucium Flavum Cranz. (Papaveraceae),” Natural Product Communications, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 1934578X1701200203, Feb. 2017.
doi: 10.1177/1934578X1701200203.
The content of the alkaloid glaucine was evaluated in Glaucium flavum plants from seven localities along the Bulgarian Black sea coast during two consecutive years, in order to select those with highest glaucine content. Some fluctuations of glaucine content were observed during the two years, and in most of the localities the alkaloid was lower in 2015. Pomorie and Ahtopol maintained high percentages of glaucine in the dry plant material in the two investigated years, being 2.3% for Pomorie in 2014 and for Ahtopol in 2015. The lowest percentages of glaucine were recorded in the plant material from Shkorpilovtsi (0.9% and 0.6%, respectively in 2014 and 2015). Fluctuations in glaucine content were probably due to some abiotic factors as light, temperature, precipitation, soil substrate, salinity, etc.
I. Doycheva, S. Philipov, and M. Stanilova, “Influence of Elicitation on Glaucium Flavum Cultures in in Vitro Conditions,” Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 541–548, Apr. 2023.
doi: 10.7546/CRABS.2023.04.05.
Glaucium flavum Crantz is a medicinal plant species which contains high variety of isoquinoline alkaloids, the main of which is the alkaloid glaucine, possessing antitussive activity. In vitro cultivation was investigated as an alternative and sustainable approach for plant cultivation of this species which is characterized by decreasing distribution. The biotechnological production of secondary metabolites could be improved by the addition of elicitors such as jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate and yeast extract to the artificial medium. The seed germination of G. flavum was over 60% in all examined media supplemented with the abovementioned elicitors. They did not stimulate higher alkaloid production but the plants of some of the investigated in vitro cultures had similar percentage of the crude alkaloid mixture, about 3%, to the native plant population from which they had derived. The quantity of the alkaloids varied but their content in the studied samples remained similar.
Glaucium flavum (yellow horned poppy) is a medicinal plant species used in the pharmaceutical industry as a source of the alkaloid glaucine, valuable for its antitussive and bronchodilator activity. In Bulgaria, the collection of the yellow horned poppy from the wild is banned with annual ordinance of the MEW. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a prospective method for in vitro regeneration of plant species with economic or conservation value. Indirect SE has been achieved for the first time in this species starting from seedling roots, seeds originated from the Bulgarian Black Sea coast localities Shkorpilovtsi and Varvara. Somatic embryos in all stages were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/l TDZ and 0.2 mg/l BAP, at temperature 23±2 ◦C. Callogenesis frequency was 100% for the two localities; however, significant differences (P = 0.01) were noticed regarding callus potential to form somatic embryos. The percentage of embryogenic calli was 43.3±0.1% for Shkorpilovtsi locality and 11.6±0.1% for Varvara locality, and the numbers of somatic embryos per explant were 17.2±5.7 and 17.2±0.8, respectively for the two localities.
R. B. Dubey, S. K. Jain, and S. R. Maloo, “Combining Ability and Heterosis for Latex Yield, Seed Yield and Other Agronomic Traits in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” INDIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING, vol. 67, no. 04, pp. 392–395, Nov. 2007.https://www.isgpb.org/journal/index.php/IJGPB/article/view/1285.
Twentyone hybrids alongwith seven parents and two checks viz., Chetak Aphim and IC-42 were evaluated for combining ability and standard heterosis for latex yield/plant, seed yield/plant, husk yield, stem diameter, number of effective capsules/plant, plant height, peduncle length, days to flower initiation and days to 50% flowering. Both additive and non-additive gene effects were present in the material under study. However, the ratio of additive and non-additive genetic variance revealed that there was preponderance of non-additives gene action in the expression of all the traits under stUdy. Among the parents, the UOP-82 was identified as good general combiner for latex yield/ plant, seed yield/plant, husk yield/plant, plant height and peduncle length. The hybrid UOP-82 x NOP-204 exhibited highest magnitude of positive significant sca effects with highest standard heterosis and per se performance for latex yield/plant. This hybrid also exhibited positive significant sea effects for stem diameter, number of effective capsules/plant and peduncle length. In general, close association between sea effects and standard heterosis was observed among the best hybrids identified on the basis of sea effects for latex yield.
R. B. Dubey, “Correlation and Path Analysis in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum).,” Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 212–216, 2010.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103367005.
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important medicinal plant which is a major source of alkaloids like morphine, codeine, thebanine, papaverine and narcotine. One hundred and fifty two diverse genotypes of the plant were analysed for variability parameters, correlation and path analysis for latex yield, seed yield and their contributing traits. The present study is an attempt to determine...
M. K. Dubey, A. K. Shasany, O. P. Dhawan, A. K. Shukla, K. Shanker, and S. P. S. Khanuja, “Detection of DNA Polymorphism in Papaver Somniferum Genotypes Differing in Straw Morphinan Alkaloid Content,” Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, vol. 144, no. 3, pp. 513–517, Sep. 2010.
doi: 10.1080/11263500903403374.
Thirty‐two distinct accessions of Papaver somniferum were screened for morphinan alkaloid content in the straw. The combined content of major morphinan alkaloids (morphine+codeine+thebaine) was found to vary in the range 0.2260–0.0683%. Two genotypes each, were selected as prototypes for low [I‐48 (0.0683%) and I‐344 (0.0878%)] and high [Pps‐1 (0.2260%) and N‐3 (0.2074%)] morphinan alkaloid content for studying DNA polymorphism. RAPD analysis of these four genotypes using 80 primers could not detect the polymorphism. However, AFLP analysis of these genotypes with 12 EcoRI/MseI primer pairs could distinctly group the high‐ and low‐morphinan alkaloid genotypes separately. Furthermore, 50 AFLP fragments, specific to high‐straw morphinan alkaloid genotypes (Pps‐1 and N‐3) and 28 DNA fragments specific to low‐straw morphinan alkaloid genotypes (I‐48 and I‐344) could be identified. This investigation is the first report on the polymorphism identified in the genotypes differing in their straw morphinan alkaloid content. This DNA polymorphism could be exploited for defining chemotypes at an early seedling stage in poppy breeding programmes.
S. Dutt and H. S. Saralch, “Effect of Light on Degradation of Glaucine during Storage in Organic Solvents,” Journal of Tree Sciences, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 107–111, 2021.
doi: 10.5958/2455-7129.2021.00009.1.
E. Dvořáková, J. Novák, J. Hakl, and I. Stránská, “An Evaluation of the Genetic Resources of Papaver Somniferum L. - Phenotype Variability in Relation to Soil,” Cereal Research Communications, vol. 36, pp. 783–786, 2008.https://www.jstor.org/stable/90002821.
Abstract The morphological variability of the genetic resources of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and the influence of distinct soil conditions related to the selected traits were evaluated. An intraspecific classification of Papaver somniferum L. cultivars; 4 basic clusters (groups) with white-seeded cultivars (cluster 1) and dark-seeded (clusters 2 – 4) were established. Cluster analysis and the k-means method was applied. An evaluation was made of the similarities and differences between the cultivar clusters on the basis of the capsule’s size and shape, seed coloration intensity in relation to soil conditions. A significant influence of habitat, particularly soil conditions of the experimental localities on the classification of the given clusters of poppy cultivars when applying the hierarchical clustering was not found. Examples of usage are the selection of parent material for breeding and the selection of appropriate varieties for given cultivation conditions.
D. Eisikowitch, “Horned Poppy, Glaucium Flavum, in Israel: Notes on Its Pollination and Distribution,” Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 87–94, May 1979.
doi: 10.1080/0021213X.1979.10676860.
A comparison of the floral biology and pollination ecology of two types of Glaucium flavum Crantz was made. One type is very sensitive to sea spray and flourishes only when sheltered by the ruins of ancient Caesarea. It is postulated that the sensitive type migrated during the long history of the port but could not spread out due to the difficulty of the seed setting in locations exposed to winds carrying sea spray.
F. el-Afifi, D. al-Eisawi, S. al-Khalil, and P. L. S. Jr, “Alkaloids of Glaucium Grandiflorum,” ACS Publications. American Chemical Society, Jul-2004.
doi: 10.1021/np50048a055.
A. Elbermawi, A. Sallam, H. A. Ghabbour, M. F. Elsebai, M. F. Lahloub, and H.-E. A. Saad, “Bioactive Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Glaucium Arabicum,” Phytochemistry Letters, vol. 28, pp. 139–144, Dec. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2018.10.004.
Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Glaucium arabicum Fresen. (Papaveraceae) led to the isolation of two previously undescribed isoquinoline alkaloids araglaucine A, and araglaucine B, together with seven known ones 1-[(3‘,4‘-dimethoxy-2‘-methylcarboxy)benzoyl]-6,7-methylenedioxy isoquinoline (araglaucine C), (7R,14S)-trans-N-methylcanadinium nitrate, (R,S)-trans-N-methylstylopine, 14-hydroxy-N-methyl canadine, 14-hydroxy-N-methyl stylopine, protopine, norsanguinarine, as well as β-sitosterol, and β-sitosterol 3-O-β–d-glucoside. Their structural elucidation was based on the measurements of 1D, 2D NMR, HRESIMS, UV, IR and X-ray crystallography. The compounds were evaluated for their anti-melanogenesis activity using B16 melanoma cell lines. Compound (7R,14S)-trans-N-methylcanadinium nitrate exhibited a promising melanin synthesis inhibitory activity (∼35%) at concentration 5 μg/ml (12.01 μM) with low cytotoxicity (∼12%).
The Horned Poppy, Glaucium sp., i a potential candidate for introduction as an herbaceous perennial to Colorado. However, its introduction has been hindered by poor germination, less than 10% in informal studies across the state. Nine seed lots of Glaucium sp., representing four different species and a hybrid harvested from four different year , were collected at Denver Botanic Gardens and used in research to develop a protocol for seed treatment to improve germination. Four different trials were conducted to evaluate germination. The first trial evaluated stratification temperatures and germination with and without light on two collection years of G. flavum. The greatest germination was 69.5% for the seeds collected in 2005 that were stratified for 45 days at 7°C and germinated with light. The seeds harve ted in 2003 had 53 % germination with 7°C stratification for 45 days and germinated without light. The second trial evaluated scarification treatments, hot water, concentrated sulfuric acid (2 levels) and nicks in the seed coat, on two collection years of G. flavum and G. acutidentatum. 2005 G. flavum had the greatest germination at 57% with a 30minute sulfuric acid scarification. 2003 G. .flavum had 20% germination with the 60minute acid scarification . G. acutidentatum seeds from 2003 and 2005 germinated with acid treatments but not as well as G. flavum. 2003 G. acutidentatum had 6% germination with 60-minute acid scarification and 2005 G. acutidentatum had 1.5% germinatio n with 30-minute acid carification. Stratification and scarification were evaluated together in the third trial. Additional seed lots; 2003 G. grandiflorum , 2003 G. corniculatum and 1999 G. corniculatum xflavum were included. Although each seed lot had varying responses to the treatments, 30-minute acid scarification combined with 30-or 45-day stratification at 8°C were the optimal pretreatments. The germination percentages for these treatments ranged from 60 to 92 %. The final trial compared gibberellic acid to stratification to determine if GA could substitute for cold stratification. Hydrogen peroxide was also evaluated for comparison purposes. For all the seed lot s, 30-minute acid scarification with 400 ppm or 500 ppm GA3 generated the greatest germination. The percentages for these treatments ranged from 58 to 95%. Gibberellic acid proved to be a substitute for cold stratification; however, seeds germinated slower than cold stratification. Germination with GA took pproximately 10 days while stratified seed germinated in five days. G. grandiflorum and G. acutidentatum can be considered to have intermediate complex morphophysiological dormancy with a hard seed coat, while G. corniculatum appears to have only a hard seed coat.
G. Emre et al., “An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in Mersin (Turkey),” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 12, 2021.
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664500.
This comprehensive ethnobotanical study carried out in Mersin province, which is located in the southern part of Anatolia, east of the Mediterranean Sea, compiles details on plants used in folk medicine and ethnopharmacological information obtained through face-to-face interviews. The aim was to collect and identify plants used for therapeutic purposes by local people and to record information on traditional herbal medicine. Plant specimens were collected in numerous excursions. Additionally, informant consensus factor and use value (UV) were calculated for information gathered. This study identifies 93 plant taxa belonging to 43 families and records their usage in folk medicine; 83 taxa are wild and the remaining 10 are cultivated. The most commonly used plants belong to Lamiaceae, representing 15.0% of the total, while the Rosaceae, Malvaceae, Hypericaceae, Asteraceae and Cupressaceae families each represented another 5.4%. As a result of this investigation, we determine 189 medicinal usages of 93 taxa. The UV values indicate that the most important medicine plants are Hypericum perforatum (0.80), Cedrus libani (0.78), Quercus coccifera (0.77), Arum dioscoridis (0.76) and Juniperus drupaceae (0.74). We observed that most of the drugs are prepared using the infusion method (27.6%). As a conclusion, the study finds that traditional folk medicine usage is still common, especially among the rural population of Mersin.
P. J. Facchini and D. A. Bird, “Developmental Regulation of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Opium Poppy Plants and Tissue Cultures,” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 69–79, Jan. 1998.
doi: 10.1007/BF02823126.
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) contains a number of pharmaceutically important alkaloids of the benzylisoquinoline type including morphine, codeine, papaverine, and sanguinarine. Although these alkaloids accumulate to high concentrations in various organs of the intact plant, only the phytoalexin sanguinarine has been found at significant levels in opium poppy cell cultures. Moreover, even sanguinarine biosynthesis is not constitutive in poppy cell suspension cultures, but is typically induced only after treatment with a funga-derived elicitor. The absence of appreciable quantities of alkaloids in dedifferentiated opium poppy cell cultures suggests that benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis is developmentally regulated and requires the differentiation of specific tissues. In the 40 yr since opium poppy tissues were first culturedin vitro, a number of reports on the redifferentiation of roots and buds from callus have appeared. A requirement for the presence of specialized laticifer cells has been suggested before certain alkaloids, such as morphine and codeine, can accumulate. Laticifers represent a complex internal secretory system in about 15 plant families and appear to have multiple evolutionary origins. Opium poppy laticifers differentiate from procambial cells and undergo articulation and anastomosis to form a continuous network of elements associated with the phloem throughout much of the intact plant. Latex is the combined cytoplasm of fused laticifer vessels, and contains numerous large alkaloid vesicles in which latex-associated poppy alkaloids are sequestered. The formation of alkaloid vesicles, the subcellular compartmentation of alkaloid biosynthesis, and the tissue-specific localization and control of these processes are important unresolved problems in plant cell biology. Alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy is an excellent model system to investigate the developmental regulation and cell biology of complex metabolic pathways, and the relationship between metabolic regulation and cell-type specific differentiation. In this review, we summarize the literature on the roles of cellular differentiation and plant development in alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy plants and tissue cultures.
J. W. Fairbairn and S. El-Masry, “The Alkaloids ofPapaver Somniferum L.—VI.: ‘Bound’ Morphine and Seed Development,” Phytochemistry, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 181–187, Feb. 1968.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86313-X.
Vigorous acid hydrolysis or pepsin digestion of ground poppy seeds led to the production of alkaloid-like substances including codeine. Fermentation of ground seeds or germination of whole seeds for 1 to 2 days also led to the production of similar compounds as well as papaverine. Radioactive morphine was fed to the latex of the capsule and the seeds collected later were germinated in similar conditions and the alkaloid-like substances shown to be radioactive. Furthermore the ovules were shown to contain radioactive alkaloid-like substances (without degradative treatment) as well as radioactive non-alkaloidal compounds similar to those already reported. It is suggested that morphine is rapidly metabolised in the latex into a series of compounds some of which are alkaloid-like and others non-alkaloidal, ethanol insoluble, “bound” forms. The bound forms are stored in the seeds and broken down into smaller alkaloid-like substances during germination. An attempt was made to produce seeds deficient in these compounds by depriving the capsule of much of its latex at a critical stage in development. The seeds produced showed remarkable differences from controls; their germination rate and root hair and chlorophyll production were significantly reduced, thus indicating that the latex contents are essential to the production of viable seeds. The possible pharmacological effect of bound forms of alkaloids in poppy seeds is also discussed.
J. Fejér and I. Salamon, “Agro-Technology of the Poppy: Large-Scale Cultivation in Slovakia,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1036, pp. 181–185, May 2014.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1036.21.
J. Fejér, “Breeding Aspects of Poppy in Slovakia,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1036, pp. 101–105, May 2014.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1036.10.
A. Fernández and F. Sáiz, “(Oryctolagus Cuniculus L.) as Seed Disperser of the Invasive Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Mastozoología Neotropical, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 19–27, 2007.https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/457/45714103.pdf.
We investigated whether introduced European rabbit on Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile, has the potential to spread the seeds of the exotic Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) via endozoochory. A total of 1320 rabbit droppings were collected during early autumn in the study area and analyzed in laboratory with binocular magnifying glass. Seeds from six different species were found in the droppings: Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae), Centaurea melitensis (Asteraceae), Amaranthus sp. (Amarantaceae), Melilotus indicus (Fabaceae), Rumex acetosella (Polygonaceae), and one unidentified species. Poppy seeds were dominant. Most seeds (82%) were destroyed during ingestion, but some of the intact seeds found in pellets remained viable. Germination rate of ingested seeds was similar to control seeds but germination success was lower in the former. Poppy seeds were found in pellets deposited inside poppy patches but also up to 100 m away from patches. In this way, rabbit expands the seed shadow of the plant. Our results suggest that, although poppy lacks morphological adaptations to long distance dispersal, seeds reach favorable places for seedling germination and recruitment via consumption by rabbits, an unspecialized seed disperser. Rabbit activity, together with the effect of other animals and some abiotic factors—wind and rain water, principally—contributes to the spread of poppy with implications for the management of both invasive species in the island.
E. Fernández-Pascual, A. Pérez-Arcoiza, J. A. Prieto, and T. E. Díaz, “Environmental Filtering Drives the Shape and Breadth of the Seed Germination Niche in Coastal Plant Communities,” Annals of Botany, vol. 119, no. 7, pp. 1169–1177, May 2017.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcx005.
K. Folkestad, K. Høiland, B. S. Paulsen, and K. E. Malterud, “Alkaloid Chemotaxonomy of Nordic Papaver Sect. Scapiflora (Papaveraceae),” Nordic Journal of Botany, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 139–146, 1988.
doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1988.tb00493.x.
A chemotaxonomic study of the Nordic Papaver species belonging to the Scapiflora group has been carried out by means of gas chromatography (GC), mass spectro-graphy (MS), and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The data obtained were analysed by the aid of hard and fuzzy clustering. Of the alkaloids identified, protopine and allocryptopine were found in all species investigated (i.e. Papaver radicaium -including all subspecies - P. dahlianum, P. lapponicum, and P. laesiadianum). Protopine and allocryptopine were the only alkaloids found in P. dahlianum, P. lapponicum, and P. laesiadianum. In addition O-methylthalisopavine was found in all investigated subspecies of P. radicatum; reframine in P. radicatum sspp. ovatilobum, gjaerevollii, groevudalense, intermedium, oeksendalense, radicatum, relictum, and subglobosum; reframidine in ssp. hyperboreum; cryptopine in sspp. ovatilobum, gjaerevollii, groevudalense, relictum, subglobosum, macrostigma, and hyperboreum; muramine in sspp. macrostigma and hyperboreum; and amurine in sspp. relictum and subglobosum. These chemotaxonomic results confirm the systematics of the Nordic Papavers of the sect. Scapiflora introduced by Knaben who based the taxonomy on morphological and cytological characteristics. Moreover, the content of alkaloids in the different isolated Nordic Papaver populations may be of plant geographical importance. There are, for instance, a marked chemical difference between all the South Norwegian subspecies of P. radicatum and the North Norwegian P. radicatum ssp. subglobosum on one hand and the rest of the North Norwegian subspecies on the other.
T. Furuya, A. Ikuta, and K. Syōno, “Alkaloids from Callus Tissue of Papaver Somniferum,” Phytochemistry, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 3041–3044, Oct. 1972.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(72)80101-8.
Norsanguinarine (I), a new alkaloid and 6-acetonyldihydrosanguinarine (II), which appears to be an artefact, have been isolated from callus tissue of opium poppy. Sanguinarine (III), dihydrosanguinarine (IV), oxysanguinarine (V), protopine (VI), cryptopine (VII), magnoflorine (VIII) and choline (IX) have also been detected.
S. Galewsky and C. L. Nessler, “Synthesis of Morphinane Alkaloids during Opium Poppy Somatic Embryogenesis,” Plant Science, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 215–222, Jan. 1986.
doi: 10.1016/0168-9452(86)90142-1.
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) tissue cultures were examines by thin-layer and high performance liquid chromatography (TLC; HPLC) for qualitative and quantitative changes in morphinane alkaloid content during somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryos were examined at weekley intervals over a 7-week induction and maturation period. Thebaine was the only morphinane positively identified in tissue extracts and in spent growth media. Neither morphine nor codeine were produced in detectable quantities during somatic embryogenesis. Production of thebaine was developmentally regulated, gradually increasing following the removal of auxin from the culture medium. Accumulation of this alkaloid in the growth medium paralleled its appearance in somatic embryos. Alkaloid synthesis in somatic embryos appeared to require a minimum level of organization that could also be disrupted by the spontaneous loss of embryogenic potential that was observed in some culture lines.
P. J. Garnock-Jones and P. Scholes, “Alkaloid Content of Papaver Somniferum Subsp. Setigerum from New Zealand,” New Zealand Journal of Botany, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 367–369, Jul. 1990.
doi: 10.1080/0028825X.1990.10412320.
New Zealand material of Papaver somniferum subsp. setigerum and subsp. somniferum contains codeine, morphine, papaverine, and narcotine. The samples studied had morphine at lower levels and codeine at higher levels in subsp. setigerum. Because the two entities are morphologically similar and have qualitatively similar alkaloid content, although they differ in chromosome number, we recommend that both continue to be treated as subspecies of Papaver somniferum.
B. L. Gaur, P. C. Gupta, and D. D. Sharma, “Weed Management in Opium Poppy Papaver Somniferum L.,” Tropical Pest Management, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 267–268, Jan. 1986.
doi: 10.1080/09670878609371076.
Field trials were carried out during winter seasons of 1981–82 and 1982–83 to assess the efficacy of the herbicide chlortoluron and hand weeding in controlling weeds in opium poppy at the Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur. Application of Chlortoluron at 1.5 kg/ha resulted in high yield of opium latex and seed and low weed count and weed dry matter yield at harvest, compared with the effect of hand weedings after 20, 40 and 60 days.
Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L., is a long-day plant with a critical daylength for flowering of 14 to 16 hours. Flowering is induced by two or more long photoperiods or by a single period of light longer than 24 hours. Flowering stems always lengthen, but stems also sometimes lengthen in the absence of flowering, e.g. with the application of gibberellic acid. Flowering was not controlled by brief red irradiations, far red irradiations, or both. Thus, the action of phytochrome was not shown, but its presence was not excluded. Light seems to control poppy flowering through a so-called high-energy reaction.AEQI, PAL, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.
B. Ghimire, Y. Suh, D. E. Soltis, and K. Heo, “Phylogenetic Relationships of Coreanomecon (Papaveraceae: Chelidonioideae) Inferred from Seed Morphology and nrITS Sequence Data,” Nordic Journal of Botany, vol. 37, no. 8, 2019.
doi: 10.1111/njb.02275.
The phylogenetic position of the Coreanomecon, a monotypic genus endemic to Korea, has been controversial for a long time. Coreanomecon has variously been placed in its own genus or combined with Hylomecon or Chelidonium. The main purpose of this study was to examine the phylogenetic position of Coreanomecon in relation to genera of the subfamily Chelidonioideae using seed morphology and molecular data. The seed morphology of 10 genera of Chelidonioideae was examined using microtome sections and scanning electron microscopy. The shape and size of exotestal cells varied between genera. The exotestal cells were tangentially elongated in Chelidonium majus, Stylophorum diphyllum and Hylomecon vernalis, whereas the cells were sub-orbicular and broad in Coreanomecon hylomeconoides. The endotesta was represented by thick palisade-like cells that contain small rectangular crystals near their outer walls. The mesotesta was totally collapsed in Co. hylomeconoides but wholly or partly persistent in Ch. majus and H. vernalis. The seed surface of Co. hylomeconoides was well ornamented with a unique echinate seed surface, whereas other genera showed plain and reticulate seed surfaces. A phylogenetic analysis of the genera including Coreanomecon was conducted with nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) sequences using genetic distance, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The results confirm that Co. hylomeconoides is separated from both Hylomecon species and is a sister group to Chelidonium majus and Stylophorum diphyllum with robust bootstrap support. In addition to differences in the absence of cauline leaves and rhizomes, the presence of a hairy stem and leaves, and 12-pericolpate pollen, seed characters and molecular data strongly support the recognition of Coreanomecon as an independent genus, distinct from Hylomecon and Chelidonium.
S. Giannatou, C. Vasilatos, I. Mitsis, N. Koukouzas, G. Itskos, and G. M. Stamatakis, “Reduction of Toxic Element Mobility in Mining Soil by Zeolitic Amendments,” Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 2127–2136, Jul. 2016.
doi: 10.12681/bgsg.14265.
T. B. Gibson, “The Botany of a School Playground in the Heart of Dublin,” The Irish Naturalist, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 277–284, 1896.https://www.jstor.org/stable/25521122.
T. Gözler, “Alkaloids of Turkish Glaucium Species,” Planta Medica, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 179–180, Nov. 1982.
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971209.
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A. Gran and F. Sharifnia, “Micro-Macromorphological Studies of the Genus Glaucium (Papaveraceae) in Iran,” The Iranian Journal of Botany, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 23–38, Jun. 2008.https://ijb.areeo.ac.ir/article_102721.html.
In this study, fourteen species of Glaucium Mill. were studied and morphological and micro-macromorphological characters were evaluated. The understudied species assessed by biometric study, and about 28 qualitative and 37 quantitative characters were assessed. Phenetic analysis was carried out using SPSS software, and phenograms of these species were prepared. Furthermore, PCA analysis was carried out and the most variable characters were determined. Finally, the seeds and pollen grains of these species were also investigated using S.E.M electronic microscope, and the tables of characters were formed individually for them. Afterward, phenetic analysis and phenogram preparation were done based on morphological characters of seeds and pollen of the species, and the following results were obtained: 1. Distinction of G. leiocarpum Boiss., as a distinct species from G. oxylobum Boiss. & Buhse in contrary to what mentioned in Flora Iranica. 2. Synonymy of G. oxylobum subsp. rechingeri Mory, with the type variety . 3. Synonymy of G. haussknechtii Bornm. & Fedde. with G. grandiflorum Boiss. & Huet. 4. Introduction of a new species named G. golestanicum Gran & Sharifnia. 5. Preparation of the table of characters for pollen and seeds of all taxa
I. S. Grover and M. S. Dhanju, “Effect of Gamma Radiation on the Germination of Papaver Somniferum and P Rhoeas,” Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 75–77, 1979.
The germination of opium poppy (P somniferum) was increased whereas those of red poppy (Prhoeas) decreased considerably The differential radiosensitivity may be the cause of different result obtained in these two species (auth)
\relax A. H. M. E. T. GÜMÜŞÇÜ and \relax N. E. Ş. E. T. ARSLAN, “Comparing Yield and Yield Components of Some Selected Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Lines,” Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 991–998, Jan. 1999.https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/vol23/iss10/28.
A. Gümüşçü, N. Arslan, and E. O. Sarıhan, “Evaluation of Selected Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Lines by Their Morphine and Other Alkaloids Contents,” European Food Research and Technology, vol. 226, no. 5, pp. 1213–1220, Mar. 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s00217-007-0739-0.
The alkaloid analysis was performed in the laboratory of the alkaloid factory located at Bolvadin province of Turkey in 2000 on selected 99 poppy lines, which were selected with respect to their morphological and agronomic characteristics from around 1,000 poppy lines provided by Agriculture faculty, Ankara University. Our results showed that the ratio of the alkaloids, morphine, thebaine, codeine, papaverine and noscapine ranged from 0.110 to 1.140%, 0.005 to 0.134%, 0.005 to 0.27%, 0.001 to 0.440% and 0.006 to 0.418%, respectively, in the selected 99 poppy lines. According to their alkaloid content, 15 lines had significantly higher morphine, three lines had higher noscapine, and one line had higher papaverine levels.
The aim of this study is to improve some poppy materials which both the seed yield and capsule yield are higher and its morphine ratio is higher level than the average ratio of the country. The current sown varieties that on the poppy cultivated areas are selected according to the wishes of the producers. The seven lines were crossed reciprocal that were selected in first year of the study which was carried out two years. The parent lines were taken with their hybrids to yield experiments in the second year. Yield components of hybrid and parent lines were compared and investigated for heterosis and heterobeltiosis between these lines. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis values of some important traits of the material have been given below: for seed yield per plant changed between -13.42% to 37.14% and -22.48% to 36.29%; for capsul yield -33.92% to 45.39% and -40.83% to 34.67%; for seed yield -32.05% to 45.89% and -38.34% to 43.22%; for morphine content -24.21% to 44.62% and -32.44% to 32.68%; for morphine yield -37.63% to 100.39% and -54.68% to 95.21%, respectively.
A. Gümüşçü and N. Arslan, “Researches on General and Specific Combining Ability of Yield and Some Traits of the Hybrids of Selected Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Lines,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 826, pp. 105–110, Apr. 2009.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.826.13.
H. Güneş, M. Oktay, Çelebi̇ Fulya, and B. Tül, “Screening of Antimicrobial and Anticancer Potentials of Some Plant Extracts from Mugla Provience,” Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 16–21, Jul. 2014.https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jabs/issue/34935/387537.
Many phytochemicals from different plant species have potency in treatment and prevention of cancer. Currently, substantial research have being carried out in many laboratories the world over to discover new plant extracts with high anticancer and/or antimicrobial activities. In this study, seven different plant species Glaucium flavum, Euphorbia falcata, Conyza canadensis, Chenopodium botrys, Catalpa sp., Quercus coccifera, Crataegus monogyna from Mugla region were examined for their antimicrobial and anticancer capacities. Disc diffusion method was used to study antimicrobial potency of ethanol extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Anticancer activities of the plant extracts were tested against the six different cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. The fruit extract of Q. coccifera was found to be the most effective extract (13-15 mm 80µg/disc inhibition zone) against S. albus, M. luteus and S.aureus. In addition, C. canadensis exhibited antimicrobial activity only against E.coli and B. subtilis (10-14 mm 80µg/ml inhibition zone). Based on MTT assays, all of the plant extracts resulted in different degrees of anticancer activity on six different cancer cell lines. The most effective extracts were from C. botrys, G. flavum, Catalpa sp and Q. coccifera which caused more than threefold decrease in the cell proliferation of K562, PC-3 and MCF-7 cell lines compared to control. In conclusion, among the seven tested plant extracts, only Q. coccifera and C. canadensis showed antimicrobial capacity. On the other hand, 4 plant extracts have displayed high anticancer potency. Future studies related with cell death will elicit the mechanisms of anti-tumor activities of the plant extracts
\relax T. U. Ğ. B. A. GÜRKÖK, \relax E. L. İ. F. KAYMAK, \relax G. Ü. L. Ş. E. N. BOZTEPE, \relax M. E. S. U. T. KOYUNCU, and \relax İ. S. K. E. N. D. E. R. PARMAKSIZ, “Molecular Characterisation of the Genus Papaver Section Oxytona Using ISSR Markers,” Turkish Journal of Botany, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 644–650, Jan. 2013.
doi: 10.3906/bot-1208-16.
Z. György, S. Alam, P. Priyanka, and É. Zámboriné Németh, “Genetic Diversity and Relationships of Opium Poppy Accessions Based on SSR Markers,” Agriculture, vol. 12, no. 9, p. 1343, Sep. 2022.
doi: 10.3390/agriculture12091343.
Opium poppy is one of the most important medicinal plant species cultivated in several regions of the world for pharmaceutical and food purposes. Although it has been bred and used in many countries for centuries, taxonomical studies on the intraspecific variability are still not numerous. In the course of this study, the genetic diversity of 58 opium poppy accessions were assessed with SSR markers. Out of the 25 tested SSR markers, only 19 showed successful amplification and seven were found to reveal polymorphism. These seven markers produced 2–11 alleles within the size range of 144–280 bp. PIC value varied between 0.284 and 0.767, expected heterozygosity was between 0.136 and 1, and observed heterozygosity was between 0.344 and 0.794. Altogether, a low genetic diversity was found, and several accessions have been characterized with the same SSR allele profile. The clustering in the PCoA co-ordinate system indicates four groups, which is confirmed by the STRUCTURE analysis as well and reflects the known relationships of hybrid cultivars in several cases. The landrace taxa clearly deviate from the majority of cultivars selected for industrial purposes. The applied SSR markers were not able to distinguish the genotypes according to their geographic origin or seed color. However, in several cases, the grouping in the PCoA system reflected a diversification connected to alkaloid content and petal color of the accessions. Our results demonstrate the importance of further molecular marker studies focusing on genotypes with different alkaloid content and useful agronomical traits in order to establish more effective breeding.
M. Hadipour, S. K. Kazemitabar, H. Yaghini, and S. Dayani, “Genetic Diversity and Species Differentiation of Medicinal Plant Persian Poppy (Papaver Bracteatum L.) Using AFLP and ISSR Markers,” Ecological Genetics and Genomics, vol. 16, p. 100058, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.egg.2020.100058.
Persian Poppy (Papaver bracteatum L.) is a unique alpine medicinal plant. The plant is a rare source of opiate thebaine in nature. Thebaine is a valuable therapeutic precursor alkaloid. Seven ISSR primers and ten AFLP primer combinations were used to examine the genetic variations of 67 P.bracteatum genotypes freshly collected from nine wild populations over Iran. A total 52% ISSR and 48% AFLP genetic polymorphism among the populations were detected. The genetic diversity within the populations was 38% and 41% by ISSR and AFLP markers. The mean coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) were 0.54 (ISSR) and 0.52 (AFLP). Geneflow was 0.413 (ISSR) and 0.470 (AFLP). AMOVA confirmed the higher variation within the populations. AFLP and ISSR similarly separated the P. bracteatum accessions into three main and one minor group, which was correlated with the samples geographical distributions. Both markers firmly differentiated the out-species accessions, and identified the unknown accession as P. oreintale. The AFLP with higher mean marker resolution power (Rp = 9.74) were more efficient in revealing genetic variations of the Papaver species. The moderate genetic variation within the populations, and very low variation and geneflow among populations could be largely due to anthropogenic factors. It is critical to protect the species by implementing in/ex situ conservation programs. The results of this study could be used for molecular studies, breeding and conservation programs.
A. Hadjiakhoondi, K. Morteza-Semnani, H. R. Inanloo, and M. P.-H. A. Shafiee, “Angoline and Other Alkaloids from the Roots of Glaucium Oxylobum Boiss. and Buhse,” DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 31–35, 1999.http://daru.tums.ac.ir/index.php/daru/article/view/83.
Glaucium oxylobum Boiss & Buhse population Golestan forest was shown to contain four major alkaloids, protopine (0.2%), bulbocapnine (0.1%), corydine (0.3%), isocorydine (0.1%) and three minor alkaloids, dihydrochelerythrine, angoline and isocorytuberine. Glaucium oxylubum Boiss & Buhse population Roodbar was shown to contain two major alkaloids, protopine (0.39%) and dicentrinone (0.2%) and three minor alkaloids, angoline, 8-acetonyl-dihydrosanguinarine and a-allocryptopine. Angoline was detected for the first time in Glaucium.
Hadjiakhoondi F, Ostad SN, Khanavi M, Hadjiakhoondi A, Farahanikia B, and Salarytabar A, “Cytotoxicity of Two Species of Glaucium from Iran,” Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 12, no. 45, pp. 85–92, 2013.
Background: Numerous molecules in Papaveraceae family display interesting cytotoxic o activities against tumor cell lines in vitro and hints of anticancer activities in vivo have been reported in a few cases. e Objective: Numerous molecules in this family display interesting cytotoxic activities against iv tumor cell lines in vitro and hints of anticancer activities in vivo have been reported in a few cases. In this study we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of total and alkaloid extracts of Glaucium flavum Crantz and Glaucium grandiflurom Boiss. & Huet, the two species of this genus, on cell h proliferation of HT-29, Caco-2, T47D, and NIH/3T3 cell lines by MTT method and their IC50s c were determined. r Methods: The aerial parts of G. grandiflurom and G. flavum were collected from Jajrud in Tehran Province in June 2011. The effect of total extract and alkaloid extract of them on HT-29, A Ta7D, NIH/3T3 and Caco-2 cells was determined by MTT assay. Results: Alkaloid extracts showed a moderate cytotoxic effect on the cell lines. IC50 values confirmed that the growth and proliferation of NIH/3T3 cells were less affected in comparison to other cell lines. Conclusion: The effects of alkaloid extracts of both plants on human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (HT-29, Caco-2), showed that these extracts contain certain compounds that can inhibit the proliferation of colon cancerous cells.
Medicinal plants are sources of active and valuable secondary metabolites that have been economically beneficial for pharmacy and medicine. However, it is challenging to start large-scale and commercial cultivation of these plants because most of the arable land is mainly used to produce strategically essential crops. Persian poppy (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to the Papaveraceae family endemic to the mountainous areas in Northern Iran. It is known for high amounts of the valuable benzylisoquinoline alkaloid thebaine. This study investigated the effect of temperature treatments on germination characteristics of different Papaver braceatum populations on germination characteristics. For this purpose, three-level of temperature on three different populations of Persian poppies. The interactions of the population×temperature was significant for germination characteristics. The results of this experiment generally showed a decrease in all germination characteristics, including germination percentage, germination rate, plumule length, radical length, plumule dry weight, radical dry weight, and seed vigor index with increasing temperature level. The highest germination percentage in all three populations was recorded at 25 ° C, and the highest seed vigor index was recorded at 20 ° C. According to these results, to industrially cultivate this plant, the temperature is the most critical factor for achieving maximum yield. Therefore, to maintain the balance between vegetative growth and increase in plant dry weight, it is recommended to set the temperature in the range of 20 to 25 ° C because it was observed that the highest vegetative growth was recorded at 20 ° C and the highest dry weight at 25 ° C.
B. Hamamcioglu, F. G. Kocanci, and B. Aslim, “Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Neuroprotective, Anti-Mutagenic and Anti-Genotoxic Effects of Turkish Endemic Glaucium Acutidentatum,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 117, pp. 232–239, Jul. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.05.027.
Glaucium species (Papaveraceae) are the medicinal plant that has been used traditionally to have been used for centuries to treat memory impairment. The aim of this study is to investigate the G. acutidentatum methanol and water extracts’ phytochemicals and neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-genotoxic potentials. Chemical composition was screened by using capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Neuroprotective effect was analyzed on nerve growth factor (NGF) differentiated-PC12 (dPC12) cells from neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Also, these extracts were screened for the mutagenic and anti-mutagenic activity by the Salmonella/microsome test system. In addition, genotoxic profiles and anti-genotoxic effects of these extracts were also analyzed by Comet technique. Extracts of G. acutidentatum had strong neuroprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced damage. Also, neurite length was dose-dependently increased in extracts exposed groups compared with the H2O2-treated group. The anti-inflammatory effect of these extracts was parallel to neuroprotective effect. However, these extracts showed strong anti-mutagenicity (72.9–75.0%) and anti-genotoxic properties. Any genotoxic effect was observed of these extracts in lymphocyte cells, analyzed by the Comet assay. These results suggest that methanol and water extracts of G. acutidentatum had neuroprotective and anti-mutagenic effects and contained protective substances that decreasing damage to genetic material.
The proper conditions for the germination of flower seeds is a subject upon which but little work has been published. During the spring of I9I2, preliminary work was done in the seed laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture on the temperature conditions best suited for the germination of a few of the more common flower seeds. During the winter and spring of I9W3-I9W4, further work was done with the same species investigated in I9I2, and with a few additional species. The publication of the results has been unavoidably delayed for several years. In the meantime, the recommendations included herein have been followed by the seed laboratory with good results.
H. Heltmann and O. Arslan, “Comparing Examinations of Different Varieties and Origins of Papaver Somniferum L.,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 73, pp. 27–34, May 1978.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1978.73.3.
In 1976, a number of varieties and origins of Papaver somniferum L. were grown in the garden of the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie of the University of Bonn and tested for their production of alkaloids, yield of seeds and capsules. The results obtained show that the morphine content is comparatively low in all specimen (highest value 0,31%), whereas the thebaine and codeine content of the empty ripe capsules is relatively higher (maxima 0,55% and 0,32%). The yield per hektare was computed to be 750–1194 kg of seeds and 580–987 kg of capsules; which is remarkably high as well.
C. C. Hodges, J. S. Horn, and H. Rapoport, “Morphinan Alkaloids in Papaver Bracteatum: Biosynthesis and Fate,” Phytochemistry, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 1939–1942, Jan. 1977.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(77)80100-3.
The known metabolic pathway for hydrophenanthrene alkaloids in Papaver somniferum has been examined for occurrence in P. bracteatum, a species reported to contain thebaine but no codeine or morphine. 1,2-Dehydro-reticulinium-[3-14C] chloride and (±)-reticuline-[3-14C] were fed to P. bracteatum plants and both were incorporated, the former into reticuline and thebaine and the latter into thebaine, suggesting that thebaine biosynthesis is the same in the two species. Studies of the natural abundance of morphinan alkaloids in P. bracteatum and the results from feeding codeinone-[16-3H] and codeine-[16-3H] indicate that this species can reduce codeinone to codeine but can not perform either of the demethylations to produce codeinone or morphine. Fed thebaine-[16-3H] was substantially metabolized but not by pathways that involved demethylations to either oripavine or northebaine.
P. J. Hofman and R. C. Menary, “Fungal and Enzymic Degradation of Alkaloids from the Capsule of the Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 263–269, 1984.
doi: 10.1071/ar9840263.
The ability of fungi parasitic on Papaver somniferum L. capsules, and capsule enzymes to degrade morphine, codeine, and thebaine was studied, with the aim of determining the causal factors involved in alkaloid losses from the mature capsule during rainy periods. When whole, mature capsules were inoculated with fungal spore suspensions and incubated for 21 days, Alternuria alternutu decreased dry matter and morphine yields by 12 and 48% respectively. Ernbellisia sp. caused a 30% decrease in morphine yield, but Dendryphion penicillatum and Cladosporiurn cladosporioides had no effect. Codeine and thebaine yields were not affected. Acetone powder extracts showed that mature capsule enzymes caused morphine and thebaine losses in the order of 10 and 50%, but only in the presence of p-cresol, a substrate for polyphenoloxidase. These findings, indicating the ability of fungi and enzymes to cause alkaloid losses from mature capsules during moist periods, are discussed with regard to commercial alkaloid production.
J. Hogshire, Opium for the Masses: A Practical Guide to Growing Poppies and Making Opium. Port Townsend, Wash: Loompanics Unlimited, 1994.
U. V. T. Hong, M. Tamiru-Oli, B. Hurgobin, C. R. Okey, A. R. Abreu, and M. G. Lewsey, “Insights into Opium Poppy (Papaver Spp.) Genetic Diversity from Genotyping-by-Sequencing Analysis,” Scientific Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 111, Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-04056-3.
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is one of the world’s oldest medicinal plants and a versatile model system to study secondary metabolism. However, our knowledge of its genetic diversity is limited, restricting utilization of the available germplasm for research and crop improvement. We used genotyping-by-sequencing to investigate the extent of genetic diversity and population structure in a collection of poppy germplasm consisting of 91 accessions originating in 30 countries of Europe, North Africa, America, and Asia. We identified five genetically distinct subpopulations using discriminate analysis of principal components and STRUCTURE analysis. Most accessions obtained from the same country were grouped together within subpopulations, likely a consequence of the restriction on movement of poppy germplasm. Alkaloid profiles of accessions were highly diverse, with morphine being dominant. Phylogenetic analysis identified genetic groups that were largely consistent with the subpopulations detected and that could be differentiated broadly based on traits such as number of branches and seed weight. These accessions and the associated genotypic data are valuable resources for further genetic diversity analysis, which could include definition of poppy core sets to facilitate genebank management and use of the diversity for genetic improvement of this valuable crop.
A.-F. Hsu, D. Brower, R. B. Etskovitz, P. K. Chen, and D. D. Bills, “Radioimmunoassay for Quantitative Determination of Morphine in Capsules of Papaver Somniferum,” Phytochemistry, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 1665–1669, Jan. 1983.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(83)80107-1.
A radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure for the determination of pmol quantitites of morphine in capsule samples of Papaver somniferum was developed. An antiserum developed against a conjugate of morphine-3-hemisuccinate-BSA was relatively specific for morphine and possessed moderated cross-reactivity with codeine and mild cross-reactivity with thebaine, but none with narceine, papaverine, or noscapine. The standard curve was linear over a range of 0.01–0.20 ng. This assay allows for the rapid, sensitive and precise determination of morphine in unpurified aqueous extracts of capsule samples. The amounts of morphine in the aqueous extracts determined by radioimmunoassay were validated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The two methods show a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.98) with no significant difference in determinations of morphine content by RIA and HPLC.
O. Iida, T. Sekine, O. Inoue, K. Yoshimatsu, and K. Shimomura, “[Characteristics of Papaver somniferum L. cv. ikkanshu cultivated in Izu,” Kokuritsu Iyakuhin Shokuhin Eisei Kenkyujo hokoku = Bulletin of National Institute of Health Sciences, no. 118, pp. 77–80, Jan. 2000.
The seeds of Papaver somniferum L. cv. Ikkanshu were sown in November (Autumn sowing: AS) and March (Spring sowing: SS) in a field at Izu Experimental Station for Medicinal Plants of National Institute of Health Sciencs, and both AS and SS plants were cultivated to investigate their growth, opium yield and alkaloid content in the opium. Growing periods from the sowing to the opium harvest were approximately six months for AS plants and three months for SS plants. Sizes of plants and capsules in AS were bigger than those in SS, reflecting their growth period. Opium yields per an are in AS and SS were 212.09 g and 142.03 g, respectively. The opium was able to be collected four times in the AS plants though the SS plants ceased to exude opium after the second incision. Therefore higher yield of opium in AS plants seems to be attributed to an amount of opium in the third and fourth incision. Average morphine content in the total opium was 15.61% in AS plants and 15.04% in SS plants, and the estimated amounts of morphine per an are in AS and SS plants were 33.16 g and 21.38 g, respectively.
Ş. İnan and M. A. Kaynak, “HAŞHAŞTA (Papaver somniferum L.) BAZI TARIMSAL ÖZELLİKLER İLE YAĞ VE MORFİN MİKTARININ BELİRLENMESİ,” Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 121–125, Jun. 2016.
doi: 10.25308/aduziraat.278384.
Bu çalışma, haşhaşta (Papaver somniferum L.) önemli tarımsal özellikler ile yağ ve morfin miktarının belirlenmesi amacıyla, 2012–2013 üretim yılında Denizli ilinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, yedi haşhaş çeşidi (Ofis 3, Ofis 8, TMO 1, Ofis 96, Afyon 95, TMO 3 ve Yerel Çeşit) materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Deneme, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre, dört tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Çalışmada, çeşitler arasında çiçeklenme gün sayısı, yağ verimi ve morfin verimi özellikleri yönünden önemli oranda farklılık olduğu, kapsül eni, kapsül boyu, kapsül indeksi ve bin tohum ağırlığı özellikleri yönünden ise farklılıkların önemli olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre çiçeklenme süresi 197-205 gün arasında değişmiştir. Araştırmamızda kapsül eni 34.38-39.30 mm, kapsül boyu 40.15-46.78 mm, kapsül indeksi %1.03-1.26, bin tohum ağırlığı 0.52-0.59 g, ham yağ %49.05-51.32, yağ verimi 14.96-24.40 kg/da ve morfin verimi 0.21-0.36 kg/da arasında değişmiştir. Çalışmada, morfin verimi yönünden Afyon 95, Ofis 3 ve TMO 3 çeşitlerinin Denizli iline uygun olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
G. İpek, “Seçilmiş yüksek morfinli haşhaş (Papaver somniferum L.) hatlarının bazı bitkisel ve tarımsal özellikleri üzerine araştırmalar,” Master's thesis, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011.https://dspace.ankara.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12575/30778.
Bu çalışma, seçilmiş yüksek morfinli haşhaş (Papaver somniferum L.) hatlarının bazı bitkisel ve tarımsal özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü deneme tarlalarında 2009-2010 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. % 0.6 dan fazla morfin içerdiği belirlenen 20 hat ile 3 standart çeşide (Ofis 1, Ofis 2, Ofis 3 (a,b)) ait fenolojik ve morfolojik karakterlere ilişkin değerler belirlenmiş, ayrıca bu hatlara ait kapsül ve tohum verimleri ile morfin oranları da incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, çıkış süresi 14-24 gün, çiçeklenme süresi 206-224 gün, olgunlaşma süresi 237-253 gün, bitki boyu 92.8-111.3 cm, bitki başına yandal sayısı 0.90-1.50 adet, bitki başına kapsül sayısı 1.90-2.50 adet, kapsül uzunluğu 41.50-55.54 mm, kapsül eni 36.42-46.22 mm, stigma ışın sayısı 10-65-12.75 adet, bitki başına kapsül verimi 4.620-7.410 gr, bitki başına tohum verimi 5.180-8.225 gr, dekara kapsül verimi 91.10-131.20 kg, dekara tohum verimi 108.80-155.00 kg, kapsül / tohum oranı 0.740-0.985, tohum / kapsül oranı 1.015-1.350, bin tohum ağırlığı 0.388-0.550 gr, dekara morfin verimi 0.336-0.707 kg, morfin oranı % 0.326-0.765 arasında bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak morfin oranı bakımından 1, 2 ve 3 numaralı standart çeşitler daha yüksek morfin içerirken, 16 numaralı hat bunlara benzer değer vermiştir.Abstract The aim of study was to determine some botanical and agricultural characteristics of selected poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) lines with high morphine. The research was conducted at experimental farm of the Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara in 2009-2010 using randomized block design with four replications. Phenelojical and morpholojical characters were determined in 20 lines and 3 standard varieties (Ofis 1, Ofis 2, Ofis 3 (a,b)) that contained more than % 0.6 morphine; as well as capsule and seed yields of these lines with the ratios of morphine was also researched. According to the results of these research, emergency period 14-24 days, flowering period 206-224 days, maturity period 237-253 days, plant heigth 92.8-111.3 cm, lateral number per plant 0.90-1.50, capsule number per plant 1.90-2.50, main capsule length 41.50-55.54 mm, main capsule width 36.42-46.22 mm, stigma ray numbers 10-65-12.75, capsule yield per plant 4.620-7.410 gr, seed yield per plant 5.180-8.225 gr, capsule yield per decare 91.10-131.20 kg, seed yield per decare 108.80-155.00 kg, capsule / seed 0.740-0.985, seed / capsule 1.015-1.350, 1000-seed weigth 0.388-0.550 gr, morphine yield per decare 0.336-0.707 kg, ratio of morphine % 0.326-0.765 were found. As a result, in terms of high morphine rate 1, 2 and 3 standard varieties contain higher morphine and 16 th had given the same values.
I. A. Israilov, S. U. Karimova, O. N. Denisenko, M. S. Yunusov, D. A. Murav’eva, and S. \relax Y. Yunusov, “Alkaloids ofGlaucium Corniculatum,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 714–716, Nov. 1983.
doi: 10.1007/BF00575177.
The alkaloids from the epigeal part of the wild blackspot horn poppy have been studied. Twelve alkaloids have been isolated of which one — norbracteoline — proved to be new. Its structure has been established. Dehydrocorydine, predicentrine, glaufidine, thalicmidine, reticuline, and stylopine α-methohydroxide have been isolated from this plant for the first time.
A series of eight isoquinoline alkaloids were isolated from Glaucium flavum or synthesized and subsequently their immunological activity was evaluated. The structure-effect relationships were evaluated in the following in vitro tests: complement activation, phagocytosis and antibody synthesis. Oxoglaucine caused significant inhibition of classical complement activity. Representatives with two phenolic hydroxyl groups decreased the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages. All substances tested possessed suppressive effects on antibody synthesis against sheep red blood cells. Oxoglaucine was the most potent of the series.
J. Janick, Horticultural Reviews, Volume 19. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
The latest information on applied topics in horticultural sciences. This book emphasizes applied topics including the production of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamental plants of commercial importance. Numerous references provide easy, time-saving and cost effective access to the primary literature.
B. Kamkar, M. Jami Al-Alahmadi, A. Mahdavi-Damghani, and F. J. Villalobos, “Quantification of the Cardinal Temperatures and Thermal Time Requirement of Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Seeds to Germinate Using Non-Linear Regression Models,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 192–198, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.06.033.
The response of plant development rate (including germination rate) to temperature might be described as a non-linear function. We compared 3 non-linear regression models (Dent-like, segmented and beta) to describe the germination rate-temperature relationships of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) over 6 constant temperatures to find cardinal temperatures and thermal time required to reach different germination percentiles. Two replicated experiments were performed with the same temperatures. An iterative optimization method was used to calibrate the models and different statistical indices (mean absolute error, coefficient of determination (R2), intercept and slope of the regression equation of predicted vs. observed germination rate) were applied to compare their performance. The segmented was found to be the best model to predict germination rate (R2=0.92, MAE=0.0011 and CV of 1.4–3.6%). Estimated cardinal temperatures were similar for different germination percentiles (P<0.05). Base on the model outputs, the base, the optimum and the maximum temperatures for germination were estimated as 3.02, 27.36 and 36.31°C. The thermal time required to reach 50 and 95% germination was 57.27 and 87.55degree-days, respectively. Model predictions of the time required for seed germination agreed reasonably well with the observed times (MAE=0.56 day, R2=0.887). All model parameters may be readily used in crop simulation models.
S. Kansal, R. C. Sharma, S. Kansal, and R. C. Sharma, “In Vitro Inhibitory Effect of Some Fungal Antagonists against Sclerotium Rolfsii from Glaucium Flavum Crantz,” Integrated plant disease management Challenging problems in horticultural and forest pathology, Solan, India, vol. 14 to 15 November 2003, pp. 339–345, Jan. 2005.https://eurekamag.com/research/004/441/004441083.php.
The antagonistic properties of different species/isolates of Gliocladium and Trichoderma were evaluated against Sclerotium rolfsii in in vitro expe...
N. Kara, “The Effects of Autumn and Spring Sowing on Yield, Oil and Morphine Contents in the Turkish Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Cultivars,” Turkish Journal Of Field Crops, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 39–46, Mar. 2017.
doi: 10.17557/tjfc.301829.
The poppy is a plant that can be planted in the autumn and spring seasons. The purpose of the research was to investigate the effects of autumn and spring sowing on capsule yield, seed yield, yield components, oil content and morphine content of fifteen poppy cultivars that have been recently registered under Isparta conditions. The experiment was arranged according to the randomized complete-block design with three replicates during the years of 2012/13 and 2013/14. The results of the research showed that the differences among capsule yields, seed yields, yield components and morphine contents of the cultivars were statistically significant in both sowing times and years. The highest and the lowest values of plant height, capsules number, capsule width, capsule length, 1000 seed weight and oil yield of the poppy cultivars varied according to the cultivars, the sowing times and the years. The capsule yield and seed yield of the poppy cultivars in the autumn sowing varied between 416.7-1043.3 kg ha-1 and 523.5-1276.3 kg ha-1 in the first year, between 465.3-1375.6 kg ha-1 and 596.7-1520.4 kg ha-1 in the second year, respectively. In the spring sowing, the capsule yield and seed yield of the poppy cultivars varied between 204.3-455.7 kg ha-1 and 286.0-573.0 kg ha-1 in the first year, between 497.2-830.7 kg ha-1 and 614.3-962.7 kg ha-1 in the second year, respectively. The highest oil content was determined in the Zaferyolu cultivar in both years and sowing times. The morphine content of the poppy cultivars varied between 0.47-1.00% in the autumn sowing and between 0.45-0.97% in the spring sowing, respectively. The higher values in the autumn sowing were obtained than the spring sowing in all of the characteristics investigated in both years, except for the oil content. Considering the present results, TMO-3, Ofis-4, Ofis-8, Tınaztepe and Zaferyolu cultivars were advised in the autumn sowing and the TMO-1, Ofis-8 and Afyon-95 cultivars in the spring sowing because of their higher capsule, seed and oil yields. In point of the morphine contents, the TMO-3, TMO-T, Ofis-3, Ofis-8 and Bolvadin-95 cultivars were advised.
N. Kara and H. Baydar, “Examining of Relationships Among Traits Using Correlation, Path and Principal Components Analysis Methods in Turkish Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Cultivars,” Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 286–295, Jun. 2018.
doi: 10.15832/ankutbd.446462.
Opium poppy is an important medicinal plant because of its very valuable pharmaceutical alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, and papaverine, etc. The research was carried out with the aim to examining the relationships between capsule yield, some other yield and quality traits by means of correlation, path and principal components analysis (PCA) in fifteen opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) cultivars registered in Turkey. The experiments were conducted designed according to a randomized complete block with three replications during 2012/13 and 2013/14 growing years in Isparta conditions. In the research, there were significant positive correlations between capsule yield and capsule width, and 1000 seed weight, while insignificant associations between capsule yield (non-seed) and seed yield, plant height, capsule number, capsule length, oil yield, and morphine content were determined. The significant and high negative correlation was determined between capsule yield with oil content. According to the path analysis, the highest positive direct effect on capsule yield was seed yield (48.202%), and the highest positive indirect effect on capsule yield was capsule width (47.877%) via seed yield. The ten PCA components (PC1 to PC10) created 90.09% of the total variation among traits in poppy cultivars. PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 with values of 52.0%, 16.9%, 11.8%, and 10.2%, respectively contributed to the total PCA value, and plant height, capsule width, capsule number, and 1000 seed weight were found to be effective components on the yield in PCA analysis. The bi-plot analysis showed that capsule number, capsule length, seed yield, and oil yield created the same group and plant height and capsule width were another group, and these characters showed stability for the cultivars. The according to the results of the correlation, path, and PCA, capsule width and 1000 seed weight were effective components on capsule and seed yields of the opium poppy. ysis
N. Kara and H. Baydar, “The Influence of Sowing and Planting Seedlings at Different Dates in Autumn on the Yield and Quality of the Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 21, p. 100290, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2020.100290.
Turkey is the world’s leading country in legal poppy cultivation and morphine production. As with other producing countries, the poppy is traditionally cultivated in Turkey through the sowing of seeds during the autumn. However, if the seasonal rains are insufficient and irregular, this can lead to problems with germination and emergence. In this research, the option of solving these problems by using seedlings in production, instead of seeds, was investigated. The study compares the yield and quality performance of the two production methods, planting seedlings and direct seed sowing in the poppy cultivar ‘Ofis-4’. Field experiments were conducted on three sowing/planting dates, namely October fifteenth, November first, and November fifteenth, during the growing seasons of 2017/18 and 2018/19 in the semi-arid ecological conditions of the southwestern region of Turkey. The plants produced by seedling transplantation and by sowing were compared in terms of the yields of seeds and capsules along with yield-related traits and the contents of seed-fixed oil and capsule opium alkaloids. The planting seedling method was seen to be an average of one week faster than the sowing method. In terms of the sowing/planting time delays in the autumn season, it was also observed that the ripening difference between both propagation methods started to narrow. If the general averages are considered, the highest capsule and seed yields were obtained from planting seedling on October fifteenth, the first planting date, in both years. Since the planting dates were late, the capsule and seed yield decreased while it was found that the contents of capsule alkaloids, except morphine and codeine, were not significantly affected by the production method and sowing/planting dates. On the other hand, the direct sowing method and first sowing date produced the highest morphine (0.53 and 0.58 %, respectively) and codeine (0.101 and 0.126 %, respectively) contents. It was therefore concluded that the seedling planting method can be recommended as an alternative to the direct sowing method traditionally applied in poppy production for the achieving of high capsule and seed yields.
L. M. Karlsson and P. Milberg, “A Comparative Study of Germination Ecology of Four Papaver Taxa,” Annals of Botany, vol. 99, no. 5, pp. 935–946, May 2007.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcm045.
L. M. Karlsson and P. Milberg, “Seed Dormancy Pattern and Germination Preferences of the South African Annual Papaver Aculeatum,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 422–428, Jul. 2007.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2007.03.007.
Seeds from two populations of Papaver aculeatum, collected in South Africa, were subjected to a series of experiments to investigate their dormancy and germination. Dormancy was weak: fresh seeds germinated to nearly 100% at 20/10 and 25/15 °C day/night if provided with light, up to 50% at 15/5, but not at all at 30/20 °C. Warm stratification increased germination, both in darkness and at 15/5 °C, but did not lead to germination at 30/20 °C. Cold stratification reduced germination and limited germination to the cooler temperatures. Alternating cold and warm stratifications showed that the species undergoes dormancy cycles. When subjected to three different artificial annual changing climates, with onset both in summer and autumn, most seed germinated in the first autumn. However, in cooler climates, some germination occurred during spring and the second autumn. The general dormancy pattern, reduction during a warm period and induction during a cold, was similar to that of Papaver rhoeas, a European species and a wide-spread weed. However, germination temperature preferences differed by P. aculeatum avoiding germination at high temperatures, having substantially weaker dormancy when fresh and having more easily reduced dormancy, compared with P. rhoeas. These differences most likely result in differing temporal pattern of germination in the field.
\relax N. E. R. M. İ. N. KAYA and \relax B. R. A. I. N. LOCKWOOD, “A Study of the Alkaloids in Callusing Plant Tissues from a Range of Turkish Cultivars of Papaver Somniferum.,” Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 377–382, Jan. 1999.
doi: -.
B. A. Khan et al., “Allelopathic Influence of Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) on Emergence and Initial Seedling Growth of Red Rice (Oryza Punctata L.),” JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 381–392, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.28941/pjwsr.v26i4.850.
Allelopathy plays crucial role in effective weed control. Opium (Papaver somniferum L.) crop release different allelochemicals at maturity which have potential to act as natural weed killer in different crops. Phytotoxic effect of poppy (P. somniferum) was examined on emergence and initial seedling growth of red rice (Oryza punctate L.). Aqueous extract of different plant parts (leaves, stem and flower) was used at various concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8%) along with distilled water as control. The aqueous extracts of leaves, stem and flower of P. somniferum significantly inhibited the emergence, seedling growth as well as root length (cm), shoot length (cm), fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g) of O. punctata. Maximum mean emergence time (9.18 days) and minimum shoot length (1.13 cm) emergence index (0.89) and emergence percentage (6.67%) was observed under fruit extract at 8% concentration. P. somniferum aqueous extract of stem at 8% concentration took maximum time to complete 50% emergence and gave minimum root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of O. punctata. Based on these finding it can be concluded that the phyto-chemicals present in P. somniferum can be used as eco-friendly O. punctata growth inhibitor to manage this weed in crops especially under organic cropping.
M. M. A. Khan et al., “Gibberellic Acid and Triacontanol Can Ameliorate the Opium Yield and Morphine Production in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 756, pp. 289–298, Nov. 2007.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.756.30.
K. R. Khanna and U. P. Singh, “Correlation Studies in Papaver Somniferum and Their Bearing on Yield Improvement,” Planta Medica, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 92–96, Aug. 1975.
doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1097834.
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C. L. Khatik et al., “Combining Ability Analysis for Latex Yield and Its Related Traits in Opium Poppy ( Papaver Somniferum L. ),” Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 459, 2017.
doi: 10.5958/0975-928X.2017.00070.9.
Y. M. E. Kheir, “The Alkaloids of the Stamens of Papaver Somniferum,” Planta Medica, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 275–280, May 1975.
doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1097800.
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Y. M. E. Kheir, “The Alkaloids of the Stamens of Papaver Somniferum,” Planta Medica, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 275–280, May 1975.
doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1097800.
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A. Khoshvaghti, G. H. Darya, P. Bkaran-Nejad, and F. Zarghami, “The Effect of Aqua-Ethanolic Extract of Yellow Horned Poppy (Glaucium Flavum Crantz) on Serum Activity of Hepatic Enzymes and Insulin Concentration in Diabetic Male Rats Induced by Alloxan,” Feyz Medical Sciences Journal, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 117–124, May 2019.http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-3756-en.html.
Background: Glaucium flavum Crantz (Yellow Horned Poppy, YPH) is used to reduce complications of diabetes in Iranian folk medicine. This study was conducted to compare the effect of aqua-ethanolic extract of Yellow Horned Poppy and Glibenclamide on serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP and insulin in diabetic rats induced by ...
F. M. Kiliç, K. Yildiz, M. B. Batir, M. Kiliç, and I. Büyük, “Morphological, Palynological and Phylogenetic Relationships of Glaucium Mill. in Turkey,” Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 259–268, Dec. 2019.
doi: 10.3329/bjpt.v26i2.44585.
Glaucium taxa were investigated in terms of their morphological, palynological and phylogenetical characteristic. The results of this study show differences between the taxa in some of these characteristics, especially in micromorphology and formation of clades in phylogenetic trees based on the matK and ITS3-6 DNA sequence data. Based on the findings of the molecular analyses supported by morphological data (stem’s trichomes), the genus Glaucium of Turkey was divided into subsections Glabrousae and Pubescentae.
K. Kinoshita, Y. Nakagawa, H. Isaka, and T. Komine, “[Studies on the effects of soil moisture upon the growth and yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)],” Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku. Bulletin of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, vol. 79, pp. 147–150, Sep. 1961.
L. G. Kintsurashvili and V. Y. Vachnadze, “Alkaloids of Glaucium Corniculatum and G. Flavum Growing in Georgia.,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 225–226, 2000.
doi: 10.1007/BF02236441.
The principal alkaloid in the title species growing in the Republic of Georgia was the pharmacologically active base glaucine, used as a cough medicine. Corydine, isocorydine, protopine and α-allocryptopine were also found in both species, while isoboldine, corunine, sanguinarine and chelerythrine were isolated from G. flavum and talicmidine from G. corniculatum.
Z. Kirkpatrick and J. K. Williams, “Glaucium Corniculatum (Papaveraceae) in Texas,” SIDA, Contributions to Botany, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 347–349, 1998.https://www.jstor.org/stable/41967313.
F. G. Koçancı and B. Aslim, “Neuroprotective Effects of Rutin and Quercetin Flavonoids in Glaucium Corniculatum Methanol and Water Extracts,” International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, vol. 4, no. 3, Special Issue 1, pp. 85–93, Nov. 2017.
doi: 10.21448/ijsm.363347.
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by loss of neurons. NDs are associated with development of inflammation. Existing drugs against NDs only delay the progression; however, they do not provide a cure. The studies for the treatment of NDs focused on to discover natural products that have the potential of anti-inhibition and anti-radical properties. The Papaveraceae family members are important for the synthesis of pharmaceutically compounds such as flavonoids which act like anti-inflammatory drugs. In this study, methanol and water extracts of Glaucium corniculatum , a member of the Papaveraceae family, were analysed for flavonoid compounds. The effects of extracts on neuronal PC12 cells viability was determined. The anti-inflammatory effects of extracts were assessed by measuring the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines on hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-stimulated PC12 cells. As a result of our studies, Rutin and Quercetin flavonoids have been found to be as major. The amount of Rutin was higher in methanol (45 μg/ml) than water (41 μg/ml). Quercetin was better extracted with methanol (12 μg/ml) than water (10 μg/ml). None of the tested extracts were cytotoxic even to PC12 cells. Both extracts showed an anti-inflammatory effect in a dose dependent manner. The water extract showed the maximum anti-inflammatory effect, with IL-6 secretion decreased 79 fold according to the H 2 O 2 treated group and IL-10 secretion increased to 87 fold according to the control group. This study is an evidence that the Rutin and Quercetin flavonoids detected in G. corniculatum methanol and water extracts have a neuroprotective effect through anti-inflammation.
A. D. Krikorian and M. C. Ledbetter, “Some Observations on the Cultivation of Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) for Its Latex,” The Botanical Review, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 30–103, Jan. 1975.
doi: 10.1007/BF02860836.
T. Kumagai, Y. Hatakeyama, K. Yoshimatsu, and K. Shimomura, “Influence of fertilizers on yield and yield components of opium from Papaver somniferum Linn,” Kokuritsu Iyakuhin Shokuhin Eisei Kenkyujo hokoku = Bulletin of National Institute of Health Sciences, no. 121, pp. 12–15, Jan. 2003.
The effect of fertilizer on the yield and yield components of opium from Papaver somniferum L.cv.Ikkanshu were investigated from 1993 to 1995. The weight of opium per one capsule was tendency to increase in the order of peat moss > pulverized charcoal > compound fertilizer, but the differences among the results were not significant. Furthermore, no difference in the capsule weight per 100 m2 and the yields of opium and alkaloids per 100 m2 were detected. The significant difference was only observed when the data were compared among the weights and yields of different years. The difference among the yield of opium was mainly due to the weight of opium per one capsule. The weight of opium per one capsule showed a high correlation with capsule husk weight. The alkaloids contents in opium obtained with a different fertilizer application showed no difference. Morphine content at the first lancing was about 11%, and the value decreased with the order of lancing. On the contrary, the codeine and the thebaine content did not change during lancing and the value were 6-7% and 3%, respectively. The papaverine and the noscapine content decreased in the order of lancing.
B. Kumar and N. K. Patra, “Gene Frequency-Based Estimation of Natural Outcrossing in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Molecular Breeding, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 619–626, Dec. 2010.
doi: 10.1007/s11032-010-9395-3.
Mating systems are generally thought to be important factors in determining the amount and nature of genetic variability in a population. Nearly 1,000 individuals at a single location (Lucknow) and over two years were crossed and subsequently scored for selfing versus outcrossing in 9–10 monohybrid populations of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Three different alleles of two marker loci (two—R/r and P/p—for anthocyanin locus and B/b for capsule size locus) were used to determine the male gametes that had effected fertilizations in F2 recessives (rr, pp and bb). The estimates of the gene frequency-based outcrossing parameter (α) were found to vary with year, cross and marker locus used (α range: 7.21–71.03%). Study of the two dihybrid crosses concerning the two marker loci simultaneously, further confirmed that outcrossing at the R/r or P/p locus was significantly greater than that at the B/b locus. The nature of the outcrossing was, in general, nonrandom. In this species, in general, selfing predominated, with one exception in respect of monohybrid crosses involving the purple form of anthocyanin locus, in which outcrossing predominated.
B. Kumar and N. K. Patra, “Genetic Analysis of Capsule and Its Associated Economic Traits in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Journal of Heredity, vol. 101, no. 5, pp. 657–660, 2010.
doi: 10.1093/jhered/esq043.
B. Kumar, A. K. Verma, G. Ram, H. P. Singh, and R. K. Lal, “Seed Germination of Five Elite Genotypes of Papaver Somniferum,” Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 6, 2010.
The opium poppy Papaver somniferum is of immense pharmaceutical importance. Seeds are rich source of the fatty oil, protein and also have considerable importance as culinary item in India. Details of seed germinability of five opium poppy varieties viz. Sanchita, Vivek, Sampada, Sujata and Sweta under two test conditions viz. in-situ (Petri dish) and ex-situ (soil) and the period (i.e. first and final count day) of seed germination are outlined.
W. G. W. Kurz, Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Plant Cell Cultures II. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
At the end of the initial meeting on Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Plant Cell Cultures at Schloss Rauischholzhausen, it was decided to convene similar events on a regular basis midway between the International Congress for Plant Tissue and Cell Cul ture. We felt it was necessary to bring representatives of the research teams working in this field together to assess progress as well as to discuss future directions. The Plant Biotechnology Institute of the National Research Council of Canada in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan was chosen to be the site for the second symposium held in 1988. The theme of this meeting was "The Regulation of Primary and Secondary Metabol ism in Plant Cells" and judging by the contributions published in this volume it was a timely and actual one indeed. I would like to thank my organizing committee and my research group for their efforts, the National Research Council of Canada for the financial assistance and the participants for their contributions which all contributed to make this symposium a success. A special thank you to Mrs. L. -Blashill and R. Gallays for their assistance in hosting this event. Last but not least I would like to thank our publisher, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg for their deci sion to publish the proceedings of this and future symposia.
T. Kusman Saygi, N. Tan, G. Ö. Alim Toraman, C. U. Gurer, O. Tugay, and G. Topcu, “Isoquinoline Alkaloids Isolated from Glaucium Corniculatum Var. Corniculatum and Glaucium Grandiflorum Subsp. Refractum Var. Torquatum with Bioactivity Studies,” Pharmaceutical Biology, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 907–917, Dec. 2023.
doi: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2218881.
T. M. Kutchan, M. Rush, and C. J. Coscia, “Subcellular Localization of Alkaloids and Dopamine in Different Vacuolar Compartments of Papaver Bracteatum 1,” Plant Physiology, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 161–166, May 1986.
doi: 10.1104/pp.81.1.161.
Fractionation of Papaver bracteatum Arya II Lindl. latex on Renografin step gradients revealed that 43% of the dopamine was compartmentalized along with α-mannosidase (40%) in vacuoles sedimenting in the 2% fraction. Twenty-two percent of the dopamine was in the supernatant, but a corresponding amount (18%) of α-mannosidase was also present suggesting vacuole breakage during isolation. By subcellular fractionation of protoplasts from cultured P. bracteatum cells, the 1,000g sedimenting organelles have been identified as the major site of accumulation of the morphinan alkaloid, thebaine (99±0.8%), and the benzophenanthridine alkaloid, sanguinarine (96±3%). Although the 1,000g pellet also contained 33±4% of the total alkaloid precursor, dopamine, and half of the total vacuolar marker enzyme, α-mannosidase, 62±10% of the amine was localized in the 100,000g supernatant. A differential distribution of the alkaloids was discovered upon resolution of the lysed protoplasts on Renografin step gradients. Over 40% of the dopamine was in the supernatant with 15% in a 2% Renografin band. The remainder was evenly distributed in denser fractions of the gradient. The 4 to 8% interface, previously found to contain the largest amount of thebaine and small amounts of sanguinarine and dopamine, has been shown to be enriched in vacuoles by electron microscopy. Using a histofluorescence method, dopamine compartmentation in vacuoles of intact cultured cells was corroborated. In summary, dopamine, sanguinarine, and thebaine occur in vacuoles of different densities. A large fraction of the total dopamine in cultured cells was found in the 100,000g supernatant along with 37% of the α-mannosidase suggesting that the amine may be sequestered in more fragile vacuoles than the alkaloids. The possibility that some dopamine may be cytosolic cannot be ruled out.
F. Labanca, J. Ovesnà, and L. Milella, “Papaver Somniferum L. Taxonomy, Uses and New Insight in Poppy Alkaloid Pathways,” Phytochemistry Reviews, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 853–871, Aug. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s11101-018-9563-3.
Since ancient times, opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is known for its medicinal properties, related to its secondary metabolite content. Its most important secondary metabolites, called benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), are still essential in pharmaceutical field. Few of them, like morphine, have specific clinical application but also effects on CNS. Not all poppy cultivars are able to biosynthesize morphine in high amount, making this plant useful for other purposes like food uses. For this reason it is crucial to deeply understand the origin of poppy, its possible use and have a deep knowledge of the BIA biosynthesis. These aspects are crucial for the final use of P. somniferum. This review aims to summarize the state-of-the-art on its taxonomy and origin beside its uses and BIA biosynthetic pathways, its most important metabolites. The review focuses on conflicting or unsolved questions about enzymatic localization, role of different plant organs in the biosynthesis, and storage and external conditions that influence the alkaloid production, highlighting the significant involvement of transcription factors. Behind this review, there is the firm belief that only a deep knowledge of alkaloid biosynthetic processes could lead to the characterization of undefined step and to the development of engineering cultivars optimizing the potential uses of P. somniferum. The goal is answer in more sustainable way to ever-increasing worldwide request of such products, in particular morphine and derivates, obtaining high morphine content cultivars useful for pharmaceutical market or no morphine producing cultivars appreciated as food. Devising cultivars with different BIA content could lead to decrease, or even avoid, illicit use and illegal extraction, confining only low alkaloid content cultivars to consumers market.
R. Lahiri, R. K. Lal, N. Srivastava, and K. Shanker, “Genetic Variability and Diversity in Indian Germplasm of Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 8, pp. 41–46, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2017.10.001.
Prevailing diversity among germplasm in a crop assists invaluably in crop improvement program. Genetic divergence in 60 germplasm lines of opium poppy was studied based on 13 morphometric characters by using Mahalonobis D2 statistics. The germplasm lines belong to the different eco-geographical origin and are being maintained at CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow. The ANOVA revealed significant amount of differentiation among germplasm. The genotypes were grouped in eight diverse clusters. Cluster I is the largest group comprises 40 genotypes followed by Cluster II, consisting 12 genotypes and cluster III and IV has 2 genotypes while rest 4 clusters have only a single individual. The maximum intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster IV (93153.35) and minimum for Cluster I (33360.9). Inter-cluster D2 values range from 115261.4 to 4717153. The minimum was between Cluster I and II (115261.4) followed by IV and V (128735.4) and maximum between Cluster I and VII (4717153) followed by Cluster VI and VII (4655531). Based on the mean performance genotypes, G-1 and G-53 can be further selected for exploitation in hybrid breeding program for poppy crop improvement.
R. K. Lal and J. R. Sharma, “Genetics of Alkaloids in Papaver Somniferum,” Planta Medica, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 271–274, Jun. 1991.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-960088.
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R. K. Lal, S. Sarkar, S. Singh, P. Gupta, and M. Zaim, “INHERITANCE PATTERN AND CONSERVATIVE GENETICS STUDY TOOL: DESCRIPTORS ON OPIUM POPPY (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L.),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1036, pp. 71–86, May 2014.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1036.7.
I. Lalezari, A. Shafiee, and M. Mahjour, “Major Alkaloids of Glaucium Flavum Grantz, Population Ghom,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 923–924, Jun. 1976.
doi: 10.1002/jps.2600650633.
Glaucium flavum Grantz, population Ghom, contains 1.24% dicentrine, 0.89% bulbocapnine, and 0.05% salutaridine in dry aerial parts and root of the flowering plant. These alkaloids were detected for the first time in the Glaucium genus.
B. B. Landa, M. Montes-Borrego, F. J. Muñoz-Ledesma, and R. M. Jiménez-Díaz, “Phylogenetic Analysis of Downy Mildew Pathogens of Opium Poppy and PCR-Based In Planta and Seed Detection of Peronospora Arborescens,” Phytopathology®, vol. 97, no. 11, pp. 1380–1390, Nov. 2007.
doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-97-11-1380.
Severe downy mildew diseases of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) can be caused by Peronospora arborescens and P. cristata, but differentiating between the two pathogens is difficult because they share morphological features and a similar host range. In Spain, where severe epidemics of downy mildew of opium poppy have occurred recently, the pathogen was identified as P. arborescens on the basis of morphological traits. In this current study, sequence homology and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were carried out with DNA from P. arborescens and P. cristata from diverse geographic origins, which suggested that only P. arborescens occurs in cultivated Papaver somniferum in Spain. Moreover, analyses of the rDNA ITS region from 27 samples of downy-mildew-affected tissues from all opium-poppy-growing regions in Spain showed that genetic diversity exists within P. arborescens populations in Spain and that these are phylogenetically distinct from P. cristata. P. cristata instead shares a more recent, common ancestor with a range of Peronospora species that includes those found on host plants that are not members of the Papaveraceae. Species-specific primers and a PCR assay protocol were developed that differentiated P. arborescens and P. cristata and proved useful for the detection of P. arborescens in symptomatic and asymptomatic opium poppy plant parts. Use of these primers demonstrated that P. arborescens can be transmitted in seeds and that commercial seed stocks collected from crops with high incidence of the disease were frequently infected. Field experiments conducted in microplots free from P. arborescens using seed stocks harvested from infected capsules further demonstrated that transmission from seedborne P. arborescens to opium poppy plants can occur. Therefore, the specific-PCR detection protocol developed in this study can be of use for epidemiological studies and diagnosing the pathogen in commercial seed stocks; thus facilitating the sanitary control of the disease and avoidance of the pathogen distribution in seeds.
G. B. Lapa, O. P. Sheichenko, A. G. Serezhechkin, and O. N. Tolkachev, “HPLC Determination of Glaucine in Yellow Horn Poppy Grass (Glaucium Flavum Crantz),” Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 441–442, Aug. 2004.
doi: 10.1023/B:PHAC.0000048907.58847.c6.
P. J. Larkin et al., “Increasing Morphinan Alkaloid Production by Over-Expressing Codeinone Reductase in Transgenic Papaver Somniferum,” Plant Biotechnology Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 26–37, 2007.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00212.x.
Only plants of the Papaver genus (poppies) are able to synthesize morphinan alkaloids, and cultivation of P. somniferum, opium poppy, remains critical for the production and supply of morphine, codeine and various semi-synthetic analgesics. Opium poppy was transformed with constitutively expressed cDNA of codeinone reductase (PsCor1.1), the penultimate step in morphine synthesis. Most transgenic lines showed significant increases in capsule alkaloid content in replicated glasshouse and field trials over 4 years. The morphinan alkaloid contents on a dry weight basis were between 15% and 30% greater than those in control high-yielding genotypes and control non-transgenic segregants. Transgenic leaves had approximately 10-fold greater levels of Cor transcript compared with non-transgenic controls. Two cycles of crossing of the best transgenic line into an elite high-morphine genotype resulted in significant increases in morphine and total alkaloids relative to the elite recurrent parent. No significant changes in alkaloid profiles or quantities were observed in leaf, roots, pollen and seed.
J. C. Laughlin, “The Boron Nutrition of Poppies (Papaver Somniferum L.) on Krasnozem and Alluvial Soils of Tasmania,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 96, pp. 227–234, Jun. 1980.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1980.96.22.
J. C. Laughlin, “The Effect of Band Placed Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertiliser on the Yield of Poppies (Papaver Somniferum L.) Grown on Krasnozem Soil,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 73, pp. 165–172, May 1978.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1978.73.21.
J. C. Laughlin, “The Effect of Time of Harvest on the Yield Components of Poppies (Papaver Somniferum L.),” The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 667–676, Dec. 1980.
doi: 10.1017/S0021859600088067.
In a field experiment in the north-west region of Tasmania, poppies (Papaver somniferum L.) were harvested at weekly intervals beginning 10 days after full bloom and continuing until 4 weeks after the dry commercial harvest stage. At each harvest the plants were cut off at ground level and partitioned into terminal capsules, lateral capsules, seed and the combined stem plus leaf component.The dry-matter yield of total plant and of all the components except seed achieved maximum values 2–3 weeks after full bloom and then progressively declined. For the total plant this decrease between maximum dry weight and that at the time of commercial harvest (8 weeks after full bloom) amounted to 26% while for terminal capsules it was 37% for lateral capsules 15% and for stem plus leaves 39%. In contrast, the dry-matter yield of total seed rose to a maximum by 4 weeks after full bloom and then remained constant for the duration of the experiment.The morphine concentration of both terminal and lateral capsules reached a maximum value of 1·1% 6 weeks after full bloom and then decreased by about 10% at the dry harvest stage. The morphine concentration of stem and leaves also reached a maximum of 0·1% about the same time as capsules but decreased rapidly and had halved by dry commercial harvest. The mutually compensating factors of decreasing dry-matter yield and increasing morphine concentration gave similar total plant morphine yields at any time of harvest from 2 to 7 weeks after full bloom. The morphine extracted from the whole plant at these times of harvest was about 50% greater than that derived from capsules alone at the time of dry commercial harvest.
J. C. Laughlin and D. Munro, “The Effect of Fungal Colonization on the Morphine Production of Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Capsules,” The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 98, no. 3, pp. 679–687, Jun. 1982.
doi: 10.1017/S0021859600054484.
Abnormally low concentrations of morphine in capsules of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) in the 1970–1 season were associated with heavy fungal colonization. The effect of fungal colonization on the morphine production of capsules was later studied in a series of field, glasshouse and in vitroexperiments.In a field experiment morphine concentration of severely colonized (> 30% surface cover) intact capsules was 20% less (P <0·01) than slightly colonized (< 10% surface cover) capsules. Colonization of these field-grown capsules was generally localized in the top half and the morphine concentration of the top half was about 20% less than the bottom half for all colonization categories. In contrast, glasshouse-grown capsules were free of fungal colonization and the top and bottom halves had similar morphine concentrations.In a field experiment studying the effect of fungicides, 2 kg benomyl (50% a.i.) + 2 kg mancozeb (80% a.i.)/ha were applied as a spray at 10-day intervals from flowering till 1 month after commercial harvest and plants were harvested at weekly intervals from 10 days after full bloom. The mean dry-matter yield of sprayed capsules was 11% greater (P <0·01) than non-sprayed with a similar trend for morphine concentration and morphine yield. In addition, the sprayed treatment significantly reduced the area covered by sporulating lesions on the surface of the capsule after dry maturity. This superficial fungal cover had a NNE orientation in both sprayed and non-sprayed capsules.In an in vitroexperiment using capsules from the field fungicide study, fungi were isolated from the interior of green capsule wall tissue as early as 17 days after flowering. Colonization increased with successive harvests and culturing of fungi from the interior of capsule wall tissue showed the presence of fungi in both sprayed and non-sprayed capsules with no difference in the degree of colonization.Two of the major fungi isolated from the field experiment were identified as Dendryphion penidllatum (Corda) Fr. and Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler and the individual effect of these was assessed in an in vitro experiment using ground capsule material. D. penidllatuvi and A. alternata reduced the morphine concentration of ground capsules in 24 days to 7 and 11% respectively of non-inoculated controls.
J. C. Laughlin, “The Effect of Time of Application and Chemical Formulation of Nitrogen Fertilisers on the Morphine Production of Poppies (Papaver Somniferum L.) in Tasmania,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 132, pp. 233–238, Apr. 1983.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1983.132.25.
J. C. Laughlin and D. Munro, “The Effect of Sclerotinia Stem Infection on Morphine Production and Distribution in Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Plants,” The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 299–303, Apr. 1983.
doi: 10.1017/S002185960003344X.
The incidence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary infection in poppies (Papaver somniferum L.) was assessed 9 days before dry maturity in a field experiment which incorporated the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer and fungicidal sprays. Infection occurred mainly on the lower stem in the leaf axils.Nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg N/ha) had no effect on the incidence of Sclerotinia infection but phosphorus fertilizer (100 kg P/ha) increased the incidence from 19% of plants infected to 39%. Fungicides (2 kg benomyl, 50% a.i., plus 2 kg mancozeb, 80% a.i./ha) applied at 10-day intervals from flowering till harvest reduced the incidence of Sclerotinia infection to one third that of non-sprayed treatments.Sclerotinia infection occurred late in the crop and had little effect on the dry-matter yields of terminal main-stem capsules, lateral branch capsules or stem and leaves but it did influence the distribution of morphine within the plant. The morphine concentration of terminal capsules was lowered by 13% but the concentration of lateral capsules increased by a similar amount giving a total capsule morphine concentration and yield which was similar in both infected and non-infected plants.The morphine concentration of the stem and leaves of infected plants was 75% greater than that of uninfected plants but the overall morphine concentration of total plant was similar in both infected and non-infected plants. This distribution pattern was interpreted as a result of the restrictive influence of Sclerotinia infection on the vascular system which disrupted the normal translocation of morphine.
J. C. Laughlin, “The Effect of Delayed Harvest and Leaching on the Morphine Concentration of Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Capsules,” The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 559–564, Jun. 1985.
doi: 10.1017/S0021859600044312.
In a series of field experiments over four seasons, in the north-west region of Tasmania, poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) capsules were harvested at various intervals after dry maturity (12% moisture in capsules). Reductions in the relative morphine concentration of capsules were closely associated with rainfall after dry maturity. These values ranged from a reduction of 0·92 to 0·82% over 5 weeks with 13 mm of rain to a reduction of 0·95 to 0·31% over 6 weeks with 79 mm of rain.In a simulated leaching experiment ground capsules were leached with 50 mm of water. Morphine was detected in the leachate and after being held for 10 days the morphine concentration of the ground capsules had decreased from 0·56 to 0·22%.Intact capsules from glasshouse grown plants were harvested at 2 weeks (T1, 4 weeks (T2), and 6 weeks (dry maturity T3) after full bloom. At each time of harvest they were immersed in distilled water for four different lengths of immersion time: zero (L0), 6·7 min (L1, 44·8 min (L2), and 300 min (L3). After immersion both the immersion water and the capsules were analysed for morphine. Morphine was readily detected in the immersion water with more at T3 than T2 and the amount of morphine increased as the length of immersion time increased. This latter process was greater at T3 than T2. At both T2 and T3 here was a trend for capsule morphine to decrease as immersion time increased.
J. C. Laughlin, “The Effect of Nitrogen Top-Dressing and Plant Density on the Yield and Lodging of Poppies (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 208, pp. 93–100, Aug. 1987.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1987.208.11.
In the experiment described in this paper ammonium nitrate was top-dressed onto poppies (Papaver somniferum L.) at No = zero, N1 = 40 and N2 = 80 kg N/ha at the "hook" stage about two weeks before flowering in factorial combination with densities of D1 = 25, D2 = 50, D3 = 100 and D4 = 200 plants/m2. The experiment was irrigated until one month after full bloom. The amount of lodging was strongly affected by density and varied with the basis of measurement. The numbers of plants lodged showed a marked interaction effect between nitrogen and density. At D1 and D2 the number of plants lodged was small (10%) and was not affected by nitrogen. At D3 the number lodged increased successively with N to 33% at N2 and at D4 the number lodged was about 60% for all levels of N. A large number of plants were thin stemmed and spindly with very small heads (capsule plus seed) and generally percentage lodging based on the weight of head lost was only about half or less than half of the lodging based on plant numbers. The yield of machine harvestable poppy heads also followed an N x D interaction effect in which nitrogen had little effect at D1 and D2, a depressing effect at D3 and a positive effect at D4. Nitrogen increased the morphine concentration of capsules by a maximum of 7% and there was a general opposite trend for density to decrease capsule morphine concentration by up to 8% at D4. The yield of morphine followed the same N x D interaction pattern as head, seed and capsule yields.
J. C. Laughlin and B. Chung, “Nitrogen and Irrigation Effects on the Yield of Poppies (Papaver Somniferum L),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 306, pp. 466–473, May 1992.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.306.63.
M. Lazarova and K. Dimitrov, “Selective Recovery of Alkaloids from Glaucium Flavum Crantz Using Integrated Process Extraction-Pertraction,” Separation Science and Technology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 227–242, Jan. 2009.
doi: 10.1080/01496390802391197.
Selective recovery of aporphine alkaloids from Glaucium flavum Crantz was studied. The alkaloids were successfully recovered from aqueous solutions, including native extracts of Glaucium flavum Crantz, applying pertraction in a rotating discs contactor. As a liquid membrane n-heptane and as receiving solution diluted phosphoric acid were used. Pertraction was also coupled to solid-liquid extraction in order to simultaneously purify the extract obtained from the plant. This integrated extraction-pertraction process was very simple, rapid, and efficient. The permeation of alkaloids through the liquid membrane was very selective and their purity in the receiving solution was 88.7%.
D.-U. Lee, J. H. Park, L. Wessjohann, and J. Schmidt, “Alkaloids from Papaver Coreanum,” Natural Product Communications, Nov. 2011.
doi: 10.1177/1934578X1100601109.
The alkaloid pattern of the endemic plant Papaver coreanum Nakai (Papaveraceae) was determined for the first time. Eight alkaloids could be identified by LC/ESI...
H. J. Lee, S. J. Kim, S. H. Kim, and S. Y. Kim, “Effects of Temperature, pH, Light and Degree of Oxygen Supply on the Germination of Papaver somniferum L. Seeds,” The Korean Journal of Ecology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 19–24, 1986.https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO198611919964895.page.
Effects of temperature, pH, light-and-dark and degree of oxygen supply on germination of Papaver somniferum L. seeds were investigated. The optimum temperature of the germination was 2}0^{∘}C{, but the germination was decreased as temperatures changed to the upper and lower. The largest elongation of both radicle and hypocotyl also occurred at 2}0^{∘}C{. The best germination occurred at pH 7 but this decreased suddenly the above and below of that pH value. Although no effect of light-and-dark on the germination was, this was restricted under limited. oxyten supply in terms of underwater germination as compared with abovewater one.
A. Levy, D. Palevitch, J. Milo, and D. Lavie, “Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Flowering and the Thebaine Yield of Different Clones of Papaver Bracteatum,” Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 153–157, Jun. 1986.
doi: 10.1007/BF00025196.
Two foliar applications of gibberellic acid (GA3, 250 mg l−1) enhanced the flowering in various clones of Papaver bracteatum. The most pronounced effects were obtained in late flowering clones in which GA3 increased significantly the number and weight of the capsules and thebaine yield per plant.
A. Levy and J. Milo, “Genetics and Breeding of Papaver Somniferum,” in Poppy, CRC Press, 1998.
The opium poppy Papaver somniferum is a multipurpose crop which is used as a medicinal or ornamental plant, as well as a source for seeds and seed oil. Morphine, codeine, thebaine, narcotine and papaverine are the most important alkaloids produced by the plant and are exploited by the pharmaceutical industry as analgesics, anti-tussives and anti-spasmodics.
A. Levy, “Papaver Somniferum,” in Handbook of Flowering, CRC Press, 1985.
Papaver somniferum L. is the most economically important of about 100 species included in the genus Papaver of the Papaveraceae family. Within the genus, the perennial species Papaver bracteatum Lindl. is chief in economic and medicinal importance. Papaver somniferum is considered as a LDP; however, a wide spectrum of photoperiod requirements is found among the various cvs. Based on the climatic conditions, including daylength, for their successful cultivation, different ecotypes have been distinguished among the cultivated lines. In LD-requiring cvs, stem elongation and flower bud initiation are induced in plants with approximately 40 leaves by two long daily photoperiods of 16 hr or by a single continuous light period over 24 hr. Under LD conditions, a higher light intensity accelerates the growth and development of the plants and increases the number of flowers, the size and weight of the capsules, and alkaloid biosynthesis.
\relax V. I. V. I. A. N. A. LIGORINI, “Leaching from plastic bags: possible effects on germination and early growth of Lepidium sativum L. and Glaucium flavum Crantz,” PhD thesis, 2018.https://etd.adm.unipi.it/t/etd-09052018-164918/.
High accumulation of plastic materials in the environment, especially in the marine coastal one, as well as their persistence and their negative effects on marine organisms, forced many governments to undertake strategies for plastic waste reduction, such as the development of biodegradable and compostable materials. Plastic can reach sandy shores, considered sinks for the accumulation of plastic debris, both from terrestrial and marine environment, transported by winds and currents. Afterwards it can deposit in dune environment, which is an ecologically and socio-economically important habitat but threatened by anthropic disturbances and climate change. Carrier bags made of conventional plastic are among the most frequently found plastic items on sandy beaches, and recently also biodegradable/compostable carrier bags were found. Once in natural environment, bags are subjected to weathering (sunlight, high temperatures, winds, rainfall etc.), which promotes their initial degradation and fragmentation. Plastic bags can also adsorb pollutants during their permanence in the environment and release them afterwards. Although the amount and distribution of plastic bags on beaches have been investigated by several studies, their degradation in dune environment and particularly their effects on dune vegetation and coastal habitats are still unknown. Hence, the purpose of this study is to evaluate i) the possible alterations of the main chemicalphysical properties of the water medium in the presence of two different types of plastic bags (conventional and biodegradable/compostable), and ii) the possible effects of leaching from the plastic bags on sexual recruitment of plant species. Leachates were obtained from each type of material, conventional and biodegradable/ compostable bags, and laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of leaching on seed germination and early plant development. Two plant species were selected: Lepidium sativum L., as it is a very sensitive species, frequently used as a model species in phytotoxicity tests, and Glaucium flavum Crantz, a common plant species along Mediterranean dune systems. Results indicate that both the types of plastic bags can potentially influence early phases of plant development.
S. Lisson, “Temperature and Photoperiod Effects on the Growth and Development of Opium Poppy ( Papaver Somniferum ),” Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture - AUST J EXP AGR, vol. 47, Jan. 2007.
doi: 10.1071/EA06045.
The research described in this paper seeks to address knowledge gaps relating to leaf growth, flowering response to photoperiod and pre-emergent growth for opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), with a view to developing a new decision-support crop model. The pre-emergent growth phases of the commercial morphine cultivar CO58-34 were measured in 10 temperature treatments ranging between 1.5 and 34°C. Linear models fitted to the lag and linear phase growth rate v. temperature plots gave a thermal time duration for the lag phase of 32 degree days and 8.3 degree days per mm of hypocotyl growth for the linear hypocotyl elongation phase. In a second trial, two cultivars (CO58-34 and the thebaine cultivar WF01-1822) were grown in a range of photoperiods spanning 8 to 24 h. Data was also collected on leaf growth attributes. The response to photoperiod was typical for a long day plant. In photoperiods greater than ∼18 h, floral initiation occurred in a minimum, constant thermal time. At shorter photoperiods, initiation was progressively delayed. A second plateau in initiation response to photoperiod occurred for daylengths less than ∼12 h. The duration of the basic vegetative period was similar for the two cultivars at ∼324 degree days from emergence. After an initial delay before the growth of the first fully expanded leaf, leaf appearance rates ranged between 45 and 50 day degrees per leaf. Leaf senescence rates varied between 56 and 84 day degrees per leaf. Leaf area profiles were typically parabolic in nature. Maximum leaf area occurred between nodes 13 and 16 at a value of 12 000-15 000 mm 2.
T. Lošák et al., “Effect of Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Fertilization with Potassium and Magnesium on the Seed Yield and Its Quality,” Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 242–246, Oct. 2022.
doi: 10.15414/afz.2022.25.03.242-246.
In a vegetation pot experiment we explored the effect of fertilizers with potassium (KCl; 0.9 g K2O/6 kg of soil) and magnesium (ESTA Kieserite; 0.3 g MgO/6 kg of soil) applied together or separately to poppy on soil with good K and Mg supply on the seed yield, oil content and cadmium in the seed. Seed yields increased significantly after the application of KCl and ESTA Kieserite, respectively by 23.89% and 21.68%, as compared to the unfertilized control. Combined application of both fertilizers stimulated the yields significantly, i.e. by 15.26%. The seed oil content showed no significant changes among the treatments and ranged only between 42.1 and 43.6%. The pot production of oil in the fertilized treatments increased to 2.21-2.44 g/pot compared to 1.92 g/pot in the unfertilized control. The Cd content in seeds was very low, there were no differences among the treatments and it ranged only between 0.204 and 0.214 mg/kg fresh matter - FM (threshold level of 1.20 mg/kg wet weight). Therefore, the application of both KCl and ESTA Kieserite fertilizers can be recommended on soils well supplied with both nutrients.
T. Lošák and R. Richter, “Split Nitrogen Doses and Their Efficiency in Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Nutrition,” Plant, Soil and Environment, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 484–488, Nov. 2004.
doi: 10.17221/4062-PSE.
The efficiency of partial doses of nitrogen applied to poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) plants, cv. Opál, was followed in a pot experiment. The ammonium nitrate was applied either in a single dose at the beginning of growing season or in two split doses with the second application at the stage of flowering. With the increasing dose of nitrogen the number of capsules per a plant during the harvest and their volume increased irregularly. The separated application of an optimum dose of N (i.e. 0.9 g N/pot) showed a statistically highly significant positive effect on the yield of poppy seeds compared to the same single dose of N made this figure increased by 25.6%. The morphine content in the capsules increased with the increasing supply of N from 0.85 to 1.01%. The term of nitrogen application influenced the number of capsules per a plant and their volume and morphine content irregularly.
M. \relax Y. Lovkova, G. N. Buzuk, and S. M. Sokolova, “Genetic Aspects of the Interrelation between Alkaloids and Chemical Elements in Atropa Belladonna L. and Glaucium Flavum Crantz. Plants,” Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 416–419, Jul. 2008.
doi: 10.1134/S0003683808040145.
The variability of the contents of tropane and isoquinoline alkaloids, ashes, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo, Cr, Al, Ba, V, Ni, Sr, Cd, Pb, J, and Ag was studied in individual plants of the industrial population of belladonna (Atropa belladonna L.) and yellow horned poppy (Glaucium flavum Crantz.). Numerous linear and nonlinear correlations of isoquinoline and tropane alkaloids with ashes and mineral elements were revealed by means of correlation and regression analyses. Alkaline earth elements (especially Sr and Ba) were shown to have a major role in the regulation of tropane alkaloid accumulation in belladonna leaves. K and Ni were of particular importance in the aerial part of yellow horned poppy. These elements at the suboptimal concentrations were most favorable for isoquinoline alkaloid accumulation in yellow horned poppy. Analytical mathematical models were derived for the regulation of alkaloid metabolism in test plants by some mineral elements (Ba, Mg, Al, Sr, Ni, Mn, and K). Our results indicate that the interrelation between alkaloids and elements in these plants is genetically determined.
\relax M. Lovkova, G. N. Buzuk, and S. M. Sokolova, “[Genetic aspects of the interrelation between alkaloids and chemical elements in Atropa belladonna L. and Glaucium flavum Grantz. plants,” Prikladnaia biokhimiia i mikrobiologiia, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 459–462, Jul. 2008.
The variability of the contents of tropane and isoquinoline alkaloids, ashes, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo, Cr, Al, Ba, V, Ni, Sr, Cd, Pb, J, and Ag was studied in individual plants of the industrial population of belladonna (Atropa belladonna L.) and yellow horned poppy (Glaucium flavum Crantz.). Numerous linear and nonlinear correlations of isoquinoline and tropane alkaloids with ashes and mineral elements were revealed by means of correlation and regression analyses. Alkaline earth elements (especially Sr and Ba) were shown to have a major role in the regulation of tropane alkaloid accumulation in belladonna leaves. K and Ni were of particular importance in the aerial part of yellow horned poppy. These elements at the suboptimal concentrations were most favorable for isoquinoline alkaloid accumulation in yellow horned poppy. Analytical mathematical models were derived for the regulation of alkaloid metabolism in test plants by some mineral elements (Ba, Mg, Al, Sr, Ni, Mn, and K). Our results indicate that the interrelation between alkaloids and elements in these plants is genetically determined.
Y. Y. Lovkova, G. N. Buzuk, and N. I. Grinkevich, “Variability of Alkaloid Spectrum in Early Stages of Development of Glaucium Flavum Crantz,” Biology bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Akademiia nauk SSSR, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 77–82, Jan. 1980.
The alkaloid spectrum of the yellow horned poppy G. flavum was studied in early stages of development of this plant by methods of thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometry. It was established that gradual formation of the alkaloid complex takes place in parallel with growth differentiation of the organs during seed germination and the formation of seedlings, which is due to the de novo biosynthesis (in a specific sequence) of alkaloids of various structural types: first 1,2,9,10-substituted aporphines, then protopines, and, finally 1,2,10,11-substituted aporphines, benzophenanthridine, as well as morphinans. It was found that glaucine predominates among the alkaloids of the seeds and in the above-ground organs of seedlings of different ages, while protopine predominates in the subsoil organs. The data obtained on the nature of the formation of the alkaloid complex suggest that the aporphines are the phylogenetically oldest compounds among alkaloids of other groups of this plant.
K. Luhmer et al., “Fatty Acid Composition, Tocopherols, Volatile Compounds, and Sensory Evaluation of Low Morphine Yielding Varieties of Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Seeds and Oils,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 3439–3451, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07183.
Low morphine yielding winter (‘Zeno Morphex’) and summer (‘Viola’, ‘Mieszko’, ‘Borowski’) poppy varieties were investigated for their chemical composition and sensory properties. The oil content of the 13 seed samples as well as that of fatty acids, tocopherols, and volatile compounds in the respective oils were determined, and the sensory profiles of the seeds and oils were established. Linoleic acid made up 70.7–75.2% of the fatty acids. High amounts of γ-tocopherol were detected, especially in variety ‘Viola’ (287 ± 34 mg kg–1), while δ-tocopherol was only present in ‘Zeno Morphex’ (3.9 ± 0.6 mg kg–1). The most abundant volatiles were caproic acid (1.4–148 μg g–1), hexanal (0.9–15.2 μg g–1), 1-hexanol (0.3–20.1 μg g–1), limonene (1.3–9.4 μg g–1), and 2-pentylfuran (1.0–7.8 μg g–1). The sensory panel distinguished samples in particular by fatty/oily, rancid, sweet, and green attributes, the green aroma being correlated to three methoxypyrazines only present in summer poppies.
S. Magrini, A. Alonso Simón, E. Fiorucci, E. Pennuzzi, S. Superchi, and L. Zucconi, “Seed Germination Protocols for Three Coastal Dune Plants in Central Italy),” Flora Mediterranea, vol. 32, pp. 201–206, Dec. 2022.
doi: 10.7320/FlMedit32.201.
Here, successful germination protocols for the following three coastal dune species are presented: Glaucium flavum, Helichrysum stoechas and Plantago coronopus. It is the first report of germination data for these species in the Italian peninsula. Seeds were collected in coastal dunes along the Tyrrhenian coasts in south Tuscany and north Latium (central Italy). The germination ability was tested at the Tuscia Germplasm Bank (BGT) at constant temperatures (from 5 to 30°C), under both light (with a 12/12h photoperiod) and total darkness. Our results show a high germination ability and germination rate for all the tested species.
A. Mahdavi-Damghani, B. Kamkar, M. J. Al-Ahmadi, L. Testi, F. J. Muñoz-Ledesma, and F. J. Villalobos, “Water Stress Effects on Growth, Development and Yield of Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Agricultural Water Management, vol. 97, no. 10, pp. 1582–1590, Oct. 2010.
doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2010.05.011.
The effects of pre-anthesis water deficit and cycle length were examined in Papaver somniferum L., cultivated for alkaloid production, in two locations in southern Spain. The vegetative period was shortened by extending the photoperiod through supplemental lighting in the field, while water deficit in pre-anthesis was induced by avoiding irrigations and installing rain shelters. The treatments were: IN (irrigated-normal photoperiod), IL (irrigated-hastened flowering), DN (water deficit in pre-anthesis-normal photoperiod) and DL (water deficit in pre-anthesis and hastened flowering). The artificial photoperiod hastened the flowering by 15 and 21 days, for irrigated and deficit treatments respectively. Seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) ranged from 398 (DN) to 505mm (IN). There was evidence of root water uptake deeper than 1.5m. Stomatal conductance was reduced (16%) during water stress, and did not recover in post-anthesis after resuming irrigation. Head yields (capsule+seeds+7cm stem) ranged between 3.8 and 4.3tha−1; water deficit and short vegetative period both reduced the biomass accumulated, although the effect on yields in these treatments was counterbalanced by a higher harvest index. Early flowering had a detrimental effect on alkaloid concentration in the capsule. Alkaloids yield ranged between 27 and 37kgha−1. Water use efficiency (WUE) ranged between 0.78 and 0.96kgm−3 ET for yield and between 63.4 and 73.7gm−3 ET for alkaloids. Water stress increased slightly the Water Use Efficiency. A shorter vegetative phase had no effect on WUE for biomass or yield, but decreased the WUE for alkaloids production.
Z. Mahmoudi and A. Shafiee, “THE ALKALOIDS OF GLAUCIUM FIMBRILLIGERUM,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 333, pp. 151–154, Nov. 1993.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1993.333.16.
R. H. F. Manske, “The Alkaloids of Papaveraceous Plants: Xxiii. Glaucium Flavum Crantz,” Canadian Journal of Research, vol. 17b, no. 12, pp. 399–403, Dec. 1939.
doi: 10.1139/cjr39b-054.
An exhaustive examination of Glaucium flavum has revealed the presence of luteanine, isocorydine, aurotensine, and alkaloid F47 (not yet characterized), in addition to the two alkaloids already known to be present, namely, protopine and glaucine.
R. Marc, I. I. Bara, and M. Cimpeanu, “The Dynamic of Cells Division at Glaucium Flavum Cr. Var.Leiocarpum (Boiss.) in Accordance with Age of the Seeds,” Journal of Experimental and Molecular Biology, vol. 5, no. 1, 2004.http://www.gbm.bio.uaic.ro/old_pdfs/2004/2004_GMB_48_Rmarc.pdf.
At yellow poppy - Glaucium flavum Cr. var. leiocarpum (Boiss.) - , ageing of the seeds induce an increase of polyploidy cases, and that in absence of any biological substances.
S. Mareković and R. Šoštarić, “(Non)Existence of the Species Glaucium Corniculatum (L.) Rudolph (Papaveraceae) in Croatian Flora,” Natura Croatica : Periodicum Musei Historiae Naturalis Croatici, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 445–449, Dec. 2010.https://hrcak.srce.hr/62803.
The finding of Glaucium corniculatum seed in archaeobotanical samples from Roman times on Veli Brijun Island and Zaton near Zadar, initiated detailed study of its phytogeography in Croatia. The study showed that all recorded appearances of this speci...
M. J. Martínez-Sánchez, M. L. García-Lorenzo, C. Pérez-Sirvent, and J. Bech, “Trace Element Accumulation in Plants from an Aridic Area Affected by Mining Activities,” Journal of Geochemical Exploration, vol. 123, pp. 8–12, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.01.007.
Trace element contamination has been a serious problem in the vicinity of abandoned mine sites. In the studied area, mining activities have produced great amounts of wastes, characterized by high trace elements content, acidic pH and minerals from supergene alteration. Trace elements have been dispersed, both downstream and downslope from the mine mainly due, mainly, to surface run-off. Trace elements hydric mobilization usually takes place during the rainy season, an important pollution route in the studied area. A wide range of techniques have been proposed to remediate soils polluted by trace elements. Among them, phytoremediation-based technologies could provide a long-lasting solution. The aim of this work was to determine trace element concentration in roots and leaves of five plant species (Limonium carthaginens, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Dittrichia viscosa, Glaucium flavum and Zygophyllum fabago) growing in soils polluted by mining activities in order to determine which part of the plants accumulate heavy metals to the greatest extent. The metal concentrations in plants varied with plant species. Plant accumulation results showed that Z. fabago could act as an accumulator for Fe, and A. macrostachyum could accumulate in Fe, As and Mn. The other plant species collected from the mining sites were tolerant to trace element contamination.
V. Masárová, D. Mihálik, and J. Kraic, “In Silico Retrieving of Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Microsatellites,” Agriculture (Pol’nohospodárstvo), vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 149–156, Dec. 2015.
doi: 10.1515/agri-2015-0020.
Repetitive tandem sequences were retrieved within nucleotide sequences of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) genomic DNA available in the GenBank® database. Altogether 538 different microsatellites with the desired length characteristics of tandem repeats have been identified within 450 sequences of opium poppy DNA available in the database. The most frequented were mononucleotide repeats (246); nevertheless, 44 dinucleotide, 148 trinucleotide, 62 tetranucleotide, 28 pentanucleotide and 5 hexanucleotide tandem repeats have also been found. The most abundant were trinucleotide motifs (27.50%), and the most abundant motifs within each group of tandem repeats were TA/AT, TTC/GAA, GGTT/AACC and TTTTA/ TAAAA. Five hexanucleotide repeats contained four different motifs.
K. N. Maurya, P. K. Pal, and S. Shukla, “Relationship of Opium Yield with Yield Contributing Traits in Segregating Populations Derived through Biparental Mating in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 139, p. 111557, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111557.
The present research work was undertaken to discern the character associations and the direct as well as indirect effect of component traits on opium yield in biparental inbreeding populations (BIPs) derived from four segregating base populations of the crosses NB-1Kr40-3/3×NB-1Kr30\,+ 0.2–2/1, NB-5Kr40-7/2\,× 58/1, NB-1Kr30\,+ 0.2–2/1\,× 58/1, and NB-1Kr40-3/3×NB-5Kr40-7/2 through North Carolina Design-I (NCD-I). Ample amount of inherent genetic association among the traits was witnessed as the magnitudes of genotypic correlations (rg) were larger than phenotypic correlations (rp) in BIPs developed from all the four populations. Opium yield showed negative correlation with morphine content in all the BIPs derived from four different base populations. It was concluded that selection based on branches/plant, leaves/plant, stem diameter, capsule size, capsule weight/plant, seed yield/plant, and husk yield/plant or concurrent selection for more than one trait may augment the opium yield in opium poppy.
V. Menicagli, E. Balestri, and C. Lardicci, “Exposure of Coastal Dune Vegetation to Plastic Bag Leachates: A Neglected Impact of Plastic Litter,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 683, pp. 737–748, Sep. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.245.
The presence of plastic bags on coastal dunes worldwide is well documented. Plastic bags contain additives that during rainfall events can leach out from bags into sand dune and be absorbed by seeds and roots of plants. Dune plants play a fundamental role in dune system formation, yet the possible impact of bag leaching on their establishment and development has been neglected. We assessed in laboratory whether (i) not biodegradable bags (high-density polyethylene, PE) and new generation of compostable bags (Mater-bi®, MB) would influence via leaching water chemical/physical properties and (ii) leachates would affect germination and seedling growth using Thinopyrum junceum and Glaucium flavum as models. Leachates were obtained from different amounts of not-exposed and bags exposed to beach or marine conditions simulating various pollution degrees (none, low, intermediate and high pollution). All water variables were affected by leaching. The magnitude of these alterations depended on bag type and environmental exposure. Seeds of T. junceum treated with the high concentration of marine-exposed MB bag leachate germinated later than controls while those of G. flavum treated with the remaining leachates germinated earlier. For both species, leachates from the low concentration of PE and MB marine-exposed bags increased seed germinability. A short radicle was observed in T. junceum seedlings treated with not-exposed MB bag leachates. Glaucium flavum seedlings treated with beach- and marine-exposed PE bags and not-exposed MB bags leachates showed a greater below-aboveground length ratio and those grown with the low concentration of not-exposed PE bag leachate had a longer hypocotyl compared to controls. Leachates from the high concentration of PE and MB bag caused seedling anomalies in both species. These findings indicate that not biodegradable and compostable bags may interact with abiotic/biotic factors and affect via leaching germination phenology, seedling establishment and plant interactions with consequences on dune community structure.
A. Meos, L. Saks, and A. Raal, “Content of Alkaloids in Ornamental Papaver Somniferum L. Cultivars Growing in Estonia,” Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, vol. 66, no. 1, p. 34, 2017.
doi: 10.3176/proc.2017.1.04.
The alkaloid content in industrial opium poppies (Papaver somniferum L.) has been studied by numerous authors, but not in ornamental cultivars.The aim of the study was to investigate the content of morphine, codeine, and papaverine in P. somniferum cultivars by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The studied poppy capsules were either grown from the ornamental poppy seeds purchased from different vendors or were unknown cultivars from home gardens in Estonia, cultivated as ornamental poppies. All dried capsules samples (n = 34) contained on average 362 mg/100g of morphine, 25 mg/100g of codeine, and 29 mg/100g of papaverine as determined by CE. The content of morphine determined by HPLC was 152–676 mg/100g, which is a remarkably high concentration allowing potential illegal use of ornamental poppies. Both analytical methods demonstrated similar results. Hence, CE is a suitable alternative to HPLC for quantitative analysis of opium alkaloids as it simplifies the sample preparation procedure.
G. M. J. Meyer, “Herbal Drugs of Abuse Glaucium Flavum and Sceletium Tortuosum : Metabolism and Toxicological Detectability of Their Alkaloids Glaucine, Mesembrine and Mesembrenone Studied in Rat Urine and Human Liver Preparations Using GC-MS, LC-MS, LC-HR-MSn, and NMR,” doctoralThesis, 2014.
doi: 10.22028/D291-23011.
The Glaucium flavum alkaloid glaucine and the Sceletium tortuosum alkaloids mesembrine and mesembrenone are ingredients of so-called herbal highs, which were often sold via the internet or head shops as legal drugs of abuse. Concerning the pharmacokinetic properties of such compounds e.g. the metabolic fate, only few data was available. In the context of the present dissertation, the metabolism and the toxicological detection of the alkaloids were therefore investigated by different analytical techniques, such as GC-MS and LC-HR-MSn. Glaucine was mainly O- and N-dealkylated in rats and further conjugated to glucuronides or sulfates. The phase I metabolites were synthesized and further in vitro experiments with HLM confirmed the formation of the metabolites in humans. The following CYP isoforms were mainly involved in these reactions: 1A2, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4, and 3A5. The kinetic profiles of all metabolite formations followed classic Michaelis-Menten behavior. The Km values were between 25-140 µM and the Vmax values between 0.10 - 1.92 pmol/min/pmol. Toxicological detection should be focused on the demethyl-dehydro metabolites and the corresponding glucuronides and/or sulfates. Mesembrine and mesembrenone were also extensively metabolized in rat. The main metabolic pathway is a combination of demethylation and reduction of the keto function. The phenolic metabolites were partly excreted as glucuronides or sulfates. The phase I metabolites could also be found in human liver preparations. Demethylation of mesembrine was catalyzed by following CYPs: 1A2, 2B6, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 and the demethylation of mesembrenone by 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4. The main analytical targets for the toxicological detection were the demethyl-dehydro metabolites and in case of LC-MSn, the corresponding glucuronides and/or sulfates.
V. Mičianová et al., “Forensic Application of EST-Derived STR Markers in Opium Poppy,” Biologia, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 587–594, Jun. 2017.
doi: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0076.
Discrimination study in opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.) genotypes has been performed by short tandem repeat (STR) markers derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) retrieved from the opium poppy DNA. Some of STRs originate from the gene sequences involved in the biosynthesis of morphine. Eight of twelve tested EST-derived STR markers generated polymorphism, 2-4 alleles were identified per locus, and the mean polymorphic information content value was 0.338. Seven cultivars developed in Slovakia, registered and released at present time for commercial cultivation were discriminated mutually. All the Slovak and Czech cultivars were also different from each other. EST-derived STR markers have shown a potential for discrimination of opium poppy genotypes cultivated for commercial production of either edible seeds or pharmacologically active alkaloids and could be applicable for the PCR-based forensic analyses.
MaltaWildPlants.com is an internet online database of the wild plants growing on the islands of Malta and Gozo. . This is the profile for the plant - Glaucium flavum / Yellow Horned Poppy / Peprin isfar. Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, high-resolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as uses, history, habitat, and medicinal properties, pH properties of the flower extracts and more related information. All info is referenced. All material is under copyright and cannot be used without permission of the author (info@maltawildplants.com)
J. a. C. Miller et al., “Pollination Biology of Oilseed Poppy, Papaver Somniferum L.,” Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 483–490, May 2005.
doi: 10.1071/AR04234.
Although poppies (Papaver somniferum L.) are one of the oldest cultivated plants relatively little is known of their pollination biology. We have investigated the relative importance of wind and insects in the pollination of poppies and identified potential insect pollinators. Wind pollination was found to be negligible, insect pollination was responsible for the majority of out-crossing, and self-pollination was the dominant mode of poppy fertilisation. Honeybees and flies were identified as the main potential cross-pollinators of Tasmanian poppies. Using a transgenic poppy field trial in which approximately 50% of the pollen grains produced were transgenic, we have determined the level of pollen-mediated gene flow by scoring over 50 000 seeds for the presence of a selectable marker gene. Gene flow was measured using a 10-m buffer area that surrounded the field trial. It was highest at 0.1 m with 3.26% of seeds found to be transgenic and declined over distance with 1.73% transgenic seeds at 0.5 m, 1.80% at 1 m, 0.86% at 2 m, 0.34% at 5 m, 0.12% at 9 m, and 0.18% at 10 m. These results demonstrate that under Tasmanian conditions, pollen-mediated gene flow occurs at modest levels in poppies that are in close proximity to each other and is most probably mediated by honeybees and flies.
J. Milo, A. Levy, D. Palevitch, and G. Ladizinsky, “High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of the Alkaloid Spectrum i the Roots and Capsules of the Species and Hybrids of Papaver Section Oxytona,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 452, pp. 563–570, Oct. 1988.
doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)81480-1.
a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous quantitation of the alkaloids of Papaver species in section Oxytona: salutaridine, thebaine, oripavine, alpinigenine, isothebaine and orientalidine. The concentrations of the alkaloids were compared in roots and capsules of the species P. bracteatum, P. orientale and P. pseudo-orientale and their interspecific hybrids. The alkaloid spectrum was similar for the two parts of each plant, and significant correlations were found between the concentration of each alkaloid in the roots and in the capsules. The importance of the results for the screening of plant populations and for breeding purposes is discussed.
J. Mirjana, I. Sonja, S. Gjoshe, A. Jelena, J. Ljupcho, and B. Dane, “Interrelationship between Seed and Capsule Yield and Yield Contributing Characters in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.).,” Agrarni Nauki, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 13–17, 2012.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20133050876.
The aim of this study was to obtain information on the association of different characters in a collection of 49 opium poppy genotypes, as well as to determine the traits that have the highest direct effect on the seed and capsule yield. Significant positive correlations were observed between the seed yield and plant height, number of capsules per plant, diameter of main capsule, weight of main...
B. K. Mishra, S. Pathak, A. Sharma, P. K. Trivedi, and S. Shukla, “Modulated Gene Expression in Newly Synthesized Auto-Tetraploid of Papaver Somniferum L.,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 447–452, Aug. 2010.
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2010.02.090.
Autopolyploidy is advantageous for plant metabolism in terms of elevated rates of synthesis or a higher variability of metabolically relevant compounds. In the present study, successful induction of polyploidy was achieved through applying colchicine soaked cotton on shoot meristem. The ploidy level of the developed tetraploids was confirmed through microscopic observations of stomata and chromosomal studies. Chromosome number in the developed tetraploids were 2x=2n=44 as compared to the control having 2x=2n=22. Alkaloid profile of both treated and control plants showed a significant enhancement from 25% to 50% in morphine content. Expression analysis through semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of various known genes involved in the biosynthesis of morphinanes showed increased expression in tetraploids. Gene expression analysis of different polyploidy series can supplement our understanding related to molecular mechanism involved in increased alkaloid biosynthesis during polyploidization.
S. Mishra and D. V. Pathak, “PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF KHUS-KHUS (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM) SEEDS,” World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.
H. O. Misra, R. K. Lal, R. Chandra, S. Sarkar, and S. Singh, “Combining Ability Analysis Through Line × Tester Analysis in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1036, pp. 51–59, May 2014.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1036.5.
V. A. Mnatsakanyan et al., “Isolation and Chemistry of the Alkaloids from Papaver Macrostomum BOISS. et HUET,” Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 1421–1430, 1977.
doi: 10.1135/cccc19771421.
M. E. Mohamed, A. M. Arafa, S. S. Soliman, and S. I. Eldahmy, “Plant Germination and Production of Callus from the Yellow Hornpoppy (Glaucium Flavum): The First Stage of Micropropagation,” Die Pharmazie, vol. 69, no. 9, pp. 715–720, Sep. 2014.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1691/ph.2014.3992.
The yellow hornpoppy, Glaucium flavum Cr. (Fam. Papaveraceae) is a perennial herb, distributed in the Mediterranean region, including Egypt. The plant contains many benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids from the aporphine type such as glaucine, isoboldine, 1-chelidonine, 1-norchelidonine and 3-O-methylarterenol, making it to display various medicinal activities including antitussive, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, hypoglycemic, analgesic, antipyretic, bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory effects. The plant is now rare and endangered in the Egyptian flora due to urban sprawl. The present study looks into Glaucium flavum seeds’ in vitro germination as well as the ability of the explants taken from the growing seedlings to form stable callus lines in order to enable micropropagation as a way to save the rare plant. The study also scans the production of different medicinally valuable alkaloids, particularly glaucine, in produced callus.
J. S. Morris, L. Yu, and P. J. Facchini, “A Single Residue Determines Substrate Preference in Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid N-Methyltransferases,” Phytochemistry, vol. 170, p. 112193, Feb. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112193.
N-methylation is a recurring feature in the biosynthesis of many plant specialized metabolites, including alkaloids. A crucial step in the conserved central pathway that provides intermediates for the biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) involves conversion of the secondary amine (S)-coclaurine into the tertiary amine (S)-N-methylcoclaurine by coclaurine N-methyltransferase (CNMT). Subsequent enzymatic steps yield the core intermediate (S)-reticuline, from which various branch pathways for the biosynthesis of major BIAs such as morphine, noscapine and sanguinarine diverge. An additional N-methylation yielding quaternary BIAs is catalyzed by reticuline N-methyltransferase (RNMT), such as in the branch pathway leading to the taxonomically widespread and ecologically significant alkaloid magnoflorine. Despite their functional differences, analysis of primary sequence information has been unable to accurately distinguish between CNMT-like and RNMT-like enzymes, necessitating laborious in vitro screening. Furthermore, despite a recent emphasis on structural characterization of BIA NMTs, the features and mechanisms underlying the CNMT-RNMT functional dichotomy were unknown. We report the identification of structural variants tightly correlated with function in known BIA NMTs and show through reciprocal mutagenesis that a single residue acts as a switch between CNMT- and RNMT-like functions. We use yeast in vivo screening to show that this discovery allows for accurate prediction of activity strictly from primary sequence information and, on this basis, improve the annotation of previously reported putative BIA NMTs. Our results highlight the unusually short mutational distance separating ancestral CNMT-like enzymes from more evolutionarily advanced RNMT-like enzymes, and thus help explain the widespread yet sporadic occurrence of quaternary BIAs in plants. While this is the first report of structural variants controlling mono-versus di-methylation activity among plant NMT enzymes, comparison with bacterial MT enzymes also suggests possible convergent evolution.
Muntaha Tul Sidra, Sayeda Sarah Mubarak, Fatima Khan Sherwani, and Nazma Azeem, “Allelopathic Potential of Papaver Somniferum L. on Seed Germination Against Three Different Varities of Zea Mays.” Feb-2021.
doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-181838/v1.
Aims To evaluate the allelopathic effect of Papaver somniferum against the 3 varieties of Zea mays seeds cv. Azam, Pahari and Iqbal.Methods Aqueous extracts were made by soaking the powder of dried leaves of Papaver somniferum. For the aqueou...
A. Nematolahi et al., “Morphological and Phytochemical Diversities among Persian Poppy (Papaver Bracteatum) Populations in Iran,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 210, p. 118192, Apr. 2024.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118192.
Persian poppy (Papaver bracteatum Lindl) is a precious medicinal plant found in limited regions of Iran. This plant possesses a significant amount of thebaine alkaloid, which can be easily converted into codeine. It can also be converted into Bentley compounds and several narcotic antagonists. This research aimed to investigate the morphological differences among nine Iranian populations of P. bracteatum in their natural habitats and compare them based on biochemical characteristics, such as thebaine content, amino acids, and fatty acids. The morphological variations were assessed using 30 quantitative traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in 18 morphological characteristics among populations. The evaluation of thebaine content indicated that capsules consistently had higher thebaine content (3.7–9.3%) compared to roots (1.3–4.8%), stems (0.6–2.5%), and leaves (0.7–1%) in all populations, and the Rangeh-Rizhan population displayed the highest thebaine content (9.3 ± 0.12%) in capsules. Furthermore, 25 amino acids and four fatty acids were identified in leaves and were used as chemotaxonomic markers to distinguish between populations. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics as well as combined datasets, five distinct clusters were created, each of which included two main groups and a few subgroups. However, populations inside the groups differed slightly in various clusters; Mahabad, Rangeh-Rizhan, and Janevareh populations were distinctly separated from others in clusters formed using morphological, fatty acids, and combined datasets. On the other hand, a clear-cut separation of the Polur population from the rest was evidenced in clusters created from thebaine and amino acids data. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) results were largely aligned with those of cluster analysis. This research revealed a high degree of morphological and phytochemical variations among P. bracteatum populations, which could provide new insights into the conservation and breeding of the Persian poppy populations.
E. Németh, J. Bernáth, A. Sztefanov, and F. Petheö, “New Results of Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Breeding for Low Alkalid Content in Hungary,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 576, pp. 151–158, Apr. 2002.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.576.22.
E. Németh and J. Bernáth, “Selection of Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Cultivars for Culinary Purposes,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 826, pp. 413–420, Apr. 2009.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.826.58.
C. L. Nessler and P. G. Mahlberg, “Ontogeny and Cytochemistry of Alkaloidal Vesicles in Laticifers of Papaver Somniferum L. (Papaveraceae),” American Journal of Botany, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 541–551, 1977.
doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1977.tb11890.x.
Development of alkaloidal vesicles in laticifers of opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L., was investigated at the ultrastructural level. Laticifer initials possessed abundant endoplasmic reticulum throughout their dense cytoplasm. During differentiation the endoplasmic reticulum organized into long, folded sheets that were parallel to the longitudinal walls along the periphery of the cell. Vesicles appeared to be derived from dilation of endoplasmic reticulum. This relationship was confirmed through cytochemical data obtained with zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide and osmium tetroxide impregnation. Alkaloidal vesicles had electron-dense regions or caps that occurred early in laticifer differentiation, but these caps became less conspicuous in mature cells. Caps appeared to be derived from small particles which condensed along the inner surface of the vesicle membrane and subsequently accumulated at one or two positions along the membrane of the vesicle.
C. Ngernsaengsaruay et al., “Morphology, Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Palynology of the Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Cultivation in Northern Thailand,” Plants, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 2105, Jan. 2023.
doi: 10.3390/plants12112105.
In this paper, we present the morphology, taxonomy, anatomy, and palynology of Papaver somniferum. A detailed morphological description and illustrations of the species are provided, along with information about the identification, distribution, cultivation areas, habitats, pollinators, specimens examined, growing periods, phenology, etymology, vernacular name, and uses. The species can be characterized as a glabrous and glaucous herb with unlobed or pinnately lobed leaves, and an amplexicaul base; variations in color and morphological characteristics of petals; and white filaments, occasionally purple with a white basal part, broadened at the apical part. Two rings of discontinuous and widely spaced collateral vascular bundles are recognized in the transverse section of the stems. The shape of epidermal cells on the adaxial surface is polygonal, while that on the abaxial surface is polygonal or irregular. The anticlinal cell walls of the epidermal cells on the adaxial surface are straight or slightly curved, while those on the abaxial surface are straight, slightly curved, sinuate, or strongly sinuate. The stomata are anomocytic and are confined to the lower epidermis. The stomatal density is 54–199/mm2 (with a mean of 89.29 ± 24.97). The mesophyll is not distinctly differentiated into palisade and spongy regions. Laticifers are found in the phloem areas of the stems and leaves. The pollen grains can be spheroidal or prolate spheroidal in shape, sometimes oblate spheroidal [polar axis (P) diameter/equatorial axis (E) diameter ratio = 0.99–1.12 (with a mean of 1.03 ± 0.03)]. The pollen aperture is tricolpate and the exine sculpturing is microechinate.
Metabolite profiles of methanolic extracts of leaf samples of five Bulgarian Glaucium flavum Crantz.
“Caryologia : International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics : 76, 4, 2023,” Caryologia : international journal of cytology, cytosystematics and cytogenetics. - Trimestrale = Three-monthly, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 1–72, 2023.https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/5728160.
Purchase online the PDF of Caryologia, - Firenze University Press - Issue
Poppy cultivars of different origin were investigated in long-term experiments during the period 1976 - 1980. The production ability of plants was established with both spring and autumn sowing, using different plant spacing (20 cm x 20 cm and 50 cm x 20 cm). All important poppy-growing areas within northern and southern Europe were represented by the cultivars brought under investigation ("P-360", "Ankara", "Botosani", "Kompolti-M", "Kék Duna", "Modran", "KM-Ihar" and "Reading").
The use of a soporific tisane or "tea" of poppy capsules has long been known in Europe, perhaps ever since the beginning of poppy cultivation there more than 3,000 years ago. However, the commercial manufacture of morphine direct from the poppy plant dates only from the 1920’s, when it was begun in Hungary by Janos von Kabay.
U. Nyman and B. Hansson, “Morphine Content Variation in Papaver Somniferum L. as Affected by the Presence of Some Isoquinoline Alkaloids,” Hereditas, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 17–26, 1978.
doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1978.tb01597.x.
The variation in morphine content has been investigated in some different varieties of Papaver somniferum, attention being paid to the presence of phtalide- and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Generally a higher morphine content was found in varieties where phtalideisoquinoline alkaloids were absent. The presence of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids exerted no influence on the morphine content. In the investigated varieties, of which the majority are used for morphine production, 75 per cent contained phtalideisoquinoline alkaloids. Thus, by excluding these alkaloids, further improvements of the morphine content are possible. Crosses between plants with and without noscapine resulted in a progeny lacking this alkaloid. On papaverine being investigated in a similar manner, the progeny was found to give an intermediary content.
U. Nyman and J. G. Bruhn, “Papaver Bracteatum – a Summary of Current Knowledge,” Planta Medica, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 97–117, Feb. 1979.
doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1097192.
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U. Nyman, “Selection for High Thebaine/Low Morphine Content (Cpv. Morph: The) in Papaver Somniferum L.,” Hereditas, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 43–50, 1978.
doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1978.tb00979.x.
Selection for high contents of the industrially valuable alkaloid thebaine has been performed in Papaver somniferum. The breeding lines studied are probably the result of a spontaneous mutant, which has been cross pollinated by wind or insects, as segregations have been observed in the subsequent generations. Low frequencies of thebaine plants were found in the I1 and I2 generations. In the I3 generation one line resulted in the production of 92% plants with high thebaine content. Offsprings from this line produced only 17.5% thebaine plants when cultivated in green house conditions during winter. The thebaine content in the dry capsules averages 0.65% as compared to 0.37% morphine in normal alkaloid plants when cultivated under identical conditions.
U. Nyman and O. Hall, “Some Varieties of Papaver Somniferum L. with Changed Morphinane Alkaloid Content,” Hereditas, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 69–76, 1976.
doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1976.tb01197.x.
Plants with a genetically determined low morphine content have been studied. During two years one spontaneous mutant has produced a morphine content in opium of 2 per cent and 0.03 per cent in dry, ripe capsules. Other alkaloids are only found in trace amounts. At least 9 per cent cross pollination occurred in Papaver somniferum as a two year average. Another spontaneous mutant has been isolated with a low production of morphine and a high thebaine content. The fresh latex of this mutant shows a reddish colour.
A. O Getlawi, M. A Shahba, and H. G Hughes, “Comparative Responses of Glaucium Spp. to Salinity Stress,” Horticulture International Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, Apr. 2019.
doi: 10.15406/hij.2019.03.00116.
A. Och, K. Szewczyk, Ł. Pecio, A. Stochmal, D. Załuski, and A. Bogucka-Kocka, “UPLC-MS/MS Profile of Alkaloids with Cytotoxic Properties of Selected Medicinal Plants of the Berberidaceae and Papaveraceae Families,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2017, pp. 1–7, 2017.
doi: 10.1155/2017/9369872.
Cancer is one of the most occurring diseases in developed and developing countries. Plant-based compounds are still researched for their anticancer activity and for their quantity in plants. Therefore, the modern chromatographic methods are applied to quantify them in plants, for example, UPLC-MS/MS (ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the content of sanguinarine, berberine, protopine, and chelidonine in Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem., Fumaria officinalis L., Glaucium flavum Crantz, Corydalis cava L., Berberis thunbergii DC., Meconopsis cambrica (L.) Vig., Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Macleaya cordata Willd., and Chelidonium majus L. For the first time, N,N-dimethyl-hernovine was identified in M. cambrica , B. thunbergii , M. aquifolium , C. cava , G. flavum , and C. majus ; methyl-hernovine was identified in G. flavum ; columbamine was identified in B. thunbergii ; and methyl-corypalmine, chelidonine, and sanguinarine were identified in F. officinalis L. The richest source of protopine among all the examined species was M. cordata (5463.64\,± 26.3\,μ g/g). The highest amounts of chelidonine and sanguinarine were found in C. majus (51,040.0\,± 1.8\,μ g/g and 7925.8\,± 3.3\,μ g/g, resp.), while B. thunbergi contained the highest amount of berberine (6358.4\,± 4.2\,μ g/g).
A. Och, K. Szewczyk, Ł. Pecio, A. Stochmal, D. Załuski, and A. Bogucka-Kocka, “UPLC-MS/MS Profile of Alkaloids with Cytotoxic Properties of Selected Medicinal Plants of the Berberidaceae and Papaveraceae Families,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2017, p. e9369872, Aug. 2017.
doi: 10.1155/2017/9369872.
Cancer is one of the most occurring diseases in developed and developing countries. Plant-based compounds are still researched for their anticancer activity and for their quantity in plants. Therefore, the modern chromatographic methods are applied to quantify them in plants, for example, UPLC-MS/MS (ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the content of sanguinarine, berberine, protopine, and chelidonine in Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem., Fumaria officinalis L., Glaucium flavum Crantz, Corydalis cava L., Berberis thunbergii DC., Meconopsis cambrica (L.) Vig., Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Macleaya cordata Willd., and Chelidonium majus L. For the first time, N,N-dimethyl-hernovine was identified in M. cambrica, B. thunbergii, M. aquifolium, C. cava, G. flavum, and C. majus; methyl-hernovine was identified in G. flavum; columbamine was identified in B. thunbergii; and methyl-corypalmine, chelidonine, and sanguinarine were identified in F. officinalis L. The richest source of protopine among all the examined species was M. cordata (5463.64\,± 26.3 μg/g). The highest amounts of chelidonine and sanguinarine were found in C. majus (51,040.0\,± 1.8 μg/g and 7925.8\,± 3.3 μg/g, resp.), while B. thunbergi contained the highest amount of berberine (6358.4\,± 4.2 μg/g).
S. Ograjšek, D. K. O. C. J. A. N. Ačko, and D. Kastelec, “The Impact of the Period of Sowing and Fertilization on Morphological Characteristics and Seed Yield of Garden Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Acta agriculturae Slovenica, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 219–228, Apr. 2016.
doi: 10.14720/aas.2016.107.1.20.
Garden poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is a traditional crop that had already been cultivated in Slovenia in the past for the production of seed and oil. During its re-introduction in present time, numerous agro-technical dilemmas have been raised for the processes from sowing to harvesting and have to be studied in our present growing conditions. On the fields of the Ograjšek farm in Cerklje ob Krki two field experiments in complete randomized design had been sown in 2013 and 2014 to establish the influence of the sowing date and fertilization on morphological properties and crop yield of garden poppy seed of the Austrian variety ’Zeno 2002’. Results have shown that the average yield of seed in both trials (1643 kg/ha) is more than one time higher than the average crop yield recorded globally (700 kg/ha), proving how suitable growing conditions in the area of eastern Dolenjska are for the cultivation of poppy. Analysis of crop yield per plot showed there is no statistically significant interaction between the considered factors. The yield of poppy seed in the spring sowing term was 1742±77 kg/ha and in the autumn sowing was 1545±122 kg/ha. The difference is not statistically significant (p = 0.1845). Recorded yield per plant was higher for the autumn term but that was not transferred to the total crop yield due to poor overwintering and consequentially lower plant density at the time of harvest. Both sowing dates have confirmed that exposure to light and duration of growing period had an important impact on plants height – average height of plants sown in autumn was 139±1 cm, which is more than 60 cm higher than the average height of the plants sown in spring (p = 0.0000). A strong statistical dependence of the yield of seed per capsule on diameter of the capsule was proved (p = 0.0000). It can be concluded that when the capsule diameter increases by 10 mm, the seed yield increases for 2.1 g to 2.3 g with 95 % confidence. Dependence of the average seed yield on the number of lateral shoots per plant also proved to be statistically significant (p = 0.0000). Linear model was used for the comparison of the four lines showed that the lines representing poppy sown in autumn and spring are statistically different for the control and for the ENTEC; the slope was higher for the poppy sown in autumn. These trials have given the first practical advice for production of garden poppy in Slovenia and should be continued for further useful results.
J.-H. Oh et al., “Identification and Metabolite Profiling of Alkaloids in Aerial Parts of Papaver Rhoeas by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry,” Journal of Separation Science, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 2517–2527, 2018.
doi: 10.1002/jssc.201701402.
Papaver plants can produce diverse bioactive alkaloids. Papaver rhoeas Linnaeus (common poppy or corn poppy) is an annual flowering medicinal plant used for treating cough, sleep disorder, and as a sedative, pain reliever, and food. It contains various powerful alkaloids like rhoeadine, benzylisoquinoline, and proaporphine. To investigate and identify alkaloids in the aerial parts of P. rhoeas, samples were collected at different growth stages and analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. A liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry method was developed for the identification and metabolite profiling of alkaloids for P. rhoeas by comparing with Papaver somniferum. Eighteen alkaloids involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis were used to optimize the liquid chromatography gradient and mass spectrometry conditions. Fifty-five alkaloids, including protoberberine, benzylisoquinoline, aporphine, benzophenanthridine, and rhoeadine-type alkaloids, were identified authentically or tentatively by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry in samples taken during various growth stages. Rhoeadine alkaloids were observed only in P. rhoeas samples, and codeine and morphine were tentatively identified in P. somniferum. The liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry method can be a powerful tool for the identification of diverse metabolites in the genus Papaver. These results may help understand the biosynthesis of alkaloids in P. rhoeas and evaluate the quality of this plant for possible medicinal applications.
A. Ojala, A. Rousi, E. Lewing, H. Pyysalo, and C.-J. Widén, “Interspecific Hybridization in Papaver: F1 Hybrids between Species of Sect. Oxytona,” Hereditas, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 221–230, 1990.
doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1990.tb00061.x.
Interspecific crosses between Papaver bracteatum (2n=14), P. orientale (2n=28), and P. pseudo-orientule (2n=42) as a rule gave a seed yield similar to that obtained by open pollination. Selfing gave a greatly reduced seed set in all three species, indicating self-incompatibility. In the hybrids, morphology, alkaloid pattern, and meiotic pairing were studied. On the basis of the results, alternative models of genome evolution were considered. The genomic structures we consider most likely are P. bracteaturn AA. P. orientale AABIBI and P. pseudo-orientale AABlBIB2B2. The chromosomes of the B1 and B2 genomes are able to pair with each other but show preferential pairing with the chromosomes of their own kind. This explains the pairing behaviour in the hybrids, including occasional multivalents. Autosyndetic pairing in P. orientale, along with the multivalent formations in the triploid and tetraploid hybrids, show that occasional pairing may also take place between the chromosomes of the A and B genomes. This model agrees with the morphological intermediacy of P. pseudo-orientale and with the finding that the hybrid P. orientale x P. pseudo-orientale is morphologically very close to the former species. The alkaloid composition of the species suggests that thebaine and alpinigenine are produced by the A genome, isothe-baine, oripavine. mecambridine, and orientalidine by the BI (possibly also B2) genome. The origin of the B1 and B2 genomes is discussed.
The experiment was carried out using a randomized block design with 4 replications during October 2008 and 2009 to compare cultural charachteristics of 17 cetified poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) cultivars. Vegetation period spanned 295 and 270 days during first and second year respectively. The colors of poppy flowers were white and violet; whereas, the colors of seeds were white, yellow and dark blue. After two years average plant height ranged 90.3-112.5 cm, number of capsules per plant 1.47-3.17, capsule yield per plant 5.4-7.4 g, capsule yield 62.99-114.5 kg/da, morphine content %0.434-0.990, morphine yield per plant 0.025-0.056 g, morphine yield 0.440-0.861 kg/da, seed yield per plant 5.68-8.86 g, seed yield 73.22-142.1 kg/da, capsule and seed yield per plant 11.11-15.30 g, capsule and seed yield 152.5-254.8 kg/da, oil content oil yield per plant 2.41-3.83 g, oil yield 31.04-60.03 kg/da, protein content %17.05-18.93, protein yield per plant 0.66-1.90 g, protein yield 12.86-26.40 kg/da, capsule/capsule+seed rate per plant %42-51, capsule/seed rate 0.71-1.42, capsule index 0.87-1.11 and stigma number per capsule 10.54-12.91. In terms of morphine content, Ofis-8 was the best cultivar while Ofis-3, Ofis-8 and TMO-2 were the best cultivars in terms of morphine yield per plant. Finally Ofis-8 and TMO-1 were the best cultivars in terms of morphine yield. Kocatepe-96 was the best cultivar in terms of seed yield per plant while both Kocatepe-96 and TMO-1 were the best cultivars in seed yield. Kocatepe-96, TMO-1 and Ankara-94 were the best cultivars in oil yield. Ankara-94 and Kocatepe-96 were the best cultivars in terms of protein yield. A positive correlation (P<=0.01) was determined between morphine content and morphine yield. Also a negative correlation (P<=0.01) was determined between morphine content and plant height.
N. Ovidiu, “Studies on the Morphine* Content of Papaver Somniferum L,” vol. 6, no. 5, 2001.
The present paper investigates the variation of the morphine content related to the vegetation stages on Papaver somniferum L, cultivated at Braşov. The study stresses the importance of creating specific poppy cultures for morphine cultures harvested in a stage of immature capsules when the content of morphine and the morphine yield per hectare increase three times. The study also indicates that research in this field led to the creation of a new poppy variety (Safir) with superior morphine content (0.63 g/100 g shells). This variety can be used in seed production for growing cultures used in the production of morphine.
D. Oyan, “Glaucium flavum crantz. bitkisinin farmakognozik açıdan değerlendirilmesi,” Master's thesis, Ege Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2017.https://gcris.ege.edu.tr/handle/11454/68882.
Papaveraceae familyasının Glaucium genusunu dahil Glaucium flavum, genellikle sarı çiçekli olarak 500 m’den az yükseklikte su kenarlarındaki kumlarda ve erozyona uğramış kayalık alanlarda yetişmektedir. İçerdiği izokinolin alkaloitleri sebebiyle antitussif, nöroprotektif, antienflamatuar ve antibakteriyel etkileri mevcuttur. Üç farklı lokasyondan toplanan Glaucium flavum bitkisinin toprak üstü kısımları üzerinde Avrupa Farmakopesi’nde yer alan “kurutmada kayıp, total kül, sülfat külü ve hidroklorik asitte çözünmeyen kül” miktar tayinleri yapılmıştır. Bitkilerin alkaloit profili GC-MS yöntemi ile tespit edilmiştir. Bitki örneklerinin alkaloit ekstreleri üzerinde asetilkolinesteraz ve butirilkolinesteraz inhibitör aktiviteleri çalışılmıştır. Bitkilerin alkaloit profiline bakıldığında Şakran, İzmir’den toplanan Bulancak, Giresun kültürü olan bitkide glausin; Mordoğan, İzmir’den toplanan bitkide izokoridin; Karabiga, Çanakkale’den toplanan bitkide molekül ağırlığı 337 olan bir alkaloit major olarak bulunmuştur. Bitkilerden hazırlanan ekstrelerin hepsinde asetilkolinesteraz ve butirilkolinesteraz inhibitör aktivite potansiyeli tespit edilmiştir. Çalışılan bitkiler arasında en yüksek aktivite Karabiga, Çanakkale’den toplanan bitki ekstresinde gözlenmiştir. Asetilkolinesteraz inhibitör aktivite için en yüksek IC50 değeri 8,98 μg/mL iken, butirilkolinesteraz için en yüksek IC50 değeri 17,46 μg/mL’dir. Aynı bitkinin farklı lokasyonlardan toplanan örneklerinde alkaloit profili ve biyolojik aktivite açısından farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir.
T. Ozcan, “Fatty Acid Composition of Seed Oils in Some Sand Dune Vegetation Species from Turkey,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 804–809, Nov. 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s10600-014-1088-4.
Six species from sand dunes of northwest Turkey were investigated for their total seed oil lipid and fatty acid (FA) profiles. The total oil content ranged from 4.26 to 33.64% (Plantago scabra and Glaucium flavum, respectively). The major FAs were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids (20.78–60.69%, 14.73–56.64, 5.42–15.13, and 1.65–3.67%, respectively). Considerable amounts of γ-linolenic acid were found in Plantago scabra and Cionura erecta (13.13 and 1.37%, respectively). The unsaturated FA content ranged from 83.09% in Cardaria draba to 87.80% in Eryngium maritimum. Significant correlations between FA concentrations in these species were evaluated. These species, as alternative sources of unsaturated FAs, should be evaluated as novel salt-tolerant crops and used for improving salt tolerance of existing oilseed crops.
P. K. Pal, K. N. Maurya, A. Srivastava, and S. Shukla, “Influence of Epistatic Effects on Various Traits in Relation to the Genetic Improvement of Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 25, p. 100322, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2021.100322.
Absract The information on gene interactions is a basic requirement for exploitation of genetic variability and advancement in the development of high yielding lines in any crop. The present study was taken to discover the nature of gene action implicated in the inheritance of yield and allied characters in opium poppy. Three testers and 20 lines of opium poppy were crossed in triple test cross design. The results showed that the additive gene action was significant for most of the characters, though, dominance as well as epistasis also had considerable say in the inheritance of characters. The presence of additive effects for all the traits suggested selection based on the studied traits can enhance yield potential effectively in opium poppy. The delayed selection for the traits governed by epistasis may also deliver promising results in opium poppy.
The physiological ecology of five coastal species has been examined with respect to temperature and its effect on survival and distribution. The aims of the study have been to establish whether any direct correlation exists between distribution and the responses of the plants to temperature at different stages in the life cycle. The species Tinder consideration were the northern Ligusticum scoticum and Mertensia maritima and the southern Crithmum maritimum, Limonium binervosum and Glaucium flavum. Highest germination percentages for each species were found at temperatures close to those associated with the season favourable for germination in the natural habitat. Northern species had higher temperature requirements than the southern, corresponding to spring/ summer and autumn or spring germination respectively. Root respiration, measured as oxygen uptake, was found to be twice as great in the northern Ligusticum and Mertensia as in the southern Crithmum and Limonium over a range of experimental temperatures. This varied to some extent with time and temperature of pretreatment. The single experiment on the southern Glauci.um showed rates similar to those of the northern species. Arrhenius plots’ of respiration data for the northern species showed a break in gradient at the upper end of the experimental temperature range which correlated well with apparently limiting July mean temperatures from the distribution maps. The southern Crithmum showed a break at lower temperature range close to the limiting January mean temperature. The response of Limonium to experimental temperature depended on the pretreatment; upper range breaks were shown after low pretreatment temperatures, and lower range breaks after higher pretreatment temperatures. The single experiment on Glaucium gave a straight line Arrhenius plot. Carbohydrate analyses of the same pretreated plants yielded additional information relevant to the survival and thus to the distribution in relation to temperature. The southern Crithmum had the highest starch content at all temperatures while the northern Ligusticum and Mertensia had less. Ratios of soluble sugar to starch were greatest in the northern species, possibly reflecting displacement of the equilibrium from starch to soluble sugar at lower temperatures. Overall a connection has been demonstrated between the direct effects of temperature on the plants and the limitation of distribution by temperature. This is clearest for the two northern species, Ligusticum scoticum and Mertensia maritima, less definite for the southern Crithmum maritimiim, and only suggested for Limonium binervosum with its apparently less simple temperature responses. Glaucium flavum appears anomalous and requires further study.
M. Palutoglu, B. Akgul, V. Suyarko, M. Yakovenko, N. Kryuchenko, and A. Sasmaz, “Phytoremediation of Cadmium by Native Plants Grown on Mining Soil,” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 293–297, Feb. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s00128-017-2220-5.
The Gümüsköy mining area is located about 25 km west of Kutahya and is the largest silver deposit in Turkey. The present study investigated translocation and accumulation of cadmium (Cd) from the soil into 11 native plants. Plant and soil samples were collected from the field, and Cd concentrations were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Mean Cd values in the soil, root, and shoot of native plants in the study area were 82.8\,± 5, 55.4\,± 6, and 43.5\,± 4 mg kg− 1, respectively. Plants were separated into several groups according to the enrichment coefficients for shoot and root values of plants. These groups showed Carduus nutans and Phlomis could be potentially bioaccumulator plants useful for phytoremediation of mining soils contaminated by Cd.
L. G. Panayotova, T. A. Ivanova, Y. Y. Bogdanova, M. I. Stanilova, Y. Z. Bosseva, and T. D. Stoeva, “In Vitro Cultivation of Plant Species from Sandy Dunes along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast,” 2008.
A. Pandey, S. N. Jena, and S. Shukla, “Impact of Abiotic Stresses on Metabolic Adaptation in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” in Metabolic Adaptations in Plants During Abiotic Stress, CRC Press, 2018.
Papaver somniferum L. is a major alkaloid involved in the production of the economic crop, which has therapeutic applications due to the presence of valuable alkaloids in its opium and other plant parts. The role of alkaloids in poppy plants is as the defensive system to protect the plants against abiotic and biotic stresses. Abiotic stresses are one of the main causes which affect physiology, primary and secondary metabolism and ultimately adaptive behavior exhibited by the plant over the course of evolution. Salinity, drought, oxidative stresses, heavy metals, abiotic elicitors (methyl jasmonate), etc. are the severe abiotic stresses. The impact of these stresses on the metabolic adaptation of plants has been investigated in limited aspects, especially opium poppy and related plant species. Various adaptive mechanisms are acquired by plants to cope with these stresses are briefly described in this chapter concerning opium poppy. Moreover, the signaling pattern and transcription regulation of metabolic pathways during particular stress, along with the key genes and TF’s responsible for responses, are discussed in detail.
A. Pandey, S. N. Jena, and S. Shukla, “Impact of Abiotic Stresses on Metabolic Adaptation in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” in Metabolic Adaptations in Plants During Abiotic Stress, CRC Press, 2018.
Papaver somniferum L. is a major alkaloid involved in the production of the economic crop, which has therapeutic applications due to the presence of valuable alkaloids in its opium and other plant parts. The role of alkaloids in poppy plants is as the defensive system to protect the plants against abiotic and biotic stresses. Abiotic stresses are one of the main causes which affect physiology, primary and secondary metabolism and ultimately adaptive behavior exhibited by the plant over the course of evolution. Salinity, drought, oxidative stresses, heavy metals, abiotic elicitors (methyl jasmonate), etc. are the severe abiotic stresses. The impact of these stresses on the metabolic adaptation of plants has been investigated in limited aspects, especially opium poppy and related plant species. Various adaptive mechanisms are acquired by plants to cope with these stresses are briefly described in this chapter concerning opium poppy. Moreover, the signaling pattern and transcription regulation of metabolic pathways during particular stress, along with the key genes and TF’s responsible for responses, are discussed in detail.
\relax İ. S. K. E. N. D. E. R. PARMAKSIZ and \relax S. E. B. A. H. A. T. T. İ. N. ÖZCAN, “Morphological, Chemical, and Molecular Analyses of Turkish Papaver Accessions (Sect. Oxytona),” Turkish Journal of Botany, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 1–16, Jan. 2011.
doi: 10.3906/bot-1003-39.
K. Pastirčáková, T. Jankovics, J. Komáromi, A. Pintye, and M. Pastirčák, “Genetic Diversity and Host Range of Powdery Mildews on Papaveraceae,” Mycological Progress, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 36, Mar. 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s11557-016-1178-8.
Because of the strong morphological similarity of the powdery mildew fungi that infect papaveraceous hosts, a total of 39 samples were studied to reveal the phylogeny and host range of these fungi. ITS and 28S sequence analyses revealed that the isolates identified earlier as Erysiphe cruciferarum on papaveraceous hosts represent distinct lineages and differ from that of E. cruciferarum sensu stricto on brassicaceous hosts. The taxonomic status of the anamorph infecting Eschscholzia californica was revised, and therefore, a new species name, Erysiphe eschscholziae, is proposed. The taxonomic position of the Pseudoidium anamorphs infecting Glaucium flavum, Meconopsis cambrica, Papaver dubium, and Stylophorum diphyllum remain unclear. This study revealed that Erysiphe macleayae exhibits a specific host range different from that of E. cruciferarum, the common pathogen of papaveraceous hosts. Although E. macleayae occurred naturally on Macleaya cordata, Macleaya microcarpa, M. cambrica, and Chelidonium majus only, our inoculation tests revealed that the fungus was capable of infecting Argemone grandiflora, Glaucium corniculatum, Papaver rhoeas, and Papaver somniferum, indicating that these plant species may also be taken into account as potential hosts. Erysiphe cruciferarum originating from P. somniferum was not able to infect A. grandiflora, C. majus, E. californica, M. cordata, and P. rhoeas. The emergence of E. macleayae on M. microcarpa is reported here for the first time from the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The appearance of chasmothecia of E. macleayae on C. majus in Slovakia was reported, as well. Erysiphe cruciferarum was identified on G. corniculatum and reported here for the first time from Slovakia.
H. Patidar, R. C. Verma, V. S. Kandalkar, and K. B. Nigam, “Combining Ability for Seed Yield and Its Components in Papaver Somniferum L.,” INDIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING, vol. 53, no. 03, pp. 318–323, Oct. 1993.https://www.isgpb.org/journal/index.php/IJGPB/article/view/2888.
Line x tester analysis involving 4 male and 31 female parents in opium poppy (Papaver somniferumL.) alongwith their Flhybridswas carried out in four environments. The results indicated that both general and specific combining abilities were important in the expression of seed yield and its components, viz., husk yield, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area index. However, nonadditive components of genetic variances was predominant. The parent varieties MOP 3, MOP 379, MOP 319, Ie 7 and IC 128 were good general combiners for seed and husk yield, the latter two parents also extended their good general combiningability to stem diameter. The bestspecific crosscombinationswere NOP 1 x IC 42, IC 19 X MOP 3 for seed yield and leaf area index, and MOP 539 X JA 16, IC 7 X MOP 3 for seed and husk yield.
L. Pei et al., “Genome and Transcriptome of Papaver Somniferum Chinese Landrace CHM Indicates That Massive Genome Expansion Contributes to High Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis,” Horticulture Research, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–13, Jan. 2021.
doi: 10.1038/s41438-020-00435-5.
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is a source of morphine, codeine, and semisynthetic derivatives, including oxycodone and naltrexone. Here, we report the de novo assembly and genomic analysis of P. somniferum traditional landrace ‘Chinese Herbal Medicine’. Variations between the 2.62 Gb CHM genome and that of the previously sequenced high noscapine 1 (HN1) variety were also explored. Among 79,668 protein-coding genes, we functionally annotated 88.9%, compared to 68.8% reported in the HN1 genome. Gene family and 4DTv comparative analyses with three other Papaveraceae species revealed that opium poppy underwent two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events. The first of these, in ancestral Ranunculales, expanded gene families related to characteristic secondary metabolite production and disease resistance. The more recent species-specific WGD mediated by transposable elements resulted in massive genome expansion. Genes carrying structural variations and large-effect variants associated with agronomically different phenotypes between CHM and HN1 that were identified through our transcriptomic comparison of multiple organs and developmental stages can enable the development of new varieties. These genomic and transcriptomic analyses will provide a valuable resource that informs future basic and agricultural studies of the opium poppy.
B. Peled, Y. Waisel, and S. Carmeli, “Alkaloid Content in Various Chemoecotypes of Glaucium Flavum from Israel,” Phytochemistry, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1021–1024, Jan. 1988.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(88)80265-6.
The inter- and intravariability of various populations of Glaucium flavum in Israel were investigated. The populations examined exhibit large variations in salt resistance as well as in alkaloid composition and content, and thus seem to constitute separate chemoecotypes. Effects of salinity on alkaloid content were equivocal: in some populations salinity reduced the alkaloid content, whereas in others it had no effect. One population of G. flavum contained no detectable amounts of glaucine, another had an average glaucine content of over 3.6%. The high alkaloid content makes such plants economically attractive for selection of high-yielding genotypes for glaucine and/or for isocorydine production.
P. \relax D. Péter Tétényi, “CHEMOTAXONOMY OF THE GENUS PAPAVER,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 344, pp. 154–165, Nov. 1993.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1993.344.19.
V. Petitto, M. Serafini, F. R. Gallo, G. Multari, and M. Nicoletti, “Alkaloids from Glaucium Flavum from Sardinia,” Natural Product Research, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 1033–1035, Jul. 2010.
doi: 10.1080/14786410902904418.
Glaucium flavum collected in Sardinia was studied using a phytochemical approach in order to evaluate its alkaloid composition and obtain a comparison with the alkaloid contents of the same species in populations of other geographic proveniences. In fact, different chemoecotypes of G. flavum have been identified, on the basis of their particular content and composition in alkaloids, in accordance with the different distribution areas. The analysis showed that Sardinian G. flavum contains a homogeneous alkaloid pattern of aporphyne type, significantly different from those reported for populations from other parts of Europe.
A. Petruczynik, “Effect of Chromatographic Conditions on the Separation and System Efficiency for HPLC of Selected Alkaloids on Different Stationary Phases,” Petruczynik:journal of Aoac International, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 77–89, 2011.https://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article/94/1/77/5655381.
Retention parameters of alkaloid standards were determined on different stationary phases, i.e., octadecyl silica, base-deactivated octadecyl silica, cyanopropyl silica, preconditioned cyanopropyl silica, and pentafluorophenyl, using different aqueous eluant systems: acetonitrile–water mixtures; buffered aqueous mobile phases at pH 3 or 7.8; and aqueous eluants containing ion-pairing reagents (octane-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt and pentane-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt) or silanol blockers (tetrabutyl ammonium chloride and diethylamine). Improved peak symmetry and separation selectivity for basic solutes was observed when basic buffer, ion-pairing reagents, and, especially, silanol blockers as mobile phase additives were applied. The best separation selectivity and most symmetric peaks for the investigated alkaloids were obtained in systems containing diethylamine in the mobile phase. The influence of acetonitrile concentration and kind and concentration of ion-pairing reagents or silanol blockers on retention, peak symmetry, and system efficiency was also examined. The most efficient and selective systems were used for separation of the investigated alkaloids and analysis of Fumaria officinalis and Glaucium flavum plant extracts.
A. Petruczynik et al., “Thin-Layer Chromatography of Alkaloids on Cyanopropyl Bonded Stationary Phases. Part I,” Journal of Chromatographic Science, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 447–454, Aug. 2007.
doi: 10.1093/chromsci/45.7.447.
J. D. Phillipson, G. Sariyar, and T. Baytop, “Alkaloids from Papaver Fugax of Turkish Origin,” Phytochemistry, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 2431–2434, Oct. 1973.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(73)80450-9.
Thebaine, narcotine, rhoeadine and armepavine were identified in the aerial parts of Papaver fugax of Turkish origin.
J. D. Phillipson, A. I. Gray, A. A. R. Askari, and A. A. Khalil, “Alkaloids From Iraqi Species of Papaveraceae,” ACS Publications. American Chemical Society, Jul-2004.
doi: 10.1021/np50015a011.
J. D. Phillipson, “Infraspecific Variation and Alkaloids of Papaver Species,” Planta Medica, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 187–192, Aug. 1983.
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-969919.
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S. Prajapati, S. Bajpai, D. Singh, R. Luthra, M. M. Gupta, and S. Kumar, “Alkaloid Profiles of the Indian Land Races of the Opiumpoppy Papaver Somniferum L.,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 183–188, Apr. 2002.
doi: 10.1023/A:1014763412736.
The capsule husks of a set of 115 Indian land races of opium poppy Papaver somniferum L. obtained over two cropping seasons were screened for the percent contents of papaverine, reticuline, narcotine, thebaine, codeinone, codeine,morphine and oripavine. Among the accessions screened 36, 7 and 1 didnot accumulate papaverine, papaverine and narcotine and codeine and morphine, respectively. The alkaloid profiles and correlations between alkaloids in all the four classes of accessions showed thatin the Indian genetic resources of P.somniferum (a) morphine is synthesized from codeine rather than oripavine, (b) net alkaloid contents are low under narcotine deficiency, and (c)accumulation of morphine and codeine was limited upstream of codeine and morphine. The accessions identified to be harboring genetic blocks in the phenenthrine and benzylisoquinolinebiosynthetic pathways will be useful for understanding the genetic control of secondary metabolism in opium poppy.
S. Prajapati, S. Bajpai, M. M. Gupta, and S. Kumar, “The Floral Androcarpel Organ (ACO) Mutation Permits High Alkaloid Yields in Opium Poppy Papaver Somniferum,” Current Science, vol. 81, no. 8, pp. 1109–1112, 2001.https://www.jstor.org/stable/24106535.
Isolation of a recessive aco (androcarpel organ) mutation in opium poppy Papaver somniferum, is described. The aco (aco aco) mutant plants form androcarpels in place of inner whorl stamens in their flowers. The abnormal flowers are self-fertile, as stamens in the outer whorl are normal. In aco mutant the calyx, corolla and syncarpous gynoecium are formed like in the wild type ACO plants. The androcarpel walls of aco plants synthesize and accumulate alkaloids like the main carpel walls. The aco mutation provides a means for improving carpel wall husk mass and thereby the yield of alkaloids.
J. Puzyrevská, “Biologická aktivita obsahových látek rostlin XXXIV. Alkaloidy nati Glaucium flavum CRANTZ a jejich vliv na lidské cholinesterasy,” May 2017.https://dspace.cuni.cz/handle/20.500.11956/87424.
Univerzita Karlova, Farmaceutická fakulta v Hradci Králové Katedra farmaceutické botaniky a ekologie Kandidát: Jana Puzyrevská Školitel: PharmDr. Anna Hošťálková, Ph.D. Název diplomové práce: Biologická aktivita obsahových látek rostlin XXXIV. Alkaloidy nati Glaucium flavum CRANTZ a jejich vliv na lidské cholinesterasy. Klíčová slova: Glaucium flavum Crantz, katalin, N-methyllaurotetanin, norchelidonin, protopin, AChE, BuChE. Alzheimerova choroba, nejrozšířenější neurodegenerativní onemocnění, způsobuje pokles kognitivních funkcí a demenci. Nejefektivnější možností léčby je podávání centrálních inhibitorů cholinesteras, které zmírňují cholinergní deficit a tím zlepšují paměť. V současné době probíhá intenzivní výzkum nových aktivních látek, včetně přírodních substancí. Během předběžného testování vykázal alkaloidní extrakt z nati Glaucium flavum Crantz slibnou inhibici lidských cholinesteras, a proto byl vybrán k dalšímu zkoumání. Primární extrakt byl připraven ze sušené řezané kvetoucí nati extrakcí ethanolem a následnou extrakcí organickou fází při různém pH. Tento extrakt byl dále zpracován pomocí tenkovrstvé chromatografie. Struktura alkaloidů byla určena spektrometrickými metodami (MS, NMR) a byla změřena jejich optická otáčivost. Následně byla testována in vitro inhibiční aktivita vůči lidské...
H. Pyysalo, C.-J. Widén, C. A. Salemink, E. Lewing, A. Rousi, and A. Ojala, “Interspecific Hybridization in Papaver. 2. Alkaloid Contents of P. Somniferum and Species of the Section Oxytona and Their Interspecific Hybrids,” Annales Botanici Fennici, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 1988.https://www.jstor.org/stable/23726424.
The alkaloid content and composition were studied in seven strains of Papaver somniferum (2n=22), eight strains of P. bracteatum (2n=14), six strains of P. orientale (2n=28) and 11 strains of P. pseudo-orientale (2n=42). They were also studied in 40 interspecific hybrid strains, which all had P. somniferum as mother and one of the three other species as father. All the strains were grown in the Botanical Garden of the University of Turku and their chromosome numbers were confirmed. The material of P. somniferum consisted of four chemotypes, including the recently produced low-alkaloid cultivar ’Soma’, and the material of P. bracteatum consisted of two chemotypes, the thebaine chemotype and the thebaine-alpinigenine chemotype. P. orientale and P. pseudo-orientale showed remarkably similar alkaloid compositions and were interpreted as belonging to the isothebaine—alpinigenine—oripavine chemotype. In the interspecific hybrids studied all appeared to have neatly additive alkaloid patterns; i.e. alkaloids from both parents were present in the hybrids. This fact is taxonomically important and can be used in studying material of unknown origin. The influence of P. somniferum on the interspecific hybrids is evident from the occurrence of relatively high contents of morphine and mostly from small amounts of papaverine and noscapine. The influence of P. bracteatum can be revealed by small amounts of thebaine and in most cases alpinigenine. Isothebaine and oripavine are inherited from the P. orientale and P. pseudo-orientale parents, sometimes being accompanied by traces or small amounts of mecambridine, orientalidine and salutaridine. In line with the great similarity between the parent species P. orientale and P. pseudo-orientale, their hybrids with P. somniferum show similar alkaloid patterns and cannot be distinguished by the TLC methods employed.
A. Qaderi et al., “Molecular Diversity and Phytochemical Variability in the Iranian Poppy (Papaver Bracteatum Lindl.): A Baseline for Conservation and Utilization in Future Breeding Programmes,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 130, pp. 237–247, Apr. 2019.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.12.079.
In the present investigation, 72 accessions of the Iranian poppy (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) were analyzed for genetic diversity and population structure using start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers along with four important phytochemical traits to provide baseline knowledge for the Iranian poppy’s breeding and conservation plans. Twelve ISSR and thirteen SCoT primers generated a total of 98 and 186 fragments with a mean of 8.17 and 14.31 fragments per primer, respectively. Polymorphic information content for ISSR and SCoT primers ranged from 0.39 to 0.45 and 0.28 to 0.34, with the resolving power ranging from 21.61 to 3.97 and 13.08 to 28.02, respectively. Neighbour-joining (NJ) based clustering grouped 72 accessions into three main groups based on two markers studied (ISSR and SCoT) and the combined data (ISSR\,+ SCoT), which associated with their eco-geographical regions. Population structure based analysis divided 72 accessions into 3 subpopulations using ISSR markers, when SCoT was used eight subpopulations were observed. However, when the combined data was used only three subpopulations were found, which corresponded to the grouping observed with the NJ method and these results were supported by principal coordinate analyses (PCoA). Phytochemical analysis revealed that plant capsule has higher total amounts of the alkaloids; thebaine, morphine and oripavine than stem tissues. Interestingly, for the geographical parameters, latitude showed a significant and positive correlation with thebaine extracted from both stem and capsules and the regression results confirmed these associations. Taken together, our results indicated that three populations Ploor, Eil-Teymoor and Anjomane due to their high contents of alkaloids like thebaine as well as the Taham population due to its high content of morphine and oripavine have a strong enough potency to be used in the pharmacy industry.
E. Quesada-Moraga, F. J. Muñoz-Ledesma, and C. Santiago-Álvarez, “Systemic Protection of Papaver Somniferum L. Against Iraella Luteipes (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) by an Endophytic Strain of Beauveria Bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales),” Environmental Entomology, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 723–730, Jun. 2009.
doi: 10.1603/022.038.0324.
S. Redondo-Gómez, E. Mateos-Naranjo, and F. J. Moreno, “Physiological Characterization of Photosynthesis, Chloroplast Ultrastructure, and Nutrient Content in Bracts and Rosette Leaves from Glaucium Flavum,” Photosynthetica, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 488–493, Dec. 2010.
doi: 10.1007/s11099-010-0065-9.
Glaucium flavum is a biennial plant that bears a rosette of leaves, producing a flower stalk, bracteate monochasium, in its second year. The aims of this work were both to investigate the contribution of bracts to gas-exchange activities in this species and to compare this contribution to that of rosette leaves. In addition, we investigated the extent to which its responses can be explained by chloroplast ultrastructure, as well as the possible role of nutrient concentrations in the physiological responses of both leaf types. Gas exchange and plant characteristics regarding chlorophyll fluorescence were examined in a field experiment; we also determined leaf relative water content, tissue concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, chloroplast ultrastructure and nutrient contents. Although bracts indeed contributed to gas-exchange activities of G. flavum, rosette leaves showed higher values of net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance to CO2 for photosynthetic photon flux density above 200 μmol m−2 s−1. The incongruities in photosynthetic rates between bracts and leaves may be explained by the bigger chloroplasts of rosette leaves, which results in a larger membrane surface area. This agrees with the higher pigment concentrations and quantum efficiency of photosystem II values recorded as well for rosette leaves. On the other hand, bracts showed higher sodium concentrations, which could be a mechanism for salt tolerance of G. flavum.
The effect of two doses of magnesium on amount of straw and seeds yields of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), ’Opal’ cv., contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Cd in plants in the flowering stage and in seeds after the harvest, and also concentration of Cd and morphine in straw was studied in a one-year pot experiment. Magnesium was applied into the soil in the form of magnesium nitrate in doses of 0.3 and 0.6 g per pot. The content of Mg in plants increased with the increasing dose of fertiliser up to 2.7 g Mg . kg-1 (as compared with 2.2 g Mg. kg-1 in control). The Mg content in seeds was nearly the same in all three vari-ants and ranged from 1.9-2.1 g Mg . kg-1. After both doses of Mg the content of Cd in plants was with-out difference and ranged from 0.061 to 0.062 mg Cd . kg-1 in d.m. (as compared with 0.058 mg Cd . kg-1 in control). The doses of Mg did not influence significantly the yields of neither seeds (3.36–3.44 g per plant) nor straw (12.85-12.93 g per plant) as compared with non-fertilised control (3.32 g and 11.35 g per plant, respectively). The content of morphine in straw (= empty capsules + 15 cm of stem) increased to 9.1-9.5 g. kg-I after the application of both doses of Mg (as compared with 8.5 g. kg-1 in control). The content of Cd was higher in seeds (0.097-0.123 mg. kg-1) than in straw (0.018-0.035 mg Cd. kg-1). Increased doses of Mg in soil reduced the content of Cd in seeds from 0.123 mg kg-1 to 0.097-0.099 mg kg-1 (i.e. by ca 20 %). In straw this decrease made as much as 48.6 %.
R. Richter, P. Škarpa, T. Lošák, J. Hlušek, and S. Kráčmar, “Effect of sulphur and nitrogen fertilisation on yield and quality of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.),” Vedecký časopis pre racionálne využívanie agrochemikálií v poľnohospodárstve, 2009.https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/64724b7653aa8c89630587df.
Results of a three-year field trial with poppy confirmed the positive effect of combined application of N and S as it increased their content in the plants. At the same time the content of cysteine, methionine and of some other basic amino acids increased too. In soils which contain less than 15 mg/kg S of soil, sulphur enhances the utilisation of nitrogen by poppy plants by 17-20% on the average and so improving the economy of poppy production. Treatments involving nitrogen fertilisation increased seed yields statistically significantly (p lt 0.01). The favourable nutritional status of the plants under optimal weather conditions and good state of health of the stand had no statistically significant (p lt 0.05) effect on seed production when increasing rates of sulphur were applied. A rate of 50 kg per ha S had a positive effect when the yields were in excess of 1.5 t of seeds per ha and resulted in a relative increase in yields by 8.7%. Even if the utilisation of nitrogen by the plants was higher, on average by 15%, sulphur fertilisation did not significantly increase the number of capsules on the plant but positively influenced the weight of poppy straw. In poppy varieties used in the food industry neither nitrogen nor sulphur influenced the content of morphine in poppy straw.
M. F. Roberts, “Papaver Latex and Alkaloid Storage Vacuoles,” in Plant Vacuoles: Their Importance in Solute Compartmentation in Cells and Their Applications in Plant Biotechnology, B. Marin, Ed. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987, pp. 513–528.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5341-6_65.
Papaver somniferum L. — the opium poppy — is an annual herb 50–150 cm in height. It is grown commercially under licence as the major source of the opiates codeine and morphine. The creamy colored latex oozes from the cut, unripe capsule and provides a readily available source of the laticifer contents. Opium, the dried exuded latex of the poppy, normally contains at least 25 alkaloids, which probably occur as salts of meconic acid or sulphate. The morphinan alkaloids are the predominant alkaloids in opium with morphine (up to 52% of the total alkaloids), codeine, and thebaine normally present. Papaverine, noscopine, and narceine are also commonly found in significant amounts. Microscopic study by Thureson-Klein (1970) has shown latex to be a multitude of particles suspended in a large central vacuole. This work, with the electron microscopy reported by Dickenson and Fairbairn (1975) and Nessler and Marlberg (1977), has established the presence of fragments of the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei, mitochondria, Frey-Wyssling particles, and spherical bodies referred to as the 1000xg vacuoles. The bulk of’ these vacuoles contain alkaloids (Fairnbairn and Djote, 1980; Roberts, 1971) and form a distinct pellet when the latex is centrifuged at 1000 x g for 30 minutes. The formation of these vacuoles within the laticifers results from localised dilatation of elongated stacks of endoplasmic reticulum (Thureson-Klein, 1970; Nessler and Marlberg, 1977). Membrane staining with zinc iodine osmium tetroxide suggests that they are analogous to the central vacuole of other cells. However, this has not been conclusively demonstrated in view of the similar staining of dictyosome derived vacuoles reported by Danwalder and Whaley (1973) and Marty (1973 a and b).
M. F. Roberts and M. D. Antoun, “The Relationship between L-Dopa Decarboxylase in the Latex of Papaver Somniferum and Alkaloid Formation,” Phytochemistry, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1083–1087, Jan. 1978.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94293-6.
The presence of l-dopa decarboxylase has been demonstrated in poppy latex utilising l-dopa-1-[14C] and l-dopa-3-[14Cl] as substrates. The enzyme appeared to have maximum activity at pH 7.2 and showed both substrate and pyridoxal phosphate inhibition. The substrates l-tyrosine, l-phenylalanine and l-histidine were also decarboxylated. l-dopa decarboxylase was found to occur solely in the latex supernatant fraction. The possible involvement of this enzyme in alkaloid biosynthesis in the latex is discussed.
M. D. Rush, T. M. Kutchan, and C. J. Coscia, “Correlation of the Appearance of Morphinan Alkaloids and Laticifer Cells in Germinating Papaver Bracteatum Seedlings,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 237–240, Oct. 1985.
doi: 10.1007/BF00269366.
The course of alkaloid accumulation and laticifer cell appearance was compared in germinating P. bracteatum seedlings. Seedlings of various ages (0–14 days old) were analyzed for their dopamine, thebaine, morphinan alkaloid immunoreactivity, and benzophenanthridine alkaloid levels. Simultaneous electron microscopic studies revealed that seedlings were devoid of laticifer initials until day 3, where-upon their numbers increased with time. The appearance of appreciable amounts of thebaine only occurred after day 4 of germination. Conversely, dopamine was rapidly formed at the onset of germination and reached millimolar concentrations well before laticifer cells were detected. Benzophenanthridine alkaloid levels remained fairly constant over the period analyzed. These results support the theory that the presence of laticifer cells is necessary for the accumulation of morphinan but neither benzophenanthridine alkaloids nor their mutual precursor, dopamine.
H. C. Saini, “Performance of Exotic X Indigenous Crosses for Combining Ability Over Environment in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.). Iii. Husk Yield,” INDIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING, vol. 48, no. 03, pp. 359–365, Nov. 1988.https://www.isgpb.org/journal/index.php/IJGPB/article/view/3272.
Combining ability analysis of husk yield from 50 F1 crosses of pooled data revealed that nonadditive genetic variance was more important than the corresponding additive genetic variance in all analyses.
P. Salehi, A. Sonboli, A. F. Zavareh, F. Sefidkon, B. Cheraghi, and M. Dayeni, “Narcotic Alkaloids of Four Papaver Species from Iran,” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, vol. 62, no. 1-2, pp. 16–18, Feb. 2007.
doi: 10.1515/znc-2007-1-203.
Four native Papaver species of Iran, i. e. P. glaucum, P. tenuifolium, P. dubium and P. fugax, were collected from their natural habitat and subjected to HPLC analysis for determination of their morphine, codeine and thebaine content. P. dubium and P. glaucum contained all of the three mentioned narcotic alkaloids, while morphine was not found in P. fugax, and P. tenuifolium was free from codeine.
F. Ŝantavý, “Chapter 5 Papaverceae Alkaloids,” in The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology, vol. 12, R. H. F. Manske, Ed. Academic Press, 1970, pp. 333–454.
doi: 10.1016/S1876-0813(08)60104-9.
This chapter discusses occurrence, structures, chemical and physicochemical properties, and biosynthesis of the Papaveraceae alkaloids. The chapter tabulates the recently investigated plants, the reinvestigated plants, and those where the already isolated alkaloids that can be grouped on the basis of their skeletons. The importance of many of these groups of alkaloids contained in the plant family Papaveraceae has increased steadily because of their widespread distribution and great variety. Many alkaloids could not be isolated on account of their low basicity and high polarity. The finding that the majority of the Papaveraceae alkaloids arise from the benzylisoquinoline precursors reticuline, orientaline, and probably norlaudanosoline, by phenolic oxidation has aroused considerable interest in this field of relatively simple alkaloids. The systematic investigation of alkaloids of the plant family Papaveraceae has led to an accumulation of considerable knowledge that at present can be used for at least a preliminary chemotaxonomic classification of the genera and sections and elimination of those alkaloids that are unsuitable for chemotaxonomic studies.
A. Sari, “Alkaloids from Glaucium Leiocarpum,” Planta Medica, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 492–492, Jun. 1999.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-960827.
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R. Sarin, “Effect of Tyrosine on the Production of Alkaloids in the High-Yielding Cell Lines of Papaver Somniferum Tissue Culture,” Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 61–62, Jan. 1996.
doi: 10.1007/BF03262983.
The high yielding cell lines were isolated from the heterogenous callus culture of Papaver somniferum established on modified Murashige and Skoog’s medium. These cell lines were transferred to liquid medium, and maintained for six months by frequent subculturing. The tissues were supplied with different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/100 ml) of tyrosine and analysed quantitatively for their alkaloidal contents. Six major opium alkaloids-morphine, codeine, thebaine, narceine, narcotine and papaverine, were identified. The tissue grown on liquid medium supplemented with 12.5 mg tyrosine/100 ml showed maximum percentage of alkaloids and therefore this concentration is considered as the most favourable condition and can be utilized for the large scale production of alkaloids from the cell lines.
G. Sariyar, “Alkaloids from Papaver Triniifolium of Turkish Origin,” Planta Medica, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 43–45, Sep. 1983.
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-969808.
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G. Sariyar, “Biodiversity in the Alkaloids of Turkish Papaver Species,” Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 557–574, Jan. 2002.
doi: 10.1351/pac200274040557.
There are about 35 Papaver species growing in Turkey, which are grouped into eight sections, namely Argemonidium, Carinata, Glauca, Miltantha, Oxytona, Papaver, Pilosa, and Rhoeadium. As a result of our extensive work on the alkaloids of Turkish Papaver species the presence of several chemotypes has been shown. Among these chemotypes, medicinally important alkaloids such as noscapine (=narcotine), papaverine- and thebaine-containing samples have been found as new sources for the production of them. The infraspecific variation encountered within the Papaver species has been demonstrated mainly in two sections of the genus, Miltantha and Oxytona. The alkaloids of seven species (Papaver armeniacum, P. curviscapum, P. cylindricum, P. fugax, P. persicum, P. polychaetum, and P. triniifolium) of the section Miltantha have been studied, and the existence of chemical strains has been shown mainly in P. fugax, P. persicum, and P. triniifolium. Investigations on the species of the section Oxytona indicated that there is a relationship between the major alkaloid content and the chromosome numbers of the samples. Isolation of new secoberbine-type alkaloids as well as promorphinane- and morphinane-types has revealed the biosynthetic relationship between the alkaloids of Miltantha and Oxytona species. Chemical races are also known for species of Papaver within other sections of the genus. P. lateritium of Turkish origin from section Pilosa yielded some secoberbine and protoberberine types, whereas P. rhopalothece of the section Rhoeadium contained narcotine as a major alkaloid. Isolation of spirobenzylisoquinoline type from P. argemone (sect. Argemonidium) was the first report of the occurrence of this type in the Papaveraceae.
M. Sasmaz and A. Sasmaz, “The Accumulation of Strontium by Native Plants Grown on Gumuskoy Mining Soils,” Journal of Geochemical Exploration, vol. 181, pp. 236–242, Oct. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.08.001.
The Gümüsköy mining area is located about 25km west of Kütahya and the largest silver deposit in Turkey. The present study investigated the translocation and accumulation of Sr from the Gümüşköy mining soils into 11 native plants. Plant and soil samples were collected from the field, and Sr concentrations were analyzed by ICP-MS. The average Sr values in the soil, root, and shoot of the native plants in the study area were 148.55, 163.65, and 163.93ppm, respectively. The plants were separated to several groups (the best plants, good plant and candidate plants) according to ECS and ECR values of these plants. These groups showed that the best plants; Carduus nutans, Onosma sp., Alyssum saxatile, Anchusa arvensis and Centaurea cyanus, good plants; Verbascum thapsus, Isatis, Phlomis sp., Cynoglossum officinale and Glaucium flavum and candidate plants; Silene compacta for Sr. The present study revealed that both the best and good plants in the study area had very high potential to remove Sr, Therefore, these plants can be useful for remediation or phytoremediation studies of soils polluted by Sr.
M. Sasmaz, B. Akgül, and A. Sasmaz, “Distribution and Accumulation of Selenium in Wild Plants Growing Naturally in the Gumuskoy (Kutahya) Mining Area, Turkey,” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 598–603, May 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s00128-015-1527-3.
This study investigated selenium uptake and transport from the soil to 12 plant species in the mining area of Gumuskoy (Kutahya), Turkey. Plant samples and their associated soils were collected and analyzed for Se content by ICP-MS. Mean Se values in the soils, roots, and shoots of all plants were 0.9, 0.6, and 0.8 mg kg−1, respectively. The mean enrichment coefficients for roots (ECR) and shoots (ECS) of these plants were 0.78 and 0.97. The mean translocation factors (TLF) were 1.33. These values indicate that all 12 plant species had the ability to transfer Se from the roots to the shoot, but that transfer was more efficient in plants with higher ECR and ECS. Therefore, these plants may be useful in phytoremediation in rehabilitating areas contaminated by Se because their ECR, ECS and TLFs are >1.
G. A. M. Scott, “The Ecology of Shingle Beach Plants,” Journal of Ecology, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 517–527, 1963.
doi: 10.2307/2257745.
Following a brief review of the literature on shingle beach plants, the theory is put forward that fine material among the shingle is essential for plant growth and evidence is produced to support this from statistical correlation of density of Glaucium flavum with percentage of fine fraction on beaches where the latter is limiting. The variation in vegetational composition, consequent on the variation in mobility of the beach and in the nature of the matrix material, is briefly outlined. The possible sources of moisture for shingle plants are considered and it is concluded that precipitation must be the main source, since water tables are inaccessible to most shingle plants. Despite the possibility of condensation of moisture internally (‘internal dew formation’) in shingle beaches, or of a redistribution of soil moisture, there is no reason to expect more such condensation than in other soils. The persistence of shingle plants in drought can just as readily be explained by the insulating effect of a surface layer of dry shingle and the ecology of the shingle plants.
G. A. M. Scott, “Glaucium Flavum Crantz,” Journal of Ecology, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 743–754, 1963.
doi: 10.2307/2257761.
H. Şelale, I. Çelik, V. Gültekin, J. Allmer, S. Doğanlar, and A. Frary, “Development of EST-SSR Markers for Diversity and Breeding Studies in Opium Poppy,” Plant Breeding, vol. 132, no. 3, pp. 344–351, 2013.
doi: 10.1111/pbr.12059.
All publicly available opium poppy expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences, totalling 20 885, were assembled into unigenes and examined for simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Nearly 19% of the 14 957 unigenes contained SSRs with 4% harbouring more than one SSR. Average density of the SSRs was 1 SSR per 3.6 kb of non-redundant EST sequence. Trinucleotide SSRs were most frequently identified (39%), and many of the most prevalent motifs were AT-rich. Flanking primers were designed for 86% of the SSRs and 67 primer pairs were tested on 37 opium poppy accessions and seven related species. All markers were transferable to the related species. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values for the markers were intermediate for comparisons within opium poppy (average of 0.27) and slightly higher for comparisons across species (average of 0.29). The markers were found to be useful for diversity analysis as they successfully distinguished among Turkish opium poppy accessions and land races.
B. Šerá and F. Novák, “Stimulation of Seed Germination and Early Growth by Humic Substances on Poppy, Pepper, Rape, and Hemp,” Biologia, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 641–648, Mar. 2022.
doi: 10.1007/s11756-021-00952-1.
Stimulatory effect of humic and fulvic acids (humic substances) extracted from local sources of lignite and soils on germination and early growth of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and rape (Brassica napus subsp. napus) were verified. The following structural parameters were determined for humic substances: aromaticity, biological activity, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity ratio. Germination rate, weight of seedling, accretion of seedling, and seedling vitality were determined in a growth test in laboratory conditions. It was found that the type of plant together with the type of humic and fulvic acids was of great importance for germination and initial growth (two-way ANOVA). The reaction of the monitored plant species was different to the types of humic and fulvic acids. A positive effect on germination and initial growth was observed in poppies (compared to controls, p\,< 0.05); in other species, no significant statistical responses were observed. The tested plants can be sorted according to the descending significant positive effect on the weight of seedling as follows: poppy, pepper, rape, hemp. We found that structural parameters of humic and fulvic acids correlated with many measured parameters of germination and early growth (p\,< 0.05). The results show that the origin of humic substances and their structural properties can significantly affect the germination of seeds and their initial growth. In addition, the responses of taxonomically different plant species after treatment with humic acids can be fundamentally different.
K. L. Sethi, R. L. Sapra, R. Gupta, K. S. Dhindsa, and N. K. Sangwan, “Performance of Poppy Cultivars in Relation to Seed, Oil and Latex Yields under Different Environments,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 309–313, 1990.
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740520304.
The performance of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum Linn) cultivars grown at four locations spread over the entire opium poppy growing belt of India was evaluated in terms of three main economic characteristics, namely seed, oil and latex yields. Distinct environmental and varietal effects on these traits were observed. The cultivars were also evaluated in terms of their adaptability and stability under different agroclimatic conditions. The seed yield showed positive and significant correlation with oil and latex yields, indicating that seed yield alone may be taken as a reliable index in breeding high oil-and latex-yielding varieties.
A. Shafiee, I. Lalezari, S. Lajevardi, and F. Khalafi, “Alkaloids of Glaucium Flavum Grantz, Populations Isfahan and Kazerun,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 873–874, 1977.
doi: 10.1002/jps.2600660636.
Glaucium flavum Grantz, population Isfahan, contained four major alkaloids: dicentrine (0.8%), bulbocapnine (0.42%), protopine (0.35%), and salutaridine (0.2%). G. flavum Grantz, population Kazerun, contained four major alkaloids: dicentrine (1.4%), bulbocapnine (0.5%), O-methylflavinantine (0.5%), and salutaridine (0.3%); it also contained two minor alkaloids, protopine and α-allocryptonine. O-Methylflavinantine was found for the first time in the Papaveraceae.
A. Shafiee, I. Lalezari, and O. Rahimi, “Alkaloids of Papaver Genus IX. Alkaloids of Glaucium Vitellinum Boiss and Buhse, Population Seerjan and Glaucium Pulchrum Stapf, Population Elika,” Lloydia, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 352–355, Jul. 1977.
Glaucium vitellinum Boiss and Buhse. population Seerjan was shown to contain three major alkaloids, isocorydine (0.44%), protopine (0.42%), dicentrine (0.24%), and four minor alkaloids, tetrahydropalmatine (0.13%), muramine (0.12%), bulbocapnine (0.06%) and glaucine (0.01%). Glaucium pulchrum Stapf popllation Elika was shown to contain two major alkaloids, corydine (0.3%) and bulbocapnine (0.18%) and three minor alkaloids N-methylindcarpine (0.1%), isocorydine (0.03%) and protopine (0.01%). N-methyllindcarpine was found for the first time in the Papaveraceae and tetrahydropalmatine was detected for the first time in Glaucium.
A. Shafiee, I. Lalezari, and M. Mahjour, “Alkaloids of Glaucium Oxylobum Boiss and Buhse, Population Ab-Ali,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 593–594, 1977.
doi: 10.1002/jps.2600660437.
Glaucium oxylobum Boiss and Buhse, population Ab-Ali, was demonstrated to contain one major alkaloid, glaucine (0.7%), and two minor alkaloids, O-methylatheroline and predicentrine, in the aerial parts. The root also contains protopine. Glaucine and O-methylatheroline were detected for the first time in this species, and predicentrine was detected for the first time in the Glaucium genus.
A. Shafiee, I. Lalezari, F. Assadi, and F. Khalafi, “Alkaloids of Papaver Orientale L.,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 1050–1052, 1977.
doi: 10.1002/jps.2600660742.
According to the alkaloid profiles, five different chemotypes (A, B, C, D, and E) were classified in Papaver orientale L. with haploid chromosome number n = 14. Chemotype A had only oripavine; chemotype B contained oripavine and thebaine; chemotype C had isothebaine in addition to oripavine; chemotype D contained oripavine and alpinigenine; and chemotype E had oripavine, thebaine, and alpinigenine. In all chemotypes, oripavine was either the sole alkaloid or the single major alkaloid.
A. Shafiee, A. Ghanbarpour, I. Lalezari, and S. Lajevardi, “Alkaloids of Papaver Genus XI. Alkaloids of Glaucium Vitellinum, Population Isfahan,” ACS Publications. American Chemical Society, Jul-2004.
doi: 10.1021/np50002a007.
A. Shafiee, A. Ghanbarpour, and S. Akhlaghi, “Alkaloids of Papaveraceae, XII. Alkaloids of Glaucium Corniculatum Subspecies Refractum, Population Pol-Dokhtar,” ACS Publications. American Chemical Society, Jul-2004.
doi: 10.1021/np50041a037.
A. Shafiee and K. Morteza-Semnani, “Crabbine and Other Alkaloids from the Aerial Parts of Glaucium Paucilobum,” Planta Medica, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 680–680, Oct. 1998.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957555.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
K. Shahzadi, D. Rasool, F. Irshad, A. Khalid, S. Aslam, and A. Nazir, “Identification and Characterization of Anti-Epileptic Compounds from Papaver Somniferum Using Quantification Techniques (GC-MS, FTIR), Integrated Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.” bioRxiv, p. 2024.07.29.605558, Jul-2024.
doi: 10.1101/2024.07.29.605558.
Epilepsy is a common neurological condition identified by repetitive seizures that affect the overall quality of life. Existing anti-epileptic drugs have undesirable side effects, necessitating safer alternatives. This study develops an integrated computational framework to discover potential anti-epileptic leads from Papaver somniferum (opium poppy). Literature and databases were mined to compile all chemicals from Papaver somniferum. PubChem provided structural data, and compounds satisfying drug-likeness and bioavailability criteria were selected. GeneCards, DisGeNET and SwissTargetPrediction identified 344 target genes of the compounds and common targets with epilepsy. Network pharmacology analyses were performed. Cytoscape constructed a compound-target network comprising 5 active constituents and 22 shared targets. Degree distributions revealed molecular interactions. STRING elucidated target connectivity. Hub targets were identified using CytoHubba. GO and KEGG enrichment on 123 targets recognized biological roles and pathways. DAVID and Hiplot characterized functional annotations. Cytoscape visualized a compound-target-pathway association network involving targets, pathways, and compounds related to epilepsy. GC-MS identified 25 compounds in the Papaver somniferum extract. FTIR characterized functional groups. Molecular docking scored compound affinities for 10 targets. Autodock Vina docked 15 constituents into binding pockets. Interactions were validated using Desmond MD simulations of IL6 with scoulerine over 100 ns, assessing RMSD, RMSF, interactions. RMSD/RMSF plots and histograms characterized protein/ligand stability and flexibility. This integrative Insilico and Invitro framework facilitates prioritizing Papaver somniferum constituents for epilepsy. Network analyses provided systems-level understanding of multi-target mechanisms. Molecular modeling established structure-activity relationships, validating predicted interactions. Compounds with good ADMET profiles, network centrality, docking scores, and stable simulations emerge as candidates warranting further examination for safer anti-epileptic therapy.
J. R. Sharma et al., “Development of Non-Narcotic (Opiumless and Alkaloid-Free) Opium Poppy, Papaver Somniferum,” Plant Breeding, vol. 118, no. 5, pp. 449–452, 1999.
doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0523.1999.00419.x.
A mutation breeding programme using gamma rays and ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) was carried out for genetic conversion of narcotic ‘opium poppy’ into non-narcotic ‘seed poppy’. Two families contained 31 latexless (opiumless) and 23 partial latex-bearing plants which were identified in the M2 and confirmed in the M3 generations by the ‘ray-pluck’ method. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry of powdered capsule hulls (straw) from 22 representative plants also revealed that none of the five opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine and narcotine) was present in the straw. Six plants also possessed high seed yield (4.0–5.66 g/capsule vs. 3.39 g for control) and seven had a high seed oil content (50.7-53.5%). The best mutant genotype, LL-34 of the family C1-Comb-113-2, with 5.66 g/capsule seeds containing 52.6% oil was designated as cv. ‘Sujata’. This, perhaps the world’s first opiumless and alkaloid-free seed poppy cultivar, offers a cheap and permanent (fundamental) solution to the global problem of opium-linked social abuse. Simultaneously, it serves as a safe and potential food crop with protein-rich seeds and healthy unsaturated seed oil.
J. R. Sharma and M. M. Gupta, “Genetic and Chemical Analysis for Alkaloids in Papaver,” in Alkaloids, H. F. Linskens and J. F. Jackson, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1994, pp. 215–234.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-84226-9_9.
In the preface of the monograph The Opium Poppy, the editors Husain and Sharma (1983) have aptly summed up the significance of Papaver, P. somniferum in particular, in the growth of major world civilization. They stated: “The story of the man’s civilization is, by and large, a chronicle of his socioeconomic development based on the exploitation of enormous plant resources which nature has generously bestowed upon the earth. Though food plants were its pivotal base, other plants equally contributed to its grandeur. For instance, the growth of major world civilizations (Egyptian 1955 b.c., Greek 1500-1000 b.c., Mesopotamian 700 b.c.) is closely associated with recognition of the opium poppy as a useful plant of medicinal significance in pre-historic times.”
K. R. Sharma, L. J. Srivastava, J. M. Singh, K. R. Sharma, L. J. Srivastava, and J. M. Singh, “Studies on Correlation and Path Analysis for Selected Active Principle Contributing Parameters in Glaucium Flavum Crantz,” Indian Journal of Forestry, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 149–153, Jan. 1990.https://eurekamag.com/research/002/502/002502031.php.
Glaucium flavum is a medicinal plant being raised in the farm area of the Department of Forestry of the University of Horticulture and Forestry at ...
The article presents study results of some aspects of Glaucium flavum Crantz reproductive biology. The processes of the flowering, pollination, fruit and seed formation have been described. It covers seeds‘ characteristic and demonstrates potential possibilities of the species reproduction in the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea as well.
S. Shukla, K. R. Khanna, and S. P. Singh, “Alkaloid Spectrum of Opium of a Cross Between Papaver Somniferum and P. Setigerum,” International Journal of Pharmacognosy, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 228–231, Jan. 1995.
doi: 10.3109/13880209509065368.
The F8 generation of a cross between Papaver somniferum and P. setigerum shows considerable diversity in major alkaloids, the most important of which is morphine. The range of this alkaloid exceeds that of the superior parent, P. somniferum. Therefore, selecting superior individuals and poly crossing may enhance morphine content.
S. Shukla, S. P. Singh, H. K. Yadav, and A. Chatterjee, “Alkaloid Spectrum of Different Germplasm Lines in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 533–540, May 2006.
doi: 10.1007/s10722-004-2158-4.
The opium latex of 1470 individual plant samples of 98 germplasm lines were screened for five major economic alkaloids. The alkaloids profile showed that morphine content ranged from 9.20–20.86% with an average of 15.00 ± 0.267. Codeine ranged from 1.69–6.48% with arithmetic mean of 3.35 ± 0.091, thebaine from 0.52–7.95% with an average of 2.27 ± 0.116. Narcotine ranged from 8.79–17.97% with an average 8.79 ± 0.266 and papaverine content ranged from 0.00–6.07% with an average 1.18 ± 0.167 in over all the germplasm lines. The content of different alkaloids categorized into class interval which exhibited that maximum number of plants and accessions for morphine content fall in group of 10–15% followed by 15–20%, for codeine content in group of 2–4% followed by 4–6%, for thebaine content in 1–2% followed by 2–4%, for narcotine in 5–10% followed by 10–15% and for papaverine content 0–2%. 24 germplasm lines had morphine content above 16.0%. Similarly, 37 germplasm lines for codeine and 13 for thebaine showed consistently high content, i.e., above 3%. 33 germplasm lines had narcotine content above 9% and 20 lines exhibited papaverine content above 2%. Line BR 316 was found unique having thebaine content 6.27–9.33%. The probable reasons of increase or decrease of different alkaloids based on their biosynthetic pathway has been discussed in detail.
S. Shukla, H. K. Yadav, A. Rastogi, B. K. Mishra, and S. P. Singh, “Alkaloid Diversity in Relation to Breeding for Specifi c Alkaloids in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, vol. 46 (2010), no. No. 4, pp. 164–169, Dec. 2010.
doi: 10.17221/96/2009-CJGPB.
S. Shukla, H.K. Yadav, A. Rastogi, B.K. Mishra, S.P. Singh
S. Shukla, B. K. Mishra, R. Mishra, A. Siddiqui, R. Pandey, and A. Rastogi, “Comparative Study for Stability and Adaptability through Different Models in Developed High Thebaine Lines of Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 74, pp. 875–886, Nov. 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.076.
Successful development of stable and adaptable crop varieties solely depend on the positive results obtained from the interaction between genotype and environment that consequently has significant impact on breeding strategies. GEI is a finest breeding approach that helps in the development of varieties for specific or wide adaptation, depends on the expression of stability. The present study was aimed to find out the stable thebaine rich line out of the seven advanced breeding high thebaine lines which have been developed for the first time through rigrous selection from advance generations of interspecific population derived from cross between Papaver somniferum L. and Pa paver setigerum DC. based on the estimate of genotype×environment interaction (GEI). The results of ANOVA showed wide variability in the genotypes under testing which suggested that the genotypes interacted differentially with respect to yield performance, so further stability analysis across environments should be followed before being released for commercial cultivation. The overall stability analysis following different stability models (including regression and graphical models) concluded that the lines NBIHT-1, NBIHT-3 and NBIHT-4 were highly stable and adaptable for seed, opium and thebaine content in different agro-climatic conditions Lines. NBIHT-5 and NBIHT-6 can also perform drastically well in specific climatic conditions to obtain maximum gain. The study concluded that the GGE Biplot model proposed by Yan and Hunt is best suited for stability analysis than other different stability models due to ease in visualization of stable genotypes from the graphical representation. Commercialization of such developed high thebaine lines having more than 10% thebaine in comparison to the existing genotypes having 1–2% thebaine could revolutionize pharmaceutical industries worldwide.
A. Singh, I. M. Menéndez-Perdomo, and P. J. Facchini, “Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Opium Poppy: An Update,” Phytochemistry Reviews, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1457–1482, Dec. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s11101-019-09644-w.
For nearly eight millennia, opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) has been bred and cultivated for therapeutic purposes. The medicinal properties of the plant are conferred by specialized metabolites known as benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), comprising the narcotic analgesics morphine and codeine, the antimicrobial agent sanguinarine, and the potential anticancer drug noscapine. In addition, naturally occurring thebaine is used for the semi-synthesis of widely prescribed pain-relievers (e.g., oxycodone and hydrocodone), valuable drugs used in the treatment of opioid addiction (i.e., naltrexone), or antidotes for opioid overdose (i.e., naloxone). The complex stereochemistry of many opiates hinders their chemical synthesis and opium poppy remains the sole commercial source of these important pharmaceuticals. For decades, opium poppy has served as a model plant for research aimed at a comprehensive understanding of BIA metabolism. Recent progress in functional genomics has enabled the discovery of a nearly complete collection of BIA biosynthetic genes, many of which are clustered in the opium poppy genome. Advances in synthetic biology have facilitated the successful reconstitution of several BIA biosynthetic pathways in heterologous hosts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, although the initially low production levels suggest that commercial scale-up will present additional challenges. This review provides an update of key molecular and biochemical aspects of BIA metabolism in opium poppy, including recent biosynthetic gene discoveries, genomic organization, novel BIA transporters, metabolic regulation, and major efforts in the engineering of pathways in plants and microbes.
S. Singh, A. K. Singh, and B. Kumar, “Effect of Moisture Regimes and Field Practices on Germination and Establishment of Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1036, pp. 169–173, May 2014.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1036.19.
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important plant grown for opium extraction from its capsules. At present legal cultivation of opium poppy is going on in the three adjoining states of India viz. Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. In general, the germination of seeds of this crop is very good (80-95%) under laboratory conditions. Germination is poor under field conditions and farmers use higher quantity of seeds to establish normal plant populations. Therefore, there is a need to develop ideal field practices to improve the germination and reduce seed rate under commercial cultivation. A field experiment was conducted in November 2007 to evaluate the effect of two moisture regimes: sowing of opium poppy seed at 60% available soil moisture after applying presowing irrigation (I1) and sowing of opium poppy seeds in dry seed bed followed by irrigation (I2) with five field practices: sowing of seeds on soil surface (P1), sowing of seeds in 2.5 cm deep furrows and covered with soil (P2), sowing of seed in 2.5 cm deep furrows and kept open (P3), sowing of seeds in 5.0 cm deep furrows and covered with soil (P4) and sowing of seed in 5.0 cm deep furrows and kept open(P5). The seeds of cultivar ‘Sampada’ having 94 and 57% germination under laboratory and earthen pot conditions, respectively were used for these studies. The soil of experimental site was sandy loam in texture. As a result of the field experiment maximum germination percentage and plant stand (59%) was recorded in treatment combination I1P2. The next best treatment with respect of germination percent and plant stand was I2P1 where germination was recorded as 35%. Results of these studies suggest that opium poppy should be shown at 60% available soil moisture in 2.5 cm deep furrows and furrows should be covered with soil in order to obtain higher germination rates and plant stand under field condition.
S. P. Singh, S. Shukla, H. K. Yadav, and A. Chatterjee, “Genotype x Environmental Interaction in Relation to Stable Genotypes in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” INDIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING, vol. 65, no. 02, pp. 153–154, May 2005.https://www.isgpb.org/journal/index.php/IJGPB/article/view/1650.
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important medicinal crop of many pharmacopoeal uses [1]. The opium yield is very erratic to environmental changes/ seasonal variations during developmental stages. The stability of varieties over wide range of environment has always been emphasized by breeders as base before releasing an ideal variety for commercial cultivation [2]. In the present study, 22 pure selections obtained through different intraspecific hybridization followed by rigorous selections upto 8 years including BROP-1 as check, were evaluated in randomized block design with 3 replications during 1998-99 to 2000-2001 to find out the genotype x environmental interactions and to identify stable genotypes as variety and also for further use in breeding programme. The plot size was 2.4 m x 1.50 m with 6 rows 30 cm apart. The observation on 20 plants/replication was recorded for seed yield (g) and opium yield (mg). The morphine estimation was done for each treatment over 3 replications following Pride and Stern [3]. Stability analysis was carried out following Eberhart and Russel [4].
M. Singh, N. Chaturvedi, A. K. Shasany, and A. K. Shukla, “Impact of Promising Genotypes of Papaver Somniferum L. Developed for Beneficial Uses,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1036, pp. 29–41, May 2014.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1036.3.
Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) is a treasure medicinal plant known to produce therapeutically useful alkaloids like morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, etc. Its seeds have high nutritional value (oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids). Morphine, which is used as an indispensable analgesic, is in high demand. However, the narcotic nature of morphine and its easy illicit conversion into heroin has curtailed the free agriculture of P. somniferum and restricted the benefits that may accrue to the poppy farmers. Since the poppy alkaloids cannot be chemically synthesized in an economically viable manner, the plant remains the sole source of the biologically active alkaloids. Most of the licit morphine is chemically converted to codeine, which has a high pharmaceutical demand. In recent years, the trend is shifting towards thebaine and oripavine (which are precursors in the in planta morphine biosynthetic pathway) derived drugs as it is becoming increasingly difficult to control the narcotic usage of morphine. This has led to a global demand for poppy cultivars that are either (i) low in morphine but produce substantial amounts of thebaine, oripavine and codeine or (ii) are latex-less so that upon lancing the capsule do not exude latex (that contains morphine). Opium poppy crop is plagued by many devastating diseases (e.g. downy mildew). Therefore, there is a need to develop/identify disease-resistant genotypes. Significant efforts have been made globally to achieve these objectives and several speciality genotypes/cultivars of opium poppy are presently available. This paper discusses various aspects of the opium poppy crop including the present status and bottlenecks. It also highlights the future course of action to be taken for research on opium poppy.
M. Singh, N. Chaturvedi, A. K. Shasany, and A. K. Shukla, “IMPACT OF PROMISING GENOTYPES OF PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L. DEVELOPED FOR BENEFICIAL USES,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 1036, pp. 29–41, May 2014.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1036.3.
D. V. Singh, S. Prajapati, S. Bajpai, R. K. Verma, M. M. Gupta, and S. Kumar, “Simultaneous Determination of Important Alkaloids in Papaver Somniferum Using Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1757–1764, Jun. 2000.
doi: 10.1081/JLC-100100450.
A simple and rapid method for the quantitation of eight pharmacologically important drugs, morphine (1), codeine (2), oripavine (3), codeinone (4), reticuline (5), thebaine (6), papaverine (7), and narcotine (8), in Papaver somniferum samples by reversed phase liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection is described. The separation of these compounds was performed with acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (pH maintained to 3.8 using acetic acid) (20 : 80) using a Durasil C18 column with 10-μm particles (250 mm × 4.6 mm I.D.).
An experiment was conducted during 1995-96 to 1998-99 to evaluate 10 varieties for stability parameters for opium yield, seed yield and morphine content in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). The varieties showed significant differences for all the traits. Joint regression analysis indicated that both predictable and unpredictable components contributed significantly towards the difference in stability of genotypes. However, larger variation in regression coefficients revealed that genotypes had different degree of environmental response. Genotypes studied did not show uniform stability (s2 di) and response (linear) for all the characters. The genotypes ’NBRI 9’, ’NBRI 10’ and ’BROP 1’ were more stable and responsive than other over environment for all 3 traits. The mean performance was found associated with linear (S2 di) component with mean (X) and regression (bi) was noticed.
M. Skalıcky, V. Hejnak, J. Novak, A. Hejtmankova, and İ. Stranska, “Evaluation of Selected Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Cultivars: Industrial Aspect,” Turkish Journal Of Field Crops, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 189–196, Feb. 2014.
doi: 10.17557/tjfc.54263.
Fifty-six genotypes (usually cultivars) of various origins, from twelve countries, were analysed for morphine production and significant characteristics of the capsule. The Saaty’s method was used to analyse the aspect of morphine production and significant characteristics of the capsule, comparing those values representing significant indicators for that production and the content of morphine in poppy straw. This covered the relation to ideotype (‘ideotype cultivar’) of poppy, with 100% values in the monitored indicators. In the case of white-seed poppies, generally with a lower content of morphine, in three cultivars (´Pulawski bialy´, ´Bělosemenný´, ´Bulharský slepák bílý´) the value of the industrial indicator was determine over 50% and the content of morphine over 0.50% in the poppy straw. In the set of blue-seed cultivars with three production levels, four cultivars were found with values exceeding 80% of the industrial indicator and morphine in poppy straw over 0.90%. In the set of grey-seed cultivars, four production levels were identified based on the values of morphine and the industrial indicator, while the first two showed good values for production - at least 0.52% of morphine in poppy straw and 50% of the industrial indicator (for example ´Soproni tef´, ´Šarišský´)
P. Škarpa, T. Lošak, and R. Richter, “Effect of Magnesium Fertilisation with Soil Supplementation of Cadmium on the Yield and Qualitative Parameters of Poppy (Papaver Somniferum),” Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna, no. Vol. 14, nr 8, pp. 875–881, 2007.https://www.infona.pl//resource/bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BPG4-0033-0019.
The objective of the pot experiment was to discover the effect of magnesium applied in the form of magnesium nitrate together with soil supplementation of cadmium on the qualitative and quantitative parameters of poppy, variety Opal. During the vegetation (stage DC 41) Mg fertilisation had a positive effect on Mg and Ca concentrations in the plant. Mg application also had a synergic effect on N uptake and increased its content in the plant. In variants where Cd was supplemented its content in the plants considerably increased. With Mg fertilisation the yields of poppy seeds increased when compared with the unfertilised variants; both in the variant with a natural Cd content and variant where it was supplemented, ie by 3.6 % and 19.9 %, respectively. We compared the yields of variants not fertilised with magnesium and found that they increased statistically significantly (by 32.1 %) in the variant with a higher content of Cd. It was similar in variants where Mg was applied. We see that cadmium had a synergic effect enhancing a better utilisation of nutrients, which was reflected in higher seed yields. There were no statistical differences in the yields of poppy straw among the variants. As a result of Mg application the amount of morphine in poppy straw increased; that is both in variants with a natural and supplemented Cd content (by ca 5.4 % and ca 8.6 %, respectively). As expected, the content of Cd in poppy seed increased in variants where it was applied to the soil. Comparisons between variants not fertilised with magnesium and variants with a natural and increased content of Cd showed that the concentration of the heavy metal in seeds increased in the same way as in the plant matter, ie almost tenfold. Magnesium fertilisation reduced the content of cadmium particularly in variants where it was supplemented (by almost 50 %).
J. Slavík, L. Slavíková, and L. Dolejš, “Additional Alkaloids from Glaucium Squamigerum KAR. et KIR,” Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1318–1324, 1984.
doi: 10.1135/cccc19841318.
J. Slavík, L. Slavíková, and L. Dolejš, “Alkaloids from Papaver Albiflorum Subsp. Austromoravicum KUBÁT, P. Albiflorum PACZ. Subsp. Albiflorum and P. Lecoquii LAMOTTE,” Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 2587–2593, 1981.
doi: 10.1135/cccc19812587.
J. Slavík and L. Slavíková, “Alkaloids from Papaver Bracteatum LINDL.,” Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1216–1226, 1985.
doi: 10.1135/cccc19851216.
J. Slavík and L. Slavíková, “Alkaloids from Papaver Albiflorum PACZ. Subsp. Albiflorum and P. Cf. Stevenianum A. D. Mikheev,” Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 1812–1816, 1990.
doi: 10.1135/cccc19901812.
J. Slavík, “Occurence of Morphine as a Minor Alkaloid in Papaver Decaisnei Hochst.,” Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 2706–2709, 1980.
doi: 10.1135/cccc19802706.
G. Solanki et al., “Character Association and Path Coefficient Analysis for Seed Yield and Latex Yield in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 1116–1123, Aug. 2017.
doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.138.
The present investigation entitled “Variability and Path Analysis in Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)” was carried out using 20 genotypes including 3 checks. The genotypes were planted in randomized block design with three replications during Rabi- 2012-13 at Research Farm, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur. The observations were recorded on ten randomly selected plants for fourteen characters viz., peduncle length, plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of effective capsule per plant, diameter of main capsule, stem diameter, seed yield per plant, husk yield per plant, latex yield per plant, harvest index for seed yield, harvest index for latex yield, seed oil content, morphine content. Days to 50 per cent flowering taken on plot basis. The data so obtained were subjected to analysis of variance, estimation of different variability parameters and path coefficient analysis. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters suggesting sufficient amount of variability in the experimental material under study. High GCV coupled with high heritability and expected genetic gain of a character provides good selection advantage. There is a substantial scope for improvement of seed yield per plant, harvest index for latex yield and husk yield per plant. Selection for these characters would be effective in selection of suitable genotype for opium poppy improvement. Association study indicated that seed yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated at genotypic level with diameter of main capsule and latex yield per plant, whereas husk yield per plant showed positive significant correlation with seed yield per plant only at phenotypic level and latex yield per plant was also positively and significantly correlated at genotypic level with days to 50 per cent flowering and seed yield per plant. These associations indicated that improvement in seed yield and latex can be achieved by improving the above characters. Path coefficient analysis revealed that diameter of main capsule and days to 50 per cent flowering were the major components for seed yield per plant and latex yield per plant, respectively because these traits had maximum direct and indirect effect towards seed yield and latex yield. On the basis of present study the genotype UOP 20 (0.21 g/plant), UOP 78 (0.20 g/plant) UOP 80 (0.20 g/plant) and MPO 99 (0.20 g/plant) were found superior for latex yield and genotype UOP 68 (12.35%), UOP 80 (12.10%) and UOP 69 (12.04%) for morphine content. The genotype UOP 80 was found superior for both latex yield per plant and morphine content and this genotype can be further used in breeding programme.
H. Solås, O. E. Stabbetorp, and I. Nordal, “The Viability of a Plant ‘on the Edge’: Glaucium Flavum (Papaveraceae) in Norway,” Nordic Journal of Botany, vol. 24, pp. 433–444, Jul. 2010.
doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2004.tb02208.x.
The prospects for persistence of Glaucium flavum in Norway were evaluated by integrating data concerning spatio-temporal distribution, plant growth and development, reproduction, dispersal, seed bank and genetic variability. The distribution of Glaucium flavum in the Oslo Fjord region is much more restricted now than before. Out of the formerly recorded 35 populations, only eight populations were present in 1998, all in the outer parts of the fjord. The species is a short-lived iteroparous perennial in Norway. This growth habit gives high reproductive output from fertile individuals. G. flavum is self-compatible and can easily reproduce even in small populations. The ability to disperse long distances on water is limited. The observed seed bank will therefore enhance survival. No variation in isoenzymes was observed neither within nor among the G. flavum populations in the Oslo Fjord region. The species should be considered Endangered in Norway, according to the criteria given by IUCN.
\relax A. Somerville, “Notes on the British Distribution of Glaucium Flavum, Crantz, the Horned Poppy,” Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, vol. 22, no. 1-4, pp. 13–16, Jan. 1905.
doi: 10.1080/03746600509480328.
D. D. Songstad, K. L. Giles, J. Park, D. Novakovski, D. Epp, and L. Friesen, “Use of Nurse Cultures to Select for Papaver Somniferum Cell Lines Capable of Enhanced Sanguinarine Production,” Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 236–239, May 1990.
doi: 10.1016/S0176-1617(11)81672-X.
A nurse culture technique was used in which cell lines of Papaver somniferum capable of producing 12 % sanguinarine (dry weight basis) have been isolated. Cell aggregates composed of 4 to 16 cells were removed from suspension cultures and inoculated on a sterile cell support located on top of the actively growing callus. Approximately 25 % of the cultured aggregates developed into callus cultures, and nearly all of these were resuspended successfully. Up to a 30-fold range in the sanguinarine yields from these cell lines was observed, indicating that considerable cell variation was present in the cells of the original parental line. Evidence of aneuploidy was observed, which may explain this cellular variation. This report provides proof that aggregate selection is a valuable tool in increasing the yields of secondary metabolites in plant cell cultures.
This research was carried out at the experimental field of Field crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara in 1995. Phenelogical and morphological characters were determined in 28 lines that contained 0.78% morphine in capsule in the experiments in 1994. According to the results of these research, after emergency value of characters such as emergency period, stalk initiation time, budding period, flowering period, maturity period, plant heigth, stigma ray numbers, capsule number per plant, capsule index, seed yield per plant, capsule yield per plant, morphine rate in capsule, seed yield, capsule yield and morphine yield per decare were determined as 27-52 days, 42-66, 48- 72, 53-75, 96-116, 54.40-86.50 cm, 9.0-14.8, 1.0-3.3, 0.95-1.75, 1.87-4.72 g, 1.69- 4.24 g, 0.37-1.20%, 50.48-109.20 kg, 44.12-95.81 kg and 190-795 g respectively. The aim of this study was to determine seed and capsule yield of the poppy lines that contained morphine more than 0.78% in 1994 experiments. Thus these lines containing high seed and capsule yield will be prefered by the farmers and therefore, this research has importance in practise. Key Words: Poppy, Plant height, Number of capsule, Capsule index, Seed colour, Morphine rate, Number of rays on stigma. Vegetation period, Haziness, Seed yield, Capsule yield, Morphine yield.
T. Spitzer and J. Bílovský, “Management of Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Stand Height Using Growth Regulators,” Plant Protection Science, vol. 53 (2017), no. No. 1, pp. 55–60, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.17221/24/2016-PPS.
Tomáš Spitzer, Jan Bílovský
A. Srivastava et al., “Ageratum Enation Virus Infection Induces Programmed Cell Death and Alters Metabolite Biosynthesis in Papaver Somniferum,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 8, Jul. 2017.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01172.
A previously unknown disease which causes severe vein thickening and inward leaf curl was observed in a number of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) plants. The sequence analysis of full-length viral genome and associated betasatellite reveals the occurrence of Ageratum enation virus (AEV) and Ageratum leaf curl betasatellite (ALCB), respectively. Co-infiltration of cloned agroinfectious DNAs of AEV and ALCB induces the leaf curl and vein thickening symptoms as were observed naturally. Infectivity assay confirmed this complex as the cause of disease and also satisfied the Koch’s postulates. Comprehensive microscopic analysis of infiltrated plants reveals severe structural anomalies in leaf and stem tissues represented by unorganized cell architecture and vascular bundles. Moreover, the characteristic blebs and membranous vesicles formed due to the virus-induced disintegration of the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles were also present. An accelerated nuclear DNA fragmentation was observed by Comet assay and confirmed by TUNEL and Hoechst dye staining assays suggesting virus-induced programmed cell death. Virus-infection altered the biosynthesis of several important metabolites. The biosynthesis potential of morphine, thebaine, codeine, and papaverine alkaloids reduced significantly in infected plants except for noscapine whose biosynthesis was comparatively enhanced. The expression analysis of corresponding alkaloid pathway genes by real time-PCR corroborated well with the results of HPLC analysis for alkaloid perturbations. The changes in the metabolite and alkaloid contents affect the commercial value of the poppy plants.
N. K. Srivastava and S. Sharma, “Effect of Triacontanol on Photosynthesis, Alkaloid Content and Growth in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 65–71, Feb. 1990.
doi: 10.1007/BF00025280.
The influence of different foliar applications of Triacontanol (Tria.) on growth, CO2 exchange, capsule development and alkaloid accumulation in opium poppy was studied in glasshouse conditions. Plant height, capsule number and weight, morphine content, CO2 exchange rate, total chlorophyll and fresh and dry weight of the shoot were significantly maximum at 0.01 mg/l Tria. At the highest concentration (4 mg/l) total chlorophyll, CO2 exchange rate and plant height were significantly inhibited. Thebaine and codeine contents remained unaffected at all the concentrations. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu in shoots were maximum at .01 and Zn at 0.1 mg/l Tria. Increase in shoot weight, leaf area ratio and chlorophyll content were significantly correlated with morphine content.
R. K. Srivastava and J. R. Sharma, “Estimation of Genetic Variance and Allied Parameters through Biparental Mating in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1047–1052, 1987.
doi: 10.1071/ar9871047.
Genetic variances and allied genetic parameters were estimated for eight economic traits through biparental mating designs in two populations: (i) a local land race, and (ii) a segregating F2 population of Indian opium poppy. Estimates of additive variance were larger than the dominance variances (o2A > o2D) or environmental variance (+-R > n¦2) for the majority of the eight traits examined. Narrow sense heritability (h2NS) estimates were high (60-89%) for five traits, moderate (28.3%) for peduncle length and low (< 13%) for capsule index and morphine content in the local land race, and high (57-93%) for all the eight characters in the F2 population. Average degree of dominance in the local population leaned heavily towards overdominance (G > 1 .O) for six charcters (four in negative and two in positive directions) and towards partial dominance (G < 1.0) for the remaining two traits: latex yield and flowering time (both in negative direction). Accordingly, combination breeding for latex yield and flowering duration, (F1) hybrid breeding for seed yield, morphine content and capsule number and/or population breeding for other traits, were suggested for rapid genetic improvement of opium poppy.
A. Srivastava, S. Gupta, K. Shanker, N. Gupta, A. K. Gupta, and R. K. Lal, “Genetic Diversity in Indian Poppy (P. Somniferum L.) Germplasm Using Multivariate and SCoT Marker Analyses,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 144, p. 112050, Feb. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.112050.
The current study was undertaken to estimate the morphological and molecular diversity present among the 51 accessions of Indian opium poppy germplasm using Mahalanobis D2 and SCoT (Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism) marker analyses, respectively. A good range of morphological variations were observed among the accessions. The accessions were clumped into nine clusters and the morphological diversity recorded was 69%. Clusters VII and IX showed the maximum inter-cluster distance (117.97) whereas it was found to be minimum (21.53) in case of clusters II and III. The morphological trait, seed yield per capsule, contributed maximum (17.30%) towards the genetic divergence followed by thebaine content (14.56%) and papaverine content (14.06%). In contrast to the morphological diversity, genetic diversity at molecular level was found to be limited (33%), although successfully detected by utilizing DNA markers targeting coding regions of genome (SCoT markers). The outcome of the study has prospects in identification of lines with desirable traits to be utilized in future breeding programmes.
P. Straka and T. Nothnagel, “A Genetic Map of Papaver Somniferum L. Based on Molecular and Morphological Markers,” Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, vol. 9, no. 2-3, pp. 235–241, Sep. 2002.
doi: 10.1300/J044v09n02_a.
An F2 population obtained from a cross between a low-morphine poppy plant from our own selection line and a high-morphine plant from the Hungarian poppy variety ‘Cosmos’ was investigated. The segregation of six morphological traits was detected during the vegetative phase of plant development as well as on harvested capsules; 125 molecular markers were detected, 77 as AFLP and 48 as RAPD markers. A total of 87 marker loci (66% of the total number) were placed in 16 linkage groups, which is five more than the haploid chromosome number of opium poppy (n = 11). Linkage analysis and map construction were performed by MAPMAKER 3.0. Eleven major linkage groups contained 4–12 loci whereas five minor groups comprised 2–3 loci. Only one morphological marker (ns) could be linked so far.
I. Stranska, M. Skalicky, J. Novak, E. Matyasova, and V. Hejnak, “Analysis of Selected Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Cultivars: Pharmaceutically Important Alkaloids,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 41, pp. 120–126, Jan. 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.04.018.
The content of pharmaceutically important alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine and narcotine) was analysed in the empty poppy capsules (poppy straw) of fifteen selected cultivars of Papaver somniferum. By applying the cluster analysis and k-means methods, four clusters representing the sets of cultivars with a defined level of production of the selected alkaloids were determined, based on their similarities. The content of individual minor alkaloids, which was obtained was relatively low (0.00–0.17%) and in some cases negligible, defined by the dominant representation of morphine in the alkaloid spectrum of all selected cultivars. In addition to the high-morphine cultivar ‘Buddha’ (mean 1.64%), there was a middle content (mean 0.79%) or low content (mean 0.61%) of morphine in the cultivars included in clusters 2 and 3 (average of 3 consecutive years 2007, 2008 and 2009). A relatively high content of morphine was detected in cultivar ‘Böhmův bělosemenný’ (mean 0.91%), although it is usually published that white-seed cultivars contain less morphine and other alkaloids, compared to blue-seed or grey-seed cultivars. Low content of morphine (mean 0.48% resp. 0.44%) by relatively high content of narcotine (mean 0.11% resp. 0.15%) was obtained in poppy cultivars ‘Danneborg’ and ‘Tatarstan’. Also, surprisingly the highest papaverine content (mean 0.07%) was detected in the cultivar ‘Sušický červenosemenný’ with the lowest content of morphine (mean 0.34%).
K. Subrahmanyam, R. K. Verma, A. A. Naqvi, and D. V. Singh, “Effect of Forms of Sulphur on Yield and Quality of Seed, Oil and Alkaloids of Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 306, pp. 431–435, May 1992.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.306.57.
* Susanne Frick, † Robert Kramell, † Jürgen Schmidt, ‡ and Anthony J. Fist, and T. M. Kutchan†, “Comparative Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Alkaloids in Narcotic and Condiment Papaver Somniferum Cultivars,” ACS Publications. American Chemical Society, Apr-2005.
doi: 10.1021/np0496643.
In the present study morphinan, tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline, benzo[c]phenanthridine, and phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids were determined qualitatively and quantitatively by HPLC and LC-MS analysis in tissues of the Tasmanian Papaver somniferum L. elite cultivar C048-6-14-64. The data were compared with the results from the low-morphine cultivar “Marianne”. In the elite cultivar, 91.2% of the latex alkaloids consist of the three pharmaceutically most valuable alkaloids:\,morphine, codeine, and thebaine. In the root system, the major alkaloids are sanguinarine/10-hydroxysanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine/10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine. In the stems and leaves of C048-6-14-64, the same alkaloids were measured as in the latex. In the stems, a gradient in relative total alkaloid content from the top downward toward the roots was observed. The concentration of morphine was decreasing toward the roots, whereas an increasing gradient from the upper to the lower stem parts was detected for codeine. The relative total alkaloid concentration in leaves remained constant; no gradient was observed. The cultivar “Marianne” displayed a shifted pattern of alkaloid accumulation and reduced levels of total alkaloid. In the condiment cultivar, 80.5% of the alkaloids of the latex consisted of the two phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids narcotoline and noscapine. Only 18.8% of the relative total alkaloid content were morphinan alkaloids. In contrast to the narcotic cultivar, in which the benzo[c]phenanthridines in roots dominated over the morphinan and tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, the concentration of benzo[c]phenanthridines in “Marianne” was similar to that of morphinan and tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. These data suggest a differential alkaloid regulation in each cultivar of P. somniferum.
D. Sutay Kocabaş, M. Köle, and S. Yağcı, “Development and Optimization of Hemicellulose Extraction Bioprocess from Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Stalks Assisted by Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) Pretreatment,” Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, vol. 29, p. 101793, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101793.
Global efforts are being made to replace petroleum-based products with renewable biomass-based products through sustainable processes. Currently, hemicelluloses are of great interest in the framework of the biorefinery approach. This work is aimed to develop a hemicellulose extraction process by combining instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) and alkaline extraction methods and to optimize the process conditions. Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) waste stalks are selected as the model lignocellulosic biomass. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the effects of DIC process variables with a significant influence on hemicellulose yield including; saturated steam pressure (2–5 bar), processing time (60–540 s) and moisture content (7–85%). Alkaline extraction process conditions covering alkaline (KOH) concentration (5–25%), extraction time (1–7 h) and precipitant volume (25–125 ml) were optimized to maximize the extraction yield and the sustainability of the process. Optimum process conditions were determined as 5 bar saturated steam pressure, 540 s processing time, 7% moisture content for DIC and 22.17% KOH, 7 h extraction time, 53.28 ml precipitant volume for alkaline extraction. Under the verified optimum conditions, 26.23 ± 0.04% hemicellulose extraction yield was reached. As a result, hemicellulose yield was increased by 49.7% with the co-current saving in the amount of KOH and the precipitant solution used, and shortening of the processing time. The destructive effect of DIC on the stalks was demonstrated by SEM analysis.
P. L. Swarankar and S. P. Bohra, “Regeneration of Shoot Buds from Callus Cultures of Papaver Somniferum,” Current Science, vol. 58, no. 24, pp. 1382–1384, 1989.https://www.jstor.org/stable/24094708.
B. Szabó, Á. Lakatos, T. Kőszegi, and L. Botz, “Investigation of Abiogenic Stress-Induced Alterations in the Level of Secondary Metabolites in Poppy Plants ( Papaver Somniferum L.),” Acta Biologica Hungarica, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 425–438, Dec. 2008.
doi: 10.1556/abiol.59.2008.4.4.
We aimed to understand the effects of water stress on the alkaloid production in various developmental stages of poppy plants and the effect of stress on the alkaloids content in the capsules. Three stages of the life cycle of Papaver somniferum L. were selected in our studies: Rosette, Flowering and Lancing developmental stages. Four types of water conditions were examined: Control, Withdrawal of Water, 50% Water Supply and Inundation.The morphological monitoring, results of Relative Water Content and proline content were used as indicators of stress. The result of the measurements in poppy leaves show that the secondary metabolites dramatically respond to these stress conditions. The constant water supply was beneficial for the accumulation of alkaloids in the capsules.
B. Szabó, Á. Lakatos, T. Kõszegi, G. Kátay, and L. Botz, “Thin-Layer Chromatography-Densitometry and Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Alkaloids in Leaves of Papaver Somniferum Under Stress Conditions,” Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 1571–1578, Sep. 2005.
doi: 10.1093/jaoac/88.5.1571.
The effect of stress conditions on the concentrations of secondary metabolites were examined during various developmental stages of Papaver somniferum plants. P. somniferum plants were grown in laboratory conditions (Budakalász). The experiment consisted of 22 treatments. Significantly different alkaloid contents can be observed under different stress conditions. In general, the alkaloid contents of plants are very low; therefore, a highly sensitive and reliable method has to be developed for analysis. The amount of alkaloids was measured by 2 separation and detection techniques. Accuracy of the thin-layer chromatography method for quantitative analysis is limited. Without purification of samples the background is too noisy. Column liquid chromatography is a sensitive and relatively inexpensive method that allows precise quantitative determination of the alkaloid content.
Z. Szucs, B. Szabady, M. Szatmáry, G. Cimpan, and \relax S. Nyiredy, “High-Throughput Analytical Strategy with Combined Planar and Column Liquid Chromatography for Improvement of the Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) with a High Alkaloid Content,” Chromatographia, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. S49–S54, Jan. 2002.
doi: 10.1007/BF02494112.
Poppy capsules with a high alkaloid content are of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry, because approximately 35 000 tons of straw (capsule with short stem), 350 tons of straw concentrate, and 1000 tons of opium are used annually for extraction of morphinane alkaloids.
Z. Tavakkoli and M. Assadi, “Evaluation of Seed and Leaf Epidermis Characters in the Taxonomy of Some Annual Species of the Genus Papaver (Papaveraceae),” Nordic Journal of Botany, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 302–321, 2016.
doi: 10.1111/njb.00833.
To get a better understanding of their taxonomic importance, we examined morphological, leaf epidermal and seed micromorphological characters of 19 taxa of annual Papaver L. belonging to the sections Papaver, Carinatae Fedde and Rhoeadium Spach. Among the studied taxa, the pattern of the coat of the seed testa cells and seed epidermal cell showed large variation. The granulate type of testa sculpturing was most common, but other types were represented by one or two species. In contrast, most of the taxa have broadly similar leaf epidermal characteristics. We conclude that variation in seed characters are significant for the taxonomy at the specific and generic levels, whereas leaf epidermis morphology, with few exceptions, is mostly only useful for separation of taxa within species. Based on the results, P. lacerum Popov is regarded as a synonym of P. commutatum Fisch. & C. A. Mey, while P. piptostigma Bienert ex Fedde, P. halophilum (Fedde) Cullen and P. tubuliferum Fedde are regarded as synonyms of P. macrostomum Boiss. et Huet ex Boiss. var. macrostomum. Further, Papaver gaubae Cullen & Rech. f. and P. bipinnatum C. A. Mey. are included into the synonymy list of P. glaucum Boiss. et Hausskn. and P. arenarium M.-Bieb., respectively. In contrast, Papaver chelidoniifolium Fisch. & C. A. Mey. var. pinnatum Tavakkoli & Assadi from Gilan province is described as a new variety, and P. rhoeas L. var. strigosum Boenn. and var. glabrum Fedde and P. commutatum subsp. euxinum Kadereit are introduced as new records to Iran. The evolutionary and phylogenetic implications of the observed variation in seed characteristics are also discussed.
Z. Tavakkoli and M. Assadi, “Micro-Morphological Characteristics of Seed and Ovary Trichomes of Iranian Glaucium Mill. Species (Papaveraceae) and Their Taxonomic Importance,” Nordic Journal of Botany, vol. 37, no. 12, 2019.
doi: 10.1111/njb.02593.
Seeds and trichomes of 15 taxa of the genus Glaucium distributed in Iran were examined by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The seeds are slightly shiny to rather shiny, however, strongly shiny seeds were also observed in some species (G. corniculatum and G. grandiflorum). The basic shape of the seeds is semicircular to reniform, but reniform and elongated reniform seeds were found in G. oxylobum and G. elegans, respectively. The sculpturing of the testa surface are verrucate–rugulate (most frequent type), verrucate–granulate, verrucate–perforate, verrucate–lineolate, rugulate–granulate, rugulate and ocellate. Elongated polygonal epidermal cells dominate in most taxa investigated, but there are polygonal and irregular polygonal cells in a few taxa. The investigated species have two types of trichomes on the ovary: tuberculate and non-tuberculate. The non-tuberculate trichomes are of two subtypes: pilose and squamiform. Based on the number of cells, the squamiform trichomes were further divided into two groups (uniseriate and multiseriate) differing in shape, size and cellular structure. The results show that the micro-morphological characteristics of seed and ovary trichomes provide useful and significant information for separation of species and taxa within species and a diagnostic key to the taxa is provided.
M. G. Temple-Smith, D. N. Wright, J. C. Laughlin, and B. J. Hoare, “Field Response of Poppies (Papaver Somniferum L.) to Lime Application on Acid Krasnozems in Tasmania,” The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 485–492, Apr. 1983.
doi: 10.1017/S0021859600033657.
In two field experiments, ground limestone (2·5–20 t/ha), dolomite (4·25 t/ha) and gypsum (3·75 t/ha) were applied to acid krasnozems (Forthside, pH 5·6 and Elliott, pH 5·1), and poppy capsule and morphine yields, leaf nutrient contents and soil chemical properties were measured.Capsule and morphine yield increased more than two-fold at Forthside as the pH in the surface soil (0–150 mm) increased from 5·6 to 6·1, and by 30-fold at Elliott where the pH increased from 5·1 to 6·0. Capsule morphine concentration was depressed by high rates of ground limestone at both sites but maximum morphine yields of 15·7 kg/ha at Forthside and 11·3 kg/ha at Elliott occurred at the highest rate of ground limestone. Gypsum did not increase yield at Elliott, but at Forthside the gypsum and ground limestone treatment of equivalent calcium content increased yields to the same extent.The lowest yields at each site were associated with calcium concentration in the leaves at flowering of less than 1% and marginal or high amounts of extractable soil Al at Forthside and Elliott respectively. Concentrations of Ca, P and Mo in leaves were increased by lime applications but leaf concentrations of N, P, Mn, B and Mo on low yielding plots were considered to be in the normal range.Poppy yield responses to liming were attributed primarily to alleviation of aluminium toxicity but the effects on yield of reductions in soluble Al and increases in available Ca were confounded by application of ground limestone.
M. G. Temple‐Smith and T. B. Koen, “Comparative Response of Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) and Eight Crop and Vegetable Species to Manganese Excess in Solution Culture,” Journal of Plant Nutrition, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1153–1169, Jan. 1982.
doi: 10.1080/01904168209363048.
The relative response of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and eight crop and vegetable species to excess manganese was investigated in a glasshouse, solution culture experiment. Plant yields and manganese concentrations were measured after two and six weeks growth at five levels of manganese (10–800 μM). Poppies were highly sensitive to manganese toxicity in solution culture and reductions in shoot yield occurred at lower manganese levels in solution and at lower shoot manganese concentrations than that for the following sensitive species, ranked in order of increasing tolerance : brussels sprout, barley, green beans, lucerne and grean pea. In contrast lupins, oats and sugar beet were relatively tolerant producing about 80% or more of maximum shoot yield at the highest solution manganese level (800 μM Mn). In this study the sensitivity of poppy, and brussels sprout, to manganese excess was attributed to their low shoot manganese “toxicity threshold values”; and their capacity to partition a high proportion of total plant manganese and dry matter to the shoot at solution manganese levels ≥ 100 μM. The application of these results to field grown poppy is discussed in relation to interactions between manganese and other elements which modify plant tolerance to manganese excess.
C. A. Thanos, K. Georghiou, and F. Skarou, “Glaucium Flavum Seed Germination - an Ecophysiological Approach,” Annals of Botany, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 121–130, Jan. 1989.
doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087714.
The yellow horned-poppy Glaucium jiavum Crantz shows a final dark germination which is of characteristically ’mediterranean’ type (maximal responseat the temperature range 5-15 °C), though a .
C. A. Thanos, K. Georghiou, D. J. Douma, and C. J. Marangaki, “Photoinhibition of Seed Germination in Mediterranean Maritime Plants,” Annals of Botany, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 469–475, Nov. 1991.
doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088280.
H. G. Theuns, H. L. Theuns, and R. J. J. C. Lousberg, “Search for New Natural Sources of Morphinans,” Economic Botany, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 485–497, Oct. 1986.
doi: 10.1007/BF02859662.
Codeine, medically the most widely used opiate, is mostly derived from morphine, isolated from opium and poppy straw (Papaver somniferum, opium poppy). Morphine, however, is greatly misused by illegal conversion into its diacetyl-derivative: heroin. The discovery of an efficient alternative medicine or a source for codeine other than opium poppy may contribute to a curtailment of the heroin market. No major adverse properties should be present in such a new medicine or codeine source. In this paper the search for the latter is discussed with regards to the natural occurrence of morphinan derivatives and the biosynthetic pathways in available plants. Economic and social problems connected with the introduction of a new biological source for opiates are reviewed.
M. Tin-Wa, F. A. Crane, R. Baines, and N. R. Farnsworth, “Germination and Morphine Content of Papaver Somniferum Plants Produced from Commercially Available Poppy Seed,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 2024–2025, Dec. 1975.
doi: 10.1002/jps.2600641233.
R. Tittarelli et al., “Forensic Application of Genetic and Toxicological Analyses for the Identification and Characterization of the Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Biology, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 672, May 2022.
doi: 10.3390/biology11050672.
Background: A reliable and science-based taxonomic determination of Papaver somniferum L. (opium poppy), the illegal species of the genus Papaver, may have practical and legal implications for law enforcement. P. somniferum is a controlled plant because of its narcotic substances, such as morphine and codeine. As poppy plants have rather similar morphological features, both chemical and genetic analysis are required in order to achieve an accurate characterization of such species. The chemical structures of alkaloids are extremely variable even within the same species, which is why the genetic approach may lead to a more scientific Papaver sp. differentiation. The aim of our study was the taxonomic identification of poppy capsules seized by the Italian Police Forces being considered as potential P. somniferum derivatives. Methods: The alkaloids detected using gas chromatography/mass-spectrometry (GC/MS) were morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, meconin, hydrocotarnine, and traces of papaverine. Further genetic analysis was carried out simultaneously using three plastid DNA barcoding regions (matK, trnH-psbA, and rbcL) for the samples’ identification. Results: The Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method showed that the analysed samples were genetically identical. Conclusions: The morphological, toxicological, and genetic profile of the samples revealed that they belonged to P. somniferum species. Furthermore, the alkaloid content of dried poppy capsules might be used to investigate and track their origin.
S. S. Tomar, K. B. Nigam, R. S. Pachori, and L. S. Kahar, “Critical Irrigation Stages in Unlanced Poppy for Seed Yield.,” Current Research - University of Agricultural Sciences (Bangalore), vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 77–78, 1990.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19920312055.
Papaver somniferum cv. Jawahar Aphim-16 was sown on 19 Nov. 1988 at 6 kg/ha at an inter-row spacing of 30 cm. Plants were thinned to leave 32 plants/m2. NPK at 50:25:20 kg/ha was applied as a basal application. A top dressing of 50 kg N/ha was applied 40 days after sowing. Six moisture stress treatments were created by withholding irrigation at various physiological stages of growth: rosette...
T. Tscheulin, T. Petanidou, S. G. Potts, and J. Settele, “The Impact of Solanum Elaeagnifolium, an Invasive Plant in the Mediterranean, on the Flower Visitation and Seed Set of the Native Co-Flowering Species Glaucium Flavum,” Plant Ecology, vol. 205, no. 1, pp. 77–85, Nov. 2009.
doi: 10.1007/s11258-009-9599-y.
We examined the effect of the invasive Solanum elaeagnifolium (Solanaceae) on flower visitation patterns and seed set of the co-flowering native Glaucium flavum (Papaveraceae). We observed flowering G. flavum plants in invaded and uninvaded sites and found that G. flavum flowers in uninvaded sites received significantly more total visits. In addition, we hand-pollinated flowers on plants of G. flavum with (i) pure conspecific pollen, (ii) pure S. elaeagnifolium pollen and (iii) three different mixtures of the two types of pollen (containing 25, 50 and 75% invasive pollen). As a control, flowers were left unmanipulated or were permanently bagged. Seed set did not differ significantly between flowers receiving pollen mixtures and pure conspecific pollen. However, in the open pollination treatment, seed set was significantly lower than in the 100% conspecific pollen treatment, which suggests pollen limitation. Bagged flowers had very low seed set. G. flavum was generally resilient against the deposition of S. elaeagnifolium pollen.
T. Tscheulin and T. Petanidou, “The Presence of the Invasive Plant Solanum Elaeagnifolium Deters Honeybees and Increases Pollen Limitation in the Native Co-Flowering Species Glaucium Flavum,” Biological Invasions, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 385–393, Feb. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s10530-012-0293-y.
Invasive plants can impact biodiversity and ecosystem functioning by displacing native plants and crop species due to competition for space, nutrients, water and light. The presence of co-flowering invasives has also been shown to affect some native plants through the reduction in pollinator visitation or through the deposition of heterospecific pollen on the native’s stigmas leading to stigma clogging. We examined the impact of the invasive plant Solanum elaeagnifolium Cavanilles (silver-leafed nightshade), native to South and Central America and South-western parts of North America, on the seed set of the native Glaucium flavum Crantz (yellow-horned poppy) on Lesvos Island, Greece. To do this we measured seed set and visitation rates to G. flavum before and after the placement of potted individuals of the invasive near the native plants. In addition, we hand-crossed G. flavum flowers with super-optimal amounts of conspecific pollen, bagged flowers to measure the rate of spontaneous selfing, and applied self-pollen to measure self-compatibility of G. flavum. The hand-selfing treatment resulted in very low seed set, which indicates that G. flavum is to a large degree self-incompatible and highlights the plant’s need for insect-mediated outcrossing. We show that the presence of the invasive significantly enhanced pollen limitation, although the overall visitation rates were not reduced and that this increase is due to a reduction in honeybee visitation in the presence of the invasive resulting in reduced pollination.
W. B. Turrill, “A Study of Variation in Glaucium Flavum,” Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), vol. 1933, no. 4, pp. 174–184, 1933.
doi: 10.2307/4114340.
Ç. Ünsal, G. Sarıyar, A. Mat, E. Oktayoğlu, and N. Özhatay, “Distribution of Alkaloids in the Samples of Papaver Dubium Subsp. Lecoqii Var. Lecoqii from Turkey: A Potential Source for Thebaine,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 170–173, Feb. 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2005.08.008.
N. Valizadeh, N. Arslan, and K. M. Khawar, “Heterosis and Heterobeltiosis Studies on Yield and Yield Components of Some Turkish Poppy Hybrids (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 6, pp. 41–51, Sep. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2017.01.004.
Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is highly strategic and sensitive economic crop. A set of 7 potential poppy parent lines and cultivars along with their 42 reciprocal hybrids was made to collect information on extent of heterosis and heterobeltiosis for selection of better parents for capsules, seeds, morphine and total alkaloids yield. The study was carried out during 2012–13 and 2013–14 growing seasons. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis values of capsule yield varied between −19.59% to 94.87% and −28.84% to 87.71%, seed yield varied between −14.75% to 83.61% and −21.21% to 78.67%, morphine yield varied between −26.87% to 174.35% and −32.68% to 137.70% total alkaloid yield ranged −23.92% to 160.50% and −32.46% to 145.67% respectively. It was noted that TMOT×Ofis-8 and TMOTד2010” were the best hybrids in terms of capsule, seed, morphine and total alkaloid yield. Whereas, the maximum heterotic depression for capsules, seeds, morphine and alkaloid yield was noted for N-442×TMOT hybrids. The study showed good scope for commercial exploitation of heterosis and isolation of pure lines among progenies of heterotic F1 hybrids. Thus, taking an overview of the results of this study it can be suggested that, future studies should focus on TMOT, Ofis-8, “2010” and N 442 cultivars for breeding new high and low morphine cultivars in hybridization programs profitably.
J. Vašek et al., “New EST-SSR Markers for Individual Genotyping of Opium Poppy Cultivars (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Plants, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 10, Jan. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/plants9010010.
High-quality simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are invaluable tools for revealing genetic variability which could be utilized for many purposes, such as breeding new varieties or the identifying current ones, among other applications. Based on the analysis of 3.7 million EST sequences and 15 genomic sequences from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries, 200 trinucleotide genic (EST)-SSR and three genomic (gSSR) markers were tested, where 17 of them fulfilled all criteria for quality markers. Moreover, the reproducibility of these new markers was verified by two genetics laboratories, with a mean error rate per allele and per locus equal to 0.17%. These markers were tested on 38 accessions of Papaver somniferum and nine accessions of another five species of the Papaver and Argemone genera. In total, 118 alleles were detected for all accessions (median = 7; three to ten alleles per locus) and 88 alleles (median = 5; three to nine alleles per locus) within P. somniferum alone. Multivariate methods and identity analysis revealed high resolution capabilities of the new markers, where all but three pair accessions (41 out of 47) had a unique profile and opium poppy was distinguished from other species.
N. Verma, S. N. Jena, S. Shukla, and K. Yadav, “Genetic Diversity, Population Structure and Marker Trait Associations for Alkaloid Content and Licit Opium Yield in India-Wide Collection of Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Plant Gene, vol. 7, pp. 26–41, Sep. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.plgene.2016.08.001.
The importance of alkaloids of opium poppy is increasing constantly worldwide to fulfill the demand of pharmaceutical industries. India is one of the countries to produce gum opium and contain many potential genotypes to attend the recent demand of alkaloids. So, for proper utilization of the available potential genotypes, the present investigation was carried out to study the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation along with marker-trait association based on quantitative traits as well as AFLP marker in a large number of germplasm lines of opium poppy which were collected from different parts of India. Various genetic parameters and correlation among different traits were also worked out to find out the particular traits enhancing yield potential. Eight AFLP primer pairs were deployed that generated 140 polymorphic bands with fragment ranging in size from 50 to 498bp in size. The maximum gene diversity was found in the germplasm lines of UP. Most of the variability (96%) was partitioned into within populations implying that collection strategies for conservation should focus on a few populations with many individuals across the ecological amplitude of the population. Genetic differentiation was FST=0.0413, that implies more or less complete panmixis. The morphine was found associated with seven AFLP loci, such as E-AAG/M-CAG_76, E-AAC/M-CAG_102, E-ACT/M-CTA_181, E-ACG/M-CTC_167, E-ACG/M-CTC_176, E-ACG/M-CTC_194, and E-ACG/M-CTC_102 which showed stability by both models (GLM, MLM) of analysis while three markers (E-ACT/M-CAA_53,E-ACT/M-CAA_243,E-AGG/M-CTG_241) for codeine, four markers (E-ACT/M-CAA_193,E-AAC/M-CAG_151, E-AAC/M-CAG_91, and E-AGC/M-CTA_75) for thebaine, six for narcotine (E-ACT/M-CAA_85, E-AGG/M-CTG_75, E-AAC/M-CAG_116, E-ACT/M-CTA_122, E-ACT/M-CTA_182, and E-ACT/M-CTA_209), two markers (E-AAG/M-CAG_303, and E-AAC/M-CAG_210) for papaverine and five markers (E-ACT/M-CAA_76, E-AAG/M-CAG_122, E-AAG/M-CAG_245, E-AGG/M-CTG_84, and E-AGG/M-CTG_219) for opium yield were found associated (P<0.05). This is first report on population genetic structure and differentiation in India-wide collection of opium poppy. Based on both marker analysis, the germplasm lines BR296, BR061, BR059 and BR282 were identified utmost diverse for developing mapping populations to carry out linkage/QTL mapping of opioids in poppy. Simultaneously, these lines can also be used in multi-parent breeding program to develop new variety with targeted multi-traits. The associated AFLP markers for various alkaloids open the new avenues for alkaloid improvement breeding program with MAS, genome-wide association and QTL analysis.
F. Věžník, I. A. Israilov, E. Táborská, and J. Slavík, “On Alkaloids of Three Papaver Species from the Section Scapiflora REICHB.,” Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 1745–1752, 1985.
doi: 10.1135/cccc19851745.
M. Waksmundzka-Hajnos, “Modern High Performance Liquid Chromatography in the Analysis of Phytochemicals,” Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 1–3, Jan. 2011.
doi: 10.1093/jaoac/94.1.1.
Phytochemical analysis is a very important field of phytochemistry that determines the quantitative and qualitative composition of plant material. The main significance of the analysis is to show the presence of plant metabolites in herbs that are responsible for their pharmacological and/or nutritive values.
C. A. Walmsley and A. J. Davy, “Germination Characteristics of Shingle Beach Species, Effects of Seed Ageing and Their Implications for Vegetation Restoration,” Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 131–142, 1997.
doi: 10.2307/2404854.
1. Restoration of coastal-shingle vegetation at Sizewell, Suffolk, UK, after construction of a power station, was underpinned by an investigation into the germination ecology of six key species: Crambe maritima, Eryngium maritimum, Glaucium flavum, Honckenya peploides, Lathyrus japonicus and Rumex crispus. The use of indigenous seed, collected from the site before the 6-year construction project, necessitated longterm storage. The effects of seed ageing on viability and germination responses to temperature, light and salinity were examined to determine how any reduction in germination might be mitigated. 2. Innate seed dormancy was important in all species, except R. crispus. C. maritima and L. japonicus showed hard-seed dormancy. Stratification of E. maritimum, G. flavum and H. peploides effectively softened the pericarp or testa, and satisfied their varying requirements for low temperature to overcome physiological dormancy. 3. All species germinated well in diurnally alternating temperature regimes. Germination of H. peploides was promoted by light, but the other species were insensitive to light. Increasing salinity progressively reduced germination rate relative to that in distilled water, and sea water at concentrations of 50% or more completely inhibited germination. 4. Seed storage at low temperature and humidity for 7 years did not affect innate dormancy, except in H. peploides, where the requirement for stratification was lost. Storage reduced germination rate in all species, except R. crispus. Ageing resulted in considerably less germination at higher temperatures in some species. Salinity-enforced dormancy was significantly greater in aged seed for four of the species. The promotion of germination by light in H. peploides disappeared with age. These changes represented a narrowing of the environmental conditions that allow germination, even when viability only declined slightly. 5. Innate dormancy among shingle species and the use of stored seed, with high viability, but stringent germination requirements, are likely to result in poor and erratic germination. The use of appropriate pretreatments to overcome dormancy and optimal conditions for germination should allow the efficient use of seed for plant production in restoration projects.
C. A. Walmsley and A. J. Davy, “The Restoration of Coastal Shingle Vegetation: Effects of Substrate Composition on the Establishment of Seedlings,” Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 143–153, 1997.
doi: 10.2307/2404855.
1. Shingle beach vegetation at Sizewell, Suffolk, UK, was extensively damaged by the construction of a power station. We investigated the feasibility of restoring the vegetation by directly sowing seeds of species important in the existing plant communities, in field and glasshouse experiments. The species sown were: Crambe maritima, Eryngium maritimum, Glaucium flavum, Lathyrus japonicus and Rumex crispus. 2. The field experiment examined the effects of proximity to the sea, composition of the beach substrate, and its amendment with organic matter on seedling emergence and establishment. There was little emergence of seedlings during the first season and most occurred in the following spring, between February and April; G. flavum emergence was nearly confined to this period. A low percentage of the viable seeds of all five species had emerged even after two seasons. Greatest emergence was in the monocarpic G. flavum, whereas the relatively long-lived perennials showed lower emergence and slower growth. Only G. flavum produced reproductive plants, in the second year. 3. Seedling emergence was greater in organic matter treated plots for all species and most emerged better from sandy plots than shingle dominated plots. Although G. flavum emergence was greater in sandy plots, seedling survivorship and growth were much greater in shingle plots; mortality showed evidence of density dependence. 4. A glasshouse experiment examined the effects of sowing density and substrate texture on the survival of G. flavum. On shingle, survival was negatively density-dependent, but the much lower survival on sand was density-independent. Consequently, the higher mortality on sandy field plots was probably directly associated with substrate effects. 5. Direct sowing of seeds on the beach cannot be recommended as a general technique for the restoration of shingle beach vegetation, except for annual or monocarpic species. Amendment with organic matter provided little benefit that could not have been achieved more simply by the addition of beach sand to the coarsest shingle substrates.
G. M. Walter, S. Catara, J. R. Bridle, and A. Cristaudo, “Population Variation in Early Development Can Determine Ecological Resilience in Response to Environmental Change,” New Phytologist, vol. 226, no. 5, pp. 1312–1324, 2020.
doi: 10.1111/nph.16453.
As climate change transforms seasonal patterns of temperature and precipitation, germination success at marginal temperatures will become critical for the long-term persistence of many plant species and communities. If populations vary in their environmental sensitivity to marginal temperatures across a species’ geographical range, populations that respond better to future environmental extremes are likely to be critical for maintaining ecological resilience of the species. Using seeds from two to six populations for each of nine species of Mediterranean plants, we characterized patterns of among-population variation in environmental sensitivity by quantifying genotype-by-environment interactions (G × E) for germination success at temperature extremes, and under two light regimes representing conditions below and above the soil surface. For eight of nine species tested at hot and cold marginal temperatures, we observed substantial among-population variation in environmental sensitivity for germination success, and this often depended on the light treatment. Importantly, different populations often performed best at different environmental extremes. Our results demonstrate that ongoing changes in temperature regime will affect the phenology, fitness, and demography of different populations within the same species differently. We show that quantifying patterns of G × E for multiple populations, and understanding how such patterns arise, can test mechanisms that promote ecological resilience.
\relax Z. H. O. N. G. C. H. U. N. Wang, M. A. R. Y. C. Acock, and \relax B. A. S. I. L. Acock, “Phases of Development to Flowering in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferumL.) under Various Temperatures,” Annals of Botany, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 547–552, Oct. 1997.
doi: 10.1006/anbo.1997.0490.
Development up to flowering in opium poppy (Papaver somniferumL.) has been divided into four phases from emergence to anthesis which mark changes in its sensitivity to photoperiod: a photoperiod-insensitive juvenile phase (JP), a photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase (PSP), a photoperiod-sensitive post-inductive phase (PSPP) and a photoperiod-insensitive post-inductive phase (PIPP). To predict flowering time under field conditions, it is essential to know how these phases are affected by temperature. Plants were grown in artificially-lit growth chambers and received three different temperature treatments: 15/10, 20/15 and 25/20 °C in a 12 h thermoperiod. Plants were transferred within each temperature regime from a non-inductive 9 h to an inductive 16 h photoperiod orvice versaat 1–4 d intervals to determine the durations of the four phases. Temperature did not affect the duration of the first two phases (i.e. JP lasted 3–4 d and PSP required 4–5 d). The most significant effect of temperature was on the duration of PSPP which was 28, 20 and 17 d at 15/10, 20/15 and 25/20 °C, respectively. The temperature effect on PIPP was small (maximum difference of 3 d between treatments) and the data too variable to indicate a significant trend. Our results indicate that PSPP is the only phase that clearly exhibits sensitivity to temperature.
\relax Z. H. O. N. G. C. H. U. N. Wang, M. A. R. Y. C. Acock, and \relax B. A. S. I. L. Acock, “Photoperiod Sensitivity during Flower Development of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferumL.),” Annals of Botany, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 129–132, Feb. 1997.
doi: 10.1006/anbo.1996.0319.
Photoperiod is a major factor in flower development of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferumL. ‘album DC’) which is a long-day plant. Predicting time to flower in field-grown opium poppy requires knowledge of which stages of growth are sensitive to photoperiod and how the rate of flower development is influenced by photoperiod. The objective of this work was to determine when poppy plants first become sensitive to photoperiod and how long photoperiod continues to influence the time to first flower under consistent temperature conditions. Plants were grown in artificially-lit growth chambers with either a 16-h photoperiod (highly flower inductive) or a 9-h photoperiod (non-inductive). Plants were transferred at 1 to 3-d intervals from a 16- to a 9-h photoperiod andvice versa. All chambers were maintained at a 12-h thermoperiod of 25/20 °C. Poppy plants became sensitive to photoperiod 4 d after emergence and required a minimum of four inductive cycles (short dark periods) before the plant flowered. Additional inductive cycles, up to a maximum of nine, hastened flowering. After 13 inductive cycles, flowering time was no longer influenced by photoperiod. These results indicate that the interval between emergence and first flower can be divided into four phases: (1) a photoperiod-insensitive juvenile phase (JP); (2) a photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase (PSP); (3) a photoperiod-sensitive post-inductive phase (PSPP); and (4) a photoperiod-insensitive post-inductive phase (PIPP). The minimum durations of these phases forPapaver somniferum‘album DC’ under the conditions of our experiment were determined as 4 d, 4 d, 9 d, and 14 d, respectively.
K. Wickström, C.-J. Widén, H. Pyysalo, and C. A. Salemink, “Alkaloid Formation of Papaver Somniferum in Finland,” Annales Botanici Fennici, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 201–208, 1984.https://www.jstor.org/stable/23725309.
Contents of morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine and papaverine were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography in six UNL strains of Papaver somniferum grown in harch climatic conditions in different parts of Finland. P. somniferum can grow and produce alkaloids as far north as in Utsjoki, close to the Arctic sea. The maximum alkaloid concentrations were usually found immediately after the flowering stage. Small and indistinct differences in the contents of alkaloids due to climatic variations between different years and latitude of the growing place were found. The alkaloid spectrum, however, primarily depends on genetic factors; our material consisted of three different chemotypes.
M. Wójtowicz and A. Wójtowicz, “Effectiveness of Chemical Protection against Weeds Applied to Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Journal of Plant Protection Research, 2009.
doi: 10.2478/v10045-009-0031-3.
Polish Academy of Sciences
H. Yadav, S. Shukla, and S. Singh, “Assessment of Genotype × Environment Interactions for Yield and Morphine Content in Opium Poppy ( Papaver Somniferum L.),” Acta Agronomica Hungarica, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 331–338, Sep. 2007.
doi: 10.1556/AAgr.55.2007.3.9.
The analysis of the genotype × environmental interaction, which indicates the stability of genotypes, has always been part of plant breeding programmes before the release of varieties for commercial cultivation. In the present investigation the stability of seed yield, opium yield and morphine content in 11 advanced breeding lines of opium poppy was evaluated over five years. Combined ANOVA showed that both the main effects and interactions were significant, indicating the presence of genotype × environment interactions. The average seed yield and opium yield ranged from 10.41–16.92 q/ha and 45.21–59.85 kg/ha, respectively. Stability analysis involving the parameters bi, S 2 di, λi, s 2 , δ 2 , Wi, r 2 and CV identified four genotypes (BR330, BR333, BR229 and BR243) as ideal and stable for the traits studied. The level of association among different parameters obtained using Spearman’s rank correlation showed that Eberhart and Russell’s deviation from regression (S 2 di) was significantly and positively associated with s 2 , λi, δ 2 i and CV and negatively with r 2 . The parameters λi, s 2 , δ 2 i and CV also showed positive mutual association.
H. K. Yadav, S. Shukla, and S. P. Singh, “Genetic Variability and Interrelationship Among Opium and Its Alkaloids in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Euphytica, vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 207–214, Jul. 2006.
doi: 10.1007/s10681-006-9111-x.
The plant species Papaver somniferum L. (opium poppy) is grown commercially in several countries under secure area to produce opium and its major alkaloids i.e. morphine, codeine, thebaine, narcotine and papaverine for pharmaceutical industries. In recent years the global demand for these alkaloids and its derivatives are growing. Seeing the global demand there is urgent need to develop high opium yielding varieties integrated with high specific alkaloids. However, a breeding programme focused on developing improved varieties requires knowledge about the genetic variability for the concern traits. Therefore the present investigation was undertaken to examine phenotypic and genotypic variability, broad sense heritability, genetic advance under selection and interrelationship of traits. A total of 122 accessions were found to be highly variables for all the traits studied. Broad sense heritability ranged from 74.18% (for opium yield/plant) to 99.00% (for papaverine content). Expected genetic advance was varied between 33.91% (for morphine content) and 257.46% (for papaverine content). Genetic correlation analysis revealed that opium yield is negatively correlated with morphine and papaverine content. Among alkaloids codeine, thebaine, narcotine and papaverine showed positive correlation among themselves. The correlations among alklaloids were justified based on the biosynthetic pathway of opium alkaloids.
H. K. Yadav, S. Shukla, and S. P. Singh, “Genetic Combining Ability Estimates in the F1 and F2 Generations for Yield, Its Component Traits and Alkaloid Content in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Euphytica, vol. 168, no. 1, pp. 23–32, Jul. 2009.
doi: 10.1007/s10681-008-9872-5.
The F1 and F2 generations of a twenty parent fractional diallel cross of opium poppy (P. somniferum L.) were analyzed for combining ability for ten quantitative and five quality (alkaloids) traits. The results indicated significant differences among the parents for combining ability for all the traits. The GCA and SCA components of variances were significant for all the characters. However, the SCA component of variance (δ2s) was predominant indicating the preponderance of non-additive gene effect for all the traits except for leaves/plant and papaverine in F1 hybrids. The average degree of dominance (δ2s/δ2g) was more than unity indicating over dominance and also confirming non-additive mode of gene action. Among the parents IS-16, IS-13 and NBRI-1 for early flowering, BR226 and BR241 for branches/plant, capsule weight/plant, seed yield/plant and husk yield/plant, BR227 for leaves/plant, UO1285 for capsule size and opium yield/plant, NBRI-5 for husk yield/plant, morphine, codeine, and thebaine and ‘Papline’ for plant height and papaverine content were found good general combiners. Parent ND1001 was good combiner for codeine and narcotine content. Inclusion of good general combiners in a multiple crossing program or an intermating population involving all the possible crosses among them subjected to bi-parental mating may be expected to offer maximum promise in breeding for higher opium, seed yield and alkaloid contents.
H. K. Yadav, S. Shukla, A. Rastogi, M. P. Singh, and S. P. Singh, “Genotype - Environmental Interactions and Phenotypic Stability Analyses of Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) for Seed, Opium and Morphine Content,” INDIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING, vol. 67, no. 02, pp. 166–168, May 2007.https://www.isgpb.org/journal/index.php/IJGPB/article/view/1408.
For the identification of improved genotype for commercial cultivation, the stability in the genotype for a given trait or set of traits across testing environments has always been emphasized [1-3]. Various statistical methods have been proposed to analyse the G x E interaction or yield stability [4-6]. Out of them, additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) statistical model, which incorporates ANOVA main effects for genotypes and environments and multiplicative interaction effects obtained from a singular value decomposition of the matrix of residue, has been proclaimed superior to linear regression and principal component analysis models [7, 8]. The AMMI first separates the additive main effect from multiplicative variance and sUbsequently PCA is used to partition G x E deviation into different interaction principal component axes (ICPA) which can be tested for statistical significance through ANOVA [1].
H. K. Yadav and S. P. Singh, “Inheritance of Quantitative Traits in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.),” Genetika, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 113–128, 2011.
doi: 10.2298/GENSR1101113Y.
Generation mean analysis was carried out using five parameter model on five cross combinations with five generations i.e. parents, F1s, F2s, and F3s randomly selected from partial diallel breeding experiment. The aim of study was to investigate the mode of gene actions involved in the inheritance of quantitative traits viz. days to 50% flowering, plant height, leaves/plant, capsules/plant, capsule size, capsule weight/plant, seed yield/plant and opium yield/plant. C and D scaling test showed the presence of non allelic interaction in the inheritance for all the traits except for plant height, seed yield/plant (ND1001xIS13) and capsule size (NBR5xND1002) which showed non interacting mode of inheritance. In general, the interaction effect together i.e. additive x additive [i] and dominance x dominance [l] found in higher magnitude than the combined main effects of additive [d] and dominance [h] effects for all the traits in all the five crosses. Dominance effect [h] was found pronounced for most of the traits except days to 50% flowering where additive effect [d] was found prevalent. Among the interaction effects dominance x dominance [l] was predominant over additive x additive [i] for all traits in all the five crosses except capsules/plant and capsule size in cross ND1001xNBRI11 and leaves/plant and opium yield/plant in cross NBRI5xND1002. As per sign of dominance (h) and dominance x dominance (l) duplicate epistasis were noticed for all the traits except plant height and leaves/plant in cross ND1001xUO1285. Potence ratio indicated presence of over dominance for almost all the traits. Substantial amount of realized heterosis, residual heterosis in F2 and F3 progenies and high heritability with moderate to high genetic advance in F2 progeny and significant correlation among important traits in desirable direction were observed. A breeding strategy of diallel selective mating or biparental mating in early segregating generation followed by recurrent selection may be used for genetic improvement.
L. D. Yakhontova, O. N. Tolkachev, and \relax Y. V. Baranova, “Alkaloids of Glaucium Elegans,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 664–664, Sep. 1973.
doi: 10.1007/BF00564420.
X. Yang et al., “Three Chromosome-Scale Papaver Genomes Reveal Punctuated Patchwork Evolution of the Morphinan and Noscapine Biosynthesis Pathway,” Nature Communications, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 6030, Oct. 2021.
doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26330-8.
For millions of years, plants evolve plenty of structurally diverse secondary metabolites (SM) to support their sessile lifestyles through continuous biochemical pathway innovation. While new genes commonly drive the evolution of plant SM pathway, how a full biosynthetic pathway evolves remains poorly understood. The evolution of pathway involves recruiting new genes along the reaction cascade forwardly, backwardly, or in a patchwork manner. With three chromosome-scale Papaver genome assemblies, we here reveal whole-genome duplications (WGDs) apparently accelerate chromosomal rearrangements with a nonrandom distribution towards SM optimization. A burst of structural variants involving fusions, translocations and duplications within 7.7 million years have assembled nine genes into the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids gene cluster, following a punctuated patchwork model. Biosynthetic gene copies and their total expression matter to morphinan production. Our results demonstrate how new genes have been recruited from a WGD-induced repertoire of unregulated enzymes with promiscuous reactivities to innovate efficient metabolic pathways with spatiotemporal constraint.
Gale Academic OneFile includes ON THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF GLAUCIUM FLAVUM (PAPAVER by Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova. Click to explore.
L. Yazici, “Influence of Different Sowing Times on Yield and Biochemical Characteristics of Different Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) Genotypes,” Journal of King Saud University - Science, vol. 34, no. 8, p. 102337, Nov. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102337.
Background Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important industrial plant that could be cultivated in Turkey during autumn and spring seasons. However, the impact of different seasons on yield and biochemical attributes of different genotypes in Turkey is rarely tested. This study determined the effect of different sowing times (autumn and spring) on alkaloid, oil content, yield and related traits, and phenological properties of different opium poppy genotypes. Methods The experiment was conducted at two different locations (Topcu and Yerkoy) during autumn and spring seasons of 2020 and 2021. A total 18 different poppy genotypes available for cultivation were included in the study. Data on yield related traits and biochemical attributes were recorded at harvest. Results Alkaloid and oil contents were higher in spring sowings than autumn sowings. However, autumn sowings recorded higher yield and yield-related traits compared to spring sowings. During autumn sowings, morphine ratio varied from 0.33 % to 1.40 %, morphine yield ranged between 4.28 and 21.97 kg ha−1, capsule yield differed between 1156.1 and 2393.3 kg ha−1, and seed yield ranged from 1162.0 to 2420.0 kg ha−1. Similarly, during spring sowings, morphine ratio differed from 0.40 % and 1.50 %, morphine yields ranged between 3.13 and 17.44 kg ha−1, capsule yield varied between 721.7 and 1757.8 kg ha−1, and seed yield ranged from 656.0 to 1676.4 kg ha−1. The genotypes ‘Celikoglu’, ‘Tinaztepe’, ‘Seyitgazi’, ‘Ofis 95’ and ‘Afyon 95’ are recommended for autumn sowing, whereas genotypes ‘Huseyinbey’, ‘Ofis 96’, ‘Celikoglu’, ‘Seyitgazi’ and ‘Ofis NM’ are recommended for spring sowing due to their higher yield and yield characteristics. The genotypes ‘Ofis 1’ and ‘Ofis 2’ can be used in both autumn and spring sowings for morphine production. The genotypes ‘Ofis 8’ and ‘TMO 1’ during autumn sowings, and ‘Ofis 96’ and ‘TMO 1’ are recommended for spring sowings to obtain higher oil contents. Conclusion The results have grouped and identified the available genotypes according to their specific traits. Therefore, the selection of the genotype must be done for the required purpose based on the results of the current study.
D. Yildirim and A. Sasmaz, “Phytoremediation of As, Ag, and Pb in Contaminated Soils Using Terrestrial Plants Grown on Gumuskoy Mining Area (Kutahya Turkey),” Journal of Geochemical Exploration, vol. 182, pp. 228–234, Nov. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.005.
Gumuskoy Ag (As, Zn and Pb) deposits are located about 25km west of Kutahya, Turkey and one of the largest silver deposits in the country. This study investigated the accumulation and transport of As, Ag, and Pb from the soil into 11 terrestrial plants. Plant and soil samples were collected from the field and As, Ag, and Pb content was measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. The mean values in the soil, roots, and shoots of the studied plants were, respectively, 4771, 2320, and 1340mgkg−1 for As; 35.93, 10.19, and 11.51mgkg−1 for Ag; and 4180, 1424, and 1050mgkg−1 for Pb. The plants collected from the study area were separated into different groups based on the As, Ag and Pb concentrations in plants and their soils. The results showed that Glaucium root, Phlomis root and shoot, Verbascum shoot for As, Glaucium root, Silene root and shoot, Verbascum shoot for Ag and Phlomis root and shoot for Pb could be good a bioaccumulator because of their higher ECRs and ECSs. Therefore, these plants can be useful for cleaning or rehabilitating the soils polluted by Ag, As and Pb.
T. Zajac, A. Oleksy, and A. Klimek-Kopyra, “Comparison of Growth and Productivity of the Low Morphine Poppy Papaver Somniferum L. Cv. Mieszko Depending on the Sowing Date,” Acta Agrobotanica, vol. 64, no. 3, 2011.
doi: 10.5586/aa.2011.033.
V. D. Zheljazkov et al., “Human Hair as a Nutrient Source for Horticultural Crops,” HortTechnology, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 592–596, Jan. 2008.
doi: 10.21273/HORTTECH.18.4.592.
Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate noncomposted hair byproduct as a nutrient source for container-grown crops. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa ‘Green Leaves’) and wormwood (Artemisia annua ‘Artemis’) were grown in a commercial growth substrate amended with 0%, 2.5%, 5%, or 10% by weight hair waste or controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) or were watered with a complete water-soluble fertilizer (WSF). After harvest, yellow poppy (Glaucium flavum) was grown in the pots and substrate that previously grew wormwood, and feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) was grown in the pots and substrate previously containing lettuce. The 5% hair treatment and the commercial fertilizer rates were calculated to provide the same amount of nitrogen (N) during production of lettuce and wormwood based on 50% N availability from hair. Yields in treatments containing hair or CRF or watered with WSF were higher than in the untreated control. The highest lettuce and wormwood yields occurred with CRF followed by WSF and 5% and 10% hair treatments. However, yield of yellow poppy was higher in the hair treatments than yields in inorganic fertilizer treatments or in the untreated control. Feverfew yields did not differ among fertility treatments, but yields in fertility treatments were higher than those of control. Lettuce leaf moisture content was lower, but soluble solids were higher in plants in the hair waste treatments than in the WSF or CRF treatments. Total phenolics in lettuce did not differ among treatments. Total aerobic and coliforms plate counts were similar for all samples, averaging 6.0 and 1.2 log cfu/g, respectively. Results from this study suggest that noncomposted hair waste could be used as a nutrient source for container-grown plants. Hair waste should not be used as a single nutrient source for fast-growing plants because of the time needed for degradation of the hair before release of plant nutrients.
J. Ziegler, M. L. Diaz-Chávez, R. Kramell, C. Ammer, and T. M. Kutchan, “Comparative Macroarray Analysis of Morphine Containing Papaver Somniferum and Eight Morphine Free Papaver Species Identifies an O-Methyltransferase Involved in Benzylisoquinoline Biosynthesis,” Planta, vol. 222, no. 3, pp. 458–471, Oct. 2005.
doi: 10.1007/s00425-005-1550-4.
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids constitute a group of about 2,500 structures and are mainly produced by plants of the order Ranunculales. But only the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, and Papaver setigerum are able to produce morphine. In this study, we started to investigate by gene expression analysis the molecular basis for this exceptional biosynthetic ability. A sequencing project from P. somniferum seedlings was initiated using a method based on the amplified fragment length polymorphism technique that resulted in 849 UniGenes. These cDNAs were analysed on macroarrays for differential expression between morphine-containing P. somniferum plants and eight other Papaver species, which accumulate other benzylisoquinolines instead of morphine. Three cDNAs showing increased expression in P. somniferum compared to all the other Papaver species were identified. Whereas two showed no significant homology to any known protein, one putatively encoded an O-methyltransferase. Analysis of substrate specificity of the heterologously expressed protein and mass spectrometric identification of the enzymatic products identified this protein as S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(R,S)-3′-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine 4′-O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.116). Unlike other O-methyltransferases of different positional specificities implicated in benzylisoquinoline metabolism, the enzyme only accepted tetrahydroxylated tetrahydrobenzylisoquinolines as substrates; methylation was tolerated only at the 6-hydroxy position.