B. H. Abbasi, N. Ahmad, H. Fazal, and T. Mahmood, “Conventional and Modern Propagation Techniques in Piper Nigrum,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 007–012, Jan. 2010.
doi: 10.5897/JMPR09.025.
Piper nigrum,commonly known as “Black-pepper“, has gained a global consideration because of its volume in the spice industry. This plant has shown great potential for the discovery of novel biologically active compounds and need for techniques to enhance the production of high quality consistent plant material for feasible accumulation of metabolites. Tissue culture ofP. nigrumcan play a vital role in germplasm conservation, enhanced multiplication and genetic engineering for feasible production of biologically active compounds. Liquid culture is yet to be established and reserves corner for industrial production of these active components. This review provides the developments in the propagation practices and challenges that remain inP. nigrumbiotechnology. Key words:Piper, black-pepper, peppercorn, piperine, tissue culture.
N. Ahmad, H. Fazal, B. H. Abbasi, S. Farooq, M. Ali, and M. A. Khan, “Biological Role of Piper Nigrum L. (Black Pepper): A Review,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 2, no. 3, Supplement, pp. S1945–S1953, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60524-3.
Piper nigrum L. is considered the king of spices throughout the world due to its pungent principle piperine. Peppercorn of Piper nigrum as a whole or its active components are used in most of the food items. Different parts of Piper nigrum including secondary metabolites are also used as drug, preservative, insecticidal and larvicidal control agents. Biologically Piper nigrum is very important specie. The biological role of this specie is explained in different experiments that peppercorn and secondary metabolites of Piper nigrum can be used as Antiapoptotic, Antibacterial, Anti-Colon toxin, Antidepressant, Antifungal, Antidiarrhoeal, Anti-inflammatory, Antimutagenic, Anti-metastatic activity, Antioxidative, Antiriyretic, Antispasmodic, Antispermatogenic, Antitumor, Antithyroid, Ciprofloxacin potentiator, Cold extremities, Gastric ailments, Hepatoprotective, Insecticidal activity, Intermittent fever and Larvisidal activity. Other roles of this specie includes protection against diabetes induced oxidative stress; Piperine protect oxidation of various chemicals, decreased mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, inhibition of aryl hydroxylation, increased bioavailability of vaccine and sparteine, increase the bioavailability of active compounds, delayed elimination of antiepileptic drug, increased orocecal transit time, piperine influenced and activate the biomembrane to absorb variety of active agents, increased serum concentration, reducing mutational events, tumour inhibitory activity, Piperine inhibite mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, growth stimulatory activity and chemopreventive effect. This review based on the biological role of Piper nigrum can provide that the peppercorn or other parts can be used as crude drug for various diseases while the secondary metabolites such as piperine can be used for specific diseases.
N. Ahmad, B. H. Abbasi, H. Fazal, M. A. Khan, and M. S. Afridi, “Effect of Reverse Photoperiod on in Vitro Regeneration and Piperine Production in Piper Nigrum L.,” Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol. 337, no. 1, pp. 19–28, Jan. 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.10.011.
In this study, a novel approach for in vitro regeneration of Piper nigrum L. has been applied in order to increase healthy biomass, phytochemicals and piperine production via reverse photoperiod (16hD/8hL). Leaf portions of the seed-derived plants were placed on an MS-medium fortified with different PGRs. Under 16hD/8hL, thidiazuron (TDZ; 4.0mg L−1) and BA (1.5mg L−1) was found to be the most effective (<90%) in callus induction. Two concentrations (1.5, 2.0mg L−1) of the IBA produced>80% shoots from callus cultures. Healthy shoots were transferred to rooting medium and higher percentage of rooting (<90%) was observed on IBA (1.5mg L−1). These in vitro tissues were subjected to amino acid analysis, spectrophotometry, and HPLC. ARG, SER, THR, and TYR were the most abundant components out of 17 amino acids. Higher amino acid production was observed under normal photoperiod (16hL/8hD) than under reverse photoperiod (16hD/8hL). The highest total phenolic content (TPC; 9.91mg/g-DW) and flavonoid content (7.38mg/g-DW) were observed in callus cultures incubated under 16hL/8hD than other tissues incubated under 16hD/8hL photoperiod. Higher DPPH and PoMo activities were observed in tissues incubated under 16hL/8hD photoperiod, while ABTS and Fe2+ chelating activities were found higher in tissues incubated under reverse photoperiod. Significant quantities of piperine content were observed in all tissues except callus cultures. These results suggest that reverse photoperiod is a promising approach for callus induction, phytochemicals and piperine production for commercial applications.
M. R. Alves Dos Santos, E. J. R. Bisi, and L. F. Dornelas Júnior, “Propagation of Piper Carniconnectivum through Leaf Cuttings,” International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 15–20, Oct. 2019.
doi: 10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss10.1674.
The regeneration of roots and shoots through leaf cuttings is a feasible technique for plant clonal propagation, using a quite available organ, which can be collected without great damage to the plant. A protocol of propagation through leaf cuttings was defined to Piper carniconnectivum, a plant whose compounds have great potential use in medicine and agriculture. Leaves were cut in halves (apical and petiolar) by transverse cutting in the middle of the leaf blade. The petiolar parts were immersed into a solution of indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) at 1000 ppm for 30 seconds, or not submitted to the hormone. Then the cuttings were planted in soil, using two positions of the petiolar halves: petiole down and petiole up. A factorial design was used – 2 times of immersion in IBA x 2 leaf half position x 3 blocs x 6 replications. After 145 days the number of shoots, shoot length, leaf area, dry matter of aerial part, root volume and root dry matter were evaluated. The highest number of shoots was observed in the petiole down position without IBA. In relation to the other aerial characteristics – shoot length, leaf area and dry matter of the aerial part, the highest values were observed both in the petiole down position without IBA and in the petiole up position with immersion in IBA. The characteristics related to the root – root volume and root dry matter were both highest in the petiole up position with immersion in IBA. Leaf cuttings can be a practical method to propagate P. carniconnectivum vegetatively. Both petiole up cutting with immersion in IBA and petiole down cutting without immersion in hormone can be used as propagules.
P. e S. Alves et al., “Piper Methysticum G. Forst (Piperaceae) in the Central Nervous System: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action,” Research, Society and Development, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. e216101220479–e216101220479, Sep. 2021.
doi: 10.33448/rsd-v10i12.20479.
Due to the continuous increase in incidents of diseases and disorders in the central nervous system as neurodegenerative disease, the growth of studies that seek to use herbal medicines has been observed, since these are more easily produced and more economically viable, in addition to having side effects to a lesser extent when compared to existing synthetic drugs. In this way, a wide variety of plants have been analyzed for their medicinal purposes and this review presents papers published from 1970 to 2021 that describe the chemical composition pharmacological activities and elucidates mechanisms of action in the central nervous system (CNS) of the species Piper methysticum (Kava-kava). The Kava-kava has a class of compounds that include tannins, alkaloids, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, sugars, bornyl-cinnamate, stigmasterol, flavocavaines, mucilages, pyrones, tetrahydroiangonins, phytochemicals that are responsible for the pharmacological activities of this plant being thus more studied as anxiolytic, sedative and neuroprotection. Some action mechanisms that describe the performance of kava in the CNS were also addressed, Being the main ones related to blocking of sodium and calcium ion channels, modulation of the erythroid 2 pathway, to receptors such as γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamatergics, glycine and cannabinoid, as well as monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes, in addition to neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. Therefore, this study aims to open new paths for more in-depth pharmacological studies on Kava-kava, and its use in the central nervous system.
A. Ando, J. O. M. Menten, A. Tulmann Neto, F. C. de Albuquerque, and K. Hirakata, “Research Work to Obtain Pepper (Piper Negrum l) Mutants Resistant to Fusarium Disease,” in Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Nuclear Techniques in Crop Production, Brazil, 1984, p. 275.
Cuttings of black pepper (Piper nigrum L) variety Singapore were irradiated at different doses (from 30-70 kR) of gamma radiation in the 60Co source After two successive prunings of surviving M1 plants (from the irradiated cuttings), hundreds of vM3 cuttings were planted separately in pots and artificially inoculated with Fusarium solani f piperi The surviving vM3 plantlets were transplanted to an experimental field highly infested with this patogen After two years in the infested field, only three UM3 plants continue to grow (MAC)
K. N. Anith, K. M. Faseela, P. A. Archana, and K. D. Prathapan, “Compatibility of Piriformospora Indica and Trichoderma Harzianum as Dual Inoculants in Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.),” Symbiosis, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 11–17, Aug. 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s13199-011-0143-1.
The compatibility of two biological inoculants, Trichoderma harzianum, a mycoparasitic biological control fungus and Piriformospora indica, a root colonizing plant-growth promoting endophytic fungus was evaluated using tissue cultured black pepper plantlets. We report, for the first time, the ability of P. indica to colonize black pepper, a perennial climber. T. harzianum inhibited the growth of P. indica in an in vitro dual culture plate assay. Simultaneous inoculation with both biological inoculants of tissue cultured black pepper plantlets negatively influenced root colonization by P. indica. However, when P. indica was applied initially followed 30 days later by T. harzianum, there was increased root colonization by the root endophyte P. indica and beneficial effects were found on the growth of the black pepper plants. The present study also showed that the efficacy of inoculation of the two fungal biological agents can be increased by sequential application of P. indica at the hardening stage followed by T. harzianum during transplanting into a soil-sand mixture.
J. Anke and I. Ramzan, “Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions with Kava (Piper Methysticum Forst. f.),” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 153–160, Aug. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.04.009.
Kava kava, a beverage or extract prepared from the rhizome of the kava plant (Piper methysticum Forst. f.), was used for many centuries as a traditional beverage in the Pacific Islands. During the past few decades, kava has also gained popularity in Western countries as well, due to its anxiolytic and sedative properties. However, in recent years, kava has been implicated in several liver failure cases which led to its ban in many countries and this has prompted wide discussion on its relative benefits and risks as a social beverage and a herbal remedy. Recently, it has been shown that several kavalactones, the assumed active principles of kava extracts, are potent inhibitors of several enzymes of the CYP 450 system (CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4 and 4A9/11). This indicates that kava has a high potential for causing pharmacokinetic drug interactions with other herbal products or drugs, which are metabolised by the CYP 450 enzymes. In addition, several pharmacodynamic interactions have been postulated and indeed observed. Nevertheless, evidence of true pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interactions remains unsubstantiated, and only few investigations of the potential of kava preparations to interact with specific drugs have been carried out. This review provides a critical overview of the existing data on interactions of kava with other drugs and concludes that there is an urgent need for further in vitro and in vivo investigations to fully understand clinically significant interactions with kava that have the potential to cause adverse effects or toxicity in kava users.
S. A. Aporosa, “Kava and Ethno-Cultural Identity in Oceania,” in The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity, S. Ratuva, Ed. Singapore: Springer, 2020, pp. 1–15.
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0242-8_134-1.
Garibaldi and Turner (Ecol Soc 9:1, 5, 2004) explain the role that particular plants play in facilitating the shared ancestry, practices, and social experience of an ethnicity. This can include spiritual connections, cultural expression and practice, ceremony, exchange, linguistic reflection, socialization, and medicinal and/or dietary systems. They term these plants “cultural keystone species” and icons of identity, plants that if removed would cause some disruptions to the cultural practices and identity of an ethnic group. Undoubtedly, kava (Piper methysticum) is the cultural keystone species for many Oceanic and Pacific peoples, a “differentiating element of common culture” (Zagefka, Ethnicity, concepts of. In: Smith AD, Hou X, Stone J, Dennis R, Rizova P (eds) The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of race, ethnicity, and nationalism. West Wiley, Sussex, pp 761–763, 2016) informing their ethno-cultural identity. That influence is also extending to new non-Pacific Island user groups who have embraced elements of kava ethno-cultural identity in what has been termed diasporic identity formation in reverse. This chapter will discuss kava with specific reference to ethnic positionality in Fiji while recognizing the tensions from inside and outside the region that support and threaten the continuance of the kava drinking tradition.
A. S. Aporosa, M. Atkins, and R. Brunton, “Kava Drinking in Traditional Settings: Towards Understanding Effects on Cognitive Function,” Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, vol. 35, no. 2, p. e2725, 2020.
doi: 10.1002/hup.2725.
Background Kava drinking is a tradition among Pacific Island people, although growing in popularity with other ethnicities. However, drinking substantial quantities of kava has raised concerns regarding physical manifestations of slow response and lack of precision in bodily control. These impairments can have significant consequences when after consuming large volumes of kava an individual makes a choice to drive. Aims The objective of this study was to measure selected cognitive functions following high traditionally consumed kava volumes (greater than 2,000 mg of kavalactones) aimed at identifying potential risks for kava drink-drivers. Methods The reaction and divided attention of 20 control participants was assessed against 20 active kava-drinking participants during and following a 6-hr kava session in a “naturalised” setting. Assessment measures were drawn from Vienna Test System—Traffic’s test battery. Results/Outcomes Results showed no statistical significant difference between control and active participants at any measurement point over a 6-hr testing period regardless that the movements and speech of the active participants were observed to slow as the test session and kava consumption progressed. Conclusion Inconsistencies between test results and observations during testing and by road policing officers demonstrate an urgent need for more research in this field.
W. L. Applequist and V. Lebot, “Validation of Piper Methysticum Var. Wichmannii (Piperaceae),” Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 3–4, Apr. 2006.
doi: 10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[3:VOPMVW]2.0.CO;2.
Morphological, chemical, cytological, and genetic data have indicated that kava (Piper methysticum G. Forster, Piperaceae), a vegetatively propagated plant found only in cultivation, was derived from the wild P. wichmannii C. DC. through artificial selection, and that the two taxa remain similar enough to be considered conspecific. A previous attempt to recognize P. wichmannii (which may also be conspecific with P. subbullatum K. Schumann & Lauterbach) as a variety of P. methysticum was not validly published owing to failure to cite the place of publication of the basionym. The combination Piper methysticum var. wichmannii (C. DC.) Lebot is herein validated.
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L) popularly known as king of spices and it is a very important commercial crops grown in the Western Ghats. The production of healthy planting materials plays a crucial role in cultivation of black pepper. The experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of natural extract on growth and development of black pepper cuttings under glass house condition with an aim to produce healthy planting materials. The experiment was laid out in CRBD comprising five treatments viz., Untreated check (water), Panchagavya (3%), Vetiveria zizanioides extract (3%), Moringa oleifera Leaves Extract (3%); M. oleifera Leaves Extract 3% + V. zizanioides Root extract 3%. All the treatments were imposed as drenching and foliar spray at monthly interval starting from April to June. The results obtained revealed that all treatments were very effective in stimulating growth parameters viz., shoot and root length, number of leaves per plant, shoot and root dry weight per plant, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble protein, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency and chlorophyll fluorescence. Maximum stimulation of growth and physiological parameters were recorded in plants treated with Moringa Leaves Extract 3% + Vetiver Root extract 3% compared to other treatments.
R. A. Avenido and K. Hattori, “Differences in Shoot Regeneration Response from Cotyledonary Node Explants in Asiatic Vigna Species Support Genomic Grouping within Subgenus Ceratotropis (Piper) Verdc.,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 99–110, Aug. 1999.
doi: 10.1023/A:1006325327624.
The efficiency of any plant regeneration system lies in part in its wide applicability to diverse genotypes. In Asiatic Vigna, cotyledon and cotyledonary node explants from 4-day-old seedlings of 27 genotypes were cultured in a medium consisting of MS salts, B5 vitamins, 3.0% sucrose and 1.0 mg l-1 BA. Direct and efficient multiple shoot regeneration (80–100%) from the cotyledonary nodes was obtained in all epigeal species namely radiata, mungo, aconitifolia, subspecies radiata var. sublobata, mungo var. silvestris and in the hypogeal but allotetraploid glabrescens. In contrast, two other hypogeal species V. angularis and V. umbellata failed to initiate shoots from the nodes. However, adventititious shoots developed at the basipetal cut (hypocotyl) in 35–67% of V. angularis explants. These results provide evidence in support of the existing genomic grouping within subgenus Ceratotropis, which designates AA, A1A1 and A1A1/- to epigeal, hypogeal and the allotetraploid species, respectively. Mean shoot production ranged from 3.3 to 10.4 shoots per explant during the first subculture and varied significantly among the responsive genotypes within 4 species. Additional shoots were obtained in all genotypes after subsequent subculture. However, cotyledons were not as regenerable as cotyledonary node explants. Although significant differences in rooting were observed among the shoots of the 15 genotypes, the response was generally higher in MS basal medium (MSO) than in MS with 1.0 mg l-1 IAA. Regenerated plants were successfully transferred to soil (50–100% survival rate) and all surviving plants were reproductively fertile.
V. Bajpai, N. Kumar, and B. Kumar, Phytochemistry of Piper Betle Landraces. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2020.
doi: 10.1201/9781003016052.
Piper betle (betel vine) a pan-Asiatic, tropical plant, which can also grow under mild subtropical areas, is essentially grown for leaves which are chewed with array of additives besides slaked lime. The plant is cultivated widely in India and its surrounding areas. Phytochemistry of Piper betel landraces presents a brief on the distribution, historical and cultural aspects, and properties ascribed to this plant in the ancient texts. Phytochemical and pharmacological information has also been included to underscore the importance of this plant in the present time. A detailed account on metabolic profiling employing modern methods is included, such as real-time, direct analysis of the flight mass spectrometric method and chemometric analysis for characterization of the available biodiversity and signatures specific to gender and geographical location. It was also possible to identify the gender of unknown landraces, with the help of principal component analysis. Features: Elaborates on the chemical diversity within Piper betle. Piper betle leaves have mouth freshening antimicrobial compounds. Use of chemical signatures for the identification of different Piper betle landraces, their gender and geographical locations.
T. S. Balbuena, C. Santa-Catarina, V. Silveira, M. J. Kato, and E. I. S. Floh, “In Vitro Morphogenesis and Cell Suspension Culture Establishment in Piper Solmsianum C. DC. (Piperaceae),” Acta Botanica Brasilica, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 274–281, Mar. 2009.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062009000100029.
In vitro morphogenesis and cell suspension culture establishment in Piper solmsianum C. DC. (Piperaceae)). Piper solmsianum is a shrub from Southeast Brazil in which many biologically active compounds were identified. The aim of this work was to establish a cell suspension culture system for this species. With this in mind, petiole and leaf explants obtained from in vitro plantlets were cultured in the presence of different plant growth regulator combinations (IAA, NAA, 2,4-D and BA). Root and indirect shoot adventitious formation, detected by histological analysis, was observed. Besides the different combinations of plant growth regulators, light regime and the supplement of activated charcoal (1.5 mg.l-1) were tested for callus induction and growth. Cultures maintained in light, on a 0.2 mg.l-1 2,4-D and 2 mg.l-1 BA supplemented medium, and in the absence of activated charcoal, showed the highest calli fresh matter increment. From a callus culture, cell suspension cultures were established and their growth and metabolite accumulation studied. The achieved results may be useful for further characterization of the activated secondary metabolites pathways in in vitro systems of P. solmsianum.
J. Barrau, “A propos du Piper methysticum Forster,” Journal d’agriculture tropicale et de botanique appliquée, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 270–273, 1957.
doi: 10.3406/jatba.1957.2399.
U. C. Basak*, D. Dash, G. J. P. Jena, and A. K. Mahapatra, “New Technique for Adventitious Rooting and Clonal Propagation of Piper Longum L. (Pippali) through Leaf Cuttings,” African Journal of Plant Science, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 108–112, Feb. 2014.
doi: 10.5897/AJPS2013.1079.
A simple but unique protocol was developed for root production and clonal propagation of Piper longum L. (pippali), an important medicinal plant of India. Roots and shoots were induced in apical and basal petiolar halves of leaf using auxins. Average root number, root length and survival of rooted leaf cuttings were not significantly affected by type of auxin and leaf cuttings. Highest number of roots (13.40), root length (9.65 cm), rooting behaviour (91.69%) and survival of rooted cuttings (83.33%) were recorded in petiolar leaf cuttings treated with indole 3-butyric acid (IBA)/naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (1000 ppm each). The petiolar leaf cuttings treated with IBA/NAA showed significantly higher percentage of shooting (83.33). The shoot number (2.0 per cutting) was also significantly highest in IBA/NAA treated leaf cuttings. Pippali can be regenerated via leaf-cuttings, either without hormone treatment, or for better results by using low concentrations of IBA or combination of IBA and NAA hormones. Production of planting material using leaf can substitute traditional propagules such as sucker, vine cutting, etc. Key words: Auxins, indole 3-butyric acid (IBA), medicinal plants, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), vegetative propagation.
A. H. H. Basri, “Farmer’s Adoption Level On The Use Of Living Supports On Pepper Plants (Piper Nigrum L.) In Pemali District Bangka Regency,” JASc (Journal of Agribusiness Sciences), vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 16–24, Oct. 2021.
doi: 10.30596/jasc.v5i1.7894.
Adoption is the acceptance of an innovation in farming that is influenced by many factors. This research discussed the level of farmer adoption and the factors that influence farmers’ in the use of living supports on pepper plants. The research was conducted in Pemali District, Bangka Regency from March to May 2021. Data collection methods were observation and interview methods using questionnaires that had been tested for validity and reliability, with data analysis methods using likert scale and multiple regression tests. The result showed the level of farmer adoption level on the use of living supports on pepper plants is high with a percentage 75,25%, for regression analysis it has a regression equation that is Y= - 0,573 – 0,129X1 + 0,124X2 + 0,623X3 + 0,203X4. Further test using t-count shows that the characteristics of innovation factor has a very significant influence and access to information media factor has a significant influence with the t-count value greater than t-table.
S. R. Bhat, K. P. S. Chandel, and S. K. Malik, “Plant Regeneration from Various Expiants of Cultivated Piper Species,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 398–402, Mar. 1995.
doi: 10.1007/BF00238605.
Morphogenetic potential of root, leaf, node and internode expiants of 3 cultivated Piper species was investigated to develop a reliable plant regeneration protocol. P. longum (pipli) was the most responsive followed by P. betle (betel vine) and P. nigrum (black pepper). In P. longum the highest number of shoot buds was produced on root expiants followed by node, internode and leaf expiants. In P. betle and P. nigrum adventitious shoot buds differentiated only from internodal and nodal ring regions, respectively. Histological examination in P. longum showed that adventitious shoot buds originate directly from the cortical cells of the root and the internode without an intervening callus phase. Benzyladenine was superior to kinetin for shoot induction and its optimum concentrations for P. longum, P. betle and P. nigrum were 1–2, 10 and 10 μM, respectively. Shoot elongation and rooting were achieved in B5 medium containing 0.5 μM benzyladenine and 1 μM indoleacetic acid, respectively. Regenerated plants were established in soil.
T. Bian et al., “Kava as a Clinical Nutrient: Promises and Challenges,” Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 10, p. 3044, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.3390/nu12103044.
Kava beverages are typically prepared from the root of Piper methysticum. They have been consumed among Pacific Islanders for centuries. Kava extract preparations were once used as herbal drugs to treat anxiety in Europe. Kava is also marketed as a dietary supplement in the U.S. and is gaining popularity as a recreational drink in Western countries. Recent studies suggest that kava and its key phytochemicals have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects, in addition to the well-documented neurological benefits. While its beneficial effects are widely recognized, rare hepatotoxicity had been associated with use of certain kava preparations, but there are no validations nor consistent mechanisms. Major challenges lie in the diversity of kava products and the lack of standardization, which has produced an unmet need for quality initiatives. This review aims to provide the scientific community and consumers, as well as regulatory agencies, with a broad overview on kava use and its related research. We first provide a historical background for its different uses and then discuss the current state of the research, including its chemical composition, possible mechanisms of action, and its therapeutic potential in treating inflammatory and neurological conditions, as well as cancer. We then discuss the challenges associated with kava use and research, focusing on the need for the detailed characterization of kava components and associated risks such as its reported hepatotoxicity. Lastly, given its growing popularity in clinical and recreational use, we emphasize the urgent need for quality control and quality assurance of kava products, pharmacokinetics, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and foundational pharmacology. These are essential in order to inform research into the molecular targets, cellular mechanisms, and creative use of early stage human clinical trials for designer kava modalities to inform and guide the design and execution of future randomized placebo controlled trials to maximize kava’s clinical efficacy and to minimize its risks.
A. R. Bilia, L. Scalise, M. C. Bergonzi, and F. F. Vincieri, “Analysis of Kavalactones from Piper Methysticum (Kava-Kava),” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 812, no. 1, pp. 203–214, Dec. 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.07.038.
The chemical analysis and quality control of both Piper methysticum G. Forster (kava-kava) and extracts obtained by aqueous acetone or aqueous methanol as well as supercritical fluid extraction are reviewed. In the last two decades various procedures concerning the separation and detection of kavalactones have been routinely carried out by gas chromatography (without previous derivatization of kavalactones) and high performance liquid chromatography but most of them are not validated or only partially validated. Recently, analyses by supercritical fluid chromatography and micellar electrokinetic chromatography have also been reported. Both gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography can be used for the analysis of kavalactones with some advantages and disadvantages for each method. Using gas chromatography analysis, methysticin and yangonin, which are two of the major components, are generally not separated. In addition, the high temperature of the injection port caused the decomposition of methysticin. Concerning high performance liquid chromatography analyses, the reversed-phase is generally better because highly reproducible with a very low detection limit for all compounds even if the quantitative analysis of the kavalactones by liquid chromatography needs to be carried out in the absence of light to prevent the cis/trans isomerisation of yangonin.
A. R. Bilia, S. Gallori, and F. F. Vincieri, “Kava-Kava and Anxiety: Growing Knowledge about the Efficacy and Safety,” Life Sciences, vol. 70, no. 22, pp. 2581–2597, Apr. 2002.
doi: 10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01555-2.
Kava-kava (Piper methysticum G. Forster) has been used in social and ceremonial life in the Pacific islands from ancient times for the soporific and narcotic effects. Today several extracts standardized in the biologically active constituents kavalactones are marketed both as herbal medicinal products for anxiety disorders and as dietary supplements to improve stress disorders, nervous tension and restlessness. Unlike other substances used for these purposes, kava-kava has been shown to have minimal negative effects, and possibly positive effects, on reaction time and cognitive processing. Furthermore, it decreases anxiety without the loss of mental acuity. Although kava-kava has been found to be very effective, well tolerated, and non-addictive at therapeutic dosages, potential side effects can occur when very high doses are taken for extended periods. In addition, in the last two years unexpected high liver toxicity has been reported in two patients. Until now no studies support the liver toxicity of kavalactones and it is unknown which compound could have provoked the liver disease. On the other hand, it should be possible that unknown or unexpected constituents are the responsible or contributed to the liver toxicity.
D. P. Briskin, H. Kobayashi, M. A. Lila, and M. Gawienowski, “Kava (Piper Methysticum): Growth in Tissue Culture and In Vitro Production of Kavapyrones,” in Piper: A Model Genus for Studies of Phytochemistry, Ecology, and Evolution, L. A. Dyer and A. D. N. Palmer, Eds. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004, pp. 140–155.
doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-30599-8_8.
As a phytomedicine, Kava (or “Kava Kava”) is receiving considerable worldwide interest in its use as a treatment for anxiety, tension, agitation, and/or insomnia. This phytomedicine is produced from an extract of the root and rhizome of Piper methysticum. Although the term Kava actually refers to a Polynesian term for the intoxicating beverage produced from this tropical shrub, this word is now typically used in Western cultures as the common name for the plant as well.
D. P. Briskin, H. Kobayashi, A. Mehta, M. C. Gawienowski, L. Ainsworth, and M. A. L. Smith, “Production of Kavapyrones by Kava (Piper Methysticum) Tissue Cultures,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 556–561, Sep. 2001.
doi: 10.1007/s002990100356.
Kava (Piper methysticum) is extensively used for the generation of a ceremonial intoxicating beverage in South Pacific Island cultures and for the production of a sedating phytomedicine worldwide. Callus cultures were successfully initiated from shoot explants of Kava cvs. Makea and Awke and from leaf explants of cv. Awke. Bacterial and fungal contamination were decreased by multiple steps of tissue sterilization and the inclusion of a biocide in the medium. The production of kavapyrones by the Kava callus cultures was measured relative to the levels of these chemicals generated by intact plant tissues. The results showed that total kavapyrone production in callus cultures was less than 1% of that observed for root tissue from which the phytomedicine and intoxicating beverage is typically produced. Although callus cultures were initiated from stem and leaf explant materials, the corresponding callus cultures yielded a relative pattern of kavapyrone production similar to that of root extracts, with kavain and methysticin present as the predominate kavapyrones. This differed from stem tissues and the reported values for leaf tissues, where dihydrokavain and dihydromethsticin represent the predominant kavapyrones.
V. Ceccarelli, J. Queste, and P. Barberi, “Towards Domestication of the Endemic Malagasy Pepper Tsiperifery (Piper Sp.): Lessons Learnt from Domestication and Cultivation History of Other Peppers,” Fruits, 2021.
doi: 10.17660/th2021/76.3.3.
Introduction – Since the international popularity of tsiperifery, the Malagasy wild pepper (Piper sp.) from Madagascar started to grow, traditional low-intensity harvesting has turned into uncontrolled systematic collection, which is environmentally and socio-economically unsustainable. Domestication could be key for sustainable exploitation of tsiperifery. Here we collated information from comparable domesticated Piper species to identify pathways to accelerate the domestication of tsiperifery. Materials and methods – We conducted a literature review, upon four steps: (1) identification of the already domesticated Piper species; (2) analysis of their domestication history and cultivation methods to highlight the common critical points for domestication; (3) comparison of this information with the limited ones available on tsiperifery; and (4) provision of preliminary recommendations on a possible domestication pathway for tsiperifery. Results and discussion – We identified and analyzed 22 domesticated Piper species. We found nine critical issues, the most important being: (i) genotype selection; (ii) procedure for vegetative propagation; (iii) reproduction of the microclimatic and edaphic conditions of the rainforest understory; (iv) choice of the best supports and cultivation system; (v) reduction of the delay before entry into production; and (vi) control of plant height. For each critical issue, we suggested preliminary recommendations. Conclusion – This paper provides baseline information towards the domestication of tsiperifery. Further on-field and molecular experiments are needed to confirm these findings and identify suitable management practices.
Central Department of Botany Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, A. Wasti, K. K. Pant, and Central Department of Botany Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, “Callus Induction from the Leaves and Organogenesis from the Leaf Induced Calli of Piper Longum L.,” International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 287–291, Jun. 2019.
doi: 10.23910/IJBSM/2019.10.3.1996.
M. Chatterjee, S. Chatterjee, and I. Chandra, “In Vitro Regeneration of Piper Longum L. and Comparative RP-HPLC Analysis of Piperine Production of in Vitro and in Vivo Grown Plants,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-022-02237-0.
Piper longum L. is a well known spice plant belonging to the family Piperaceae with high pharmacognosy potential, but it is becoming threatened due to overexploitation. Thus, this investigation aims to standardize a cost effective protocol for in vitro propagation of this economically important plant. Internodal segments were used as explant for callogenesis in Murashige and Skoog medium with 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar, with NAA or 2,4 D. Optimum callus induction was observed in MS medium with 5.0 mg/L NAA. Calli were subcultured on shoot regeneration media containing different concentrations of cytokinin (KIN/BAP) along with 0.1 mg/L NAA. Best shoot regeneration was obtained on MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg/L KIN and 0.1 mg/L NAA. Induced shoots were rooted in either NAA or IBA and highest rooting was induced in MS medium enriched with 0.5 mg/L NAA. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized and 88% of hardened plants survived. Field emission scanning electron microscopic showed that regeneration from callus had occurred by somatic embryogenesis. A comparative study on identification and quantification of piperine (the chief alkaloid of the cultivar) were done from root and fruit of both in vitro and in vivo grown plants through Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography method. In vitro grown fruit was found to have the maximum amount of piperine.
S. Chaudhary, K. Joshi, K. Nishteswar, and K. Panara, “Cultivation and Pharmacological Profiles of Root of Piper,” PHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR 0976-7908, vol. 4, pp. 3617–3627, Jan. 2013.
Several species of Piper are used in indigenous system of medicine in India. The root (Pippalimula) and fruit(Pippali) of Piper longum Linn. is possessing high therapeutic virtues. According to Ayurved system of medicine, the Piper longum Linn. roots are pungent and having heating, stomachic, laxative, anthelmintic and carminative properties. It improves the appetite and useful in bronchitis, abdominal pain, disease of the spleen and tumors. According to Unani system, root has a bitter, hot and sharp taste and used as carminative, hepato-protactive, stomachic, abortificient, haematinic, diuretic, digestive and as a general tonic. It also cures inflammation of the liver, pains in the joint, lumbago, snakebite, scorpion-sting and night-blindness. Plant Pippali is cultivated and also imported from other countries as it is highly demanded in pharmaceutical industries. It is reported as endangered species in some states. The cultivation practice of Piper longum Linn. is necessary to overcome its requirement in Pharmaceutics as its highly used plant for classical formulations. On experimental level, Pippalimula is reported having analgesic, antifungal, antimicrobial and anti-oxidant activities. Also, the fruit and root extract of Piper longum along with ciprofloxacin showed good synergistic activity against MRSA. P.longum roots along with E. ribes seeds pregnancy showed antifertility activity in female albino rats. Further scientific validations and clinical trials may sustain the classical claims regarding the root of Piper longum Linn.
N. R. Chiariello, C. B. Field, and H. A. Mooney, “Midday Wilting in a Tropical Pioneer Tree,” Functional Ecology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3–11, 1987.
doi: 10.2307/2389351.
Leaves of Piper auritum H.B. & K., a tropical forest tree common in large gaps and clearings, quickly wilted when exposed to full sun. One consequence of this wilting was a dramatic reduction in the projected leaf area normal to the direct solar beam. As a result, intercepted photosynthetically active radiation decreased by 50-70%, and leaf temperature decreased by 1-5⚬C, which led, respectively, to decreased photosynthesis and transpiration. Because the decrease in photosynthesis was smaller than the decrease in transpiration, wilting resulted in an increase in the ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration (water-use-efficiency), relative to leaves prevented from wilting. Stomatal conductance decreased when leaves were exposed to high light but did not change dramatically when leaves wilted. By affecting the leaf-air vapour concentration gradient, partial stomatal closure further enhanced the effects of wilting on water-use-efficiency.
T. B. Club, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Torrey Botanical Club., 1920.
Includes Index to American botanical literature.
E. E. V. Collocott, “Kava Ceremonial in Tonga,” The Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 36, no. 1(141), pp. 21–47, 1927.http://www.jstor.org/stable/20702121.
L. A. Conde-Hernández, J. R. Espinosa-Victoria, and J. Á. Guerrero-Beltrán, “Supercritical Extraction of Essential Oils of Piper Auritum and Porophyllum Ruderale,” The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, vol. 127, pp. 97–102, Sep. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.03.026.
Essential oils (EO) of Piper auritum (“hoja santa”) and Porophyllum ruderale (“pápalo” or “pápalo quelite”), previously dried, were obtained by supercritical extraction (SCE) with CO2. Oil extraction was performed at two temperatures (40 and 50°C) and two pressures (10.34 and 17.24MPa). The steam distillation (SDE) method was used also for extraction of EO. Oils were analyzed in antioxidant activity (ABTS method). The chemical composition of oils, by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). Piper auritum oil yields were in the range 2.37±0.05–3.09±0.12g oil/100g dry material and in Porophyllum ruderale the yields were 0.82±0.01–1.35±0.09g oil/100g dry material. The antioxidant activity, for plants, were in the range 1.30–11.65mg equivalent of Trolox/g of oil and 1.09–10.16mg of ascorbic acid equivalent/g of oil. The main components identified by GC–MS in Piper auritum oil were safrole and phytol and in Porophyllum ruderale oil were isosafrole, α-copaene and phytol.
D. Coulter, C. Tamayo, S. Sotheeswaran, C. Ulbricht, and W. H. Organization, “Assessment of the Risk of Hepatotoxicity with Kava Products,” World Health Organization, 2007.https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43630.
S. R. Cross, “Lead Uptake and Its Effect on Plant Growth and Photosynthesis of Piper Sarmentosum (Wild Pepper) and Epipremnum Aureum (Money Plant),” Thesis, 2010.https://repository.nie.edu.sg/handle/10497/4226.
In the present study, two common local landscaping plants, Piper sarmentosum (wild pepper) and Epipremnum aureum (money plants) were used to study the uptake of Pb. The fresh weight and dry weights of the roots and shoots of both plant species was monitored during the treatment period. All the Pb treated plants continued to grow in the presence of Pb, although the growth was much slower as compared to the control plants. It was also found that shoot growth was affected more than root growth in the wild pepper plants whilst the reverse was true for the money plants. The results of the present study also found that the Pb concentration in the leaves, stems and roots for both plant species increased significantly with increasing Pb concentration and prolonged treatment time. The order of accumulation appeared to be roots>stems>leaves in wild pepper plants and roots> aerial roots>stems> leaves in money plants. Visible symptoms of toxicity such as yellowing of leaves and wilting, as well as significant reductions in photosynthetic light use of efficiency occurred only from week 8 in both plant species. Changes in Chl content were also measured and indicate that although both plant species were affected by the Pb treatment, they were tolerant to Pb stress. The reduction in photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate (A) occurred much earlier than the changes in the Fv/Fm ratios for both plant species. However, the decrease in A was not due to stomatal limitation (gs) as there were no significant differences in gs in all the plants. Water deficit was experienced in wild pepper plants only after 7 weeks of treatment and only in the highest treatment whilst in money plants, there was no significant changes in the water potential of the plants. Both wild pepper and money plants were tolerant to Pb stress based on their photosynthetic capacities. From studies of the leachate collected after Pb treatment was stopped, it was found that the concentration of Pb in the wild pepper plants was lower than that for the money plants in all the Pb treated plants by week 3. Analysis of the Pb content retained in the tissues of both plant species indicate that the wild pepper plants were able to retain more Pb in their roots whilst the money plants were able to retain more Pb in their aerial tissues. Both plant species have leaves with large surface areas, extensive root systems and are able to propagate fast. These features make them potential candidates for phytoremediation of Pb from contaminated soils. Comparisons between the two plant species based on the various parameters studied indicate that money plant is a better candidate for phytoremediation as it is more tolerant to photosynthetic stress due to action of Pb and it is able to retain higher amounts of Pb in its various plant tissues. In addition, it possesses numerous aerial roots which are capable of accumulating significant amounts of Pb.
R. Davis, M. Lomavatu-Fong, L. A. McMichaef, T. K. Ruabete, S. Kumar, and U. Turaganivalu, “Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection of Kava (Piper Methysticum) and Implications for Cultural Control of Kava Dieback Disease,” Australasian Plant Pathology, 2011.
doi: 10.1071/AP05050.
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was found by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to be not fully systemic in naturally infected kava (Piper methysticum) plants in Fiji. Twenty-six of 48 samples (54%) from various tissues of three recently infected plants were CMV-positive compared with 7/51 samples (14%) from three long-term infections (plants affected by dieback for more than 1 year). The virus was also found to have a limited ability to move into newly formed stems. CMV was detected in only 2/23 samples taken from re-growth stems arising from known CMV infected/dieback affected plants. Mechanical inoculation experiments conducted in Fiji indicate that the known kava intercrop plants banana (Musa spp.), pineapple (Ananas comosus), peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and the common weed Mikania micrantha are potential hosts for a dieback-causing strain of CMV. It was not possible to transmit the virus mechanically to the common kava intercrop plants taro (Colocasia esculenta), Xanthosoma sp., sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), yam (Dioscorea alata), papaya (Carica papaya) or the weed Momordica charantia. Implications of the results of this research on a possible integrated disease management strategy are discussed.
R. I. Davis and J. F. Brown, “Kava (Piper Methysticum) in the South Pacific:” Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Australia, 46, Mar. 1999.
This report discusses kava myths and ceremonies, the relative importance of kava as a cash crop, the kava plant and its cultivation, and the diseases and pests commonly found in kava gardens. It also describes the main kava cultivars grown in Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu and Samoa, reports the results of field trials on the effects of shading on kava growth and yield, and compares the growth patterns and yields of 10 different kava cultivars in Vanuatu.
D. P. P. De Silva, P. Jones, and M. W. Shaw, “Identification and Transmission of Piper Yellow Mottle Virus and Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infecting Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum) in Sri Lanka,” Plant Pathology, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 537–545, 2002.
doi: 10.1046/j.0032-0862.2002.00757.x.
Sri Lankan black pepper with symptoms of yellow mottle disease contained a mixture of viruses: Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMV) particles (30 × 130 nm), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, 30 nm diameter isometric particles), and unidentified, isometric virus-like particles (30 nm diameter). An effective purification procedure is described for PYMV. Immunosorbent and conventional electron microscopy successfully detected badnavirus particles only when at least partially purified extracts were used. PYMV was confirmed as the cause of the disease, with the other two viruses apparently playing no part in producing symptoms. PYMV was transmitted by grafting, by the insect vectors citrus mealy bug (Planococcus citri) and black pepper lace bug (Diconocoris distanti), but not by mechanical inoculation or through seeds. The CMV isolate was transmitted to indicator plants by mechanical inoculation and by the vector Aphis gossypii, but not by Myzus persicae; but neither mechanical nor insect transmission of CMV to black pepper was successful. A sensitive polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to detect PYMV in black pepper.
P. C. A. de Sousa, S. S. Silva e Souza, G. F. Nogueira, I. M. de Araújo Silva-Cardoso, and J. E. Scherwinski-Pereira, “Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis of Piper Hispidinervum L. and Evaluation of the Regenerated Plants by Flow Cytometry,” Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 40, Mar. 2022.
doi: 10.1186/s43141-022-00323-6.
Piper hispidinervum is a species native from the Amazon region with great economic potential, given its scientifically proven insecticidal properties. In this study, an efficient protocol of plant regeneration via indirect somatic embryogenesis has been established for the first time. In a first experiment, for the induction of calluses, foliar explants of non-discriminated accesses of P. hispidinervum were inoculated in MS medium supplemented with α-naphtalenacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), in different combinations. For a second experiment, foliar explants from five different accesses of P. hispidinervum (PH17, PH21, PH28, PH37, and PH39) were analyzed regarding the formation of calluses when cultivated in MS medium with 5 mg L−1 NAA + 2.5 mg L−1 BAP. To obtain somatic embryos-like structures, calluses were cultivated in MS medium with 10 mg L−1 NAA + 2.5 mg L−1 of BAP. The somatic embryos-like structures obtained were inoculated in MS medium devoid of growth regulators and the plantlets were subjected to acclimatization. Calluses and somatic embryos-like structures were subjected to anatomical analysis and genetic stability of regenerated plants was analyzed by flow cytometry.
P. C. A. De Sousa et al., “Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration in Piper Aduncum L,” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 618–633, Oct. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s11627-020-10110-y.
An efficient protocol is reported for in vitro plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in Piper aduncum, a Brazilian Amazon species with high economic potential. The species is important due to a variety of components found in its essential oil, with emphasis on dillapiole. Leaf explants from five accessions identified for high oil yield and levels of dillapiole were evaluated for their embryogenic potential. To induce embryogenic calli, the explants were cultivated in MS medium supplemented with 5 mg L−1 of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2.5 mg L−1 of N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) for 80 d. For somatic embryogenesis, the embryogenic calli were transferred to MS medium with 10 mg L−1 of NAA and 2.5 mg L1 of BAP and incubated for 45 d. The obtained somatic embryos were germinated in MS medium without regulators by 45 d and the obtained plantlets were subjected to acclimatization. Somatic embryos and calli from this process were subjected to anatomical and histochemical analyses. Biochemical analyses (total soluble sugars, starch, total amino acids, and proteins) were also performed to identify markers for embryogenic competence acquisition. In addition, the germination of somatic embryos was evaluated in a semi-solid and liquid system (R.I.T.A.® temporary immersion bioreactors). The obtained plants were evaluated for genetic fidelity using ISSR markers. The present study indicate that the accessions did not differ in embryogenic potential, with a mean percentage of calli with somatic embryos of 82.4%. Anatomical analyses confirmed the occurrence of the embryogenic route and the histochemical analyses identified starch grains in somatic embryos at different developmental stages. The biochemical analyses showed high total soluble sugars and total amino acids in embryogenic calli, marks of the acquisition of the embryogenic competence of P. aducum. The R.I.T.A.® temporary immersion bioreactors were highly efficient in the regeneration of somatic plants, with 100% germination. The plants regenerated in the semi-solid and liquid systems showed high genetic homogeneity. The survival rate of the acclimatized plants was 100%.
P. W. F. de Waard, “Current State and Prospective Trends of Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) Production,” Outlook on Agriculture, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 186–195, Dec. 1986.
doi: 10.1177/003072708601500404.
Although pepper is not quantitatively a major crop – exportable world production totalling only some 132 000 tonnes annually, valued at US $162 million – it is a very important constituent of the normal diet in many parts of the world. This article reviews the factors affecting the growth of the crop and the problems of maintaining a balance between supply and demand. It argues that a major obstacle to stabilizing the industry is the lack of a satisfactory control measure for the devastating footrot disease.
H. M. Debonsi Navickiene et al., “Quantitative Determination of Anti-Fungal and Insecticide Amides in Adult Plants, Plantlets and Callus from Piper Tuberculatum by Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,” Phytochemical Analysis, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 281–284, 2003.
doi: 10.1002/pca.716.
L. D. Dinh, U. Simmen, K. B. Bueter, B. Bueter, K. Lundstrom, and W. Schaffner, “Interaction of Various Piper Methysticum Cultivars with CNS Receptors in Vitro,” Planta Medica, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 306–311, 2001.
doi: 10.1055/s-2001-14334.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
E. Djauhariya, M. Rahardjo, A. Sudiman, and S. Sukarman, “Pengaruh Macam Setek Dan Media Tumbuh Terhadap Vigor Bibit Kemukus (piper Cubeba Linn),” Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 67, Jun. 2020.
doi: 10.21082/jlittri.v12n2.2006.67-72.
In Indonesia, cubeba pepper plant (Piper cubeba LINN) has been known for years as a traditional medicine, spice, fragrant, and seasonings. In Central of Java, it is usually propagated by using eight or fourteen node cuttings which is not an economical practice. The research on cutting materials and growth media was conducted in Cimanggu Experimental Garden of the Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute from September to December 2003. The objective of the research was to find out an appropriate propagation technology of cubeba. The research used two factors and three replications which was arranged in a randomized completely block design. The first factor was three kinds of cutting nodes, i.e. (1) attached-rooted cuttings (2) vegetative branch and (3) generative branch. The second factor was three kinds of media compositions of soil, dung manure and sand (1) 1:1:1, (2) 2:1:1 and (3) 3:1:1. Observations were conducted on the percentage of budding, length of bud, number of leaves, number of roots, length of root, dry weight of the roots, and the shoot. The results of the research indicated that the vigor of seedlings which was expressed by germination percentage, growth of seedlings, and growth of root, did not significantly affected by the interaction between kinds of cuttings and media composition. However, the kinds of cuttings significantly affected all variables, except the number of leaves. Cubeba seedlings originated from attached-rooted cuttings and vegetative branch had higher germination percentage i.e. 68.40% and 62.00%, length of shoot 2.87 cm and 4.70 cm, dry weight of shoot 0.13 g and 0.14 g, number of roots 5.95 and 5.76, length of root 7.32 cm and 7.27 cm, and dry weight of root 0.05 g and 0.05 g, compared to the cubeba seedlings originated from generative branch. Media composition was significantly effected only on dry weight of shoots. The highest dry weight of shoot was resulted from composition of soil, dung manure and sand 1:1;1 (0.14 g), while the lowest was found on ratio media composition of soil, dung manure and sand 3:1:1 (0.11g).
F. Domínguez, X. Lozoya, and J. Simon, “Tissue Culture Regeneration of a Medicinal Plant from Mexico: Piper Auritum Kunth.,” HortScience, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 207–209, Feb. 2006.
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.41.1.207.
An efficient whole plant regeneration method from callus cultures of Piper auritum was achieved through organogenesis derived from leaf tissue. Proliferating callus and shoot cultures derived from leaf tissue explants placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg·L–1 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) plus 1.5 mg·L–1 kinetin. Optimum combination of hormones (mg·L–1) for shoot induction was 0.5 2,4-D : 1.5 mg·L–1 kinetin (by volume), that resulted in a high rooting rate (49.6 shoots per explant). All of the plants elongated when using a medium consisting of 0.1 mg·L–1 2,4-D plus 1 mg·L–1kinetin. Elongated shoots were successfully rooted (100%) on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg·L–1 indole-3-acetic acid. All plantlets survived to the growing conditions of a greenhouse. This study demonstrates that leaf tissue of P. auritum is competent for adventitious shoot regeneration and establishes an efficient and useful protocol for the multiplication and conservation of P. autirum for further investigation of its medicinally active constituents.
S. Dousseau, A. A. de Alvarenga, E. Alves, I. de S. Chaves, E. dos S. Souza, and J. da S. Alves, “Características fisiológicas, morfológicas e bioquímicas da propagação sexual de Piper aduncum (Piperaceae),” Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. 34, pp. 297–305, Sep. 2011.http://www.scielo.br/j/rbb/a/mCnmt5F85LM7YLrn75qzyZz/abstract/?lang=pt&format=html.
In this work we attempted to characterize the diaspores and the germination process of Piper aduncum L., as well as to verify the influence of the interaction between presence and absence of light (photoperiod of 12 hours and dark) and temperature (25 °C, 30 °C and 20-30 °C) and also of gibberellin (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1) on the root protrusion and normal seedlings formation. The diaspores are very small with a thousand seed weight of 0.3645 g, 13% moisture and protein reserve. Diaspores are strict positively photoblastic in the tested temperature range and the optimum temperature for root protrusion was 30 °C, while for normal seedlings was 25 °C. The previous permanence in the dark led to an increase in the speed of root protrusion and percentage and speed of seedling formation. The application of gibberellic acid negatively interfered with the protrusion and growth of the radicle while favoring the elongation of hypocotyls.
S. Dousseau, A. A. de Alvarenga, E. Alves, I. de S. Chaves, E. dos S. Souza, and J. da S. Alves, “Physiological, Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of the Sexual Propagation of Piper Aduncum (Piperaceae),” Revista Brasileira de Botânica, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 297–305, Sep. 2011.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-84042011000300005.
Physiological, morphological and biochemical characteristics of the sexual propagation of Piper aduncum (Piperaceae)). In this work we attempted to characterize the diaspores and the germination process of Piper aduncum L., as well as to verify the influence of the interaction between presence and absence of light (photoperiod of 12 hours and dark) and temperature (25 °C, 30 °C and 20-30 °C) and also of gibberellin (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1) on the root protrusion and normal seedlings formation. The diaspores are very small with a thousand seed weight of 0.3645 g, 13% moisture and protein reserve. Diaspores are strict positively photoblastic in the tested temperature range and the optimum temperature for root protrusion was 30 °C, while for normal seedlings was 25 °C. The previous permanence in the dark led to an increase in the speed of root protrusion and percentage and speed of seedling formation. The application of gibberellic acid negatively interfered with the protrusion and growth of the radicle while favoring the elongation of hypocotyls.
K. Dragull, W. Y. Yoshida, and C.-S. Tang, “Piperidine Alkaloids from Piper Methysticum,” Phytochemistry, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 193–198, May 2003.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00111-0.
Pipermethystine (1), 3α,4α-epoxy-5β-pipermethystine (2) and awaine (3) were isolated from the aerial parts of kava (Piper methysticum G. Forster, Piperaceae) and identified by HRMS and NMR spectroscopic analysis. 1 was concentrated in the stem peelings and leaves. 2 and 3 are new alkaloids with 2 found only in cv. Isa among the 11 cultivars examined, and 3 occurred primarily in young leaves of all cultivars. The stem peelings have been used in recent years as a source of kavalactones in kava dietary supplement industry. Quantitative aspects of these piperidine alkaloids in P. methysticum and their potential activities on human physiology are discussed.
P. Dutta, P. K. Kaman, A. Kumari, B. Saikia, and L. Deb, “Management of Sclerotium Rolfsii Causing Basal Rot of Piper Longum through Organic Approaches,” Indian Phytopathology, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 267–271, Mar. 2022.
doi: 10.1007/s42360-021-00428-x.
Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc causes serious yield loss of Pippali (Piper longum Linn.). Catkin, the fruit of Pippali is directly used in medicinal industry so, use of chemical fungicides is not encourages for the cultivation of Pippali. The present study was carried out to bring orgnaic management strategy of the crop. Six native isolates of fungal and bacterial antagonists were tested against S. rolfsii and found T. harzianum was found as the best agents. In in vitro studies, sclerotial production was found drastically reduced when exposed to biocontrol agents. Result on field experiment showed that soil application of mustard oil cake (MOC) @ 1 kg/2X2 m2 plot fortified with T. harzianum @ 5 ml/m2 found effective in managing the basal rot with disease reduction upto 10.65% with increased plant growth parameters. This was followed by soil application of T. harzianum @ 5 ml/m2 with disease incidence of 14.98%.
L. A. Dyer and A. Palmer, Piper: A Model Genus for Studies of Phytochemistry, Ecology, and Evolution. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
Piper is an economically and ecologically important genus of plant that includes a fascinating array of species for studying natural history, natural products chemistry, community ecology, and evolutionary biology. The diversification of this taxon is unique and of great importance in understanding the evolution of plants. The diversity and ecological relevance of this genus makes it an obvious candidate for ecological and evolutionary studies, but surprisingly, most research on Piper spp. to-date has focused on the more economically important plants P. nigrum (black pepper), P. methysticum (kava), and P. betle (betel leaf). While this book does address the applied techniques of studying Piper, its focus is more on Piper in its natural setting. Piper: A Model Genus for Studies of Phytochemistry, Ecology, and Evolution synthesizes existing data and provides an outline for future investigations of the chemistry, ecology, and evolution of this taxon, while examining its key themes of Piper as a model genus for ecological and evolutionary studies, the important ecological roles of Piper species in lowland wet forests, and the evolution of distinctive Piper attributes. This volume has a place in the libraries of those studying or working in the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology, natural products chemistry, invasive species biology, pharmaceutics, and ethnobotany.
C. Effegem, “Desinfestação E Germinação in Vitro De Sementes De,” p. 8.
R. Fan, X.-W. Qin, R.-S. Hu, L.-S. Hu, B.-D. Wu, and C.-Y. Hao, “Studies on the Chemical and Flavour Qualities of White Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) Derived from Grafted and Non-Grafted Plants,” European Food Research and Technology, vol. 246, no. 12, pp. 2601–2610, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s00217-020-03600-1.
In this study, we examined the chemical quality (total protein, total lipid, starch, piperine, and essential oil contents) and flavour quality of white pepper (Piper nigrum L.) derived from grafted and non-grafted plants over 3 years. We employed gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to analyse major volatiles and sensory evaluation to assess the flavour quality of white pepper derived from grafting and non-grafting. Within the six groups of white pepper samples, few differences were found in their chemical composition, and most features were primarily considered the same. However, the total lipid content was much higher in the non-grafting samples than in the grafted samples. The reason for this difference was likely due to stock grafting from diverse sources, which affected the transport of some nutrients, but the difference in lipid content was not necessarily large. The characterization of the main chemical compounds (caryophyllene, cyclohexene, caryophyllene oxide, and isospathulenol), volatile compounds, and volatile profiles of two treatments (grafted and non-grafted plants) and three samples were taken from each treatment showed little differences across all of the samples, perhaps indicating that grafting had little effect on the aroma components of white pepper. We examined the volatile compounds of white pepper derived from six groups by principal component analysis (PCA) to support our sensory and instrumental data. These results suggest that grafting is promising for the cultivation of Piper nigrum L.
H. W. Felter, “King’s American Dispensatory.,” p. 3.
F. R. A. N. C. I. S. C. O. J. O. S. C. M. A. R. A. FIGuEIRÊDO, “Biochemical Parameters of Plants of Pimenta Longa (piper Hispidinervum C.dc.) Under Different Conditions of Cultivation in the Municipal District of Igarapé-Açu, Pa,” Rev. ciênc. agrár., no. 51, pp. 171–189, 2009.
The biochemical parameters of plants of pimenta longa, cultivated with and without irrigation, were studied under field conditions, between May/98 and March/99, in the Municipal district of Igarapé-Açu, PA. The following treatments were tested: T1 - irrigated and non-fertilized; T2 - irrigated and fertilized; T3 - non-irrigated and non-fertilized; T4 - non-irrigated and fertilized. The effects on water stress, chlorophyll content, total soluble sugar content, total protein content and phosphorus and potassium content were evaluated. It was observed that in the driest months, there was a reduction in the chlorophyll content, independent of the treatment, being chlorophyll a, more affected. Water stress reduced the contents of total soluble sugars and potassium, while the protein and phosphorus contents stayed constant, during the studied period. In the irrigated plants, potassium contents increased with plants age.
\relax D. L. C. K. Fonseka and \relax W. W. U. I. Wickramaarachchi, “In Vitro Shoot Regeneration and Rooting of Piper Longum L.: A Valuable Medicinal Plant,” p. 4.
Piper longum L (Long pepper), of family Piperaceae, is an important medicinal plant in Sri Lanka. Cultivation of Piper longum L. till recently was not very common and still it is extensively collected from the wild owing to the increasing demand from the pharmaceutical industry, threatening the very existence of the plant. Poor seed viability and low germination, scanty and delayed rooting of vegetative cuttings restrict its propagation through sexual and vegetative propagation methods indicating a need of alternative approaches such as in vitro techniques for large scale propagation of this medicinally important plant. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop an effective in vitro propagation protocol for Long pepper using nodal segments as ex plants, obtained from a shade house grown mature plant. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was used throughout the experiment. For shoot proliferation, MS medium supplemented with combination of 1Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Kinetin (KIN) and different levels of N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were used. In vitro rooting was achieved to 50% strength MS basal medium containing 1mg/L. The highest frequency of multiple shoot regeneration, that is 87.5% and the maximum number of, 36-40 shoots/ex plants in one sub culture (within 8 weeks after inoculation) were observed in MS media containing BAP (3 mg/L), KIN (0.5mg/L) and NAA (0.2mg/L). The maximum number of roots (6-8 per plantlet) were obtained in 50% MS basal medium + glucose (15 g/L) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/ L) and gelled with 0.8% (w/v) agar supplemented with NAA (1 mg/L). In vitro rooted shoots were successfully acclimatized in the shade house conditions. Therefore, it is possible to deduce that the current protocol is promising for in vitro mass propagation of Piper longum L. to solve the reproduction and cultivation problem of the plant.
G. Forster, Georgii Forster ...: De plantis esevlentis insvlarvm oceani Avstralis commentatio botanica ... apvd Havde et Spener, 1786.
J. R. Forster, Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World, on Physical Geography, Natural History, and Ethic Philosophy: Especially On: 1. The Earth and Its Strata; 2. Water and the Ocean; 3. The Atmosphere; 4. The Changes of the Globe; 5. Organic Bodies; and 6. The Human Species. G. Robinson, 1778.
An account of Cook’s second circumnavigation in H.M.S. Resolution. Mostly about the South Sea Islands, "but there are numerous remarks and observations on America."–Maggs 442.
A. L. Fredeen and C. B. Field, “Ecophysiological Constraints on the Distribution of Piper Species,” in Tropical Forest Plant Ecophysiology, S. S. Mulkey, R. L. Chazdon, and A. P. Smith, Eds. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996, pp. 597–618.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1163-8_20.
In the shade, light strongly limits to plant growth and successful species typically possess features that increase both the capture and conservation of light energy. In the sun, light is often non- or co-limiting for growth and successful species often possess traits that enable the dissipation of light energy and the partitioning of resources to enhance the capture of other limiting resources. At least in concept, it is unclear why phenotypic plasticity cannot allow all plants to acclimate to any resource level(s). At a fundamental level, the answer must be that phenotypic plasticity has limits. Such limits could affect individual traits. Alternatively, the real limitation to phenotypic plasticity may reside in the difficulty of successfully orchestrating the large number of phenological, morphological, and physiological changes necessary for success in environments representing extremes in resource availability.
R. R. Freire et al., “Rooting Responses of Black Pepper (’Piper Nigrum’ Cv. Bragantina) as Affected by Chemical, Physical and Microbiological Properties of Substrates and Auxin,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, Feb. 2017.https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.821526146533973.
The quality of the root system in stem cuttings of Piper nigrum is highly associated with the induction of adventitious roots by means of auxins and type of substrates. The objective of this study ...
A. R. Furgiuele, W. J. Kinnard, M. D. Aceto, and J. P. Buckley, “Central Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Piper Methysticum (Kava),” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 247–252, Feb. 1965.
doi: 10.1002/jps.2600540218.
P. R. Gajurel, S. Kashung, S. Nopi, R. Panmei, and B. Singh, “Can the Ayurvedic Pippali Plant (Piper Longum L.) Be a Good Option for Livelihood and Socio-Economic Development for Indian Farmers?,” Current Science, vol. 120, no. 10, p. 1567, May 2021.
doi: 10.18520/cs/v120/i10/1567-1572.
The pippali of Ayurveda botanically known as Piper longum L. is one of the economically valued plants, the fruits and roots of which are used widely in the preparation of traditional herbal medicines as well as in various modern drugs. The Ayurvedic medicine system has been heavily dependent on its use since time immemorial. Dried or powdered forms of the fruits and roots are sold at Rs 350 to 3000 per kg, at the national and international markets. Supply of the raw materials is still dependent on the wild source as the existing cultivation and management practices are not adequate to fulfill the demand. If utilized, it may become one of the most important components of agroforestry systems in the tropical and subtropical warm humid climate of the country that may generate up to approximately Rs 130,000 as an additional income to the farmers.
J. Garcia, T. Kamada, T. K. B. Jacobson, M. A. Curado, and S. M. de Oliveira, “Superação de dormência em sementes de pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum L.),” Dec. 2000.http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/handle/ri/12947.
The black pepper fruits are largely used in culinary for its aroma but also useful for cosmetics, insect control and for its medicinal properties. Grafting has been used for propagation due to the period (six months) and irregular seed germination. To overcome the dormancy and reduce time for seedling production na experiment was carried out with seeds collected at the Alternative Medical Hospital in Goiânia, Brazil, at October 2000 and subject to the following treatments: a) peeled seeds, b) peelled seeds washed in running water for five minutes, c) peelled seeds washed in running water for five minutes and soaked in a 50%detergent solution and then washed in running water for two minutes, d) peelled seeds washed in running water for five minutes, then soaked in hypochloeite solution then washed for two minutes, e) control. Four replications were used in a completely randomized design. After 21 days it was observed no germination in the control treatment. Pelling increased germination to 56%. The peeled and water washed seed treatments, and those with washed and then hypochlorite soaked seeds caused germination rate increase, but did not differ significantly from those which just the seed peel was removed (58 and 56% germination rate, respectively). The higher germination rate (73%) was observed with peeled and washed seeds that were soaked in detergent solution, however no significant differences were found as compared to the water washed and hypochlorite soaked seed treatments.
R. Gatty, “Kava—Polynesian Beverage Shrub,” Economic Botany, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 241–249, Jul. 1956.
doi: 10.1007/BF02898999.
L. D. Gautz, P. Kaufusi, M. C. Jackson, H. C. Bittenbender, and C.-S. Tang, “Determination of Kavalactones in Dried Kava (Piper Methysticum) Powder Using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy and Partial Least-Squares Regression,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 54, no. 17, pp. 6147–6152, Aug. 2006.
doi: 10.1021/jf060964v.
Kava (Piper methysticum Forst F.), or àwa in the Hawaiian language, has been used for thousands of years by the people of the South Pacific Islands, in particular Fiji, Vanuatu, Tonga, and Samoa, for social and ceremonial occasions. Kava has the unique ability to promote a state of relaxation without the loss of mental alertness. Kava recently became part of the herbal pharmacopoeia throughout the United States and Europe because of its anxiolytic properties. The active compounds are collectively called kavalactones (or kava pyrones). The need for a less time-consuming and costly method to determine the concentration of kavalactones in dried kava is urgent. The combination of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and partial least-squares (PLS) methods has been found to be a convenient, versatile, and rapid analytical tool for determination of kavalactones in dried kava powder. Calibration equations were developed based on the analyses of 110 samples with variable physical and chemical properties collected over time from Hawaii kava growers and validated by analyses of a set of 12 samples with unknown kavalactones concentration. All six major kavalactones and the total kavalactones were measured using NIRS with accuracy acceptable for commercial use. The NIRS measurements are reproducible and have a repeatability on a par with HPLC methods. Keywords: Kavalactones; kava; Piper methysticum; near-infrared; reflectance; spectroscopy; partial least-squares
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Effects of Varietal Diversity on Knowledge of Kava (Piper methysticum) in the Pacific" by Andrew Gerren
E. N. Gomes and D. Krinski, “Rooting of Apical, Median and Basal Stem Cuttings of Piper Aduncum L. on Different Substrates,” Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 435–439, Sep. 2018.
doi: 10.5965/223811711732018435.
Piper aduncum L. (Piperaceae) is an aromatic species native from Tropical Americas. The elevated dillapiole content in its essential oil attributes great economic potential to the species, due to its proven insecticidal action against important agricultural pests. The domestication and cultivation of this species, seeking the standardization of the essential oil quality, goes through the stage of plant propagation, which presents scarce technical and scientific information. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the rooting of stem cuttings collected from the apical, median and basal positions of P. aduncum plagiotropic branches, in sieved soil, commercial substrate (composed of pine bark, peat, expanded vermiculite and enriched with macro and micronutrients), and vermiculite of medium granulometry. The cuttings were kept under intermittent misting for 45 days until the experimental evaluation. Higher rooting percentages were observed in apical cuttings (17.4%) when compared to basal ones (6.9%). There were also higher number, length and fresh mass of roots in apical cuttings. The substrate did not influence the rooting of P. aduncum stem cuttings.
N. Greig, “Predispersal Seed Predation on Five Piper Species in Tropical Rainforest,” Oecologia, vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 412–420, Mar. 1993.
doi: 10.1007/BF00317886.
Absolute number of seeds lost to predispersal seed predators and proportion of total seeds lost per infructescence were compared among five Costa Rican Piper species of different annual fecundities. Mean seed number and mean seed size in the five species were negatively correlated. The impact of predation on these species was inversely related to the number of seeds they produced. The two early successional species had very high fecundities, a combination of many seeds per infructescence, many infructescences per plant, and, in one species, year-round reproduction. Although seed predators destroyed as many or more seeds of these early successional species than they did of the less fecund, late successional species, this loss accounted for a relatively minor proportion (9 and 12%) of the seeds of the early successional species. In contrast, late successional species produced fewer, larger seeds in a smaller number of infructescences and were not continually in fruit. One of these species, which produced intermediate numbers of intermediately sized seeds, lost 30% of the seeds in each infructescence on average. Seed predators destroyed a larger proportion (65 and 76%) of the seeds per infructescence in the two species with fewest seeds per infructescence. High levels of insect damage in these late successional species caused many of their infructescences to abort prematurely. Taken together these factors resulted in annual fecundities several orders of magnitude smaller in shade-tolerant Piper species than the annual fecundities of shade-intolerant, early successional species. Seedlings of the two early successional species were common in large gaps and other sunny clearings and seedlings of the species with 30% seed loss were occasional, whereas no seedlings were seen of the two species with the highest proportional seed loss, suggesting that seed predation on the latter species may limit seedling recruitment.
N. Greig, “Regeneration Mode in Neotropical Piper: Habitat and Species Comparisons,” Ecology, vol. 74, no. 7, pp. 2125–2135, 1993.
doi: 10.2307/1940857.
Clonal growth or vegetative propagation is widespread among plants, yet we still have no clear understanding of the circumstances under which it is favored over sexual reproduction (via seeds). Within some growth forms of rainforest plants (lianas, understory shrubs), vegetative propagation may be the primary means of regeneration. In this study, the mode and frequency of vegetative propagation in 30 co—occurring species of the tropical shrub genus Piper at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica was assessed through field observations made over several months. Piper species were found to propagate by several means, including stem sprouting, root sprouting, layering, and fragmentation. The mode and frequency of propagation varied significantly among habitats and among species. Shade—tolerant Piper species typical and mid— and late—successional habitats regenerated primarily by vegetative means, especially layering and fragmentation, while shade—intolerant, early—successional species appeared to reproduce and disperse primarily by seed. These differences among Piper species in regeneration mode were due not only to environment, but also to a genetic component, as indicated by experiments investigating the importance of one means of vegetative propagation, fragmentation, to Piper species from different successional habitats. A shadehouse experiment showed that early successional species were less likely than late—successional species to regenerate from detached fragments, independent of light regime. This outcome was corroborated by a transplant experiment in forest understory and large gaps comparing fragment vs. seedling survival among five Piper species from different stages of succession over a 7—mo period. Almost none of the cuttings from early—successional species survived in either habitat. Species of later successional stages survived better as fragments in the understory than in gaps; however, surviving fragments grew larger in gaps. Almost no seedlings from experimentally planted seeds of any species survived in either gaps or understory. Natural seedlings of early—successional Piper species were frequently found in large treefall gaps and other disturbances, while seedlings of species from late succession were seldom found in any habitat.
N. Greig and J. D. Mauseth, “Structure and Function of Dimorphic Prop Roots in Piper Auritum L.,” Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, vol. 118, no. 2, pp. 176–183, 1991.
doi: 10.2307/2996859.
Field observations on growth form and laboratory observations on structure were made of the root systems of Piper auritum L. (Piperaceae), a small weedy tree colonizing disturbed sites in humid lowland areas of the neotropics. Adventitious roots (prop roots, stilt roots) of P. auritum are dimorphic, with differences in form, structure, and orientation between above-ground and subterranean portions. Above ground the root is wide (mean diameter 1.78 cm), unbranched, and has numerous protoxylem poles (x = 42) around a broad pith (mean diameter 0.72 cm). Upon penetration of the soil the root forms several branch roots, some of which grow vertically and provide anchorage and absorption, while others grow horizontally and produce new shoots (root suckers). Both subterranean types differ from the above-ground root and from each other. Horizontal roots are narrowest (1.01 cm diameter) with the fewest protoxylem poles (9) around the narrowest pith (0.04 cm diameter). Vertical subterranean roots have intermediate values (root diameter 1.06 cm; 22 protoxylem poles; pith diameter 0.44 cm). Vessels are on average wider in the xylem of the horizontal root portions (36 to 84 μm radius) than in either above-ground or vertical subterranean parts of the roots (24 to 60 μm and 36 to 72 μm in radius, respectively), and a greater percentage of total conduction is performed by wider vessel size classes in horizontal sections. Fast-growing vegetative shoots produced from the horizontal portions of the roots result in large stands of P. auritum and allow the species to persist in successional areas no longer favorable for germination of its light-dependent seeds.
R. da S. Guedes, F. H. da S. Costa, and J. E. S. Pereira, “Características físicas e nutricionais da matriz de encapsulamento na produção de sementes sintéticas de pimenta-longa (Piper hispidinervum C. DC.),” Revista Árvore, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 1005–1011, Dec. 2007.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-67622007000600004.
Long pepper (Piper hispidinervum C. DC.) is a shrub of the Piperaceae family, native of the Amazonian region, with special interest of cosmetics and bio-insecticide industries due to its high concentration of safrol, an essential oil extracted from the leaves and stems. This work aimed to evaluate the physical and nutritional characteristics of the encapsulation matrix during the production of synthetic seeds of long pepper. Germinated long pepper seeds were used as vegetative material for encapsulation. For both experiments, the influence of capsule composition (water or MS) and consistency (sodium alginate at 1% or 2%), complexation time in CaCl2 (10, 20 and 30 minutes) and opening of the capsules were evaluated. After encapsulation, the materials were transferred to flasks with MS medium and maintained in a growth room, where the germination and growth rates of the encapsulated plantlets were evaluated every two weeks. We verified that the use of an artificial endosperm composed by 1% of sodium alginate in MS medium promoted the best results for the conversion and further growth of plants originated from synthetic seeds after 30 days of culture in solid MS medium, independently of the complexation time used.
M. P. Gupta, T. D. Arias, N. H. Williams, R. Bos, and D. H. E. Tattje, “Safrole, the Main Component of the Essential Oil from Piper Auritum of Panama,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 330–343, Mar. 1985.
doi: 10.1021/np50038a026.
PiperauritumH.B.K. is commonly known in Panamaas “HinojoSabalero.” Its crushed leavesare used by the natives to catch fish during the dry season. Most of the fish thus caught have been identified as Bryron chagrensis, which is known as “Sabalopip&.” It is presumed, on thebasis of field observations by Jolly (l), who described this local fishing technique, that the essential oil from the leaves acts as a fish attractant. A chemical analysis of the essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the fresh leaves revealed the presence of safrole as the major component (ca. 70%). Its identity was confirmed by comparing its retention times on two different columns against an authentic sample of safrole with the sample for gc analysis on two different columns, ir, ‘H nmr and gc/ms. The minor components were tentatively identified by comparison of their mass spectra and retention times with library searches. For this, the oil was fractionated by column chromatography before subrnitting it to gc. Besides safrole, about 40 other constituents in minor quantities were identified: a-thujene, apinene, camphene, sabinene, P-pinene, myrcene, a-phellandrene, A3-carene, a-terpinene, limonene, 1,8-cinmle, y-terpinene, P-phellandrene, cis-sabinene hydrate, nonanone-2, p-cymenene, terpinolene, linalool, camphor, borneol, p-cymen-8-01, bornyl acetate, eugenol, A-elemene, a-cubenene, muurolene, a-copaene, P-bourbonene, a parraffin, P-caryophyllene, humulene, myristicine, p-bisabolene, elemicine, A-cadinene, cadina- 1,4-diene, spathulenol, P-caryophyllene oxide, n-hexadecane, and a spathlenol isomer.
R. M. P. Gutierrez, “Effect of the Hexane Extract of Piper Auritum on Insulin Release from β-Cell and Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat,” Pharmacognosy Magazine, vol. 8, no. 32, pp. 308–313, 2012.
doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.103661.
Background: The large-leafed perennial plant Piper auritum known as Hoja Santa, is used for its leaves that because of their spicy aromatic scent and flavor have an important presence in Mexican cuisine, and in many regions, this plant is known for its therapeutic properties. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we investigated the effect of hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts from Piper auritum on cell culture system and the effect in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats treated by 28 days on the physiological, metabolic parameters and oxidative stress. Results: The hexane extract of P. auritum (HS) treatment significantly reduced the intake of both food, water and body weight loss as well as levels of blood glucose, serum cholesterol, triglycerides and increase HDL-cholesterol. After 4-week administration of HS antioxidant enzyme as SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx in pancreas were determined. These enzyme increased significantly compared with those of the diabetic rats control and normal animals. For all estimated, the results of HS treated groups leading to a restoration of the defense mechanism. The treatment also improves pancreatic TBARS–reactive substance level and serum NO and iNOS. To determine the insulin releasing activity, after extract treatment the serum and pancreatic sections were processed for examination of insulin-releasing activity using an immunocytochemistry kit. The results showed that administration of the hexane extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) exhibited a significant increase in serum and pancreas tissue insulin. Administration of streptozotocin decreased the insulin secretory activity in comparison with intact rats, but treatment with the HS extract increased significantly the activity of the beta cells in comparison with the diabetic control rats. The extract decreased serum glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and increased insulin release from the beta cells of the pancreas. In cultured RIN-5F cells, we examined whether hexane extract of P. auritum would protect the pancreas-derived β-cells from oxidative stress. Moreover, HS could protect pancreatic β-cells from advanced glycation end products-induced oxidative stress. Conclusion: From these results, HS is suggested to show anti-diabetic effect by stimulating insulin-dependent and by protecting pancreatic β-cells from advanced glycation end products-induced oxidative stress.
A. C. Haddon, “87. Kava-Drinking in New Guinea,” Man, vol. 16, pp. 145–152, 1916.
doi: 10.2307/2787543.
X.-guo He, L.-ze Lin, and L.-zhi Lian, “Electrospray High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Phytochemical Analysis of Kava (Piper Methysticum) Extract,” Planta Medica, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 70–74, Feb. 1997.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957608.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
R. E. Hoffstadt, “The Vascular Anatomy of Piper Methysticum,” Botanical Gazette, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 115–132, Aug. 1916.
doi: 10.1086/331876.
1. The stem of Piper methysticum consists of two systems of bundles, peripheral and pith, the latter being in two rows. 2. The peripheral bundles are of two sizes: primary, the larger; secondary, the smaller. The latter are branches of the former. 3. The bundle type is collateral endarch. 4. The bundles are of foliar origin. 5. The bundles, after entering the stem, remain in the peripheral region through one internode and then traverse the pith for two internodes. 6. Both the peripheral and pith bundles show anastomoses. 7. The pericycle consists of only a few cells outside the bundles, which become lignified. 8. There is no differentiated endodermis. 9. The stem enlarges by cambial activity and divisions in the pith region. 10. An interfascicular cambium appears late in the internode and cuts off segments only on one side; it comes still later in the nodes. 11. Leaf traces are many. 12. The base of the leaf is sheathing and vernation is involute. 13. Buds vary in number and position. 14. Piper umbellatum differs from Piper methysticum in the following ways: (1) one ring of pith bundles only; (2) the mucilage canal runs through the center of stem and node; (3) the bundles run through one internode only in the periphery and one in the pith before fusing with those of the leaf above. 15. Both stems are packed, especially when young, with starch, piperin, and mucilage. 16. There are no growth rings.
L. Hu, J.-W. Jhoo, C. Y. W. Ang, M. Dinovi, and A. Mattia, “Determination of Six Kavalactones in Dietary Supplements and Selected Functional Foods Containing Piper Methysticum by Isocratic Liquid Chromatography with Internal Standard,” Journal of AOAC International, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 16–25, 2005 Jan-Feb.
Kava (Piper methysticum) dietary products have been sold worldwide for treatment of nervous anxiety, tension, and restlessness. Recent reports showed potential association of kava usage and liver injuries. This study was conducted to develop simple and reliable methodologies for the extraction and determination of 6 major kavalactones: (+)-methysticin, (+)-dihydromethysticin, (+)-kavain, (+)-dihydrokavain, yangonin, and desmethoxyyangonin. Ultrasonic extraction techniques and isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) were optimized for different types of samples, including capsules containing kava root extract or root powder, raw root material, tea bags, and snack bar. A suitable internal standard, 5,7-dihydroxyflavone, was used for LC calibration. Kavalactones were completely separated in 30 min using a Luna C18-2 column at 60 degrees C with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 2-propanol-acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (16 + 16 + 68 + 0.1, v/v/v/v). Within-laboratory, intraday, and interday method variation (% relative standard deviation) for most samples extracted by methanol or methanol-water mixture were <5%. Lower levels of kavalactone contents and higher variations were observed for tea bags from water extraction or infusion as compared to methanol extraction. Labeling information of tea bags based on methanol extraction could be misleading to consumers. Analytical recoveries of snack bar fortified at 10 and 20 microg/g were >84% with RSD values <8%. Methods developed in this study offer a simple and reproducible means for analysis of kavalactones in various matrixes of dietary products.
H. Iswoyo, A. Ala, M. Sulhidayat, N. E. Dungga, R. Sjahril, and A. Yassi, “Growth Response of Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) Seedlings to Application of Arbuscula Mychorrizae Fungi (AMF) and NPK Fertilizer,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 807, no. 4, p. 042057, Jul. 2021.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/807/4/042057.
Y. Jaiswal et al., “3D Imaging and Metabolomic Profiling Reveal Higher Neuroactive Kavalactone Contents in Lateral Roots and Crown Root Peels of Piper Methysticum (Kava),” GigaScience, 2020.
doi: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa096.
Detailed metabolomic profile and spatio-temporal characteristics of tissues from the roots and stems are characterized using cross-platform metabolomics and a 3D imaging approach to provide mechanistic insights into the social and clinical practice of the use of only peeled roots. Abstract Background Kava is an important neuroactive medicinal plant. While kava has a large global consumer footprint for its clinical and recreational use, factors related to its use lack standardization and the tissue-specific metabolite profile of its neuroactive constituents is not well understood. Results Here we characterized the metabolomic profile and spatio-temporal characteristics of tissues from the roots and stems using cross-platform metabolomics and a 3D imaging approach. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed the highest content of kavalactones in crown root peels and lateral roots. Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) imaging revealed a unique tissue-specific presence of each target kavalactone. X-ray micro-computed tomography analysis demonstrated that lateral roots have morphological characteristics suitable for synthesis of the highest content of kavalactones. Conclusions These results provide mechanistic insights into the social and clinical practice of the use of only peeled roots by linking specific tissue characteristics to concentrations of neuroactive compounds.
J.-W. Jhoo et al., “In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Nonpolar Constituents from Different Parts of Kava Plant (Piper Methysticum),” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 3157–3162, Apr. 2006.
doi: 10.1021/jf051853j.
Kava (Piper methysticum), a perennial shrub native to the South Pacific islands, has been used to relieve anxiety. Recently, several cases of severe hepatotoxicity have been reported from the consumption of dietary supplements containing kava. It is unclear whether the kava constituents, kavalactones, are responsible for the associated hepatotoxicity. To investigate the key components responsible for the liver toxicity, bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out in this study. Kava roots, leaves, and stem peelings were extracted with methanol, and the resulting residues were subjected to partition with a different polarity of solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water) for evaluation of their cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells based on the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase enzyme leakage assays. Organic solvent fractions displayed a much stronger cytotoxicity than water fractions for all parts of kava. The hexane fraction of the root exhibited stronger cytotoxic effects than fractions of root extracted with other solvents or extracts from the other parts of kava. Further investigations using bioassay-directed isolation and analysis of the hexane fraction indicated that the compound responsible for the cytotoxicity was flavokavain B. The identity of the compound was confirmed by 1H and 13 C NMR and MS techniques. Keywords: Kava; Piper methysticum; cytotoxicity; Kava toxicity; flavokavain
Kava has a significant effect to treat anxiety and depression, to promote sleep and to improve sleeping quality and clustering research of Piper methysticum,Piper nigrum and its close relatives with showed that kava were distantly related to the others. Kava(Piper methysticum) has a significant effect to treat anxiety and depression,to promote sleep and to improve sleeping quality.The pharmacological poisonous action and side effects of Kava have not been found significantly in the optimum dose condition.The clustering research of Piper methysticum,Piper nigrum and its close relatives with has not been reported.Thus the aim of this research was to make clear the kinship among them.20 primers selected from 80 primers had been screened out and were used to amplify the total DNA of the 28 test materials,and all of them could generate the clear bands.The amplifications with the 20 primers were repeated,and the results were reliable.The result analysis showed that,at 0.36 of the genetic similarity coefficient,the 28 germplasms were clustered into 6 different groups,in which Piper methysticum was clustered into a single group.This indicated that kava were distantly related to the others.
L. F. D. Júnior and E. J. R. Bisi, “Propagation of Piper Hispidum Through Leaf Cuttings,” vol. 08, p. 5, 2018.
S. C. Justo, C. M. Silva, and C. M. Silva, “Piper Methysticum G. Forster (kava-Kava): Uma Abordagem Geral,” Revista Eletrônica de Farmácia, vol. 5, no. 1, Aug. 2008.
doi: 10.5216/ref.v5i1.4617.
O Piper methysticum G. Forster, conhecido popularmente como Kava-Kava, pertencente à família Piperaceae, é originário das ilhas do Oceano Pacífico. Há tempos, vem sendo utilizado mundialmente como alternativa ao uso dos ansiolíticos e sem orientação médica, o que pode constituir risco a saúde da população. Seu mecanismo de ação, devido à grande diversidade de atividades farmacológicas relatadas, não permite uma explicação simples, sendo que, diversos estudos são realizados na tentativa de elucidar esta questão. Atualmente, recebeu tarja vermelha com a frase “venda sob prescrição médica”, isto devido aos casos de toxicidade hepática associados ao seu uso. Este trabalho, diante do exposto, e da carência de material literário sobre esta planta, tem o objetivo de realizar amplo levantamento bibliográfico sobre a espécie em questão, abordando seu histórico de uso, aspectos fitoquímicos, farmacológicos e toxicológicos. 10.5216/ref.v5i1.4617
R. M. K.A., H. K.N., S. K.A.*, and P. K. K., “Evaluation of Potting Mixtures and Humidity Conditions for Rooting and Establishment of Plagiotropic Branches of Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.),” Annals of Plant Sciences, vol. 6, no. 05, p. 1622, May 2017.
doi: 10.21746/aps.2017.05.003.
Bush pepper grown from the lateral branches (plagiotrops) of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) has the advantage of growing as a garden plant without standards for trailing and there is surge in demand for planting materials. An experiment was conducted to standardize suitable rooting conditions for the production of bush pepper in which, potting mixture (soil and vermicompost in 3:1 proportion) and coir pith compost, alone and in combination were evaluated for the rooting and establishment of bush pepper with and without humid chambers. The laterals of black pepper variety Panniyur 1 were used. There were nine treatments with three replications each. After 50 days of planting it was observed that, the largest number of laterals established where coir pith compost in 8 x 5 cm black nursery bags and kept under humid chamber (T2 / 63.3 %) followed by coir pith compost in 19” x 8” transparent LDPE bags, planted the cuttings and tied the mouth for retaining humidity (T8 / 60.8%). In both the cases the planting medium used was coir pith compost. Hence it is inferred that coir pith compost could be used as medium for rooting and establishment of laterals for large scale production of bush pepper.
K. M. B. Kameubun, “Indigenous Knowledge, Morphological Variation and Genetic Diversity of Kava (Piper Methysticum Forst.) in Merauke, Papua, Indonesia,” PhD thesis, 2014.
doi: 10.53846/goediss-4510.
Die Provinz Papua birgt eine äußerst vielfältige Biodiversität, die es noch von der Forschung zu entdecken gilt. Verschiedene Pflanzen dienen als Wirkstoff und werden traditionell von den Einwohnern angewendet. Der Marind-Stamm lebt im Distrikt Merauke im südlichen Papua. Aufgrund der geographischen Gegebenheiten unterteilt sich der Marind-Stamm in drei Gruppen, die Marind pantai (oder Marind dufh), Marind rawa (oder Marind bob) und Marind darat (oder Marind degh). Eine der am häufigsten traditionell verwendeten Pflanzenarten ist Piper methysticum, das sogenannte Wati. Die Wati-Blätter enthalten aktive Substanzen, die eine sedative Wirkung haben und einen langanhaltenden Schlaf verursachen. Die pharmakologischen Effekte sind den Eingeborenen seit langem bekannt. Die Spezies wird als traditionelle Medizin und als Getränk verwendet. Daher kommt ihr eine Bedeutung für die soziale Interaktion zwischen Einzelpersonen und Gruppen der Gemeinschaft zu. Zudem zeigt Wati, das in der Region des Marind-Stammes wächst, eine hohe morphologische Diversität. Die Eingeborenen haben besondere lokale Namen für jede Sorte oder Cultivar. Aufgrund der Bedeutung von Wati ist diese Art häufig Gegenstand ethnobotanischer Studien. Diese können auf Grundlage des Wissens der drei ethnischen Gruppen hinsichtlich der morphologischen Charakterisierung, der Verwendung, dem Anbau und dem Schutz von Wati durchgeführt werden. Die Methoden in der vorliegenden Studie umfassen Erfassungsmethoden und partizipative Beobachtungen. Die Orte für die Untersuchung wurden in 32 Dörfern gewählt. Informanten wurden nach einem zweckgeleiteten Stichprobenverfahren ausgewählt. Die Daten wurden hauptsächlich durch semistrukturierte und offene Interviews mit mehr als 100 Personen der Gemeinschaft erhoben. Diese Untersuchung verwendete zwei grundsätzliche Ansätze, den emischen und den ethnischen Ansatz. Der emische Ansatz stellt eine auf ethnologischer Forschung beruhende Methode dar, um zu einer Beschreibung der Wahrnehmung und der Vorstellung der Stammesangehörigen oder der Stelle des zu erforschenden Objektes zu gelangen. Der ethnische Ansatz wird auf Evidenzbasis von wissenschaftlicher Taxonomie und Genetik zur Analyse der Wahrnehmung und der Vorstellung von traditionellem Wissen der Bevölkerung vor Ort angewandt. Die Methoden in der botanischen Studie waren darauf gerichtet, die Taxonomie über die Analyse der gesammelten Felddaten aus den Erfassungsmethoden und der Beobachtung aufzuklären. Diese Methodologie wird zur Erstellung eines Inventars von Wati-Gärten und aller Wati-Sorten in jedem Dorf verwendet. Die Beobachtungsmethode wird zur Identifikation des spezifischen Charakters der Morphologie von Wati in den Gärten verwendet und um herauszufinden, wie die Bevölkerung vor Ort die Pflanze in ihrem alltäglichen Leben verwendet. Von Wati wurden Stiele, Blätter und Blüten zur Erstellung eines Trockenherbariums zur Bestimmung im Bogoriense Herbarium-Labor in Bogor (Indonesien) entnommen und falls nötig mit der Literatur abgeglichen. Die weltweite Verbreitung von Piper methysticum wird auf der Basis der Daten von Herbarien anderer Institutionen vorgestellt. Die genetische Diversität wurde zum Abgleich der morphologischen und anatomischen Daten von Wati untersucht. 140 Genetische Studien wurden für jedes beteiligte Labor durchgeführt. Für diese genetischen Analysen wurden nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSRs) und chloroplast microsatellite markers (cpSSRs) verwendet. Die Proben von den unterschiedlichen Pflanzenpopulationen wurden gemäß der geographischen Verteilung der Marind-Gesellschaft (Land-Marind, Strand-Marind und Sumpf- Marind) entnommen. Frische Wati-Blätter wurden von den drei Populationen entnommen. Jede Population bestand aus 30 einzelnen Pflanzen pro Cultivar als Probe. Die Gesamtzahl der Proben belief sich auf 172. Diese Untersuchung verwendete neun nuclear microsatellite markers or Primer (nSSRs) und drei chloroplast microsatellite markers oder Primer (cpSSRs), aber nur vier Primers wurden amplifiziert: PN B5, PN D10, PN G11 und ccmp2. Die Ergebnisse der ethnobotanischen Studie zeigten, dass Wati als heilig betrachtet und die Art bei jeder rituellen Zeremonie verwendet wird. Somit ist Wati eng mit der Kultur des Marind-Stammes verbunden. Die Prozeduren der Zubereitungsrituale und der Anbau von Wati unterscheiden sich bei den Gruppen des Marind-Stammes, aber der Verwendungszweck ist bei allen Gruppen derselbe. Das Wissen des Marind-Stammes, wie es als ein Getränk und für rituelle Zeremonien verwendet wird und wie es angebaut wird, ähnelt dem Wissen anderer Völker in der Südpazifik-Region. Im Allgemeinen wird Wati bei den drei Gruppen des Marind-Stammes unterschiedlich angewendet, identifiziert und klassifiziert, angebaut und gehandhabt. Diese Arbeit untersucht auch die Zuchtsorten von Wati hinsichtlich ihrer Morphologie (Wuchsform), Anatomie (Eigenchaften der Trichome und Stomata) und Genetik. Es zeigte sich, dass morphologische Variationen keine Entsprechung in der Genetik fanden. Die unterschiedliche Morphologie der Cultivare wird für die Klassifikation hinsichtlich des Habitus (Lebensform) (Strauchgröße ± 1 m, 2 m, verglichen mit P.wichimannii mit 4 m, der wie ein kleiner Baum aussieht), Stammfarbe (grün, bräunlich bis rot), Länge der Internodien (1-2 cm, 2-11 cm, 4-14 cm, verglichen mit P.wichimannii, >15cm), Blattdicke (eher dick, dick; dünne Blätter bei P.wichimannii), Weichheit der Blätter (eher weich, eher steif; bei P.wichimannii weich). Anatomisch unterscheidet sich methysticum auf der Ebene der Art von anderen Piper-Spezies wie P.wichimannii und Piper gibilimbum durch unterschiedliche Trichome. Die Unterschiede spiegeln sich ebenfalls in der Genetik wieder: die genetische Diversität variierte nicht in der Anzahl der Allele zwischen Piper methysticum-Cultivaren in der Region Merauke, da keineunterschiedlichen Allele gefunden werden konnten, nur außerhalb der Art Piper methysticum. Die folgenden Allele konnten in den Cultivaren von Piper methysticum gefunden warden: (Cultivar Babid: 7 nSSR-Allele und 1 cpSSRAllel), (Cultivar Safurawe: 8 nSSR-Allele und 1 cpSSR-Allel), (Cultivar Munana: 8 nSSR-Allele und 1 cpSSR-Allel), (Cultivar Wati Kuning: 7 nSSR-Allele und 1 cpSSR-Allel), Piper wichimannii (11 nSSR-Allele und 1 cpSSR-Allel), Piper betle (17 nSSR-Allele und 2 cpSSR-Allele). Die Unterschiede zeigen eine klare Trennung auf Ebene der Art zwischen methysticum, wichimannii und betle. Innerhalb der Diversität der Populationen generierten die drei polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers insgesamt 20 Allele in den 3 Spezies. Die Anzahl der Allele pro Locus lag im Bereich von 2 für PN G11 bis zu 11 für PN D10. Die höchste Anzahl an Polymorphismen, die in Piper methysticum für den Locus PN D10 gefunden wurden, betrug 9, bei Piper betle und Piper wichimannii sind es für 141 die Loci PN D10 und PN G11 7 Allele, bei Piper methysticum auf dem Lokus PN G11 5 Allele. Bei der genetischen Diversität zwischen den Populationen ergab sich die höchste Anzahl an Allelen pro Spezies pro Population wie folgt: Piper methysticum bei den Sumpf-Marind 9 Allele, bei den Populationen der Strandund Land-Marind 8 Allele, Piper wichimannii nur bei den Land-Marind 11 Allele und Piper betle bei den Sumpf-Marind 13 Allele, bei den Land-Marind Land 11 Allele und schließlich bei den Strand-Marind 10 Allele. Bei der Identifikation der Wati-Varianten und der Aufklärung des Status von Wati in der Region Merauke auf der Basis von indigenem Wissen als auch der Morphologie und Genetik wurde gefunden, das die Wati-Pflanze die Arten Piper wichmannii und Piper methysticum umfasst. Piper methysticum umfasst fünf Cultivare: Babid, Wati Kuning, Safurawe, Palima und Munana. Diese Verteilung von Wati (Piper methysticum und Piper wichimannii) wird nur in Melanesien, Mikronesien und Polynesien gefunden, die zentrale Regionen Ozeaniens bilden. Zur Aufklärung des taxonomischen Status der Wati-Pflanze (Piper methysticum und Piper wichimannii) in Merauke müssen genetische Studien durchgeführt werden, um neue Haplotypen zu entdecken, die in anderen Proben von Wati aus Papua und von anderen Inseln erwartet werden.
P. Kandukuru, A. Huang, J. Dong, H. Bittenbender, and Y. Li, “Rapid Identification of Bacterial Isolates from Aqueous Kava (Piper Methysticum) Extracts by Polymerase Chain Reaction and DNA Sequencing,” Letters in Applied Microbiology, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 764–768, 2009.
doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02739.x.
Aim: Fresh kava beverages have a limited shelf life under refrigerated conditions. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria in aqueous extracts of kava rhizome. Methods and Results: The internal part of kava rhizome was used to minimize soil contamination. Three kava extracts were prepared, serially diluted and plated on nutrient agar. Isolated colonies were identified by sequencing polymerase chain reaction amplicons targeting the eubacterial 16S rDNA and the tuf gene of Staphylococcus. Seventy-five bacterial isolates belonged to 16 genera. Bacillus, Cellulomonas, Enterococcus, Pectobacterium and Staphylococcus were identified in all kava extracts. Conclusions: Kava rhizome contains large amounts of starch and fibre, which justify the presence of polysaccharide-degrading bacteria in the extracts. Bacillus cereus group and Staphylococcus species may produce toxins and cause foodborne illness. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results of this study provide fundamental information that may be used to enhance the microbial quality and safety of kava beverages.
Piper longum L. is an important medicinal species. Reproductive biology of Piper longum was studied in detail. Spikes were cylindrical and creamy white in female. In male and bisexual types, immature spikes were green, changing to dull yellow on maturity. Time taken for attaining full length of spike was 22 days in female, 43 days in male and 46 days in bisexual types. Anthesis and anther dehiscence were between 7.30 am and 4.30 pm with a peak between 10.30 am to 12.30 pm. Pollen fertility was maximum at 9.30 am (42.54 per cent). Complete opening of flowers in an inflorescence took seven days in male, female and bisexual types. Complete dehiscence of anthers also took one week in male and bisexual inflorescences. Fruits did not normally contain viable seeds. Viable seeds could be produced on artificial pollination.
K. Kasriana, M. Mustafa, and Y. F. Syahri, “Growth of Pepper Cuttings (Piper Ningrum L.) at Various Type of Plant Growth Regulator,” Agrotech Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 14–19, Jun. 2019.
doi: 10.31327/atj.v2i1.939.
Pepper is an important crop in Indonesia because it is one of the country’s foreign exchange sources because it is one of the export commodities. The availability of good plant materials will support increased production. Provision of growth regulators in vegetative propagation is very influential on the propagation of pepper plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the most effective combination of growth regulators for pepper cutting. This study was conducted using a randomized block design consisting of eight treatments namely Control (P1), metallic 2 mL L-1 water (P2), mastafol 2 mL (p3), Atonik 2 mL (P4), metallic 1 mL + Mastafol 1 mL (P5), metallic 1 mL + atonic 1 mL (P6), mastafol 1 mL + atonic 1 mL (P7), metallic 0.66 mL + Mastafol 0.66 mL + Atonic 0.66 mL (P8). Setek is grown on soil media: fuel husk: manure (2: 1: 1). The results showed that the best Plant growth regulator combination treatment for the growth of pepper cuttings was P7 (mastafol 1 mL L-1 water + atonic 1 mL L-1 water), which can be seen in the parameters of the number of roots, root length, root volume and number of shoots. The treatment of Plant growth regulator given did not significantly affect the character of leaf growth.
M. Khan, M. A. Hanif, R. Rehman, and I. A. Bhatti, “Chapter 6 - Black Piper,” in Medicinal Plants of South Asia, M. A. Hanif, H. Nawaz, M. M. Khan, and H. J. Byrne, Eds. Elsevier, 2020, pp. 75–86.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102659-5.00006-9.
Piper nigrum has a long history of being used as a spice. Two industrially important products, BioPerine and Cosmoperine, were also obtained from it. P. nigrum is also used for digestive disorders as diarrhea and respiratory system problems, such as fevers, colds, and asthma. It is used in food preservation and has larvicidal activities. Analgesic and antiinflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, antiatherogenic, antihypertensive, antiasthmatic, and antithyroid activities are also reported for P. nigrum.
S. Khan et al., “In Vitro Regeneration of Piper Nigrum L.,” Bangladesh Journal of Botany, vol. 46, pp. 789–793, Jan. 2017.
Direct plant regeneration protocol was developed for an important spice plant Piper nigrum L. Shoot regeneration was induced from nodal explants on MS medium supplemented with different plant growth regulators. The best response towards multiple shoot formation was obtained on MS with 1.0 mg/l of BAP and 1.0 mg/l IAA (60%) where mean number of shoot per explant was 4. Healthy roots developed from the base of the 80% shoots cultured on half strength of MS medium containing 1.5 mg/l IBA. The plantlets were successfully transplanted and acclimatized in soil. Ninety per cent transplanted plantlets survived after transplantation in soil.
A. Khound, P. C. Barua, B. Saud, A. Saikia, and S. Kumar, “Piperine Content Variation in Different Piper Longum Germplasms of North East India Determined through RP-HPLC Method,” Journal of Applied and Natural Science, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 960–965, Jun. 2017.
doi: 10.31018/jans.v9i2.1304.
The present experiment was conducted at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat with ten accessions including check variety of Piper Longum germplasm collected from different states of North Eastern region during 2013-14 and 2014-15.The piperine, a major alkaloid used in different therapeutic treatment, per cent content was determined from dried plant materials. Deionised water was used throughout the experiment and the chromatographic separation was carried out in an isocratic elution mode on RP-18 column with 5?m particle size, 4.6mm internal diameter and 250mm length. The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol and water (80: 20). The solvent flow rate was 1.0 ml/minwith injection volume 20 µL. The photo diode array detector wavelength was set at 342 nm for the identification of piperine in all extracts. The per cent piperine content in extract was found to be 42.36 per cent in germplasm PLJ-30.The highest per cent piperine content in fruit was recorded in PLJ-11(7.85%) followed by germplasm PLJ-9 (7.64) and significantly superior over check variety“Viswam”(5.15%). The descending order of piperine content in fruits among germplasm was PLJ-11?PLJ-09?PLJ-30?PLJ-17? PLJ-03? PLJ-19? check variety?PLJ-01? PLJ-20 and PLJ-16. It can be revealed from the present experiment that piper germplasm with high piperine content has a great scope for commercial cultivation as alkaloid piperine has high demand in pharmaceutical use.
J. H. Kim, M. K. Hong, and I. S. Lee, “Microbial Metabolism of Kava Lactones from Piper Methysticum,” Planta Medica, vol. 74, no. 09, p. PG70, Jul. 2008.
doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1084822.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
J. H. King, B. Khadijah, and K. H. Ong, “Producing Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L. Cv. ‘Kuching’) Rootstock in a Deep-Water Culture Hydroponic System,” Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 88–97, Dec. 2021.
doi: 10.33736/bjrst.3367.2021.
Stem cutting is the common planting material for black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) farmers mainly because the method is cheap, easy to obtain, and produces satisfactory number of new plantlets, which are relatively genetically uniform to their parent. However, soil propagation of stem cuttings renders both the stem and developing roots susceptible to soil borne pathogens, ultimately compromising the quality of the plant. Good quality rootstock of the new plant promotes faster, safer, and better black pepper plant establishment. Hydroponic farming thus offers a good platform for producing quality rootstock of the new plants and has gained importance to many farmers due to its flexibility in manipulating plant growth conditions and timely pathogen management, thus safer, healthier, and faster growth. This study investigated the growing media suitable for rootstock growth of P. nigrum L. cv. ‘Kuching’ and compared the rooting ability between stem cuttings with adventitious roots at the time of planting and stem cuttings without any root at the time of planting. In a laboratory setting, a total of 210 stem cuttings were hydroponically planted in seven nutrient compositions, with each nutrient composition containing an equal number of stem cuttings with adventitious roots at the time of planting and stem cuttings without any root at the time of planting. Hoagland solution supplemented with 0.005 mM potassium silicate solution (T4) and Hoagland solution supplemented with 2 mM salicylic acid solution (T6) showed faster root initiation whereas T1 (Hoagland solution only) produced the highest increment in root length followed by T6. The least suitable nutrient composition was T5 [T4 + 6 mL of 1 M Ca (NO3)2.4H2O solution]. The total number of roots was highest in plants from stem cuttings which had some adventitious roots at the time of planting, whereas roots in plants from stem cuttings which did not have any root at the time of planting, increased in root length faster than plants withstem cuttings which had adventitious roots at the time of planting.
M. W. Klohs, F. Keller, R. E. Williams, M. I. Toekes, and G. E. Cronheim, “A Chemical and Pharmacological Investigation of Piper Methysticum Forst,” Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 95–103, Feb. 1959.
doi: 10.1021/jm50002a007.
A possibility of establishing a reliable tissue culture system for a medicinal plant, kava (Piper methysticum) was investigated by minimizing the incidence of necrosis and contamination. In addition, in vitro phytochemical production and genomic stability of in vitro kava cultures were explored with the established tissue culture system. Utilization of foliar explants as well as medium supplementation with plant preservative mixture resulted in the reduction of contamination incidence that was not attained with high osmoticum medium, alternative sterilants or post sterilization with AgNO3. A medium treatment of N 6-benzyladenine (0.5 mg L−1) and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (0.5 mg L−1) resulted in the highest callus generation and the low necrosis incidence. Optimization of shoot primordia and microshoots formation was achieved with a medium containing N6-benzyladenine at 1.0 mg L−1. A gradual increase in kavapyrone content was observed with in vitro cultures over a period of time although the total amount was very low (0.446–1.208 g/100 g DW). In in vitro plantlets, the total kavapyrone content was the highest in leaves (0.942 g/100 g DW), while the content was the lowest in roots (0.117 g/100 g DW). A significant increase in the total kavapyrone content (2.080 g/100 g DW) was observed one month after in vitro plantlets were acclimatized. This suggests a positive effect of plant development, ontogeny and growth environment on kavapyrone production. In addition to ontogenic effects on kavapyrone production, a particular pattern of kavapyrone accumulation was observed in different organs of the greenhouse grown plant, in vitro plantlet and acclimatized plants, confirming an earlier report on tissue specificity of kavapyrone accumulation. Of the four signaling compounds used, salicylic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid elicited time- and concentration-dependent overproduction of kavapyrones. Treatments of callus cultures with sodium acetate resulted in a significant increase in kavapyrone production (∼400%) although responses did not appear to be time- or concentration-dependent. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used for detection of polymorphism among in vitro kava cultures. An absence of normally observed bands was observed among organogenic callus cultures, while a small degree of ISSR polymorphism was detected among regenerated plantlets.
K. Kuchta, M. Schmidt, and A. Nahrstedt, “German Kava Ban Lifted by Court: The Alleged Hepatotoxicity of Kava (Piper Methysticum) as a Case of Ill-Defined Herbal Drug Identity, Lacking Quality Control, and Misguided Regulatory Politics,” Planta Medica, vol. 81, no. 18, pp. 1647–1653, Dec. 2015.
doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1558295.
Kava, the rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, are one of the most important social pillars of Melanesian societies. They have been used for more than 1000 years in social gatherings for the preparation of beverages with relaxing effects. During the colonial period, extract preparations found their way into Western medicinal systems, with experience especially concerning the treatment of situational anxiety dating back more than 100 years. It therefore came as a surprise when the safety of kava was suddenly questioned based on the observation of a series of case reports of liver toxicity in 1999 and 2000. These case reports ultimately led to a ban of kava products in Europe – a ban that has been contested because of the poor evidence of risks related to kava. Only recently, two German administrative courts decided that the decision of the regulatory authority to ban kava as a measure to ensure consumer safety was inappropriate and even associated with an increased risk due to the higher risk inherent to the therapeutic alternatives. This ruling can be considered as final for at least the German market, as no further appeal has been pursued by the regulatory authorities. However, in order to prevent further misunderstandings, especially in other markets, the current situation calls for a comprehensive presentation of the cardinal facts and misconceptions concerning kava and related drug quality issues.
A. A. Kulkarni, S. M. Kelkar, M. G. Watve, and K. V. Krishnamurthy, “Characterization and Control of Endophytic Bacterial Contaminants in in Vitro Cultures of Piper Spp., Taxus Baccata Subsp. Wallichiana, and Withania Somnifera,” Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 63–74, Jan. 2007.
doi: 10.1139/w06-106.
Bacterial contamination is a serious problem that causes severe loss of in vitro grown cultures of a number of plants. This problem becomes even more acute if the bacterial contamination is of endophytic origin. In such cases, identification and characterization of the contaminants is essential for achieving specific control of the contaminants through selective use of antibiotic agents, especially if the routinely used contamination control methods practiced elsewhere in tissue culture studies are ineffective. Such is the case with the bacterial contamination observed in the present study. The five endophytic bacteria associated with Piper nigrum and Piper colubrinum, four endophytic bacteria associated with Taxus baccata subsp. wallichiana, two endophytic bacteria associated with Withania somnifera, and two bacteria common to all these plant species were isolated and characterized based on morphological and biochemical tests. Their taxonomic positions based on similarity indices were determined. A control strategy against these bacteria has been developed based on bacteriostatic or bactericidal actions of 12 antibiotics at three different concentrations by solid and liquid antibiogramme assays.Key words: antibiotics, endophytic bacterial contamination, identification, Piper nigrum, Piper colubrinum, Taxus baccata subsp. wallichiana, Withania somnifera.
A. A. B. Kumarasinghe, H. A. Sumanasena, S. I. C. Silva, and M. N. D. Fernandopulle, “Effect of Cultivar and Humid Chamber Opening Time on Growth of Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) during Nursery Stage at Low Country Intermediate Zone (ILi„),” p. 5.
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is an important spice crop which is widely used in the processing of foods and is medicinally important. The current propagation techniques are based on experimental findings carried out at Matale, located in IM3,. However, there are some discrepancies when rooting at other agroclimatic zones. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate effect of humid chamber opening time on nursery level performance of different black pepper cultivars in low country intermediate zone (ILu)- The survival rate, shoot length, root length, root mean diameter and root and shoot dry weight were measured on five pepper cultivars in three polythene humid chambers which were opened at three, four and five weeks after planting of pepper cuttings. Highest survival rate (95.56 %) and shoot length were observed in the humid chamber which was opened at three weeks after planting. Cultivar Panniyur-1 showed the best performance when considering the survival rate (99.26 %) and other growth parameters. Root mean diameter and root shoot ratio observation suggest that further studies are warranted for exploitation of beneficial values of local cultivars as well as effect of opening time of humid chamber for post nursery field establishment.
Micropropagation of ‘Awa (Kava, Piper methysticum) Micropropagating of ’Awa is described in detail in the second part of this book. Published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) and issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Andrew G. Hashimoto, Director/Dean, Cooperative Extension Service/CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Institution providing programs and services to the people of Hawaii without regard to race, sex, age, religion, color, national origin, ancestry, disability, marital status, arrest and court record, sexual orientation, or veteran status. CTAHR publications can be found on the Web site <http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu> or ordered by calling 808-956-7046 or sending e-mail to ctahrpub@hawaii.edu. Micropropagation of ‘Awa (Kava, Piper methysticum)
P. Lasme, F. Davrieux, D. Montet, and V. Lebot, “Quantification of Kavalactones and Determination of Kava (Piper Methysticum) Chemotypes Using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Quality Control in Vanuatu,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 56, no. 13, pp. 4976–4981, Jul. 2008.
doi: 10.1021/jf800439g.
Kava (Piper methysticum Forst f., Piperaceae) has anxiolytic properties and the ability to promote a state of relaxation without the loss of mental alertness. The rapid growth of the nutraceutical market between 1998 and 2000 has been stopped by a ban in Europe and Australia because of some suspicion of liver toxicity. It is now important to develop a fast, cheap, and reliable quality test to control kava exports. The aim of this study is to develop a calibration of the near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) using partial least-squares (PLS) regression. Two hundred thirty-six samples of kava roots, stumps, and basal stems were collected from the Vanuatu Agricultural Research and Technical Centre germplasm collection and from four villages. These samples, representing 45 different varieties, were analyzed using NIRS to record their absorption spectra between 400 and 2500 nm. A set of 101 selected samples was analyzed for their kavalactone content using HPLC. The results were used for PLS calibration of the NIRS. The NIRS prediction of the kavalactone content and the dry matter were in agreement with the HPLC results. There were good correlations between these two series of results, and coefficients (R2) were all close to 1. The measurements were reproducible and had repeatability on par with the HPLC method. The NIRS system has been calibrated for the six major kavalactone content measurements, and it is suggested that this method could be used for quality control in Vanuatu.
V. Lebot and L. Legendre, “Comparison of Kava (Piper Methysticum Forst.) Varieties by UV Absorbance of Acetonic Extracts and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography,” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 48, pp. 25–33, May 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.01.009.
The development of quality standards to regulate the trade of kava (Piper methysticum) in the Pacific necessitates new analytical techniques for routine control of high-quality raw material. In the present study, varieties and parts of the plant were compared for their kavalactone and flavokavin (FK) profiles. Three hundred and eight samples corresponding to 25 noble, 25 two-days and five wichmannii varieties were collected from 203 different plants. Commercial samples were also analysed to test the technique. Overall, 353 samples were prepared (221 roots, 114 stumps, nine basal stems and nine stem peelings). Their acetonic extracts were measured for UV absorbance and analysed by HP-TLC. Two ratios were computed after scanning the plates at 245nm (K/KL=kavain/total kavalactones) and 366nm (FK/KL=flavokavins/kavalactones). The results indicate that noble varieties suitable for daily consumption of kava are characterised by high K/KL and low FK/KL. At 400nm, the mean UV absorbance of acetonic extracts from noble, two-days and wichmannii varieties are 0.69, 0.94 and 1.04, respectively. The significant (+0.757**) correlation between the total FK content and the extracts absorbance at 400nm indicates that a simple colorimeter can be used to detect poor-quality raw material.
V. Lebot, T. K. T. Do, and L. Legendre, “Detection of Flavokavins (A, B, C) in Cultivars of Kava (Piper Methysticum) Using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC),” Food Chemistry, vol. 151, pp. 554–560, May 2014.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.120.
Kava (Piper methysticum) is used to prepare the traditional beverage of the Pacific islands. In Europe, kava has been suspected to cause hepatoxicity with flavokavin B (FKB) considered as a possible factor. The present study describes an HPTLC protocol for rapid screening of samples. The objectives are: to detect the presence of flavokavins in extracts and to compare the FKB levels in different cultivars. Overall, 172 samples originating from four cultivars groups (noble, medicinal, two-days and wichmannii), were analysed. Results indicate that the ratio FKB/kavalactones is much higher in two-days (0.39) and wichmannii (0.32) compared to nobles (0.09) and medicinal cultivars (0.10). For each group, the ratios flavokavins/kavalactones do not change significantly between roots, stumps or basal stems and among clones, indicating that they are genetically controlled. This protocol has good accuracy and is cost efficient for routine analysis. We discuss how it could be used for quality control.
V. Lebot and J. Levesque, “Evidence for Conspecificity of Piper Methysticum Forst. f. and Piper Wichmannii C. DC,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 775–782, Oct. 1996.
doi: 10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00048-8.
Morphological, chemical, cytological and genetic evidence demonstrating the absence of taxonomic distinction between Piper methysticum and Piper wichmannii are reviewed. Piper methysticum is not a separate species, but rather a group of sterile cultivars selected from somatic mutants of P. wichmannii. As P. methysticum was described first (1786), it has priority and P. wichmannii (1910) is superfluous. A new subspecific classification is suggested that makes a distinction between the sterile cultivars (P. methysticum var. methysticum) and the wild populations (P. methysticum var. Wichmannii).
V. Lebot and J. Levesque, “Genetic Control of Kavalactone Chemotypes in Piper Methysticum Cultivars,” Phytochemistry, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 397–403, Sep. 1996.
doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(96)00209-9.
The chemical composition of 121 cultivars of Piper methysticum originating from 51 Pacific islands, were investigated using HPLC. The results obtained for six major kavalactones (demethoxy-yangonin, dihydrokavain, yangonin, kavain, dihydromethysticin and methysticin) were submitted to cluster analysis and six distinct chemotypes were identified. Three field experiments demonstrated that chemotypes are not affected by environmental factors but are controlled genetically. Analysis of the isozyme variation for eight enzyme systems, revealed that these cultivars exhibited only three zymotypes. These are so similar that the differences in malate dihydrogenase and diaphorase could be explained as mutations. Few genes are thought to be responsible for the chemotype variation between cultivated clones. Because all cultivars are decaploids and sterile, it is suggested that mutagenesis might be used to induce genetic variability and to improve cultivar chemotypes.
Isozymes of P. wichmannii confirmed its status as the wild progenitor of kava and showed most of the morphotypes and chemotypes apparently originated through human selection and preservation of somatic mutations in a small number of original clones. A survey of the genetic resources of kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f. and P. wichmannii C. DC.) was conducted throughout the Pacific. Leaf tissues of more than 300 accessions, collected on 35 islands, were analyzed for isozyme variation in eight enzyme systems including ACO, ALD, DIA, IDH, MDH, ME, PGI, and PGM. Isozymes in P. methysticum cultivars from Polynesia and Micronesia were monomorphic for all enzyme systems examined; however, cultivars from Melanesia were polymorphic for ACO, DIA, MDH, and PGM. The genetic base of this crop is much narrower than previous morphological and biochemical studies suggest. Most of the morphotypes and chemotypes apparently originated through human selection and preservation of somatic mutations in a small number of original clones. Isozymes of P. wichmannii confirmed its status as the wild progenitor of kava. Piper methysticum cultivars and P. wichmannii and P. gibbilimbum C. DC. wild forms were all found to be decaploids with 2n = 10x = 130 chromosomes, but there was no firm evidence that interspecific hybridization has played a role in the origin of P. methysticum. (Resume d'auteur)
V. Lebot and P. Simeoni, “Is the Quality of Kava (Piper Methysticum Forst. f.) Responsible for Different Geographical Patterns,” Ethnobotany Research and Applications, vol. 2, pp. 019–028, Dec. 2004.https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/34.
We argue that kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f.) is a Pacific domesticate that originated in Melanesia. We provide botanical, chemical, genetic and cultural evidence to sug- gest that farmers in the northern part of Vanuatu were the first to select the species as an asexually reproduced root crop. From Vanuatu, cultivars were carried eastward into Polynesia and westward into areas of New Guinea and Micronesia. Using herbarium data, isozyme and AFLP markers, we correlate the information gained from field surveys to HPLC analyses and attempt to demonstrate that che- motypes result from a selection process that is still active. The selection of particular mutants by farmers must have been, and still is, a rational process to preserve new char- acters when they appeared. Growers have selected culti- vars to improve the chemical composition responsible for the physiological effects. Field experiments demonstrate that the chemotype is genetically controlled although the kavalactones content is determined by both genetics and environmental factors. The control and improvement of quality is therefore a cultural approach that aims at the identification of locations suitable for the cultivation of par- ticular kava varieties. The appreciation of quality, appears to reflect the different cultures within Melanesia and be- tween Micronesian, Polynesian and Melanesian consum- ers. Different ways of benefiting from the psychoactive properties of the plant explain the use of particular che- motypes and therefore the selection operated to preserve them. Clearly, the word kava refers to different beverages that produce different physiological effects according to what consumers desire.
Starting with their very first observations, scientists have tried to understand how indigenous Polynesian populations found the key to "artificial paradises" as the plant species usually cultivated as recreational drugs were not present in the Pacific (i.e., Cannabis indica, Erythroxylon coca, Datura spp., Papaver somniferum). However, early European explorers observed the use of a species unknown to them: kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f., Piperaceae) (see Fig. 1). Melanesians, Micronesians, and Polynesians alike grind the fresh or dry roots of this shrub to prepare their traditional beverage. In terms of the cultural role it performs, kava is to a large part of the Pacific what wine is t southern Europe. Kava has always played a special part in the history of Pacific societies and is today enjoying a resurgence of popularity with the Oceanic peoples, who are anxious to assert their cultural identity. By pharmacological standards, kava is not classified as a drug, as its consumption never leads to addiction or dependency. It has psychoactive properties but is neither an hallucinogenic nor a stupefacient. Experimental studies have shown that P. methysticum contains active ingredients called kavalactones, with diuretic, soporific, anticonvulsant, spasmolytic, local anesthetic, and antimycotic properties. Kava has been classified as a narcotic and a hypnotic (Schultes and Hofmann 1979), and this helps to understand the atmosphere of sociability felt when drinking it. (Resume d'auteur)
V. Lebot, M. Merlin, and L. Lindstrom, Kava: The Pacific Elixir: The Definitive Guide to Its Ethnobotany, History, and Chemistry. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co, 1997.
• The most comprehensive book ever written on nature’s most effective stress-relieving plant. • First paperback edition of the classic comprehensive text originally published by Yale University Press. This complete guide to kava summarizes the literature and research on a plant that is now considered comparable or superior to anti-stress prescription drugs, and describes its use in the religious, political, and economic life of the Pacific islands for centuries. Beyond its soporific qualities kava is also used throughout the the Pacific as an analgesic, a diuretic, and an anesthetic. There is even evidence suggesting it is effective in the treatment of asthma, tuberculosis, and venereal disease. Exhaustively researched, Kava: The Pacific Elixir offers an extensive survey of this amazing plant from the perspective of the horticulturist, the ethnobotanist, and the pharmacologist.
V. Lebot and P. Cabalion, Les Kavas de Vanuatu: cultivars de Piper methysticum Forst. IRD Editions, 1986.
V. Lebot, D. J. McKenna, E. Johnston, Q. Y. Zheng, and D. McKern, “Morphological, Phytochemical, and Genetic Variation in Hawaiian Cultivars of ’Awa (Kava,Piper Methysticum, Piperaceae),” Economic Botany, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 407–418, Oct. 1999.
doi: 10.1007/BF02866720.
Standardized morphological descriptions, quantitative phytochemical analyses (HPLC) of major kavalactones and DNA fingerprinting (AFLP) were utilized to define the extent of variation existing between Hawaiian cultivars of Piper methysticum. For each cultivar, morphotypes and chemotypes were compared to their respective genotypes. Overall, 63 samples were analyzed for their kavalactone content and composition (44 root samples, 6 stump, 5 basal stem, 7 leaves and 1 peelings). Results obtained from different cultivars planted in an homogeneous environment (soil and climate) are quite variable for the kavalactone content of their roots. Total kavalactone content decreases when shade increases over the plants. Total kavalactone content markedly increases with fertility, irrigation and in a cultivated type of habitat. However, kavalactone content appears to be independent of the age of the plant. For all cultivars analyzed, total kavalactone content decreases from the roots to the stump; the basal stems and the leaves exhibit the lower concentration. It is also observed that there is a correlation between the total kavalactone content and the size of the roots: smaller roots tend to have a higher kavalactone content. Peelings of the bark had a higher kavalactone content than the stump and represent a very interesting by-product for the extraction industry. Chemotypes are similar in the roots and the stump, while they differ in the aerial parts where the concentrations in dihydrokavain and dihydromethysticin increase. DNA samples were extracted from fresh leaves collected on 22 accessions. Most accessions, representing all Hawaiian morphotypes were monomorphs for the 21 pairs of primers assayed. Kava in Hawai’i is a species with an extremely narrow genetic base. Morphological and phytochemical variation is obviously controlled by very few genes. Most cultivars representing different morphotypes are most likely somatic mutants from a common clonal source introduced by Polynesians during early settlements.
V. Lebot and J. Lèvesque, “The Origin and Distribution of Kava (Piper Methysticum Forst. F., Piperaceae): A Phytochemical Approach,” Allertonia, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 223–281, 1989.https://www.jstor.org/stable/23187398.
After a taxonomic clarification and a review of the ethnobotanical data about kava, an attempt is made to elucidate the origin of this Oceanian plant. For this purpose, an ecogeographical survey of the genetic resources of the plant species Piper methysticum Forst. f. and P. wichmannii C. DC. was conducted throughout the Pacific. Local cultivars were collected from 42 different islands, planted in germplasm collections, and described. One hundred eighteen different kava cultivars were identified through morphological differentiation. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) on more than 200 root samples revealed the existence of various chemotypes. Analysis of quantity variation in kavalactone content was carried out by using cluster analysis and multifactorial analysis. Field trials of various cultivars indicated that the chemotype was not related to environmental factors or ontogeny, but to genotype. The lineage of the chemotypes suggested that P. wichmannii was the wild species from which farmers domesticated cultivars of P. methysticum.
V. Lebot, “Recent Advances in the Quality Control of Kava, the Traditional Beverage of the Pacific Islands,” in Proceedings of the International Symposia on Tropical and Temperate Horticulture, 2016, vol. 1205, p. 10.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1205.59.
Kava, the traditional beverage of the South Pacific Islands is prepared by cold water extraction of the fresh or dried roots and stumps of Piper methysticum Forst. (Piperaceae). Nutraceutical and pharmaceutical kava-based products manufactured in Europe from extracts obtained by solvents (acetone or ethanol) have been implicated in hepatotoxicity cases. Kava has been banned in Germany and, although the German Health Authorities have lost their case in the administrative court, the ban has produced a worldwide negative impact on kava’s reputation as a safe product. Quality standards and control are now needed to enable the registration under the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius. The present paper reviews the most recent advances in analytical techniques (HPLC, NIRS, DNA analysis using SSRs and DArTs and HP-TLC) to detect unsuitable cultivars and raw material. These techniques are accurate and reliable but they are comparatively expensive and cumbersome for local traders and exporters in the South Pacific. A simple colorimetric test has been developed and represents a fairly convenient and cost efficient way of assessing the quality of traded kava. Possible strategies for improving the industry are discussed.
Detailed objectives included an assessment of the rela tive contributions of genetic and environmental factors in the biosynthesis of kavalactones and an analysis of morphological and chemical variation in P. methysticum and related taxa. Introduction Kava, made from Piper methysticum Forst. f., is the traditional beverage of the Pacific Islands. P. methys ticum is the only Piper species from which several flavones and chalcones have been identified (Sengupta and Ray, 1987). Experimental studies have shown that active principles of the plant, the kavalactones, have several physiological properties (Hansel, 1968) which are presently used in the western pharmaceutical in dustry (Lebot and Cabalion, 1986). In order to study this underexploited crop with promising economic potential, it was decided to review the taxonomy, to conduct a survey covering its area of distribution and to collect, conserve and evaluate the germplasm. Specific objectives included an assessment of the rela tive contributions of genetic and environmental factors in the biosynthesis of kavalactones and an analysis of morphological and chemical variation in P. methysticum and related taxa. Islands covered in this survey were: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Wallis and
D. K. Letourneau, “Ants, Stem-Borers, and Fungal Pathogens: Experimental Tests of a Fitness Advantage in Piper Ant-Plants,” Ecology, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 593–603, 1998.
doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0593:ASBAFP]2.0.CO;2.
This study tests experimentally the hypothesis that Pheidole bicornis ants increase the fitness of Piper ant-plants (Piperaceae) in Costa Rican forests. In two experiments with naturally occurring Piper ant-plants, ∼50 individuals were randomly selected and maintained either as controls (with ants) or as ant-exclusion plants (without ants) for 2 yr. Leaf replacement rates and seed production, as measures of relative plant vigor and reproductive potential, were significantly greater in control plants with intact ant colonies than in plants from which ant colonies were experimentally excluded by periodical treatment with dilute insecticide. A series of experiments was designed to assess the relative contribution of antiherbivore defense, nutrient procurement, and antipathogen defense as potential mutualistic functions of the ants. To assess the fitness effects of antiherbivore defense, leaf replacement rates and seed production were measured on plants to which artificial folivory was applied over a 2-yr period (33% of each leaf blade removed), and stem-boring weevil damage was monitored on plants with and without ants. Nutrient procurement by ants was estimated quantitatively, and net leaf production was monitored experimentally on control plants (with ants), on plants without ants, and on nutrient-enriched plants with ants (microquantities of fertilizer added to lower stem). Epiphyll loads, phylloplane spore densities, and disease incidence were compared on experimental plants with and without ant colonies. The results indicate that folivory, the classical parameter measured in ant-plant studies, was not related to differences in fitness in Piper ant-plants; instead, ant disruption of stem-borers and ant foraging on inflorescences to reduce fungal invasion were identified as probable mechanisms by which ants conferred an average fitness advantage of at least 60 and 10%, respectively, in the 2nd yr of the comparison. Although neither antifolivore defense nor nutrient provisioning by ants appeared to benefit Piper plants, they may contribute synergistically or may operate on temporal or spatial scales not included in the study. For example, nutrient provisioning may allow Piper ant-plant species to occupy and compete favorably in poor-soil habitats not evaluated in these experiments.
L. Lewin, Ueber Piper methysticum (Kawa).: Untersuchungen. A. Hirschwald, 1886.
T. Lhuissier, P.-E. Mercier, S. Michalet, V. Lebot, and L. Legendre, “Colorimetric Assessment of Kava (Piper Methysticum Forst.) Quality,” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 59, pp. 27–34, Jun. 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.02.005.
The present study aimed at evaluating the potential of diethyl ether extracts UV/visible (UV/vis) absorbance for assessing the suitability of commercial lots of kava (Piper methysticum). The UV/vis absorption spectra of diethyl ether root extracts of 15 cultivars clustered them into three groups in parallel to their known genetic relatedness and their chemical composition determined by GC–MS and LC–MS analyses. Absorption peaks at 250nm and 290nm respectively corresponded to kavain, the most health-promoting kavalactone, and dihydromethysticin a non-desirable kavalactone. The absorbance peak at 340–350nm reflected the yellow coloration of the extract, which was mainly due to the undesirable flavokavins, desmethoxyyangonin and yangonin. Ratios of absorbance values at 250nm and 290nm significantly differentiated all three groups of cultivars, namely ‘noble’ which provide health benefits from ‘two-day’ and ‘wichmannii’ that are health damaging. These results provide a robust and rapid colorimetric test for routine control of a critical aspect of the quality of kava batches.
Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.
L. Lindstrom, “Kava Pirates in Vanuatu?,” International Journal of Cultural Property, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 291–308, Aug. 2009.
doi: 10.1017/S0940739109990208.
Cultural property activists have worried about the bioprospecting, or even biopiracy, of kava (Piper methysticum), a plant exchanged and consumed for many Pacific social and ritual purposes. By the 1990s, kava and concoctions made from the plant’s component kavalactones were increasingly popular products within global markets for recreational and medicinal drugs. Starting in 2002, however, a number of European countries among others banned kava imports after initial reports that some heavy users suffered liver damage. This has complicated the kava story as producer efforts shifted from protecting rights to the plant to reopening blocked export markets. The difficulty is to both push kava into global markets while protecting local rights to the plant. A promising strategy may be developing consumer awareness of geographic indicators and “noble” kava varieties that Vanuatu’s local producers may control yet globally market as “the best in the world.”
H. Liu, F. K. Zeng, Q. H. Wang, H. S. Wu, and L. H. Tan, “Studies on the Chemical and Flavor Qualities of White Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) Derived from Five New Genotypes,” European Food Research and Technology, vol. 237, no. 2, pp. 245–251, Aug. 2013.
doi: 10.1007/s00217-013-1986-x.
Here, we examine the chemical quality (total protein, total lipid, starch, piperine, and essential oil) and flavor quality of white pepper (Piper nigrum L.) derived from five new genotypes (Jianyin-1, Banyin-1, Banyin-2, Banyin-3, and Banyin-4). We employed headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) to analyze major volatiles, electronic nose (E-nose) to analyze volatiles of unknown nature, and sensory testing to assess flavor quality of white pepper derived from these five genotypes. The piperine and essential oil values were significantly higher in Jianyin-1 than in any of the other samples, and this was in accordance with the sensory evaluation results, which indicated that this sample also possesses the most intense pungency notes of all of the samples. The characterization of the chemical quality, volatile compounds, and volatile profiles of all five pepper cultivars showed a clear difference between Jianyin-1 and all of the other samples, perhaps indicative of its unique hybrid origin for the four latter genotypes. The E-nose pattern matching used to examine the volatiles of unknown nature of white pepper derived from all five genotypes further supported our sensory and instrumental data and suggested that Jianyin-1 is a promising and pungent pepper cultivar useful for cultivation for human consumption.
B. E. L. Lockhart et al., “Identification of Piper Yellow Mottle Virus, a Mealybug-Transmitted Badnavirus Infecting Piper Spp. in Southeast Asia,” European Journal of Plant Pathology, vol. 103, no. 4, pp. 303–311, May 1997.
doi: 10.1023/A:1008699414536.
A previously undescribed badnavirus was found to be a causal agent of a disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand, and was also associated with a disease of betelvine (P. betle) in Thailand. Disease symptoms included chlorotic mottling, chlorosis, vein-clearing, leaf distortion, reduced plant vigor and poor fruit set. The virus, named Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMV), had non-enveloped bacilliform virions averaging 30 × 125 nm in size and containing a double-stranded DNA genome. An isolate of PYMV from Thailand was transmitted by mechanical inoculation and by the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, from infected P. nigrum and P. betle to healthy P. nigrum seedlings, which developed symptoms similar to those observed in naturally-infected plants. A serological relationship between PYMV and isolates of banana streak (BSV) and sugarcane bacilliform (ScBV) viruses, but not six other badnaviruses, was detected by immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM). Genomic PYMV sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using badnavirus-specific oligonucleotide primers, and sequence analysis comparisons of the putative reverse transcriptase (RT) domain showed PYMV to be closely related to other mealybug-transmitted badnaviruses. Black pepper infected with PYMV sometimes contained one or more isometric virus-like particles, and PYMV may therefore be only one component of a virus complex infecting black pepper in Southeast Asia.
T. T. Maju and E. V. Soniya, “In Vitro Regeneration System for Multiplication and Transformation in Piper Nigrum L.,” International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 178–184, 2012.https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20123300131.
An efficient protocol for rapid multiplication of black pepper (Piper nigrum L., Piperaceae) was developed. In vitro germinated seedlings were used as the source of contamination free explants for the study. Direct induction of shoots was obtained from bulged portion of shoot tip and nodal segments cultured on Schenk and Hildebrand (SH) and Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing various...
J. Mamallapalli et al., “Characterization of Different Forms of Kava (Piper Methysticum) Products by UPLC-MS/MS,” Planta Medica, vol. INVALID_SCITE_VALUE, no. AAM, Nov. 2021.
doi: 10.1055/a-1708-1994.
There are several forms of kava (Piper methysticum) products available for human consumption, and many factors are known to influence their chemical compositions and therefore their pharmacological properties. Because of the increased popularity of kava intake, a rigorous characterization of their content diversity is prerequisite, particularly due to its known potential to cause hepatotoxicity. To understand the composition diversity of kavalactones and flavokavains in commercial kava products, we developed a UPLC-MS/MS-based analytical method for the quantification of six kavalactones (kavain, dihydrokavain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, yangonin and desmethoxyyangonin) and two flavokavains (flavokavains A and B) and analyzed their contents in 28 different kava products in the form of capsules, tinctures, traditional aqueous suspensions and dried powders. Our results demonstrated a great variation in terms of the total and relative abundance of the analyzed kavalactones and flavokavains among the analyzed kava preparations. More importantly, the kavalactone abundance in the product label could differ up to 90% from our experimental measurements. Therefore, more rigorous and comprehensive quality control of kava products is required with respect to the content of individual kavalactones and flavokavains. Accurate content information is essential to understand the pharmacological properties and safety of different kava products.
P. Manoj, E. V. Soniya, N. S. Banerjee, and P. Ravichandran, “Recent Studies on Well-Known Spice, Piper Longum Linn.,” NPR Vol.3(4) [July-August 2004], Aug. 2004.http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/9429.
The fruits of Piper longum Linn. are very well-known medicine for diseases of the respiratory tract, viz. cough, bronchitis, asthma, etc.; as counter-irritant, analgesic when applied locally for muscular pains and inflammation and as general tonic and hematinic. They are carminative and known to enhance the bioavailability of food and drugs. In this paper recently developed micropropagation method by tissue culture and molecular basis of genotypic differentiation between the male and female plants, using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique and development of sex associated DNA markers have been discussed along with some medicinal and pharmacological properties of the spice.
A. Marais, “Increased-Rate Stability Studies for St John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum), Ginkgo Biloba and Kava Kava (Piper Methysticum) under Unfavourable Environmental Conditions,” PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, 2001.https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/23083.
This was a chemical laboratory study. The main focus was to evaluate the chemical stability of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort), Ginkgo biloba and Piper methysticum (Kava Kava) under unfavourable environmental conditions. Different dosage forms representing the same amount of active ingredients for each were used. Some of the dosage forms were self manufactured according to Good Manufacturing Practice. Samples of the dried powder of each plant was also exposed to a series of gamma¬radiation. Acetone was used as an extractant for all three plants, after evaluating and discarding the extraction method stipulated in the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Identification of the different plants were carried out by means of Thin Layer Chromatography. The in-house developed mobile phases EMW, BEA and CEF, showed better separation and visibility compared to the mobile phases used in the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The plates were sprayed with either vanillin or p-anisaldehide for optimal visualization of the separated compounds. After the specified period of 6-months, comparative TLC was performed on all samples. This was achieved for each plant by applying all samples stored at a specific condition i.e.25°C, on the same plate. The samples were stored at low temperature after exposure to the specific time interval. Quantitative analysis was performed by spectrophotometry, and high pressure liquid chromatography. The data obtained from these analytical methods, were used to evaluate the relative chemical stability of each dosage form. The relationship between the quantitative data and the qualitative changes in the TLC fingerprints, were compared, hoping to achieve a common pattern relating to the stability. The order of the reaction as well as the reaction rate constant (k) for each dosage form was calculated, except for kava kava. The shelf-life (too) was calculated using the analyzed data obtained by spectrophotometry or HPLC. The relevance of conventional pharmaceutical calculations in the prediction of shelf-life, by means of accelerated stability tests, was investigated for the possible application to herbal products. The effects of gamma radiation on the degradation of the chemical compounds present in each plant, was evaluated. After an evaluation of all the relevant data, it seemed that the tablet-dosage forms were equally effective regarding stability, compared to the capsules. Liquid extracts appeared to be less stable than the extract capsules. The extract capsules seemed to degrade more rapidly than the herbal tablets or herbal capsules. Exposure to low dose radiation (4.4 kGy) did not seem to have an influence on the stability. It was evident that some herbs were more sensitive to sunlight or heat than others. In general, all three of the chosen plants seemed to be relatively stable if stored in the specified conditions. It seemed valid for the shelf-life to be expressed as two years.
W. Mariner and J. Martin, An Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands in the South Pacific Ocean: With an Original Grammar and Vocabulary of Their Language. Compiled and Arranged from the Extensive Communications of Mr. William Mariner, Several Years Resident in Those Islands. author, 1817.
A. C. Martin, E. Johnston, C. Xing, and A. Hegeman, “Measuring the Chemical and Cytotoxic Variability of Commercially Available Kava (Piper Methysticum G. Forster),” PloS one, 2014.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111572.
A high level of variation in chemical content and cytotoxicity of currently available kava products is revealed and efforts to characterize products and expedite research of this potentially useful botanical medicine are necessary. Formerly used world-wide as a popular botanical medicine to reduce anxiety, reports of hepatotoxicity linked to consuming kava extracts in the late 1990s have resulted in global restrictions on kava use and have hindered kava-related research. Despite its presence on the United States Food and Drug Administration consumer advisory list for the past decade, export data from kava producing countries implies that US kava imports, which are not publicly reported, are both increasing and of a fairly high volume. We have measured the variability in extract chemical composition and cytotoxicity towards human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cancer cells of 25 commercially available kava products. Results reveal a high level of variation in chemical content and cytotoxicity of currently available kava products. As public interest and use of kava products continues to increase in the United States, efforts to characterize products and expedite research of this potentially useful botanical medicine are necessary.
J. D. Mathews et al., “Effects of the Heavy Usage of Kava on Physical Health: Summary of a Pilot Survey in an Aboriginal Community,” Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 148, no. 11, pp. 548–555, 1988.
doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb93809.x.
Health status was assessed in 39 kava users and 34 non-users in a coastal Aboriginal community in Arnhem Land. Twenty (27%) respondents were very heavy (mean consumption, 440 g/week) users of kava; 15 (21%) respondents were heavy (310 g/week) users of kava and four (5%) respondents were occasional (100 g/week) users of kava. Kava users were more likely to complain of poor health and a “puffy” face, and were more likely to have a typical scaly rash, and slightly-increased patellar reflexes. Very heavy users of kava were 20% underweight and their levels of γ-glutamyl transferase were increased greatly. Albumin, plasma protein, urea and bilirubin levels were decreased in kava users, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were increased. Kava users were more likely to show haematuria, and to have urine which was poorly acidified and of low specific gravity. The use of kava was also associated with an increased red-cell volume, with a decreased platelet volume and with a decreased lymphocyte count. Shortness of breath in kava users was associated with tall P waves on a resting electrocardiogram, which provided suggestive evidence of pulmonary hypertension. In common with other Aboriginal communities, there was evidence of decreased lung volumes, a high carriage rate of hepatitis B surface antigen, and of other morbidity that was unrelated to the use of kava. On the basis of these findings, there is a strong rationale for urgent social action to improve health in Aboriginal communities and, in particular, to reduce the consumption of kava and to improve the nutritional status of kava users.
V. H. E. L. E. N. A. MATHEWS and P. S. RAO, “In Vitro Responses of Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum),” Current Science, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 183–186, 1984.https://www.jstor.org/stable/24085930.
The morphogenetic potential of various explants of black pepper (Piper nigrum) such as shoot tip, lateral bud, leaf, hypocotyl, anther, drupes and spike segments was investigated in vitro. Except in leaf and anther tissues, callus formation was induced in all explants on MS medium fortified with a wide range of auxin-cytokinin combinations. Regeneration of multiple shoot buds occurred in shoot tip cultures of seedlings on MS medium supplemented with IAA and BA (1 mg/l each). The in vitro developed shoots were induced to root in half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l of NAA.
D. Maulida, R. Rugayah, and D. Andalasari, “Pengaruh Pemberian Iba (Indole Butyric Acid) dan Konsentrasi Naa (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) terhadap Keberhasilan Penyetekan Sirih Merah (Piper Crocatum Ruiz and Pav.),” Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan, vol. 13, no. 3, Sep. 2013.
doi: 10.25181/jppt.v13i3.179.
The research was conducted at the cutting red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav.) to determined the effect of (1) the difference growth of cuttings of red betel which are given IBA and without IBA, (2) the concentration of NAA on growth of cutting red betel, (3) the concentration of NAA on growth of cutting red betel on each given IBA. The treatment was arranged in factorial (2 x 4) in randomized block design with three replication. The first factor were without IBA (a0) and the given of 1.000 ppm IBA (a1). The second factor were the concentration of NAA consists of: 0 ppm (b0), 1.000 ppm (b1), 2.000 ppm (b2), and 4.000 ppm (b3). The results showed that the NAA concentration of 4000 ppm produced the most number of roots on either at the node or at the base of cutting. Planting cutting red betel which given IBA 1.000 ppm was able to accelerated the time leaves open and increased the number of cutting which germinate. The mixtured of giving IBA 1.000 ppm and the concentration of NAA 4.000 ppm, produced the most number of cutting that germinated. Keywords : red betel, given IBA, dan concentration NAA
N. L. W. Meilawati and S. Purwiyanti, “The effect of Rootone-F and coconut water on Piper sp. cutting growth,” International Conference on Agriculture and Applied Science, 2021.
doi: 10.25181/icoaas.v1i1.2005.
Betel is propagated by stem cutting. The success of cutting is determinate by manynew roots and leaves. Synthetic or natural plant growth regulators can do induction root. Thisresearch aims to observe plant growth regulators to optimum growth of green and red betel. Acompletely randomized design with two factors was design treatment. The first factor was beteltype (green betel and red betel), and the second factor was plant growth regulator, namelyRootone-F (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%), coconut water (15%. 25%, 50 %, 75%, 100%),and control (water). Repeated the treatment was three times. The observed characters were lifepercentage, root percentage, root length, and plant height. Data obtained were analyzed withSAS 9.1 software. The results showed that green and red betel could be propagated moreeffectively with water than the provision of growth regulators Rootone F and coconut water.Increasing the concentration of Rootone F and coconut water significantly reduces root lengthand shoot length.
C. Mendoza-F., A. Celis-F., and M. E. Pachón-S., “Evaluation of Propagation Methods by Seeds and Cuttings in Piper Aduncum (Piperaceae),” Acta Horticulturae, no. 964, pp. 129–134, Oct. 2012.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.964.16.
P. Methisticum and I. Amara, “MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF THE KAVA SHRUB, &c.,” p. 9.
P. Misra, S. K. Datta, J. K. Johri, H. B. Singh, and A. Srivastava, “An Improved Method for In Vitro Large Scale Propagation of Piper Betle L,” Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 161–164, Jul. 2004.
doi: 10.1007/BF03263215.
A protocol for large-scale propagation of Piper betle cvs Desawari and Desi Bangla was developed through axillary shoot proliferation. Due to systemic infection as well as high phenol content the crop was very difficult to establish in aseptic condition. But a mixture of 5 mg l−1 each of chloramphenicol and oxytetracyclin and 100 mg l−1 each of citric acid and ascorbic acid used in MS medium for 2 days helped in establishment. After 48 h, the explants were transferred to the antibiotic free medium having PVP and ascorbic acid (100 mg l−1 each), citric acid (50 mg l−1), and glutathione (20 mg l−1). Regular subculturing of the explants into liquid medium, use of antioxidants and incubation of the cultures in the dark for initial 7–10 days played a crucial role for keeping them fresh and green. Maximum numbers of axillary shoots were obtained with 2 mg l−1 BA and 0.2 mg l−1 NAA as growth supplements. The plants were rooted in 0.25 mg l−1 IBA and hardened in the soil. Phenolic compound analysis showed almost the same results in tissue-raised and in vivo grown plants in Desawari.
Like any other Small Island Developing State (SIDS), Fiji has limited entrepreneurial opportunities. However, these countries have some unique high value niche products that have attracted global attention. Among the limited niche products in Fiji, kava (Piper methysticum) known as ‘yaqona’ or ‘grog’, is a popular agricultural and industrial product. Kava is not only a traditional, ceremonial and social drink in Fiji, but also a product that contributes to social and economic development through export and foreign exchange earnings and provides employment, and livelihoods, and alleviates poverty. As a beverage and pharmaceutical product, Fiji kava is increasing its importance nationally and internationally. The paper analyzes kava in Fiji as an entrepreneurial and business product, its trends in production, trade, ‘niche market’, growth potential, its role, and also explores the issues and challenges associated with kava in Fiji.
B. Mondal, “Conversion of Metabolomic Data to Genomic Marker for Genetic Characterization of Piper Betle L. Chemotypes: A Review,” Agricultural Reviews, no. Of, Feb. 2021.
doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2118.
The Indian perfumery industry is shifting towards natural product. In India including West Bengal betel leaves produces high quality essential oil as well contribute to Indian fresh vegetable export. The crop is cultivated from stem cutting and suffers from authenticity problem of cultivars with redundant names. The genetic screening and characterization of cultivars were not initiated due to unavailability of reliable markers. The essential oil metabolomic study identified some polar and non-polar volatile signature compounds. Metabolomic profiling of cultivars is not consistent due to seasonal variation in the production of secondary metabolites and ignorance in marking of unique trace discriminatory compounds. In this paper gene ontogeny study was made on major signature compounds to obtain the complete coding sequence (CDS) of the aroma-genes. The CDS information of aroma-genes could be utilized to construct robust DNA markers to eradicate authentication problem and germplasm management of Piper. The direct genomic analysis could supersede the metabolome profiling. Information available in NCBI, DDBJ and EMBL database were searched for gene ontogeny study utilizing available metabolomic data. The information and method depicted could be efficiently utilized for Piper genomics. Aroma-scientists could apply this technique to validate promising cultivars and competent germplasm management.
L. Monzote, M. García, A. M. Montalvo, R. Scull, and M. Miranda, “Chemistry, Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of the Essential Oil from Piper Auritum,” Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 105, pp. 168–173, Mar. 2010.
doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762010000200010.
Leishmaniasis is one of the most important parasitic infections, but current treatments are unsatisfactory due to their toxicity, cost and resistance. Therefore, the development of new antileishmanial compounds is imperative. Many people who live in endemic areas use plants as an alternative to treat the disease. In this paper, we characterised the essential oil from Piper auritum, evaluated its cytotoxicity and determined its antileishmanial activity. The chromatogram obtained by gas chromatography revealed 60 peaks and we found that safrole was the most abundant compound, composing 87% of the oil. The oil was active against the promastigotes of Leishmania major, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania donovani with a favourable selectivity index against peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice. The Piper-oil inhibited the growing of intracellular amastigotes of L. donovani with an IC50 value of 22.3 ± 1.8 μg/mL. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the essential oils as a promising alternative to treat leishmaniasis.
O. D. M. Muñiz, M. V. Hernández, and I. M. Cruz, “Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil of Piper Auritum Kunth Related to the Type of Soil at Veracruz, Mexico,” Academic Journal of Science, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–312, 2016.http://www.universitypublications.net/ajs/0501/pdf/R5ME539.pdf.
In order to know the variation of the principal components in the essential oil of P. auritum Kunth and their antioxidant properties, we collected leaves samples from this plant growing in three different type of soil in Veracruz State, Mexico. We used five samples from each type of soil analyzed: andosol, phaeozem and vertisol; also geographic and weather variables were considered for each region studied. The essential oil was obtained from the aerial parts of the plant by hydrodistillation in Clevenger distillation apparatus. Yield, refraction index, free radical scavenging activity (DPPH test), total content of polyphenols and chemical composition (GS-MS) were determined for characterization of the oil. Data obtained from the chemical test were analyzed through the one-way ANOVA test for independent groups, and Tukey post hoc test was applied when the differences reached p 0.05. Statistic analysis has shown that annual average temperature oscillating between 22-24 °C, altitude above the sea level and the phaeozem soil allow to the plant to produce a higher yield of essential oil. Variation in chemical composition of the essential oil was observed in all samples but in the case of vertisol soil, we found the highest content of phenolic compounds. In DPPH test significant free radical scavenger activity was observed (63% to 81%) with higher levels showed by samples from andosol soil. The analysis of the variables presented in this work could serve as a guide for selecting specific locations to cultivate this plant and maximize the production their essential oil.
R. R. Nair and S. D. Gupta, “Effect of Explants and Genotypes on Primary Somatic Embryogenesis in Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.),” Cytologia, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 195–202, 2005.
doi: 10.1508/cytologia.70.195.
Influence of various fruit-derived explants and different genotypes on induction of somatic embryogenesis in black pepper was studied. Among the various explants cultured on plant growth regulator-free solid SH medium maintained in dark, the ‘abortively germinated seeds in vitro’ produced the highest percent response as well as number of somatic embryos per responded explant. Lowest percent response and frequency of somatic embryos were evident with the ‘unripened green fruits with zygotic embryo removed’. Zygotic embryos as such failed to produce any somatic embryogenic response. Of the various genotypes tested, cultivar ‘Karimunda’ was found to be highly embryogenic and cultivar ‘Kutching’ was totally non embryogenic. Other cultivars showed variable degree of embryogenic response.
R. R. Nair and S. Dutta Gupta, “High-Frequency Plant Regeneration through Cyclic Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis in Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.),” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 699–707, Jan. 2006.
doi: 10.1007/s00299-005-0016-2.
A high-frequency plantlet regeneration protocol was developed for black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) through cyclic secondary somatic embryogenesis. Secondary embryos formed from the radicular end of the primary somatic embryos which were originally derived from micropylar tissues of germinating seeds on growth regulator-free SH medium in the absence of light. The process of secondary embryogenesis continued in a cyclic manner from the root pole of newly formed embryos resulting in clumps of somatic embryos. Strength of the medium and sucrose concentration influenced the process of secondary embryogenesis and fresh weight of somatic embryo clumps. Full-strength SH medium supplemented with 1.5% sucrose produced significantly higher fresh weight and numbers of secondary somatic embryos while 3.0 and 4.5% sucrose in the medium favored further development of proliferated embryos into plantlets. Ontogeny of secondary embryos was established by histological analysis. Secondary embryogenic potential was influenced by the developmental stage of the explanted somatic embryo and stages up to “torpedo” were more suitable. A single-flask system was standardized for proliferation, maturation, germination and conversion of secondary somatic embryos in suspension cultures. The system of cyclic secondary somatic embryogenesis in black pepper described here represents a permanent source of embryogenic material that can be used for genetic manipulations of this crop species.
Kava root powder is used to produce a drink that is primarily consumed throughout the Pacific Ocean. Kava is particularly popular in Hawaii, Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Solomon Islands. http://narien.com/category/kava
S. Nelson, B. Sipes, M. Serracin, and D. Schmitt, “’Awa Root-Knot Disease,” p. 4, 2001.
Problems with kava production in Hawaii include kava dieback viral disease, Pythium root rot, root-knot nematode, Phoma shot hole, melon aphids, node rot, weeds, and various other pests are described. Recommended IPM and best management strategies are given.
W. H. Newell, “The Kava Ceremony in Tonga,” The Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 364–417, 1947.https://www.jstor.org/stable/20703131.
K. Nirmal Babu, M. Divakaran, G. Yamuna, P. N. Ravindran, and K. V. Peter, “Protocols for Improvement of Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) Utilizing Biotechnological Tools,” in Protocols for In Vitro Cultures and Secondary Metabolite Analysis of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Second Edition, S. M. Jain, Ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2016, pp. 367–385.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3332-7_26.
Black pepper, Piper nigrum L., the “King of spices” is the most widely used spice growing in the South-Western region of India. The humid tropical evergreen forest bordering the Malabar Coast (Western Ghats is one of the hot spot areas of plant bio-diversity on earth) is its center of origin and diversity. However, the crop faces constraints like rampant fungal and viral diseases, lack of disease free planting material, hence biotechnological tools can be utilized to address these problems and strides have been made successfully. The standardization of micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, in vitro conservation, protoplast isolation, and genetic transformation protocols are described here. The protocols could be utilized to achieve similar goals in the related species of Piper too.
“[No Title Found],” Research Journal of Life Sciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, vol. 05, no. 04.
Piper longum L. is an important medicinal plants belongs to the family Piperaceae. Present study is aimed towards the regeneration of shoot lets through in vitro culture of nodal explants. Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), Kinetin (Kn) and α- naphalene acetic acid (NAA) were employed in order to induce effective multiplication of shoots. The maximum percentage of shoot induction was achieved on the medium fortified with 2.0 mg/L of BAP. The initiated shoots were sub cultured on fresh medium with the same composition and also with the addition of 0.2 mg/L of NAA for the further multiplication of shoots. Among the various combinations used, the medium enriched with 1.5 mg/L of BAP and 0.2 mg/L of NAA was found to be the most suitable one towards the maximum percentage of shoot multiplication with the highest number of shoots (8.00±0.57) and mean shoot length of 6.46±0.03 cm. The multiple shoots produced roots in the multiplication stage itself; therefore no separate media was employed for rooting stage. The developed protocol is rapid and efficient one for the regeneration of shoots and roots simultaneously. Hence this could be useful for the large scale production of multiple shoots of this important medicinal plant.
Pacific Kava: A Producer’s Guide. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 2001.
This guide contains the principles for producing high quality kava as a commercial crop for both the domestic and the export market. A range of improved farming methods is described. This guide includes chapters on the chemical properties of kava and on the standards that are recommended for the increasingly discerning domestic and export markets.
“Post-Amphan Management and Rejuvenation of the Ravaged Betel (Piper Betle) Baroj in South Bengal,” Farming & Management, vol. 5, no. 2, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.31830/2456-8724.2020.009.
“Prospect of The Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) as Natural Product Used to an Herbal Medicine | Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences,” Dec. 2021.https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/7113.
Black pepper ( Piper nigrum L.) is a popular spice that is grown as tropical and subtropical plant throughout the world. The leaf, flower, fruit, and root are the most important elements of the plant. Asexual or vegetative propagation is becoming highly popular, although the sexual approach is still used for pepper vine cultivation. For mass production of the pepper plant, in vitro culture is also used. The bioactive components contained in them are extremely important because of their therapeutic potential against a number of diseases. They are usually classed as functional foods because, in addition to providing basic nutrition, provide physiological benefits and help to avoid chronic illness. The main component of black pepper is piperine. It has a complex phyto-chemistry includes: Volatile oil, alkaloids, and oleoresins. Because of its free-radical scavenging properties, black pepper and its active components can be prevention and control of tumor growth. Piperine, which can bind and inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes the sickness, is present in black pepper and has antibacterial and antiviral effects. Piperine, a key alkaloid component of black pepper, it also helps to cognitive brain function, nutritional absorption, and gastrointestinal health. Black pepper is known as the “King of Spices” as well as the “King of Medicinal Agents,” since it includes a wide variety of bioactive compounds with nutraceutical and pharmacological applications. An overview of the most common applications for black pepper, along with a strong evidence is present in this review.
“Regeneration of Plantlets of Piper Longum L. through in Vitro Culture from Nodal Segments,” Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, 2015.
doi: 10.7324/JABB.2015.3507.
Plantlet regeneration in Piper longum L. has been achieved from nodal segments excised from in vivo grown plantlets cultured on MS medium supplemented with growth regulators. The present investigation was carried out to regenerate plantlet of Piper longum L through in vitro culture. Nodal segments from one year old plants of field grown Piper longum were used as explants for initial culture. The nodal explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentration and combination of cytokinines and auxines for primary shoot proliferation. The best shoot proliferation was observed in MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l Kinetin and 1.5 mg/l BAP where 98 % of explants showed proliferation with highest rate of shoot multiplication (5-6 shoots per explant). Callus induction occurred in (1 mg/l) BAP and (0.5 mg/l) Kinetin and 10-15 days of callus subculture initiation of greenish white shoot buds was observed. For rooting, the in vitro micro shoot were inoculated to MS basal media supplemented with 0.5 mg/l IAA and rooting was more profuse. The regenerated plantlets were successfully established in soil with survival rate 90%. The protocol described is simple, rapid efficient for in vitro propagation of P. longum (L.) from nodal explants and soil establishment of plantlets.
M. J. O’Hara, W. J. Kinnard, and J. P. Buckley, “Preliminary Characterization of Aqueous Extracts of Piper Methysticum (Kava, Kawa Kawa),” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 1021–1025, Jul. 1965.
doi: 10.1002/jps.2600540715.
An extract of Piper methysticum Forst. prepared by steam distillation was separated by means of differential solubility into two fractions, F1 and F2. These fractions had different physical and chemical characteristics, and known α-pyrones were identified only in subfraction F2. Both fractions decreased spontaneous motor activity in doses which did not alter forced motor activity of mice. Fraction F2, dihydromethysticin, desmethoxy-yangonin, and kawain exhibited potent antiserotonin activity on the isolated rat uterus, whereas F1 appeared to be devoid of antiserotonin activity. F1, F2, and dihydromethysticin did not alter serotonin brain levels in mice.
A. Orozco-Segovia, M. E. Sanchez-Coronado, and C. Vazquez-Yanes, “Effect of Maternal Light Environment on Seed Germination in Piper Auritum,” Functional Ecology, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 395, Aug. 1993.
doi: 10.2307/2390026.
A. Orozco-Segovia, M. E. Sanchez-Coronado, and C. Vazquez-Yanes, “Light Environment and Phytochrome-Controlled Germination in Piper Auritum,” Functional Ecology, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 585–590, 1993.
doi: 10.2307/2390135.
1. The heterogeneity of the light environment (in time and space) in a tropical rain forest understorey and its effect on germination response of the heliophile tree Piper auritum was studied in the field and the laboratory. 2. In the laboratory we found responses to a range of R : FR (red : far-red) ratios and to the length of exposure to them. Blue light promoted a small effect on germination. Piper auritum germinated even at very low levels of red light (0.005 μmol m-2 s-1). 3. In the rain forest R : FR ratios were typically low (0.25-0.41), with sporadic high values. In field conditions, seed germination was controlled by the R : FR ratio during periods of diffuse illumination. Sunflecks had no effect on germination. 4. Germination in the field is greater at some R : FR ratios than in the laboratory, perhaps because of contributions of other photobiologically active wavelengths in the field.
F. V. Pacheco, R. de Paula Avelar, I. C. A. Alvarenga, S. K. V. Bertolucci, A. A. de Alvarenga, and J. E. B. P. Pinto, “Essential Oil of Monkey-Pepper (Piper Aduncum L.) Cultivated under Different Light Environments,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 85, pp. 251–257, Jul. 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.016.
The monkey-pepper (Piper aduncum L.) is an herbaceous species and essential oil producer, with biological activities such as insecticidal, antimicrobial, larvacidal and others. The cultivation of the plant is still incipient, being necessary to know the influence of some factors, among them, the light. Thus, the effects of different lighting conditions on the production and profile of the constituents of essential oils from leaves and roots of Piper aduncum L. were evaluated. Plants grown for 150 days in five light conditions: 100%, 70% and 50% of natural irradiance and nets of blue and red colors, also blocking 50% of natural light irradiance. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves and roots and analyzed by GC/MS. Roots showed higher amount of essential oil (0.11% w/w), which had no influence on light conditions. On leaves the biggest oil content was observed in 50% brightness (0.085% w/w). The essential oil of leaves was characterized by a high content of sesquiterpenes and roots of phenylpropanoids. The leaves are rich in E-nerolidol, linalol (14.28–16.65%); α-humulene (8.45–10.62%); cis-cadin-4-en-7-ol (7.48–12.24%) and caryophyllene (7.93–12.24%). While the root is rich in apiol (16.27–29.51%). Most major compounds increased in the environment rich in blue light. The variation in the production and essential oil constituents of P. aduncum L. depends on the light conditions and can is related to phenotypic and genetic factors. Therefore control of the light environment in growing conditions makes it necessary for obtaining raw material quality.
F. V. Pacheco, I. C. A. Alvarenga, P. M. R. Junior, J. E. B. Pereira Pinto, R. de Paula Avelar, and A. A. Alvarenga, “Growth and Production of Secondary Compounds in Monkey-Pepper (’Piper Aduncum’ L.) Leaves Cultivated under Altered Ambient Light,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, Nov. 2014.https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.818369913800348.
The species Piper aduncum L., native to the Americas, has important biological benefits for the production of secondary compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids. Among the factors that influence ...
M. Parani, A. Anand, and A. Parida, “Application of RAPD Fingerprinting in Selection of Micropropagated Plants of Piper Longum for Conservation,” Current Science, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 81–83, 1997.https://www.jstor.org/stable/24098152.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints of twenty micropropagated plants and the mother plant were analysed by polymerase chain reaction of genomic DNA using ten random 10-mer primers. The RAPD fragments were scored for presence/absence to calculate Jaccard’s similarity index. Clustering based on similarity index was done following unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean method and a dendrogram was constructed. The dendrogram showed eighteen micropropagated plants forming a major cluster along with the mother plant. The other two micropropagated plants could be regarded as molecular off-types (putative somaclonal variants) as they have shown less than 80% similarity to the mother plant and other micropropagated plants. Among the eighteen micropropagated plants of the major cluster the order of preference to maintain maximum fidelity to the elite genotype (the mother plant) for conservation was established.
R. Parida and Y. Dhal, “A Study on the Micro-Propagation and Antioxidant Activity of Piper Longum (an Important Medicinal Plant),” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 5, no. 32, pp. 6991–6994, Dec. 2011.
doi: 10.5897/JMPR11.1067.
An efficient micro-propagation technique has been developed for cloningPiper longumplantlets by nodal segment multiplication. The result showed that the optimal medium for shoot multiplication was Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/L benzyladenine and 1 mg/L indoleacetic acid. The best medium for rooting was in MS medium with 1 mg/L benzyladenine and 0.2 mg/L indoleacetic acid. The present study reveals the antioxidant activity andin vitromultiplication ofP. longumplants. Key words:Piper longum, growth regulators,in vitropropagation, antioxidant.
N. M. Patel, D. D. Jain, H. P. Suryawanshi, and S. P. Pawar, “Phytopharmacological Study of Piper Betle Leaf,” Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 05, no. 11, pp. 964–971, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.36348/sjmps.2019.v05i11.008.
Piper betle L. is an evergreen perennial dioecious creeper and it is native to Malaysia. It is commonly used in our day to day life. In present investigation an attempt has been made for the pharmacognostic standardization and phytochemical evaluation of Piper betle L. leaves. The pharmacognostic evaluation comprises of detailed morphology, powdered microscopy, quantitative microscopy and physical constants such as extractive and ash values. The leaves extract were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. The data obtained in present study will serve as valuable tool for identification, authentication and detection of adulterants standardization and quality control of the drug. In this research work the anthelmintic property of leaves extract of Piper betle L. belonging to family Piperaceae was studied for anthelmintic activity against Pheretima Posthuma (Indian earthworm). The leaves powder of Piper betle L. was subjected to successive extraction by maceration using solvents like Aqueous, Acetone + Aqueous and Pet. Ether. Four concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg / ml) of different extract of leaves were studied in a bioassay, which involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worms. 100 mg/ml conc. of Aqueous + Acetone extract of leaves of Piper betle L. reveal considerable anthelmintic activity as compared to other two concentrations and piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml). Piperazine citrate and saline water were included in the assay as standard reference drug and control, respectively.
\relax J. T. Pawar, \relax R. G. Khandekar, \relax P. C. Mali, and \relax A. V. Mane, “Effect of Different Plant Growth Promoters on Sprouting and Survival in Bush Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.),” p. 3.
The experiment was conducted at Educational farm of College of Horticulture, Dapoli, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri during the year 2019-20 to assess the effect of different plant growth promoters on survival and growth rate of bush pepper. Experiment was laid out Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replication with ten plant growth promoters treatments. The treatments were T1-Vermiwash 5% drenching, T2-Vermiwash 10% drenching, T3-Vermiwash 15% drenching, T4-Cow urine 5% drenching, T5-Cow urine 10% drenching and T6-Cow urine 15%,T7 –Humic acid 0.05% drenching, T8 - Humic acid 0.1% drenching, T9 - Humic acid 0.2% drenching, T10 –Keradix. Early sprout initiation (16.04 DAP) was observed in treatment T9 - Humic acid 0.2% drenching .Significantly minimum number of days required for peak sprouting (38.16) were taken in T9 - Humic acid 0.2% drenching and minimum number of days required for last sprouting (50.13) was recorded in treatment T9 - Humic acid 0.2% drenching. Highest sprouting (82.05 per cent) highest survival (55.45 per cent) were also observed in treatment T9 - Humic acid 0.2% drenching.
A. M. S. Pereira, B. W. Bertoni, R. N. Carlos, P. S. Pereira, and S. C. França, “Callus Culture of Piper Aduncum for the Production of Bioactive Micromolecules,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 569, pp. 41–45, Feb. 2002.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.569.5.
V. J. Philip, D. Joseph, G. S. Triggs, and N. M. Dickinson, “Micropropagation of Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum Linn.) through Shoot Tip Cultures,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 41–44, Dec. 1992.
doi: 10.1007/BF00232421.
The morphogenetic potential of shoot tip explants of black pepper (Piper nigrum) was investigated and an effective multiple-shoot propagation method is described. Various combinations of media, growth regulators and sterilization treatments were compared. Problems with establishment in tissue culture sometimes occurred, probably caused by endogenous pathogens associated with tissue exudates. The best establishment and proliferation of shoot tip explants was obtained on MS medium containing 1.5 mg l−1 BAP alone; subsequent growth and development of lateral branches was best on media containing 1.5 mg l−1 BAP plus 3.0 mg l−1 IBA. Adenine sulphate inhibited the number of explants showing regeneration but increased the number of shoot buds per regenerating explant. Shoots were rooted on a 50% strength medium containing 1mg l−1 NAA.
R. Pineda M, S. Vizcaíno P, C. M. García P, J. H. Gil G, and D. L. Durango R, “Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Piper Auritum Kunth and Piper Holtonii C. DC. against Phytopathogenic Fungi,” Chilean journal of agricultural research, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 507–515, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.4067/S0718-58392012000400008.
A. C. da S. Pinto, F. C. M. Chaves, P. A. dos Santos, C. V. Nunez, W. P. Tadei, and A. M. Pohlit, “Piper Peltatum: Biomass and 4-Nerolidylcatechol Production,” Planta Medica, vol. 76, no. 13, pp. 1473–1476, Sep. 2010.
doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1240938.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
T. Pluskal, M. P. Torrens-Spence, T. R. Fallon, A. De Abreu, C. H. Shi, and J.-K. Weng, “The Biosynthetic Origin of Psychoactive Kavalactones in Kava,” Nature Plants, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 867–878, Aug. 2019.
doi: 10.1038/s41477-019-0474-0.
Kava (Piper methysticum) is an ethnomedicinal shrub native to the Polynesian islands with well-established anxiolytic and analgesic properties. Its main psychoactive principles, kavalactones, form a unique class of polyketides that interact with the human central nervous system through mechanisms distinct from those of conventional psychiatric drugs. However, an unknown biosynthetic machinery and difficulty in chemical synthesis hinder the therapeutic use of kavalactones. In addition, kava also produces flavokavains, which are chalconoids with anticancer properties structurally related to kavalactones. Here, we report de novo elucidation of the key enzymes of the kavalactone and flavokavain biosynthetic network. We present the structural basis for the evolutionary development of a pair of paralogous styrylpyrone synthases that establish the kavalactone scaffold and the catalytic mechanism of a regio- and stereo-specific kavalactone reductase that produces a subset of chiral kavalactones. We further demonstrate the feasibility of engineering styrylpyrone production in heterologous hosts, thus opening a way to develop kavalactone-based non-addictive psychiatric therapeutics through synthetic biology.
D. Pradhan, D. K. A. Suri, D. D. K. Pradhan, and P. Biswasroy, “Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,” vol. 1, no. 6, p. 21, 2013.
V. Prajapati, \relax M. M. Patel, S. K. Jha, and K. Makwana, “Direct Adventitious Shoot Regeneration in Piper Longum L. from Spike Explants,” International Journal of Chemical Studies, p. 3.
Direct shoot regeneration was achieved from fruit spike explants of Piper longum L. Spike explants cultured on growth regulator-free basal MS medium showed no sign of bud break even after 30 days. Addition of a TDZ was essential to induce bud break and multiple shoot formation from the explants. The maximum response (26.0 per cent) observed in the media supplemented with 0.25 mg l-1 TDZ with average (16.80) number of shoot buds and (3.60) number of elongated shoot. Elongated shoots were carefully excised and rooted on previously established rooting media e.g. basal MS + 1.0 mg l-1 IBA, with 80 per cent rooting. Rooted explants successfully hardened in Soil: Sand: FYM (1:1:1) with 60% success.
N. Prakash, J. F. Brown, and Y. H. Wang, “An Embryological Study of Kava, Piper Methysticum,” Australian Journal of Botany, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 231–237, 1994.
doi: 10.1071/bt9940231.
An embryological study of Piper methysticum Forster f. (Piperaceae), undertaken to identify the probable cause for the absence of fruits in cultivated varieties, has revealed that the majority of plants in all the cultivars examined bore only male flowers. The anthers are tetrasporangiate and the anther wall comprises a well-developed endothecium with fibrous thickenings, two middle layers and a glandular tapetum. Meiosis is normal and simultaneous cytokinesis leads to tetrahedral microspore tetrads. Pollen degeneration was observed but was of very rare occurrence. The pollen grains are released when they are 2-celled and appear to be healthy and capable of germination. The unilocular ovary contains a single basal ovule which is orthotropous, bitegmic, and crassinucellar. Both integuments contribute to the formation of the micropyle. The development of the female gametophyte conforms to the tetrasporic Fritillaria-type. No abnormalities were noticed either in meiosis of the megaspore mother cell or in subsequent development leading to the formation of the mature embryo sac. Occasional parthenocarpy was observed but without viable seeds being present inside. It is suggested that, although the lack of fruit formation in this species is not because of any deficiencies in its embryological development, it may be due to a simple self-incompatibility mechanism.
M. Pramudia and K. K. Umami, “Prototype Design of Smart System as A Vines Medium of Javanese Long Pepper (Piper Retrofractum Vahl),” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 953, no. 1, p. 012141, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/953/1/012141.
A. A. Prasad, “Kava (Piper Methysticum)-An Important Source of Income for the Rural Farmers in Fiji Islands,” Advances in Crop Science and Technology, vol. 06, no. 01, 2018.
doi: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000325.
Kava (Piper methysticum) production is decreasing very rapidly on a yearly basis. Kava is the traditional ceremonial drink and one of the major sources of income for the farmers in Fiji Islands. Kava farming is practiced by many Fijians in the highlands of Fiji. Fiji is a tropical country, prompt to cyclones and adverse weather conditions, these adverse weather conditions has continuously contributed towards decreasing kava production in the country and other Pacific Islands. There are 12 cultivars of kava distributed across the Pacific Island and Fiji itself acquires 12% of the total cultivars, besides Vanuatu which acquire 82% of the cultivars. Kava takes minimum of 3 years to attain its full maturity and in that 3 years plants go through various kinds of survival pressure and apart from weather conditions, Kava farmers face crop management issues such as Kava pests and diseases.
R. Prasad, A. P. Tyagi, and M. Taylor, “Regeneration and Establishment of Whole Plants from Kava (Piper Methysticum Forster) Meristems in Tissue Culture,” The South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 39, 2008.
doi: 10.1071/SP08006.
In the present study the regeneration and establishment of whole plants free from pathogenic contaminants from kava (Piper methysticum Forster) using meristems tissue culture has been established. Four treatments for initiating kava in tissue culture were evaluated for their efficiency in eliminating contaminants and optimizing recovery and growth. One of the treatments, using shoot-tip meristems resulted in 84% decontamination with 72% recovery and another, using nodal bud meristems, resulted in 80% decontamination rate with only 20% recovery. Shoot tips were found to be the ideal explants for kava tissue culture. The minimum time taken for rooting was one month on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 100 mgL-1 myo-inositol, 0.04 mgL-1 BAP, 0.02 mgL-1 NAA, 0.05 mgL-1 GA, 1.0 mgL-1 thiamine and 20 gL-1 sucrose.
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Separation and Quantitation Of Kava Lactone Yielding Precursor(s) From Piper methysticum Forst." by S. Y. Prasad
D. Prasath, K. B. Vinitha, V. Srinivasan, K. Kandiannan, and M. Anandaraj, “Standardization of Soil-Less Nursery Mixture for Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) Multiplication Using Plug-Trays,” p. 9.
Availability of quality planting material of high yielding varieties is a major production constraint in all black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) growing countries, and hence there is a need for technology that boosts production of quality planting material. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of different combinations of soil-less coir pith based nursery mixtures on rooting and growth of black pepper cuttings in the nursery. Among the different nursery media combinations, coir pith with Trichoderma and vermicompost recorded significantly higher growth parameters. The study confirmed that composted coir pith with vermicompost and Trichoderma is an ideal potting medium for black pepper nursery. In the second experiment, among the single node cuttings with three different maturities (collected from the serpentine method runners), maximum nursery grwoth, was recorded in the terminal portion of the runners (11-15th nodes). Similarly, higher growth parameters were recorded in the cuttings planted with full leaf compared to halfleaf cuttings. The study indicated that the rooted cuttings with full leaf from middle and top portions recorded higher growth parameters. Use of Trichoderma and vermicompost enriched coir pith in black pepper nurseries minimizes chemical fungicides besides Trichoderma that colonizes the root system of seedlings will help in preventing the infection by pathogens in the main field. Since there is no high additional cost involved, the use of Trichoderma enriched coir pith can also be adopted by commercial nurseries.
L. Puni, B. P. Tamta, and N. Dhaundiyal, “Piper Pedicelllatum - a Promising NTFP for Enhancing Forest Productivity in Moist Tropical and Sub-Tropical Forest Areas,” Indian Forester, vol. 137, no. 11, pp. 1245–1249, Nov. 2011.
doi: 10.36808/if/2011/v137i11/12841.
Piper pedicellatum C.D.C, belonging to family Piperaceae is an erect evergreen useful under shrub of moist tropical and subtropical forest areas. The plant commonly known as ’pipla’ in its natural zone in the North East India. Among many NTFP bearing plants which can be planted in the forest areas under tall tree canopy, this plant is one which has the potential to be profitably planted for its fruit or berry used as spice and in Ayurvedic preparations, to enrich the existing forest areas. This will help to generate employment and income to the rural masses. Nursery techniques, post harvesting treatments, importance of the plant and market potential of the species is presented in the paper.
M. Qa et al., “The Role of Shade and Nitrogen on Physiological Traits and Secondary Metabolites of Piper Betle L,” Journal of Horticulture, vol. 05, no. 02, 2018.
doi: 10.4172/2376-0354.1000230.
Piper betle, better known as purple betel has received a universal attention due to its increasing medicinal value. There is enormous potential to discover various new medicinal compounds in this species and an instantaneous need for the techniques to facilitate the production of high quality. In that connection, shade and nitrogen could play a significant role in the development of a phytochemical production. Therefore, the current study utilized the different levels of shade and rates of nitrogen. After harvesting of three months Piper betle seedlings, different physio-chemical traits were observed including photosynthetic rate, stomata conductor, transpiration rates, chlorophyll content (a, b, ab) and secondary metabolites ( total phenolics contents (TPC) concentration, total flavonoids contents (TFC) concentration and antioxidant activate (DPPH and FRAP). The chlorophyll content was more under 30% and 50% shades with 100 kg/ ha of N, whereas full sunlight with 0 kg/ha of N was unsuitable for the Piper betle crop as the high light intensity caused scorching on leaves and stunted in growth, accumulation secondary metabolites and Antioxidant activates. The results of the present study revealed the establishment of shade techniques which influenced the production parameters of the piper species. These findings are an overview of the recent advances and could be further helpful in in vivo studies of Piper betel in regard to their physiological parameters.
R. Ramakrishnan Nair and S. Dutta Gupta, “Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration in Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.): I. Direct Somatic Embryogenesis from Tissues of Germinating Seeds and Ontogeny of Somatic Embryos,” The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 416–421, Jan. 2003.
doi: 10.1080/14620316.2003.11511641.
A protocol was developed for induction, maturation and germination of somatic embryos from the tissues of germinating seeds of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Explants were cultured on growth regulator – free solid SH medium maintained in the dark. The first somatic embryos developing directly from the explant tissue were noticed after 60 d of culture. Somatic embryos originated from a ring-like tissue on the micropylar region of the seeds. Sucrose concentration of the medium was found to be crucial for the induction of somatic embryos, and 30 g l–1 was found to be the optimum. Maturation and germination of somatic embryos were achieved on the same medium. Suspension culture enhanced the process of maturation and germination. Regenerated plants were established in soil. Histology confirmed the ontogeny and each stage of development. Growth regulators were found to inhibit the induction of somatic embryogenesis. Cytological analysis of the regenerated plants revealed the normal chromosome number of 2n=52.
A. Raposo, R. B. T. Yamura, D. A. da Silva, J. M. Vasconcelos, and C. E. Manfio, “Cultivo in vitro de Piper aduncum espécie com potencial econômico da Amazônia Sul-Ocidental,” Evidência, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 167–184, Dec. 2019.
doi: 10.18593/eba.v19i2.20200.
P. N. Ravindran and B. Sasikumar, “Variability in Open Pollinated Seedlings of Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.),” p. 6.
Highly h eterogeneous variances were observed for plant h eigh t, leaf number, leaf width, internod e len gth and stem gi rth in open pollinated seedlin gs of three black pepper (Piper nigrum ) cul tivars. Collection 1344 had maximum range and coeffici ent of variation for all the ch aracters foll owed by Panniyur - 1 and a Karimunda Selection KS-27. Eighteen di stinct morphologica l variants wer e also recorded in the progeny of CoIl. 1344. In some of the progenies, the initial variation sustain ed wi th growth for most of the morphological features. No such morphological variants were observed in the progenies ofPanniyur - 1 and KS27. The r eason for this behaviour of th e cultivar is di scussed.
A. M. Ríos-Ríos et al., “Micropropagation of Piper Crassinervium: An Improved Protocol for Faster Growth and Augmented Production of Phenolic Compounds,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), vol. 137, no. 3, pp. 495–509, Jun. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s11240-019-01585-8.
The medicinal plant Piper crassinervium is a source of bioactive compounds with potential use in agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. However, its propagation is slow and influenced by the composition of the culture medium and growth conditions. In the genus Piper, tissue oxidation limits the biomass and recovery of bioactive compounds such as phenols. We evaluated the effect of medium formulations, sucrose, growth regulators, medium consistency, explant type, gas exchange and irradiance levels on growth and phenols and total flavonoids content in P. crassinervium in vitro plants. Murashige and Skoog (MS) and DKW/Juglans (DKW/J) media induced the highest production of chlorophyll and phenolic compounds; however, the regeneration rate of the explants in the DKW/J medium was the lowest (~75%) in comparison with the other media (90%). The maximum biomass production was achieved when half-strength MS (½MS) liquid medium was used; while the optimum sucrose level depended on the medium salt concentration used. Notably, the irradiance altered the accumulation of biomass and phenolic compounds. The presence of one remaining leaf in the nodal segments, used as explants, produced taller plants in ½MS liquid medium, combined or not with 2-iP. The optimal growth conditions for biomass and phenolic compound production in P. crassinervium in vitro plants established were: nodal explant with a preexisting leaf cultured on ½MS stationary liquid medium, 15 g L−1 sucrose, using lids with one PTFE 0.45-µm-pore size membrane and an irradiance of 100 µmol m−2 s−1.
G. R. Rout, K. Singh, T. Hota, J. Panigrahi, and G. Das, “Recent Progress in Biotechnological Interventions in Piper Species: A Review,” Applied Biological Research, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 93, 2016.
doi: 10.5958/0974-4517.2016.00017.3.
A. Roy and P. Guha, “Traditional and Functional Uses of Betel Leaf (Piper Betle L.) Pertaining to Food Sector: A Review,” p. 14, 2021.
Betel leaf (Piper betle L.) is a commercial crop, which is traditionally consumed in the raw state as a mouth freshener and stimulant in Southeast Asia since antiquity. It possesses various functional and medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic etc. The leaf contains essential oil, which has a unique aroma contributing flavour and fragrance. This essential oil is a mixture of concentrated phytochemicals, among which the major components are estragole, chavicol, chavibetol, ß-cubebene, and caryophyllene. In different scientific researches, betel leaf extracts or essential oil were described for its numerous beneficial functional properties, contributed by these bioactive compounds. However, some health hazards may occur, when the leaf is consumed along with areca nut and tobacco. This review article provides an overview of the current status of betel leaf and its essential oil for its utilization as a bioactive ingredient in the food system.
A. M. Saad et al., “Biological Control: An Effective Approach against Nematodes Using Black Pepper Plants (Piper Nigrum L.),” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, Jan. 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.004.
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is one of the oldest spices in the world, additionally, it is highly demanded. Several biotic and abiotic variables pose black pepper production worldwide. Plant-parasitic nematodes play a key role among biotic factors, causing considerable economic losses and affecting the production. Different synthetic nematicides were used for controlling plant nematodes, however the majority of pesticides have been pulled from the market due to substantial non-target effects and environmental risks. As a result, the search for alternative eco-friendly agents for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes populations. Microbial agents are a precious option. In this review the bacterial and fungal agents used as an alternative nematicides, they were studied and confirmed as essential anti-microbial agents against plant nematodes which infected Piper nigrum L. This work examines the most common plant nematodes infected Piper nigrum L., with a focus on root knot and burrowing nematodes, in addition, how to control plant parasitic nematodes using microorganisms.
W. M. N. H. W. Salleh, “A Systematic Review of Botany, Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Properties of ‘Hoja Santa’ (Piper Auritum Kunth),” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, vol. 76, no. 3-4, pp. 93–102, Mar. 2021.
doi: 10.1515/znc-2020-0116.
Hoja santa ( Piper auritum ) refers to an important presence in Mexican cuisine. The information of this review article was gathered from several electronic sources such as Scopus, Medline, Scielo, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Lilacs. Phytochemical studies have revealed the presence of benzoic acid derivatives, phenylpropanoids and triterpenoids, while the essential oils have shown its richness in safrole, hence it has several activities, such as antioxidant, toxicity, insecticidal, anti-diabetic and cytotoxic properties. This review is expected to draw the attention of medical professionals and the general public towards P. auritum as well as to open the door for detailed research in the future.
S. Sasi and \relax A. I. Bhat, “Optimization of Cyclic Somatic Embryogenesis and Assessing Genetic Fidelity in Six Varieties of Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L),” p. 7.
Embryos along with micropylar tissue dissected out from matured seeds of six varieties of black pepper were used for somatic embryogenesis. Primary somatic embryos were induced from the micropylar region after 40 to 85 days in different varieties. Sucrose concentration was found to be crucial for the production and proliferation of secondary somatic embryos (SE) and cyclic SE. SE was visible from root pole region of primary embryos within 65 to 100 days in different varieties on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium. SE gave rise to cyclic SE in the same medium within 10-20 days in different varieties. Colour and size of cyclic SE varied among varieties. Regeneration of cyclic SE into plantlets was successful in SH liquid medium and transferred into woody plant medium. The rooted plants were hardened in the green house, the number of plantlets obtained varied among varieties. Genetic fidelity testing of somatic embryo-derived plants of all varieties with corresponding mother plants using six simple sequence repeats markers, showed genetic uniformity.
S. Sasi and A. I. Bhat, “In Vitro Elimination of Piper Yellow Mottle Virus from Infected Black Pepper through Somatic Embryogenesis and Meristem-Tip Culture,” Crop Protection, vol. 103, pp. 39–45, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2017.09.004.
Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMoV) is known to infect black pepper (Piper nigrum) in India and other parts of the world. In the present study, somatic embryogenesis and meristem-tip culture alone and in combination with the antiviral agent ribavirin were attempted to eliminate PYMoV from infected black pepper explants. Cyclic somatic embryos obtained from the micropylar region of matured seeds collected from PYMoV-infected black pepper plants of six varieties were regenerated and hardened in the greenhouse. Testing of somatic embryo-derived plants by PCR showed virus elimination in 55–100% of the plants of the different varieties of black pepper. PYMoV elimination was increased when cyclic somatic embryos were pre-treated with ribavirin before regeneration. A protocol for meristem-tip culture of black pepper plants was developed that consisted of excising the meristem from PYMoV-infected black pepper plants and inoculating it in the regeneration medium containing antibiotics (to remove endophytic bacterial contamination), followed by rooting and hardening of the plants. Testing of the meristem-derived plants showed PYMoV elimination in 84% of the plants. Further elimination of the virus was achieved when meristem-tip culture was combined with ribavirin treatment.
K. S. Sastry, B. Mandal, J. Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon, “Piper Methysticum (Kava),” in Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, K. S. Sastry, B. Mandal, J. Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon, Eds. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019, pp. 1868–1868.
doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_713.
M. Schmidt and R. Gebhardt, “Impact of Kava Cultivar, Plant Part and Extraction Medium on in-Vitro Cytotoxicity of Kava (Piper Methysticum) in HepG2 and Hep3B Cells,” Planta Medica, vol. 72, no. 11, p. P_346, Aug. 2006.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-950146.
Thieme E-Books & E-Journals
K. Schübel, “Zur Chemie und Pharmakologie der Kawa-Kawa (Piper methysticum, Rauschpfeffer),” Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, vol. 102, no. 3-4, pp. 250–282, May 1924.
doi: 10.1007/BF01976344.
H. R. Schultz and M. A. Matthews, “High Vapour Pressure Deficit Exacerbates Xylem Cavitation and Photoinhibition in Shade-Grown Piper Auritum H.B. & K. during Prolonged Sunflecks,” Oecologia, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 312–319, Apr. 1997.
doi: 10.1007/s004420050164.
Water relations dynamics during simulated sunflecks at high (36°C) and medium (27°C) temperatures and high and low vapour pressure deficits beween leaf and air (VPD) were studied on shade-grown Piper auritum H.B. & K. plants, a pioneer tree, common in gaps and clearings of tropical rain forests. The leaves of P. auritum wilt rapidly when exposed to high light. Exposure to high VPD and high light caused substantial and rapid dehydration of leaves. Dehydration could be prevented under high humidity irrespective of temperature. Water stored in leaf cells served as initial source for transpiration upon high light exposure. This effect increased with increasing VPD and temperature. The pronounced decrease in leaf water content over time in high light caused a rapid decrease in leaf water potential (Ψl) and a concomitant increase in water potential gradient (ΔΨ/Δx) between trunk and leaf, yet the high leaf elasticity (small bulk elastic modulus, ε) allowed turgor maintenance under most conditions. Under high VPD and high temperature, stomata remained open and ΔΨ/Δx frequently exceeded 0.95 MPa\mkern1mu·\mkern1mum−1, the cavitation-inducing threshold (ΔΨ/Δxcav) causing high rates of acoustic emissions from stems and leaf petioles and leading to concomitant losses in hydraulic conductance per leaf area (kl). At medium temperature (high VPD), stomatal closure contained xylem embolism by keeping ΔΨ/Δx at or below this threshold. We argue that wilting substantially contributes to creating a sufficient driving force for water uptake from the soil, and reducing the VPD (through a decrease in radiation load and thus leaf temperature) to avoid excessive dehydration.
R. T. Segone, S. Y. Tankeu, W. Chen, S. Combrinck, M. Schmidt, and A. Viljoen, “Rapid Differentiation of Piper Methysticum (Kava) Plant Parts Using Single Point and Imaging Vibrational Spectroscopy,” Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 16, p. 100235, Mar. 2020.
doi: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2019.100235.
Piper methysticum Forst., commonly referred to as kava, has been used medicinally and recreationally by inhabitants of the South Pacific Islands for centuries. Kavalactones present in roots and aerial parts are regarded as the bioactive compounds responsible for the relaxant effects, and for mitigating anxiety and stress-related conditions. The development of pharmaceutical products containing root extracts led to a boom in kava sales in Europe in 1998. However, reported cases of toxicity led to the subsequent banning of kava products in several countries. This study was initiated to develop rapid, robust and alternative spectroscopic methods for quality control that can be implemented at the point of export, to authenticate the use of kava roots as legislated by the Vanuatu Amended Kava Act no. 6 (2015). Roots, peeled stems, and stump peelings samples (n\,= 47) were sourced from Fiji, Hawaii, Samoa, the Solomon Islands and Tonga. The sample extracts were analysed using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array detector and mass spectrometer (UHPLC-PDA/MS), while powdered material was analysed using spectroscopic techniques. These included single-point (near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy), as well as an imaging (hyperspectral imaging). Principal component analysis of both the raw UPLC-MS and the quantitative UPLC-PDA data revealed chemical differences between the root and non-root samples. Kavain, methysticin and yangonin were identified as the compounds largely responsible for the chemical differences between the plant parts. Discriminant analysis models (OPLS-DA and PLS-DA) were developed for all the techniques, to reliably discriminate kava roots from non-roots. All the discriminant models indicated a good prediction ability (Q2XCum ≥ 60 %) and were successfully used to accurately identify external roots and non-root samples. However, hyperspectral imaging yielded superior results, with a prediction ability above 90 %. This technique can be automated and is capable of continuously scanning multiple samples, making it ideal for quality control.
K. S. Semple, “Pollination in Piperaceae,” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 868–871, 1974.
doi: 10.2307/2395033.
A study of four Piper species and one Pothomorphe species in Costa Rica showed that insects do visit some Piperaceae flowers and are probably involved in pollination. Due to the globular nature of the pollen it is not likely that wind or rain are significant pollination agents. The degree of self-pollination for the species studied has not been determined, although presumably some may occur because Piper nigrum has been found to be partially self-fertile.
S. K. Shah, G. Garg, D. Jhade, and N. Patel, “Piper Betle: Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Nutritional Value in Health Management,” no. 34, p. 9.
Many of the health benefits bonded with Piper betel (locally known as Paan) belongs to the Piperaceae or pepper family. It has been an important herb distributed throughout of world. Betle leaves are the most valued part of the plant, in the past were routinely used as a chewing agent to restrict offensive breath and they contain tannins, chavicol, phenyl, propane, sesquiterpene, cyneole, alkaloid, sugar and some essential oil and found various medicinal value, digestive, appetizer, aromatic, expectorant, stimulant, antibacterial, euphoria-inducing, antiprotozoan, carminative, anti-fungal and aphrodisiac etc. The leaves are also supposed to harden the gum, conserve the teeth and to prevent indigestion, bronchitis, constipation, congestion. This review for the first time provides information on therapeutically effects and also addresses the various mechanisms which might be involved.
Y. Shao, K. He, B. Zheng, and Q. Zheng, “Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Quantitative Analysis of the Six Major Kavalactones in Piper Methysticum,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 825, no. 1, pp. 1–8, Oct. 1998.
doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00699-2.
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method to simultaneously measure the six major kavalactones [methysticin, dihydromethysticin (DHM), kavain, dihydrokavain (DHK), demethoxyyangonin (DMY) and yangonin] in Piper methysticum (kava) has been successfully developed. The method uses the six compounds as external standards. These compounds were isolated in our laboratory using various chromatographic methods. The six compounds are completely separated within 35 min using a YMCbasic S-5 column and an isocratic methanol–acetonitrile–water–acetic acid (20:20:60:0.1, v/v) mobile phase at 40°C. The quantitative calibration curves are linear covering a range of 5–500 μg/ml for all six compounds. The detection limits (S/N=3) for methysticin, DHM, kavain, DHK, DMY and yangonin are approximately 0.5, 1.1, 0.7, 1.1, 0.6 and 0.6 μg/ml, respectively. The average recoveries are 100.2% for methysticin, 100.6% for DHM, 100.0% for kavain, 100.3% for DHK, 98.9 for DMY and 98.2% for yangonin with R.S.D.s less than 3.6%. The six peaks in the HPLC chromatogram of kava extract were confirmed by LC–atmospheric pressure positive chemical ionization MS and their purities were examined by on-line UV and mass spectral analyses. In order to simplify the determination of the total kavalactone level, response factors and correlation factors relative to kavain were established.
A. B. Sharangi and R. Kumar, “Performance of Rooted Cuttings of Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) with Organic Substitution of Nitrogen,” International Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 673–681, Aug. 2011.
doi: 10.3923/ijar.2011.673.681.
L. M. N. Shimoda et al., “Differential Regulation of Calcium Signalling Pathways by Components of Piper Methysticum (’Awa),” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 582–590, 2015.
doi: 10.1002/ptr.5291.
M. F. Siddiqui, M. Sakinah, A. F. Ismail, T. Matsuura, and A. W. Zularisam, “The Anti-Biofouling Effect of Piper Betle Extract against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Bacterial Consortium,” Desalination, vol. 288, pp. 24–30, Mar. 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.11.060.
Navigating novel biological routes to mitigate biofouling is of great worth inorder to allow sustainable performance of Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) in wastewater treatment technology. Recently, it was confirmed that a number of natural compounds in plants have an anti-biofouling effect, reducing the formation of biofilm. This study addressed the feasibility of Piper betle extract (PBE) as anti-biofouling agent against the model organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and bacterial consortium. The anti-biofouling effects of PBE were evaluated via a microtiter plate assay; changes in the growth rate (μ) and EPS production. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed to qualitatively illustrate the biofilm formation. PBE revealed ≥80% reduction in biofilm formation, growth rate (87%) and reduced the EPS production. These results suggest that PBE could be a potential agent for the mitigation of membrane biofouling. However, the chemical stability, potential toxicity and consistent performance of PBE in the field will have to be further investigated for optimization of its use on a field scale.
S. T. Silva, F. V. Pacheco, I. C. A. Alvarenga, J. E. B. P. Pinto, S. K. V. Bertolucci, and C. P. Ferreira, “Optimization of the Protocol for the in Vitro Cultivation of Piper Aduncum L.,” American Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 05, no. 23, p. 3474, Nov. 2014.
doi: 10.4236/ajps.2014.523363.
Piper aduncum L. (Piperaceae) has great potential for economic exploration because of the proven use of its essential oil in the agriculture and in the human health. A technique that improves its propagation, as the tissue culture, becomes necessary. Some parameters must be determined for the successful cultivation in vitro. Thus, this study aimed to determine the salts concentration of MS medium, temperature, luminosity and light quality for in vitro culture of this species. The following treatments were conducted: 1/4MS, 1/2MS, MS and 2MS; 20℃, 25℃, 30℃ and 35℃; monochromatic blue, red and white lights and the combination of red and blue, using light emitting diodes (LEDs); luminosities of 17, 37, 48 and 73 μmol·m-2·s-1 obtained with cool white fluorescent lamp. After 35 days, the treatments were analyzed. To determine the salts concentration of MS, the variables were evaluated: number of shoots, leaves and roots, length and width of leaves, length and dry mass of root and shoots and percentage of death by necrosis. To the plantlets under different temperatures, length and dry mass of shoot and root, number of shoots, number, length and width of leaves and survival and rooting percentages were measured. The plantlets that were maintained under different luminosities were evaluated for length of shoot and root, dry mass of leaf and root. To evaluate the growth under the LEDs, the length and dry mass of shoot and root, number of shoots and roots, percentage of rooting and sprouting were assessed. The medium 1/4MS and the medium 1/2MS showed better responses for number and length of root, leaf width and shoot length. The temperature 25℃ provided the highest number of leaves, length of shoot and root, root dry mass and rooting percentage. The luminosity 73 μmol·m-2·s-1 provided higher values in length of root and dry mass of leaf and root. The red LED provided plantlets with greater growth. Thus, for the in vitro cultivation of Piper aduncum, 1/4MS, environment temperature of 25℃, light intensity of 73 μmol·m-2·s-1 and environments with red light to obtain high quality plantlets for propagation of this species are recommended.
T. L. da Silva and J. E. Scherwinski-Pereira, “In Vitro Conservation of Piper Aduncum and Piper Hispidinervum under Slow-Growth Conditions,” Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, vol. 46, pp. 384–389, Apr. 2011.
doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X2011000400007.
The objective of this work was to evaluate in vitro storage of Piper aduncum and P. hispidinervum under slow-growth conditions. Shoots were stored at low temperatures (10, 20 and 25°C), and the culture medium was supplemented with osmotic agents (sucrose and mannitol - at 1, 2 and 3%) and abiscisic acid - ABA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg L-1). After six-months of storage, shoots were evaluated for survival and regrowth. Low temperature at 20ºC was effective for the in vitro conservation of P. aduncum and P. hispidinervum shoots. In vitro cultures maintained at 20ºC on MS medium showed 100% survival with slow-growth shoots. The presence of mannitol or ABA, in the culture medium, negatively affected shoot growth, which is evidenced by the low rate of recovered shoots.
P. Siméoni and V. Lebot, “Identification of Factors Determining Kavalactone Content and Chemotype in Kava (Piper Methysticum Forst. f.),” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 413–424, May 2002.
doi: 10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00093-X.
This study presents results of field experiments conducted to identify factors determining kavalactone content and chemotype in Piper methysticum. The following factors have been studied: (1) the geographical direction of the roots on the plant, (2) the geographical location of the plant, (3) its age, and (4) its organ (roots, stumps, or basal stems). Overall, 185 samples were analysed by HPLC. It appears that the geographical direction of the roots (North, East, South, West) is not significant. Chemotype and kavalactone content variation among clones of a cultivar grown in a common garden is negligible. There is significant variation among different cultivars originating from the same island. The variation within island is comparable to the variation existing within the whole Vanuatu archipelago. For a given cultivar, chemotype is stable across locations. There are however, chemotype differences between organs. Kavalactone content is always higher in the roots than in the stumps and higher in the stumps than in the basal stems. Experimental data obtained from one cultivar indicate that at the juvenile stage (less than 18 months of growth), kavalactone content is still low but increasing progressively: from 3% of dry matter at 10 months to 8% at 17 months. After two years of vegetative growth, the chemotype appears stable and kavalactone content does not increase but rather fluctuates (±2%). Although seasonal factors might have an effect, it is not possible to observe a significant trend. It is confirmed that chemotype is genetically controlled. However, kavalactone content appears to be greatly determined by the growing conditions, either by the local environment or by the agricultural techniques used by the local farmers. Consequently, the selection of the cultivar, its organ and the geographical area of origin are factors contributing directly to quality control in Piper methysticum.
M. A. L. Smith, H. Kobayashi, M. Gawienowski, and D. P. Briskin, “An in Vitro Approach to Investigate Medicinal Chemical Synthesis by Three Herbal Plants,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 105–111, Jul. 2002.
doi: 10.1023/A:1016081913719.
Ever since regulatory changes introduced herbals into mainstream supermarkets and pharmacies, there has been an explosion of demand for herbal plants and extracts which can be used to improve human health and well being. Science still lacks a basic mechanistic understanding of how environmental triggers regulate phytochemical accumulation, but this gap can be bridged using in vitro models to examine herbal species responses. For St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), uniform in vitro shoot cultures were set up as a parallel to a previously established sand culture system for investigation of physical and chemical environmental factors that control hypericin accumulation. Cytokinin supplementation of shoot culture medium resulted in a proliferation of abundant leaf glands with enhanced levels of hypericin, as compared to controls. Cell cultures of echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) were established, and hydrophilic pharmacological components (caffeic acid derivatives) were detected. A protocol of rigorous explant pretreatment, and use of newly emerging vegetative shoots permitted establishment of axenic kava (Piper methysticum) callus, which was used to regenerate roots (organogenesis). Kavapyrone synthesis was achieved in both undifferentiated cell cultures and in cultured roots, although at lower levels than found in in vivo root systems. The predominance of kavain and methysticin in both forms of the in vitro cultures was parallel to the relative proportions from kava roots in vivo. The cell and organ cultures of all three herbal medicinals provide advantageous, easily-manipulated models to decipher environmental controls of phytochemical biosynthesis.
E. V. Soniya and M. R. Das, “In Vitro Micropropagation of Piper Longum – an Important Medicinal Plant,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 325–327, Sep. 2002.
doi: 10.1023/A:1016561521050.
Efficient and rapid tissue culture systems were developed for Piper longum, an important medicinal plant, through shoot tip multiplication and direct regeneration. Multiple shoots were induced from shoot tips cultured on agar-based Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 4.44–22.19 μM benzyladenine (BA) and 4.64–13.9 μM kinetin (K). Maximum number of shoots were induced with 8.9 μM BA and 4.64 μM K. Adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf segments was achieved on MS containing 3.6–22.19 μM BA along with 3.31–12.4 μM picloram (P). Shoot differentiation occurred directly from the leaf bases without intermediale callus formation. Maximum shoot buds were obtained on MS medium with 17.76 μM BA and 8.28 μM P. Elongated shoots were separated and rooted in MS supplemented with 2.46 μM indole butyric acid (IBA). Plantlets, thus developed were established in soil.
J. A. de Souza and M. R. A. dos Santos, “Direct Organogenesis and in Vitro Regeneration of Plants of Piper Marginatum.,” 2021.
doi: 10.37118/ijdr.23568.12.2021.
Piper marginatum, popularly known in Brazil as Caapeba, is a native Amazonian plant of shrubby size, traditionally used for its active principles that act as therapeutic agents in wounds and pathologies. The objective of this work was to establish a protocol for the in vitro propagation of this species from leaf explants. For this, leaves were collected from two-year-old plants kept in a greenhouse at Embrapa Rondônia, in Porto Velho, Brazil. The leaves were subjected to disinfestation in a laminar flow chamber by immersion in 70% alcohol for one minute, followed by immersion in 2.0% sodium hypochlorite with 1.0 mL of Tween 20® for five minutes. Leaves were cut into 1.0 cm2 explants, which were inoculated into MS medium supplemented with 30.0 g L-1 sucrose, 6.0 g L-1 agar and variable concentrations of growth regulators benzylaminopurine (BA) (0.0, 1.13, 2.25 and 4.50 mg L-1) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0.0, 1.11, 2.21 and 4.42 mg L-1) in factorial combination. The cultures were kept in a growth room at 25°C, under a 16-hour photoperiod. After 30 days, the number of shoots formed in the explants was evaluated. These shoots were subcultured on MS medium, under the conditions described, but without growth regulators. After 60 days, plantlet height, number of leaves, leaf area and root volume were evaluated. The treatment that contained 1.13 mg L-1 of BAP, in the absence of 2,4-D, resulted in the highest number of shoots and more vigorous plantlets after subculture, in relation to all evaluated variables. The plantlets were acclimatized in a greenhouse, with 50% shading and sprinkler irrigation three times a day, for their conversion into plants.
J. A. de Souza and M. R. A. dos Santos, “In Vitro Propagation of Piper Hispidum by Somatic Embryogenesis in Leaf Explants.,” 2021.
doi: 10.37118/ijdr.23567.12.2021.
A protocol for regeneration of P. hispidum through somatic embryogenesis in leaf explants is described. Under aseptic conditions, the leaves were cut into 1.0 cm2 explants. These explants were inoculated into test tubes with 10.0 mL of an Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal culture medium supplemented with 30.0 g L-1 sucrose, 6.0 g L-1 agar and a factorial combination of the growth regulators 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA), both at 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg L-1 , totalizing 25 treatments. The pH was adjusted to 5.8 and the medium autoclaved at 121°C for 20 minutes. After 75 days, the average number of cotyledonary somatic embryos in each explant was recorded.Maximum number of 9.2 cotyledonary embryos per explant was observed with the combination of 2.0 mg L-1 BA + 2.0 mg L-1 2,4-D. The subculture of the cotyledonary embryos to a medium without growth regulators resulted in 95% conversion into plantlets, which were acclimatized with 100% survival.
Piper nigrum - the king of spices is originated in the Western Ghats of India. It has gained a global consideration because of its volume in the spice industry. It contains major pungent alkaloid piperine which is known to possess many interesting pharmacological actions. Medicinally black pepper can be used digestive disorder like large intestine toxins, different gastric problems, diarrohea and indigestion and also can be used against respiratory disorder including cold fever, asthama. Piperine exhibits diverse pharmacological activities like antihypertensive, antiplatelets, antioxidant, antitumor, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-reproductive, insecticidal activities. Piper nigrum also found to decrease lipid peroxidation in vivo. It has reported to possess antioxidant activity that might be due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic contents. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.839039
S. Suharno, R. Tanjung, S. Sufaati, and V. Agustini, “Wati (Piper Methysticum) Medicinal Plant: The Ethnobiological and Ethnomedicinal Values of the Marind Tribe in Merauke, Papua, Indonesia,” 2016.
doi: 10.13057/BIODIV/D170259.
Results of the study showed that wati plant has long been used by the Marind tribal community as a medicinal plant with high customary value and the domestication of this plant is quite unique because it is closed to the public and is still done by a conventional method. Suharno, Tanjung RHR, Sufaati S, Agustini V. 2016. Wati (Piper methysticum L.) medicinal plant: The ethnobiological andethnomedicinal values of the Marind tribe in Merauke, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 814-822. Biological resources around neighborhood play important roles in the cultural development of the surrounding communities, including the use of plants. Wati (kava, Piper methysticum) is one of the species that has long been used as a traditional medicine and cultivated by Marind tribal community in the lowlands of Merauke, Papua. The aim of this study is to examine the use and domestication of wati plant by Marind tribe in Papua.Results of the study showed that wati plant has long been used by the Marind tribal community as a medicinal plant with high customary value. Each customary event includes wati plant as a complementary requirement for legitimate activities by the Marind tribe. It is the importance of customary values that led the domestication of wati plant done since 60 years ago on a small scale to eventually develop into plant called as “the Marind people’s goldâ€. Results of the observation showed that 93.8% of the Marind people have largely recognized wati plant, while 53.3% of the immigrant communities from outside the area recognized it, but only 33.3% knew about its utilization. Although not all indigenous elders cultivate it, they recognize, utilize, and understand the rules of using wati plant in traditional events and as traditional medicine. As traditional medicine, the parts used by Marind people use root (100.0%), stem (96.6%), and leaves (89.7%). For customary events, the most important parts are the whole plant (100.0%), stem (100.0%), leaves (98.3%) and roots (93.1%). Their children even recognize it and know its benefits, but most of them 31.25% only utilize it but are prohibited from participating in its preparation (0.0%). The domestication of this plant is quite unique because it is closed to the public and is still done by a conventional method.Keywords: Ethnobiology, ethnomedicine, Marind tribe, Papua, Piper methysticum
D. Susanto, Sudrajat, W. Suwinarti, and R. Amirta, “Seed Germination and Cuttings Growth of Piper Aduncum,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 144, no. 1, p. 012018, Apr. 2018.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/144/1/012018.
Suwarto and A. Hariyadi, “Growth and Fruit Panicle Responses of Shrub Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) to Bio-Mulch,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 418, no. 1, p. 012050, Jan. 2020.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/418/1/012050.
Mulch, especially bio-mulch is important to prevent soil erosion, to increase soil organic and to contribute to nutrient supply. Research to know the growth and fruit panicle responses has been conducted in Cikabayan Station, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University from December 2016 – August 2018. Two varieties of shrub pepper; Petaling 1 and Natar 2, have been planted ini three treatments of biomulch, namely without biomulch as control, with Arachis pintoi, and with mixed legume cover crop of Centrosema pubescens, Calopogonium mucunoides, and Pueraria japonica in six replications. The number of leaves, plant height, canopy diameter, number of fruits branch, and fruit panicle have been observation monthly, started at 16 months after planting and lasted at 20 months. It was a different response of Petaling 1 and Natar 2 to the treatments. Consistently, the highest of leaves number, plant height, canopy diameter and fruit panicle of Petaling 1 have resulted in Arachis pintoi, followed by control and legume cover crop. As the same as Petaling 1, to the Natar 2, Arachis pintoi resulted in the highest fruit panicle. For the other parameter of Petaling 1 the influence of bio-mulch was not consistent. For increasing productivity, Arachis pintoi is recommended as bio-mulch.
\relax D. M. Taylor and L. Taufa, “Decontamination of Kava (Piper Methysticum) for in Vitro Propagation,” Acta Horticulturae, no. 461, pp. 267–274, Aug. 1998.
doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1998.461.29.
The major constraint to kava (Piper methysticum) tissue culture is endogenous contaminants. Despite stringent surface sterilisation procedures, decontamination has been unsuccessful in the past. In view of this problem, which prevents the establishment of kava in vitro, different approaches to decontamination have been investigated. The first approach involved growing kava plants in a glasshouse and applying 8-hydroquinoline with various concentrations of BAP to induce new shoots. Once new shoots had been initiated the plants were sprayed weekly with a solution containing a fungicide (Benlate) and an antibiotic (rifampicin). It was thought that the combination of chemicals would alleviate the problems of endogenous contaminants. However, the use of explants from treated plants and new shoots were both unsuccessful. The second approach involved the use of antibiotics in sterilization procedures and the incorporation of antibiotics in culture medium. Various fungi, bacteria, and yeast contaminants were identified and were tested against a range of antibiotics that were added to the culture medium. There were always a few cultures that remained clean for 3 – 5 weeks and when contaminants started to appear, an attempt to rescue these cultures by resterilizing and transferring to new medium failed due to phytotoxicity effects. The use of explants from the treated plants is preferred as they showed a limited degree of contamination and delayed the appearance of contaminants. The decontamination strategies suggested are based on the results of these decontamination procedure investigations and the knowledge of the phytotoxicity effects of the disinfectants and antibiotics on kava.
R. Teschke, S. X. Qiu, and V. Lebot, “Herbal Hepatotoxicity by Kava: Update on Pipermethystine, Flavokavain B, and Mould Hepatotoxins as Primarily Assumed Culprits,” Digestive and Liver Disease, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 676–681, Sep. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.01.018.
R. Teschke, “Kava Hepatotoxicity: Pathogenetic Aspects and Prospective Considerations,” Liver International, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 1270–1279, 2010.
doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02308.x.
Kava hepatotoxicity is a well-defined herb-induced liver injury, caused by the use of commercial anxyolytic ethanolic and acetonic kava extracts, and of traditional recreational aqueous kava extracts. The aim of this review is to elucidate possible pathogenetic factors for the development of kava-induced liver injury, considering also confounding variables. In patients with liver disease in a causal relation to kava ± comedication, confounding factors include non-adherence to therapy recommendations and comedication consisting of synthetic and herbal drugs and dietary supplements including herbal ones and herbs–kava mixtures. Various possible pathogenetic factors have to be discussed and comprise metabolic interactions with exogenous compounds at the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 level; genetic enzyme deficiencies; toxic constituents and metabolites derived from the kava extract including impurities and adulterations; cyclooxygenase inhibition; P-glycoprotein alterations; hepatic glutathione depletion; solvents and solubilizers of the extracts; and kava raw material of poor quality. In particular, inappropriate kava plant parts and unsuitable kava cultivars may have been used sometimes for manufacturing the kava extracts instead of the rhizome of a noble cultivar of the kava plant (Piper methysticum G. Forster). In conclusion, kava hepatotoxicity occurred independently of the extraction medium used for the kava extracts and may primarily be attributed to daily overdose, prolonged treatment and to a few kava extract batches of poor quality; by improving kava quality and adherence to therapy recommendation under avoidance of comedication, liver injury by kava should be a preventable disease, at least to a major extent.
R. Teschke, S. X. Qiu, T. D. Xuan, and V. Lebot, “Kava and Kava Hepatotoxicity: Requirements for Novel Experimental, Ethnobotanical and Clinical Studies Based on a Review of the Evidence,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1263–1274, 2011.
doi: 10.1002/ptr.3464.
R. Teschke, J. Sarris, and V. Lebot, “Kava Hepatotoxicity Solution: A Six-Point Plan for New Kava Standardization,” Phytomedicine, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 96–103, Jan. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.10.002.
Kava-induced liver injury has been demonstrated in a few patients worldwide and appears to be caused by inappropriate quality of the kava raw material. When cases of liver disease in connection with the use of kava emerged, this was an unexpected and challenging event considering the long tradition of safe kava use. In order to prevent kava hepatotoxicity in future, a set of quality specifications as standard is essential for the preparation not only of kava drugs and kava dietary supplements in the Western world but also for traditional kava drinks in the South Pacific Islands. For all these purposes a uniform approach is required, using water based extracts from the peeled rhizomes and roots of a noble cultivar such as Borogu with at least 5 years of age at the time of harvest. Cultivated in Vanuatu for centuries, noble varieties (as defined in the Vanuatu Kava Act of December 2002) are well tolerated traditional cultivars with a good safety record. At present, Vanuatu kava legislation is inadequately enforced to meet quality issues for kava, and further efforts are required in Vanuatu, in addition to similar legislation in other kava producing South Pacific Islands. Future regulatory and commercial strategies should focus not only on the standardization of kava drugs, kava dietary supplements, and traditional kava extracts, but also on thorough surveillance during the manufacturing process to improve kava quality for safe human use. The efficacy of kava extracts to treat patients with anxiety disorders is well supported, but further clinical trials with aqueous kava extracts are necessary. We thereby propose a six-point kava solution plan: (1) use of a noble kava cultivar such as Borogu, at least 5 years old at time of harvest, (2) use of peeled and dried rhizomes and roots, (3) aqueous extraction, (4) dosage recommendation of ≤250mg kavalactones per day (for medicinal use), (5) systematic rigorous future research, and (6) a Pan Pacific quality control system enforced by strict policing. In conclusion, at different levels of responsibility, new mandatory approaches are now required to implement quality specification for international acceptance of kava as a safe and effective anxiolytic herb.
R. Teschke, J. Sarris, and I. Schweitzer, “Kava Hepatotoxicity in Traditional and Modern Use: The Presumed Pacific Kava Paradox Hypothesis Revisited,” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 170–174, Feb. 2012.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04070.x.
Kava, a Pacific herb consumed worldwide for medicinal, recreational and cultural purposes, has been associated with rare hepatotoxicity, and there is currently a critical need to determine this causation. The previously proposed Pacific kava paradox was based on the theory that kava hepatotoxicity was not observed following use of traditional aqueous extracts in the Pacific region, but was restricted to use of Western acetonic and ethanolic extracts. Subsequent cases analyzed by the World Health Organization and published case reports revealed that traditional aqueous extracts used in New Caledonia, Australia, the USA and Germany may also be hepatotoxic; thus, there is no longer a basis to sustain the previously proposed Pacific kava paradox. It appears that the primary cause of toxicity may reside in the time before the preparation of the various kava extracts, possibly attributed to poor quality of the raw material caused by mould hepatotoxins. Rigorous testing of kava raw material is urgently advised, in addition to Pan-Pacific kava manufacturing quality standards.
R. Teschke and V. Lebot, “Proposal for a Kava Quality Standardization Code,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 2503–2516, Oct. 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.075.
Rare cases of hepatotoxicity emerged with the use of kava drugs and dietary supplements prepared from rhizomes and roots of the South Pacific plant kava (Piper methysticum). Their psychoactive, anxiolytic, relaxing, and recreational ingredients are the kavalactones kavain, dihydrokavain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, yangonin, and desmethoxyyangonin, but there is little evidence that these kavalactones or the non-kavalactones pipermethystine and flavokavain B are the culprits of the adverse hepatic reactions. It rather appears that poor quality of the kava material was responsible for the liver toxicity. Analysis of existing kava quality standardizations with focus on chemical, agricultural, manufacturing, nutritional, regulatory, and legislation backgrounds showed major shortcomings that could easily explain quality problems. We therefore suggest a uniform, internationally accepted device for kava quality standardizations that are in the interest of the consumers because of safety reasons and will meet the expectations of kava farmers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, regulators of agencies, and legislators. The initial step resides in the establishment of Pan-Pacific kava quality legislation as an important part of the proposed Kava Quality Standardization Code. In conclusion, a sophisticated approach to establish kava quality standardizations is needed for safe human use of kava as relaxing traditional beverages, the anxiolytic drugs, and recreational dietary supplements.
T. V. Thanuja, R. V. Hegde, and M. N. Sreenivasa, “Induction of Rooting and Root Growth in Black Pepper Cuttings (Piper Nigrum L.) with the Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 339–346, Feb. 2002.
doi: 10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00299-0.
An investigation was carried out to study the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) on induction of rooting and other root characteristics of pepper cultivar Panniyur-1. Among three AM fungi tried tested, the maximum percentage rooting was observed in cuttings inoculated with Acaulospora laevis (69.96%). Orthotropic cuttings showed a higher rooting percentage on inoculation with AM. Mycorrhizal inoculation also improved other root characteristics. Among the different AM fungi tried, Gigaspora margarita was efficient in producing the maximum number of primary roots and dry weight of roots, whereas the longest primary root was observed with the inoculation of Glomus fasciculatum. The plant P content was found to be higher in the inoculated plants. It was significantly higher in cuttings inoculated with G. fasciculatum (0.202%). The percentage root colonization and spore count were found to be higher in cuttings inoculated with A. laevis. The present investigation clearly showed the beneficial effects of inoculation with AM fungi which resulted in enhanced rooting and root growth in black pepper cuttings.
S. Tripathi et al., “Landrace/Gender-Based Differences in Phenol and Thiocyanate Contents and Biological Activity in Piper Betle L.,” Current Science, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 746–749, 2006.https://www.jstor.org/stable/24093901.
C. Ulbricht et al., “Safety Review of Kava (Piper Methysticum) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration,” Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 779–794, Jul. 2005.
doi: 10.1517/14740338.4.4.779.
This systematic review discusses the proposed uses, dosing parameters, adverse effects, toxicology, interactions and mechanism of action of kava. The widespread concern regarding the potential hepatotoxicity of kava is discussed. A recommendation is made to consolidate and analyse available reports and to continue postmarket surveillance in an international repository to prevent duplicates and promote collection of thorough details at the time of each report so that any association with kava is clearly defined.
A. Valentin-Silva, M. F. Vieira, A. Valentin-Silva, and M. F. Vieira, “Phenology of Two Co-Occurring Piper (Piperaceae) Species in Brazil,” Australian Journal of Botany, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 581–589, Aug. 2015.
doi: 10.1071/BT14332.
The co-occurrence of some species, including members of the Piper genus, has been shown to be associated with phenological factors. In the present study we analysed vegetative (sprout production and leaf flush) and reproductive phenophases (spike production, flowering, spike abortion, fruiting and dispersed spikes) of the co-occurring species Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth and Piper vicosanum Yunck. and checked the influence of abiotic factors on their phenological behaviour. Our study addressed natural populations in a semi-deciduous seasonal forest in south-eastern Brazil. In both species, the phenophases occurred mainly in the rainy season, were seasonal and associated with environmental variables, especially day length. However, sequential flowering and fruiting isolated them temporally from each other. Other differences were the growth of sexually reproductive sprouts (45.7% of the total sprouts) and the production of latent spikes in P. vicosanum; in P. gaudichaudianum, only 7.1% of the sprouts produced spikes that were not latent. Spike abortion was high: 73.8% (n = 474) in P. vicosanum and 84.8% (n = 231) in P. gaudichaudianum. The remaining spikes with fruits dispersed, on average, 293 and 1168 seeds per spike respectively. Although annual phenological behaviour of the species is regulated by similar environmental variables, their distinct reproductive strategies seem to favour the maintenance of the co-occurring populations.
T. Vanaja, V. P. Neema, K. P. Mammootty, and R. Rajeshkumar, “Development of a Promising Interspecific Hybrid in Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) for Phytophthora Foot Rot Resistance,” Euphytica, vol. 161, no. 3, pp. 437–445, Jun. 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s10681-007-9602-4.
For the first time in the history of black pepper cultivation, a partly fertile interspecific hybrid having partial resistance to the dreaded disease Phytophthora foot rot was developed through hybridizing Piper nigrum with the wild species Piper colubrinnum. Hybridity of interspecific progenies was established through morphology, anatomy, cytology, and molecular studies. The hybrid, whose chromosome number is 2n = 39, is a triploid hybrid between a tetraploid and diploid species. The hybrid designated as Culture P5PC-1 exhibited distinct anatomical and morphological feature with a large number of long spikes with reduced setting percentage. The RAPD primers OPE 07 and OPG 08 were identified as hybrid specific molecular markers. Functional evaluation revealed partial introgression of genes—responsible for Phytophthora foot rot resistance—into the hybrid. This hybrid is considered as a successful breakthrough for introgression of resistance to the cultivated species Piper nigrum from the wild species Piper colubrinnum.
V. V. Vandana and R. Suseela Bhai, “Differential Expression of PR Genes in Response to Phytophthora Capsici Inoculation in Resistant and Susceptible Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) Lines,” European Journal of Plant Pathology, vol. 150, no. 3, pp. 713–724, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.1007/s10658-017-1319-1.
Differential expression of three important genes encoding pathogenesis related proteins (PR proteins) viz. β-1,3-glucanase (PR-2), osmotin (PR-5) and cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (cAPX, PR-9) were carried out in Phytophthora susceptible (Sreekara) and resistant (04-P24) black pepper lines compared to uninoculated plants using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Upon Phytophthora capsici inoculation, expression of these three genes were either up-regulated or down-regulated. In the susceptible line, all three genes were expressed maximally on 1 day after inoculation (DAI) and thereafter the expression declined. In the resistant line, a steady increase in the expression pattern of genes was noticed during the course of infection. Highest expression levels of cAPX were noticed on 3 DAI and that of β-1, 3-glucanase and osmotin genes were maximum on 5 DAI. Soil inoculation of P. capsici affected the transcriptional activity of these genes in stem tissue also, indicating systemic defense response against the pathogen.
H. Vandenbroucke, P. Mournet, R. Malapa, J.-C. Glaszmann, H. Chaïr, and V. Lebot, “Comparative Analysis of Genetic Variation in Kava (Piper Methysticum) Assessed by SSR and DArT Reveals Zygotic Foundation and Clonal Diversification,” Genome, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 1–11, Jan. 2015.
doi: 10.1139/gen-2014-0166.
J. M. Varghese and A. I. Bhat, “An Efficient Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Protocol for Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) Using Embryogenic Mass as Explant,” Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 247–254, Dec. 2011.
doi: 10.1007/s12892-011-0031-5.
A protocol was developed for an efficient Agrobactertium-mediated transformation of black pepper plants through somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic mass derived from primary somatic embryos that were obtained from the micropylar region of mature germinating seeds of black pepper was found to be the ideal target tissue for transformation. Genetic fidelity test of embryogenic mass-derived plantlets by RAPD using 23 random primers revealed no genetic variation among the progenies and the parent plant. Among the antibiotics used for selection of transformants, cefotaxime at 100 μg mL−1 was found to be optimum to control Agrobacterium besides its ability to promote somatic embryo proliferation. In the case of kanamycin, a step-wise increase in concentration from 25 to 50 and then to 100 μg mL−1 were found to be optimum. Embryogenic mass co-cultivated with Agrobacterium carrying the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene were cultured on plant growth regulator-free Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium and transformants were selected in selection medium containing cefotaxime and step-wise increase in kanamycin concentration. The transient GUS gene expression was determined histochemically. Transformants that survived in the selection medium were hardened in the greenhouse. An average of nine hardened putative plantlets was obtained per gram of embryogenic mass. The presence of transgene in these plantlets was assayed by PCR, dot blot, and Southern blot hybridization. Results presented demonstrated for the first time an efficient transformation and regeneration of black pepper without the use of growth regulators. This simple efficient procedure would allow transformation of black pepper with genes of desirable characters.
C. Vazquez-Yanes and A. Orozco-Segovia, “Effects of Litter from a Tropical Rainforest on Tree Seed Germination and Establishment under Controlled Conditions,” Tree Physiology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 391–400, Dec. 1992.
doi: 10.1093/treephys/11.4.391.
C. Vázquez-Yanes and H. Smith, “Phytochrome Control of Seed Germination in the Tropical Rain Forest Pioneer Trees Cecropia Obtusifolia and Piper Auritum and Its Ecological Significance,” New Phytologist, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 477–485, 1982.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1982.tb03405.x.
The tropical forest pioneer trees Cecropia obtusifolia and Piper auritum germinate and become established in large light gaps of the forest canopy in the rain forest of south-eastern Mexico. Germination of the seeds of both species is under photocontrol and is triggered when the red: far-red ratio (R: FR) of the incident light increases due to a reduction of the green canopy density. Exposure to simulated light canopies retarded and reduced germination. The light environment inside the forest inhibits germination totally. Experiments with alternate R and FR light treatments indicate the need for long periods of exposure to R light for germination, and demonstrate a strong reversibility of the R light stimulation by FR light in both species. This property of the seeds may be related to the detection of light gap size and its differentiation from the normal sunflecks of the forest.
A. Volgin et al., “DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Kava,” ACS Chemical Neuroscience, vol. 11, no. 23, pp. 3893–3904, Dec. 2020.
doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00587.
Kava (kava kava, Piper methysticum) is a common drug-containing plant in the Pacific islands. Kavalactones, its psychoactive compounds, exert potent central nervous system (CNS) action clinically and in animal models. However, the exact pharmacological profiles and mechanisms of action of kava on the brain and behavior remain poorly understood. Here, we discuss clinical and experimental data on kava psychopharmacology and summarize chemistry and synthesis of kavalactones. We also review its societal impact, drug use and abuse potential, and future perspectives on translational kava research.
W. Wahida and D. S. Susanti, “Applications of Liquid Organic Fertilizer From Agricultural Waste in Wati Plants (Piper Methysticum Forst).,” Musamus AE Featuring Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 23–27, Oct. 2018.
doi: 10.35724/MAEF-J.V1I1.1611.
Custom reflects the personality and soul of a society or nation, is hereditary and contains belief values \hspace0pt\hspace0ptin it. The Wati plant (Piper methysticum Forst) is one of the parts or tools used in a Marind tribal in Merauke Regency. As part of custom, it is necessary to develop so that the custom can be maintained. Therefore, most to find simple propagation and cultivation techniques of Wati plants and later can be applied to the community. This study aim to analyze the utilization of agricultural waste into liquid fertilizer which is applied to wati plants. The metode of study with randomized block design (RBD) with five treatments, is P0 (2 l of water) as a control, P1 (10 mL), P2 (20 mL), P3 (30 mL), and P4 (40 mL). Each treatment was repeated as many as five times, so that 25 experimental units. The parameters observed were the content of N, K, and P2O5, from agricultural waste, stem diameter, number of leaves and stem length. The results showed that the N and P2O5 contents were low, whereas K had met the minimum technical requirements for POC. The results of the POC application showed that the best growth of wati plant seeds for plant height and number of leaves with a dose of 40 mL/L water.
M. B. Walters and C. B. Field, “Photosynthetic Light Acclimation in Two Rainforest Piper Species with Different Ecological Amplitudes,” Oecologia, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 449–456, Jun. 1987.
doi: 10.1007/BF00377578.
Piper auritum (H.B. & K.), a pioneer tree restricted to open sites and Piper hispidum (Swartz), a shrub common in sites ranging from recent clearings to shaded understory, both adjust photosynthetic characteristics in response to light availability during growth. The sensitivity of photosynthetic capacity to light availability during growth was indistinguishable for the two species growing in their natural habitat. Photosynthetic capacity was strongly correlated with leaf nitrogen in both species, and the relationship was similar between species. Dark respiration and leaf specific mass were more sensitive to light during growth in P. hispidum, the species with the broad habitat ange, than in P. auritum. In general, similarities between the species were more striking than differences between them. The differences in dark respiration could have important implications for carbon balance. The difference in the responsiveness of leaf specific mass to light indicates that the broad-ranging species maintains access to modes of response little utilized by the open-site specialist. We did not and, in the gas exchange characteristics, any evidence that the open site specialist is better suited than the generalist to high-light sites.
J. Wang, W. Qu, H. C. Bittenbender, and Q. X. Li, “Kavalactone Content and Chemotype of Kava Beverages Prepared from Roots and Rhizomes of Isa and Mahakea Varieties and Extraction Efficiency of Kavalactones Using Different Solvents,” Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 1164–1169, Feb. 2015.
doi: 10.1007/s13197-013-1047-2.
The South Pacific islanders have consumed kava beverage for thousands of years. The quality of kava and kava beverage is evaluated through determination of the content of six major kavalactones including methysticin, dihydromethysticin, kavain, dihydrokavain, yangonin and desmethoxyyangonin. In this study, we determined contents of kavalactones in and chemotype of kava beverages prepared from roots and rhizomes of Isa and Mahakea varieties and extraction efficiency of five different solvents including hexane, acetone, methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate. The six major kavalactones were detected in all kava beverages with these five solvents. Different solvents had different extraction efficiencies for kavalactones from the lyophilized kava preparations. The contents of kavalactones in the extracts with acetone, ethanol, and methanol did not differ significantly. Ethanol had the highest extraction efficiency for the six major kavalactones whereas hexane gave the lowest extraction efficiency.
T. Widyastuti, B. H. Isnawan, and S. R. Adawiyah, “Effect of Planting Media on the Growth of Red Betel (Piper Crocatum) Cutting,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 458, no. 1, p. 012049, Feb. 2020.
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/458/1/012049.
R. Wulandari, Y. Hasanah, and M. Meiriani, “Growth Response of Two Pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) Stem Cuttings on Application of IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) and NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid),” Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 87–95, Mar. 2018.
doi: 10.32734/injar.v1i1.171.
Using fruit branch for pepper shrub propagation is one of alternatives for an efficient pepper multiplication which usually uses underlayer cuttings. This research is aimed at finding the growth response of two pepper (Piper nigrum L.) cuttings to the administration of IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) and NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid). This research was conducted at the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan (± 32 m above sea level), from April to August 2017 using a factorial randomized block design with 2 factors, pepper branch cuttings (primary branch cuttings and secondary branch cuttings) and the administration of IBA and NAA (0+0 ppm, 2500+0 ppm, 0+2500 ppm, 1500+1000 ppm, and 1000+1500 ppm). The results show that the emerging shoot rate in the secondary branch cuttings was significantly faster than in the primary branch cuttings, but the volume of root in the primary branch cuttings is significantly larger than in the secondary branch cuttings. There was no significant difference in the administration of IBA and NAA on all observed variables. The highest interaction of shoot length was found in the primary branch cuttings with the administration of IBA 1500 ppm + NAA 1000 ppm and the highest percentage of root and root volume was found in the primary branch cuttings with the administration of IBA 2500 ppm + NAA 0 ppm.
T. D. Xuan, M. Fukuta, A. C. Wei, A. A. Elzaawely, T. D. Khanh, and S. Tawata, “Efficacy of Extracting Solvents to Chemical Components of Kava (Piper Methysticum) Roots,” Journal of Natural Medicines, vol. 62, no. 2, p. 188, Nov. 2007.
doi: 10.1007/s11418-007-0203-2.
The chemical composition of kava (Piper methysticum) lactones and various phytochemicals obtained following the sonication of ground kava roots extracted in the solvents hexane, chloroform, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water, respectively, was analyzed. Eighteen kava lactones, cinnamic acid bornyl ester and 5,7-dimethoxy-flavanone, known to be present in kava roots, were identified, and seven compounds, including 2,5,8-trimethyl-1-naphthol, 5-methyl-1-phenylhexen-3-yn-5-ol, 8,11-octadecadienoic acid-methyl ester, 5,7-(OH)2-4′-one-6,8-dimethylflavanone, pinostrobin chalcone and 7-dimethoxyflavanone-5-hydroxy-4′, were identified for the first time. Glutathione (26.3 mg/g) was found in the water extract. Dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain (DDK) was present at a higher level than methysticin and desmethoxyyagonin, indicating that DDK is also a major constituent of kava roots. Acetone was the most effective solvent in terms of maximum yield and types of kava lactones isolated, followed by water and chloroform, whereas hexane, methanol, and ethanol were less effective as solvents. Total phenolic and antioxidant activity varied among the extracting solvents, with acetone and chloroform producing the highest effects, followed by water, while methanol, ethanol and hexane were less effective.
T. D. Xuan, A. A. Elzaawely, M. Fukuta, and S. Tawata, “Herbicidal and Fungicidal Activities of Lactones in Kava (Piper Methysticum),” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 720–725, Feb. 2006.
doi: 10.1021/jf0519461.
This is the first report showing that kava lactones are plant and plant fungus growth inhibitors. Aqueous extract of kava roots showed high allelopathic potential and strongly suppressed germination and growth of lettuce, radish, barnyardgrass, and monochoria. Nine kava lactones were detected using GC-MS including desmethoxyyagonin, kavain, 7,8-dihydrokavain, hydroxykavain, yagonin, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxyyagonin, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, and 11-hydroxy-12-methoxydihydrokavain. Quantities of desmethoxyyagonin, kavain, 7,8-dihydrokavain, yagonin, methysticin, and dihydromethysticin detected were 4.3, 6.9, 18.6, 5.7, 1.4, and 5.4 mg/g of dry weight, respectively. These six major lactones in kava roots showed great herbicidal and antifungal activities. Growth of lettuce and barnyardgrass were significantly inhibited at 1−10 ppm, and four plant fungi including Colletotrichum gloeosporides, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Trichoderma viride were significantly inhibited at 10−50 ppm. The biological activities of kava lactones were characterized by different double-bond linkage patterns in positions 5,6 and 7,8. The findings of this study suggest that kava lactones may be useful for the development of bioactive herbicides and fungicides. Keywords: Fungicide; herbicide; inhibition; kava roots; kava lactones; plant fungi; weeds
T. D. Xuan et al., “Kava Root (Piper Methysticum L.) as a Potential Natural Herbicide and Fungicide,” Crop Protection, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 873–881, Jul. 2003.
doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(03)00083-8.
Experiments were conducted to examine the biological effects of Kava, a perennial pepper plant native to oceanic region on paddy weeds and fungi harmful to plants and crops. Kava showed a strong inhibition on growth of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), monochoria (Monochoria vaginalis), and knotgrass (Paspalum distichum L.), which are among the most harmful paddy weeds. Kava completely controlled emergence of monochoria and barnyardgrass at a treated dose of 0.5 and 1.0g, respectively. Application of Kava at 1tonneha−1 6d after saturating paddy soil with water was an effective treatment. This caused around 80% reduction of natural paddy weed growth and increased tillering and root number of rice. In addition, Kava significantly inhibited growth of the five fungi: Fusarium solani, Pyricularia grisea, Rhizopus stolonifer, Taphrina deformans, and Thanatephorus cucumeris. The effect on R. stolonifer was the greatest and T. cucumeris and P. grisea were the second most affected. The inhibition of Kava on paddy weeds was species dependent, proportional to the treated doses and inversely proportional to the time after watering. Kava is a promising material, which might be used as natural herbicide and fungicide in the field to reduce the dependence on synthetic herbicide and fungicide in agricultural production.
According to RAPD analysis, SCAR marker for identifying Kava(Piper,Piperaceae) is generated and a Kava-associated fragment with a length of about 400 bp was generated with OPQ-03 primer. This paper studied on 28 pepper materials,including 16 cultivated papper materials,3 wild pepper materials,2 wild relatives of pepper materials,6 kava(Piper methysticum) materials,and 1 Peperomia pellucida materials.According to RAPD analysis,we generate SCAR marker for identifying Kava(Piper,Piperaceae).A Kava-associated fragment with a length ofabout 400 bp was generated with OPQ-03 primer.The fragment was cloned and sequenced.PCR amplification with the specific primers P7.1(5'-GGT CAC CTC ACC GCA GCA GGA TGA ACG-3') and P7.2(5'-GGT CAC CTC AAT GAC ATG GGA TGA ATC-3') was performed to 28 materials,which 27 materials amplified the 440 bp specific band except for Peperomia pellucida Kunth.
Z. Zhang, L. Zhao, X. Chen, and X. Zheng, “Successful Micropropagation Protocol of Piper Methysticum,” Biologia plantarum, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 110–112, Mar. 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s10535-008-0020-9.
An efficient in vitro propagation of kava (Piper methysticum) was established. Utilizing 15-d-old tender shoots from dormant auxiliary buds as explants, significant induction of vigorous aseptic cluster shoots was achieved in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.5 mg dm-3 6-benzyladenine (BA), 0.5 mg dm-3 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and antibiotics after 30 d. In vitro rooting was achieved at 100 % efficiency in MS medium containing 0.75 to 1.00 mg dm-3 IAA or indole-3-butyric acid and 3 % sucrose. The most robust and long roots were observed in medium with IBA. Moreover, the embryonic callus was induced from petioles in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg dm-3 BA and 0.1 mg dm-3 IAA, of which 70 % differentiated into shoots in the presence of 1.0 mg dm-3 BA and 0.5 mg dm-3 IAA.
L. Zou, M. R. Harkey, G. L. Henderson, and L. E. Dike, “Kava Does Not Display Metabolic Toxicity in a Homogeneous Cellular Assay,” Planta Medica, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 289–292, Apr. 2004.
doi: 10.1055/s-2004-818937.
